CARLEWALD-GRUNSKY 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


GIFT  OF 

The  Grunsky  Family 


(7 


TREATISE 

RELATIVE  TO  THE 

Testing  of  Water-Wheels 


MACHINERY,  - 


Inventions,  Studies,  and  Experiments),  with  Suggestions 
from  a  Life's  Experience. 


BY  JAMES  EMERSON, 
WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,    U.  S. 


FOURTH  EDITION. 


PRICE,  $1.00.     POSTAGE,  10  CENTS — STAMPS. 
1892. 


GIFT 


M 


TJ270 


INTRODUCTION. 


Some  ten  years  since,  through  the  invention  of  an  instrument  for  weighing 
the  power  required  to  drive  machinery,!  became  interested  in  the  testing  of  tur- 
bine water  wheels.  Previously  such  tests  had  only  been  possible  for  the  wealthy. 
The  apparatus  used  for  the  purpose,  though  expensive,  was  crude,  clumsy  and 
unreliable,  while  the  formulas  for  computing  water  used  were  tedious  for  the  ini- 
tiated and  impossible  of  application  by  the  multitude,  consequently  few  of  those 
using  wheels  were  able  to  demonstrate  the  absurdity  of  the  fabulous  claims  made 
by  the  most  of  the  turbine  builders,  and  for  years  confusion  had  reigned,  alike 
injurious  to  the  manufacturer  and  honest  builder.  Years  of  experience  that  will 
be  mentioned  in  the  last  part  of  this  work  made  me  fully  aware  of  the  task  it  would 
be  to  bring  order  out  of  such  confusion;  still  the  attempt  was  made,  and  has  since 
been  continued  without  a  thought  of  abandonment.  Those  who  have  only  wit- 
nessed the  test  of  turbines  at  the  Holyoke  flume  have  little  idea  of  the  operation 
as  conducted  by  engineers  of  the  past ;  barrels  of  oil  and  a  small  army  of  assist- 
ants were  required,  so  that  the  cost  run  up  into  the  thousands.  The  average  cost 
per  wheel  in  1869  was  $2,500.  The  superintendent  of  the  Niles  Iron  Works  of  Cin- 
cinnati, O.,  came  to  me  at  Lowell,  in  order  to  make  arrangements  for  the  test  of  a 
Kindleberger  wheel ;  he  offered  $600,  but  under  the  then  existing  conditions  it 
could  not  be  done.  Weeks  and  even  months  were  consumed  in  the  test  of  a  single 
wheel.  The  experience  that  year  convinced  me  that  such  expenditures  of  time 
and  money  were  entirely  unnecessary,  and  plans  were  soon  completed  for  demon- 
strating that  fact.  Many  ideas  then  prevalent  had  to  be  considered.  In  the  first 
place,  a  testing  flume  with  suitable  apparatus  was  an  expensive  affair,  while  my 
means  were  very  limited;  then  again  it  was  supposed  by  all,  that  wheels  of  the 
same  make  were  all  of  the  same  proportional  efficiency,  so  that  each  builder 
would  only  need  to  have  one  wheel  tested,  consequently  the  patronage  would 
be  very  irregular,  while  the  expense  would  be  constant,  as  experienced  help 
would  be  required,  and  such  help  could  only  be  retained  by  constant  employment, 
or  at  least  constant  pay ;  the  latter  difficulty  was  surmounted  by  doing  all  of  the 
most  difficult  and  hardest  work  myself,  simply  employing  a  laborer  for  each  test, 
while  my  daughter  timed  ;  kept  the  records  of  gauges  during  the  trials,  gave  me 
the  power  every  two  minutes,  in  order  to  enable  me  to  change  the  weight  cor- 
rectly, then  made  the  computations  and  copied  the  results.  This  continued  for 
a  year  or  more;  then  Miss  Charla  A.  Adams,  •'  Charla"  succeeded  my  daughter, 
and  such  success  as  I  have  had  in  aiding  the  improvement  of  turbines,  by  ena- 
bling builders  of  small  means  to  ascertain  the  exact  value  of  their  numerous 
plans,  and  establishing  the  testing  system,  is  due  in  a  great  measure  to  her  un- 
wearied patience,  care  and  attention.  She  has  had  the  entire  mathematical  part 
of  the  work  to  do,  not  only  of  the  tests,  but  that  necessary  for  the  preparation 
of  a  large  portion  of  the  tables  published  in  this  work ;  she  bus  kept  records  of  all 
tests,  and  prepared  numerous  copies  of  the  same  for  public  institutions  and  for 


turbine  builders ;  in  all,  she  has  proved  her  fitness  for  the  purpose,  and  not  only 
her  fitness,  but  woman's  adaptability  for  such  work.  The  practice  of  testing  tur- 
bines has  caused  many  changes  and  exploded  many  theories ;  of  course  this  has 
not  been  done  without  destroying  the  hopes  of  many  builders,  at  the  same  time 
it  has  been  the  means  of  bringing  the  best  wheels  prominently  before  the  public. 
The  tests  have  at  all  times  been  open  to  the  public;  builders  have  bren  desired 
to  bring  engineers  to  assist,  and  such  have  ever  been  welcome.  It  is  a  difficult 
matter  to  make  purchasers  realize  that  wheels  made  from  the  same  patterns 
vary  exceedingly  in  efficiency,  yet  there  are  few  manufacturers  ignorant  of  the 
fact  that  a  wheel  of  any  make  doing  well  in  a  mill  gives  no  assurance  that 
another  of  the  same  make  will  give  equal  satisfaction.  Ninety  per  cent,  wheels 
are  much  sought  for,  but  there  are  plenty  of  80  per  cent,  wheels  that  will  do  far 
better  than  many  that  have  given  higher  results.  Ninety  per  cent,  is  only 
obtained  under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  and  such  can  not  be  continued 
long  in  practical  use. 

Illustrations  published  in  the  first  edition  of  this  work  have  been  found  very 
convenient  for  reference  in  law  and  other  cases,  consequently  a  greater  variety 
has  been  published  in  this  edition. 

That  I  know  but  little  about  the  exact  lines  necessary  for  the  production  of  a 
good  turbine  is  not,  perhaps,  a  legitimate  excuse  for  the  absence  in  this  work  of 
directions  for  turbine  building,  because  the  most  minute  formulas  to  be  found 
upon  the  subject  have  undoubtedly  been  published  by  those  who  knew  still  less 
about  it  than  myself,  but  duch  formulas  seem  to  have  hindered  rather  than  to 
have  aided  turbine  improvements,  for  it  is  very  certaia  that  the  best  turbine 
builders  have  given  little  heed  to  such  formulas,  hence  I  have  not  attempted  to 
do  what  I  could  not  do  well. 

Some  of  my  Annual  Reports  were  dectrotyped,  and  various  items  from  those 
have  been  used  in  this  work,  and  where  such  reports  of  tests  have  been  used, 
the  numerous  chauvres  of  weights  are  given  in  full;  while  in  others  only  the  best 
test  at  whole  gate  is  given ;  and  it  may  be  well  here  to  state  that  there  is  a  cer- 
tain speed  at  which  any  turbine  docs  its  best,  and  to  find  that  point  it  is  neces- 
sary to  try  many  changes  of  weights.  Wheels  made  from  the  same  patterns 
seldom  do  their  best  at  the  same  speed,  and  this  variation  is  the  cause  of  consid- 
erable loss  of  power  through  incorrect  gearing  for  speed. 

It  is  also  necessary  to  state  that  there  is  always  a  leakage  into  the  measur- 
ing pit  during  a  test,  which  is  to  be  deducted  from  the  quantity  flowing  over  the 
weir;  this  leakage  may  not  be  given  in  sonte  of  the  reports,  but  if  the  depth  on 
the  weir  is  given,  the  difference  between  the  quantity  as  found  per  tables  for  that 
depth,  and  the  cubic  feet  given  in  the  report  of  test  will  give  the  leakage,  that 
is,  if  the  length  of  weir  is  given.  The  omissions  are  owing  to  the  use  of  only  a 
part  of  the  electrotyped  reports. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WILLIMANSITT,  MASS.,  October  1, 1878. 


INTRODUCTION 

TO  THE  FOURTH  EDITION. 

THE  success  of  my  previous  publications  warrants  a  continuance 
of  my  previous  methods. 

As  a  rule,  technical  works  only  interest  such  as  are  engaged  in 
the  study  of  the  subject  treated ;  my  practice  has  been  to  give  the 
best  possible  information  relative  to  the  subject  treated  upon, 
then  to  mix  in  other  matter  of  varied  interest,  causing  others  to 
look  the  work  through,  thus  making,  perhaps  in  itself,  a  dull  tech- 
nical matter  generally  familiar.  In  this  edition  the  mixture  has 
been  carried  to  a  greater  extent  and  quite  likely  may  be  objec- 
tionable to  some,  but  to  others  that  may  be  the  very  cream  of  the 
whole,  and  I  hope  to  give  each  his  or  her  money's  worth.  And 
here  it  may  be  stated  that  the  price  and  cost  of  this  book  have  little 
relation  ;  the  contents  epitomize  a  life's  work  and  study.  It  is 
difficult  to-day  to  decide  what  will  be  popular  a  half  century  hence, 
and  it  is  a  matter  of  far  greater  interest  to  me  to  be  popular  then 
than  now.  A  comparison  of  this  edition  of  my  book  with  any  and 
all  works  treating  upon  hydrodynamics  printed  previous  to  1870  I 
think  will  prove  that  I  have  as  hydrodynamic  engineer  done  more 
in  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  to  establish  a  practical  knowledge 
of  milling  hydrodynamics,  and  in  the  production  of  instruments  to 
render  that  knowledge  evident,  than  has  been  done  by  all  other 
engineers  for  a  century  past. 

Still  further  evidence  may  be  found  in  a  comparison  of  the 
plans  proposed  in  the  book  and  the  costly  and  obsolete  methods 
continued  at  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Holyoke,  Cohoes,  Minneapolis, 
and  all  other  water  powers  under  the  charge  of  engineers  grad- 
uated from  our  colleges  and  technical  institutions,  where  text 
books  a  century  behind  our  time  continue  to  be  used.  But  the  real 
difficulty  consists  in  the  fact  that  the  instructors  and  instructed  too 
often  are  entirely  unfitted  by  nature  for  engineers  ;  expedients  for 
emergencies  and  good  judgment  are  absolute  requirements  for  an 
engineer;  mathematics  as  tools  are  excellent,  but  a  poor  substitute 
for  brains.  Mechanical  ability  of  the  highest  standard  will  enable 
man  or  woman  to  reach  a  high  plane  as  an  engineer,  but  without 
such  ability  one  had  better  turn  to  some  other  calling  where  less 
skill  is  required. 

"The  Eminent  Hydraulic  Engineer,"  page  41,  is  intended  as 
the  description  of  a  class  much  too  numerous,  and  has  no  reference 
to  any  individual. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

July  10, 1892. 


INDEX. 


I'AGE. 

American  Wheel  Tests 78 

American  Turbine 226 

Ancient  Authorities 55,  56 

Arbitration 32 

An  Ohio  Idea 381 

Angell  Wheel  Test 232 

A  Man  of  Courage 204 

Adulteration  and  Short  Measure.  172 
Aspirants  for  Fame  as  Turbine . .  119 

Ambitious  Fisherman 127 

A  Proposition  of  Seeming 112 

Alpaca  Mill  Tests 152 

Atwater  Manufacturing  Co 18 

Apparatus  for  Regulating 87 

Brown's  Facing  Mill 16 

Bond  vs.  City  of  Springfield 27 

Backwater 63, 109-113 

Burning  Down  Step 85 

Buckeye  Engine  Tests 100,  283 

Bible  in  Schools 127 

Bellinger's  Turbine 229 

Barber,  J.  B.,  Wheel 242 

Blackstone's  Wheel 254 

Boyden  Wheel 257 

Burnham's  N.  F.,  Wheel 267 

Belt  Experiments 359-362 

Bible  Illustrations 364-369 

Bible,  The 373 

Belt  Transmission 381 

Brake,  Prony,  J.  B.  Francis 39 

Cotton  Mfg.  and  Machinery . . .  .142-9 

Clyde  Bleachery  Tests 153 

Cotton  Machinery  Tests 154-9 

Choosing  all  Officials  by  the 171 

Collins  Wheel 225 

Case,  J.  T.,  Wheel 231 

Curtis  Gates,  Wheel 262 

Car  Heating  by  Steam 275 

Cyclonic  Turbine 329 

Christian's  God 376 

Charla,  Mathematician 445 

Conn  C.  G.,  Musical  Instruments    75 

Chipping  Buckets 114 

Card  Setting  Machine 176 

Constantine,  First  Christian 190 

Clark  &  Chapman's  Wheel 240 

Chase  Wheel 255 

Curb's  Patent 268 

Compound  Steam  Engines 282 

Christianity 377 

Christian  Materialist 380 

Coincidences  Have  Cause 476 

Dean  L.  L.  &  Co . . 23 

Dams 59, 101 

Disputes,  Which  Used  Most 109 

Draft  Tubes 113 

Damon  Mill  Test 150 

Difference  Cost  Combing  Wool. .  187 

Devices  of  the  Past 206 

Diagrams,  Swain  &  Wolf 221 

Diagrams,  Tyler, Wetmore,  Walsh  241 


PAGE. 

Diagrams,  Risdon  Wheel 258 

Diagrams  of  all  Tested 300 

Draft  Tube   Experiments 344-5 

Division  and  Meas.  Water  Power. 81  2 

Disputes  about  Water  Used 109 

Disputes  about  Work  Done 109 

Disputes  about  Efficiency 113 

Doctor  Duckworth 124 

Diet 173 

Double  Wheels 214-15 

Delphos  Turbine 229 

Diagrams,  Hercules 251-2 

Diagrams,  New  Am.  and  Victor. .  269 

Draft  Tube  in  Backwater. 343 

Electric  Light,  Waterville,  Me. . .     25 
Exp.  testing  Leffel  Wheels.. . .36-7,  79 

Emerson's  Power  Scale 50-3 

Emerson's  Improved  Brake 66 

Elkhart  Knitting  Mill 74 

Emerson's  Water  Governor 83 

Eagle  Mills 151 

Evolution  of  One  of  Emerson's . .  160 

Elevator  Test 188 

Efficiency  of  Turbines 219 

Emerson's  New  System  of  Car. . .  274 

Emerson's  Report 299 

Expurgation 31 

Engineers . . 39,  40 

Eminent  Hydraulic  Engineer ....  41-5 

Elkhart  Mill  Test 74-80 

Eclipse  Test 79 

Efficiency  or  Useful  Effect Ill 

Emerson's  Duplex  Piano  Stool ...  131 

Evolution 173 

Economy  Water  Wheel 218 

Engineers'  Reports,  Ellis 290 

Economical  Turbine 336 

Emerson's  Water  Flow  System .  .87-94 

Formula  for  Tabling  Wheels 73 

Flax  Culture  and  Manufacture . .  132 

Flenniken's  Wheel 233 

Formula  for  Testing  Wheels 70-3 

Fire  Escapes 170 

Fourneyron's  Wheel 208-210 

Gauges,  Steam,  Pressure 73 

Glendale  Elastic  Fabric 150 

Great  Compound,  I.  X.  L 218 

Gear  Experiments 355-358 

Gearing  Turbines  by  Tables 121 

Germania  Mills 188 

Gears,  Belts,  Draft  Tubes 341 

God  in  the  Constitution 127 

Herchels,  Clemens,  Deposition ...    57 
Hercules  Turbine  Stands  Alone..    60 

Holyoke  Water  Power 103-105 

Highest  Results  Guaranteed 114 

Hard  Running  Wheels 118 

Hydro-Extractor  Test 189 

Humphrey  I.  X.  L.  Turbine 243 

Humming  Bird  Wheel .  263 

Holyoke  Testing  Flume 15,  284-5 


IO 


PAGE. 

Houston  Wheel 319-321 

Hercules  Oblique  Draft  Tube ....  349 
Horizontal  Wheel,  Draft  Tube 

Test 350-1 

Hercules 316, 317, 318,  326, 327 

Hook  Gauge .  •    67 

Holyoke  Dam 101 

Hydraulic  Mortars 167 

Horse  Power,  Gears,  etc 168 

Holyoke  Paper  Co 202 

Holyoke  Machine  Co 250-3-4 

Houston  Wheel 2*4 

Holyoke  Hydrodynamic  Experi- 
ments   286 

Hunt  Wheels 331-2 

Horizontal  and  Vertical  Tests ....  351 

Irresponsible  Commissions 32 

Inspiration 479 

Illustrations  of  Car  Heating 276 

Jute  and  its  Manufacture 134 

Jonval  Wheels  with  Variations. .  212 

Jonval  Turbine 211 

King's  Turbine 306 

Kulp&Umel 74 

Law,  The 26-30 

Law  Antagonistic  to  Knowledge  17 
Litigation  to  Settle  Disputes ....  61 
Legal  Division  of  Water  Power.95-100 
Loss  of  Head,  Small  Conduits ....  112 

Lisle  Thread 169 

Libby  Wheel 266 

List  of  Wheels  Tested 270 

Massachusetts  School  System. ...    47 

Moral  Influence  of  Religion 126 

Minneapolis,  View  of 135 

Monohansett  Mm 151 

Massachusetts  Cotton  Mill  Test..  152 
Machines  Making  Set  of  Woolen  178 

Moessinger  &  Heathecote 303 

Monarch  Wheel 323 

Mohammedan  Ideal 371 

Muzay's  Starch  Mill 74 

Mishawaka  Mill 77 

Marriage,  Divorce,  Nudity 140 

Mascoma  River  Co.  vs.  Emerson    24 

Meddling  with  the  Mails 171 

Mullikin  Wheel 224 

Mosser  Wheel 240 

Mercer's  Reliable 333 

Numerous  Sizes  of  Turbines 118 

Nashawannuck  Co.  Tests 150 

Natick  Mill  Tests 151 

Nelson  Mill  Test 151 

Notes  on  Water  Flow 174 

National  Water  Wheel 230 

New  American  Wheel 311,  325 

Nonesuch  Wheel , 313 

New  American 352-3-4 

Organization 478 

Over  Education 45-6 

Palmer  Water  Works 22 

Pressure  of  Water  on  Dams,  etc..  Ill 

Power  Required  to  Grind 117 

Progress  in  Medicine 125 

Philadelphia  Tests 213 


PAGE. 

Paper  Manufacturing   and   Ma- 
chinery    191 

Paper  and  Shoe  Machinery 203 

Phenomenal  Turbines 363 

Postmaster  General,  Bible 372 

Prohibition 381 

Preliminary  Proceedings  for  the    95 

Percentage  of  Discharge 113 

Professional  Experts 120 

Protective  Tariff 170 

Perry  Turbine 223 

Perry's  Improved 309 

Patent  Office  Letter 3*5 

Pope  or  God 370 

Propelling  Screws 379 

Popular  Science 450 

Questions  Asked  in  Court 94 

Rotten  Statutes 31 

Report  of  Referees 97 

Roller  Process 136 

Risdon  Wheel 234-5 

Roland  &  Benedict 240 

Rodney  Hunt  Machine 260-1 

Rover's  Wheels 322,  328 

Risdon's  Wheel 338,  339,  340 

Reduced  Draft  Tube 346,  347 

Ripple  Mill 77 

Railroad  Suggestions 86 

Ribbon,  Webbing  and  Tape  Loom  150 
Rotary  Engine  or  Water  Wheel. .  228 

Reynolds'  Wheel 256 

Railroad  Managers 277 

Reynolds'  Champion 310 

,Rechard's  Wheel 334-5 

Show  Institutions  of  the  Hills ...    33 

Selection  of*Turbines 62 

.St.  Joseph  Milling  Co 76 

Slip  of  Belt 120 

Submerging  Turbines 113 

Suggestions  for  Capitalists 94 

Superstition, Idolatry, or  Worship  175 

Swain  Turbine 220 

Success  Turbine 312 

Small's  Wheel 265 

Stowe's  Wheel 337 

Sheffield  Scientific  School 379 

Spirits  or  What 461 

Science  and  Religion 460 

Sacredness  of  an  Oath 32 

Sage  Brothers'  Mill 75 

Sunday  Trains «6 

Silk 128 

Silk  Machines 130 

Ship  Windlass,  Emerson's 161-7 

Steam  Engine  Tests : 189 

Stout,  Mills  &  Temple 227 

Success  Turbine 229 

Sherwood's  Wheel 321 

Spiritualism 446 

Scientists  and  Professors 465 

Spiritual  Manifestations 466 

Testing  System 34 

Turbine  Against  Breast  Wheel. .    84. 

Test  of  Slide  Valve  Engine 99 

Tight  or  Good  Part  Gates 114 


II 


PAGE. 

Tests,  Gearing  Wlaeels,  Varying 

Head 110 

The  Metric  System 121 

The  Day  of  the  Church 122 

Tide  Power 171 

The  North  Pole 172 

Tyler  Wheels 302,  307 

Thompson  Turbine 308 

Taxation  of  aU  Property 381 

Table  of  Sixteenths  Reduced  to. .  382 

Tables  of  J.  B.  Francis 418 

Turbines,  Running  Faster 63 

Tyler  Scroll 236 

Tyler  Flume 237 

Testing  Flume,  Turbine  Testing    64 

Turbine  Builder's  Theories  112 

Test,  Loss  in  Transmission,  Gears  119 

Turbine  Buckets 119 

Testing  Curbs 121 

The  Day  of  the  Man 123 

The  Republican  Party 172 

Tuttle  Wheels 256 

Thompson  &  Holcomb 259 

Tait  Wheel 314,  315 

Tables  of  Swain  Turbine  Co ....  436 

Tables  of  Dia.,  Circ 441 

Table  Tippings 454 

Undesirable  Names,  etc 171 

United  Railways  Co 273 

Upham  Wheel 266 

Victor  Wheel  Tests 79,  304,  342 

Velocity  and  Teeth  of  Gears 168 

V  Shaped  Belts,  Transmission...  121 

Victor,  Stilwell  &  Bierce 244-5-6 

Eclipse,  Stilwell  &  Bierce 247 

Variations  of  Turbines 114 


PAGE. 

Vexatious  Use  of  Water no 

Willimantic  vs.  Johnson 20 

Weir  Measurements 64 

Westinghouse  Compound 99 

Water  Powers,  Various 106 

What  is  the  Working  Head Ill 

Working  Flour  Mill 138 

Woman  Suffrage ....  141 

Wool  Comb  and  Wool  Mfg 177 

Worsted,  Described 178 

Water  Wheels,  Lowell 205 

Wynkoop's  Double  Wheel 216 

Wetmore's  Wheel 320, 322 

Wolf's  Turbine 238 

Waldo  Whitney's  Wheel 248 

Walsh's  Double  Turbine 305 

Weir  Tables,  Emerson's 383 

Willimansett  Spout  Experiments    48 

Water  Measurements 54 

Wheels  Tested  in  Improper  Pits    65 

Water  Supply,  Cities 86 

What  is  a  Square  Inch  of  Water  111 
What  Power  to  Drive,  Run  of. ...  Ill 

Water  Wheel  Royalties 118 

What  is  Poetry 169 

Woolen  Machinery  Tests 198 

Whiting  Paper  Co. . 201 

Wheel  and  Machinery,  Fitchburg  202 

Webber's  Report 297 

Walsh  Wheel 222 

Wemple's  Wheel 301 

Witch  of  Endor 374 

What  Good  has  Christianity 378 

Weight  of  Cubic  Foot  of  Water  382 
Youths'  Preparatory  Studies ....  140 


12 
Tests  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery 

DESIGNED  TO  AID  AIX    INTERESTED  IN  HYDRAULICS, 

Particularly  Turbine  Builders,  Manufacturers,  Owners 

of  Water  Power,  and  Counsel  Managing: 

Cases  in  Litigation. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


OFFICE  OF  THE 
PROPRIETOR  OF  THE  LOCKS  AND  CANALS  ON  THE  MERRIMA.C  RIVER, 

LOWELL,  MASS.,  February  5, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  Willhnansett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir :    Your  work  on  water  wheels  and  machinery  was  left  here  yester- 
day bv  Mr.  Swain. 

My  father  (James  B.  Francis)  is  at  present  in  Europe,  and  probably  will  not 
return  before  next  August.  I  take  the  liberty  to  thank  you  for  him,  and  to 
assure  you  that  your  book  contains  a  fund  of  information  of  the  kind  we  want. 
How  to  utilize  water  power  to  the  best  advantage  is  one  of  the  great  problems  of 
the  day,  and  I  am  sure  you  have  contributed  much  information  on  the  subject. 
Very  truly  yours, 

JAMES  FRANCIS,  Ass't  Engineer. 


NORTH  CHELMSFORD,  MASS.,  February  7,  1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  Willimansett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir :  I  have  examined  your  book,  "  Treatise  on  Tests  of  Water  Wheels 
and  Machinery,"  and  find  in  it  a  very  large  amount  of  valuable  information,  in  a 
simple  form,  not  obtainable  in  any  other  work.  I  have  copies,  in  full,  of  all  your 
tests,  dating  back  nearly  ten  years,  prepared  at  (to  me)  great  expense,  and  ot 
course  I  have  faith  in  their  reliability.  (At  all  events,  twenty  times  their  cost 
would  not  buy  them,  were  no  other  copy  available.)  The  publication  of  your 
experience,  in  so  convenient  a  form,  must  prove  to  be  of  very  great  benefit  to 
manufacturers,turbine  builders,  and  such  of  the  legal  fraternity  as  have  hydraulic 
cases  to  manage.  Every  millwright  ought  certainly  to  possess  a  copy.  The 
tables  of  "  Velocities  due  Head,"  alone,  will  save  him  in  time  every  year  several 
times  the  cost  of  the  book. 

Very  truly  yours, 

A.  M.  SWAIN. 


BOND  BROS.  &  BOTTUM  LAW  OFFICE, 

NORTHAMPTON,  February  7, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir :  I  have  examined  your  work  on  "  The  Testing  of  Water  Wheels 
and  Machinery,"  with  matters  pertaining  to  Hydraulics  (2d  Ed.  1878),  and  find 
that  it  contains  in  a  very  convenient  form  a  large  amount  of  information  which 
every  lawyer  must  obtain  from  some  source  before  he  can  safely  advise  a  cli- 
ent or  properly  try  a  case  concerning  water  povrer  or  the  power  of  water  irheels. 
Accept  my  thanks  for  your  treatise ;  it  will  be  of  great  use  to  me  in  my  profes- 
•ional  work.  Yours  truly, 

D.  W.  BOND,  District  Attorney. 


13 

LAW  OFFICE, 

NEW  HARTFORD,  CONN.,  February  8, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON: 

Dear  Sir :    I  have  examined  your  book,"  Treatise  on  Tests  of  "Water  Wheels, 
&c.,"  and  find  it  to  be  really  multum  in  parvo.    It  contains  in  simple  form  much 
information  needed  by  members  of  the    legal  profession  who  are  engaged  in 
suits  involving  hydra  ilics,  power,  flow  of  water,  and  kindred  subjects. 
I  am  very  truly  yours, 

JARED  B.  FOSTER. 


LAW  OFFICE  OF  J.  P.  BUCKLAND,  COUNSELOR  IN  PATENT  CAUSES, 

SPRINGFIELD,  MASS.,  February  8, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON  : 

Dear  Sir :  I  assure  you  that  my  examination  of  your  new  work,  entitled 
"  Tests  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery,"  has  given  me  a  great  deal  of  pleasure. 
Many  a  time  have  I  searched  for  hours  to  find  some  of  the  many  data  with  which 
the  book  is  crowded. 

In  the  preparation  and  trial  of  cases  involving  questions  of  water  power,  mill- 
rights,  leases  of  power  and  the  performance  of  machines  built  under  contract, 
and  kindred  matters  which  are  constantly  coming  before  courts  and  arbitrators 
for  settlement,  your  work  will  be  a  valuable  aid  to  lawyers  and  parties.  I  know 
of  no  single  book  which  has  within  its  covers  so  many  practical  data  for  use  in 
the  above  line  of  cases,  and  I  am  bound  to  say  that  I  think  the  legal  profession 
is  under  much  obligation  to  you  for  the  preparation  of  it. 
Yours  truly, 

J.  P.  BUCKLAND. 


SENATE  CHAMBER,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  February  9, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON: 

My  Dear  Sir:  Permit  me  to  thank  you  for  a  copy  of  your  book,  "Tests 
of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery."  I  have  read  it  with  as  much  care  as  I 
could  find  time  from  my  official  duties  here  to  do,  and  have  no  hesitancy 
in  saying  that  it  must  prove  a  very  valuable  work,  as  well  to  lawyers  con- 
ducting litigations,  as  to  mill  owners  seeking  to  avoid  them. 
Thanking  you  again,  I  am,  truly  yours 

II.  L.  DA  WES. 


OFFICE  OF 

AMERICAN  PRINT  WORKS,  FALL  RIVER,  MASS.,  March  3, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON: 

DEAR  SIR  :    Please  accept  my  thanks  for  the  copy  of  your  book  "  Tests  of 
Water  Wheels  and  Machinery,  received  a  day  or  two  since.    It  contains  much 
valuable  information  relating  to  water  power,  is  arranged  in  a  very  concise  form 
and  will  prove  a  very  convenient  source  of  reference." 
Very  truly  yours, 

THOS.  J.  BORDEN,  Treas.  Watuppa  Reservoir  Co- 


BOOTT  COTTON  MILLS,  LOWELL,  MAS&.,  March  11, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON: 

DEAR  SIR:  Permit  me  to  thank  you  for  a  copy  of  your  "Tests  of  Water 
Wheels  and  Machinery."  I  have  examined  the  same  with  great  care  and  must 
say  that  you  have  given  a  fund  of  information  to  Manufacturers,  Turbine  Build- 
ers, Owners  of  Water  Power,  and  the  Legal  Profession  who  have  suits  involving 
Hydraulics,  in  a  most  simple  and  concise  form.  There  is  no  subject  to-day  con- 
nected with  manufacturing  that  there  is  so  much  ignorance  about  as  the  econom- 
ical use  of  water  power,  best  wheels,  and  appurtenances  to  utilize  it.  Your 
book  cannot  fail  to  have  a  large  sale,  as  you  have  contributed  so  much  informa- 
tion on  the  subject.  Yours  truly,  A.  G.  CUMNOCK,  Agent. 


14 

NEW  HAVEN,  CONN.,  April  29, 1879. 
MR.  JAMBS  EMERSON  : 

DBAR  SIR,— Allow  me  to  take  this  opportunity  to  thank  you  for  the  copy  of 
yo*ir  Treatise  relative  to  the  Testing- of  Water  Wheels  and 'Machinery,  which 
you  did  me  the  favor  to  send  me  some  time  since.      I  have  found  it  to  be  a  mine 
of  valuable  information,  and  have  often  had  occasion  to  consult  it.    It  certainly 
effectively  supplies  a  great  desideratum.      TVe  manufacturing  interests  of  this 
country  owe  you  a  debt  of  gratitude,  to  speak  of  nothing  more,  for  the  valuable 
ivork  you  have  done  in  testing  water  wheels  and  machinery. 
Yours  truly, 

W.  A.  NORTON, 

Prof,  of  Civil  Engineering  in  Sheffield  Scientific  School. 

LEBANON,  N.  II.,  March  7, 1879. 

JAMES  EMERSON  :  I  will  do  all  I  can  to  recommend  your  book.    I  think  it 
the  best  book  I  have  seen  for  a  millwright. 

Yours  truly,  WILLIAM  DUNCAN,  Engineer  and  Millwright. 


UNITED  STATES  SENATE  CHAMBER,  WASHINGTON,  Feb.  1,  1879. 
JAMES  EMEBSON: 

DEAR  SIR  :  Yours  of  the  30th  ult.  has  just  been  received,  with  your  book, 
for  which  I  heartily  thank  you.  Of  course,  I  have  not  yet  had  time  to  examine 
it,  but  will  do  so  and  write  you  about  it.  I  think  from  a  hasty  glance  I  cast  over 
it,  that  its  contents  will  be  of  value,  and  I  shall  preserve  it  as  a  memento  of  die 
of  the  intelligent  patentees  of  the  country,  who  have  done  so  much  for  its 
interests.  Yours  truly, 

BAINBRIDGE  WADLEIGH. 

My  correspondence  with  Mr.  Wadleigh  had  reference  to  a  change  in  the  Patent 
Law  advocated  by  him,  a  change  which  to  me  seems  unjust  to  the  inventor  and 
unlikely  to  benefit  the  public.  The  defects  of  the  present  law  are  mainly  due  to 
its  loose  administration.  To  make  a  great  show  of  income,  patents  are  daily 
granted  for  frivolous  devices  unworthy  of  such  distinction ;  worse  still,  patents 
are  constantly  being  granted  to  several  different  applicants  for  substantially  the 
same  device,  a  practice  alike  injurious  to  the  real  inventor  and  the  public.  A 
single  amendment  of  the  present  law,  with  a  return  to  the  conservative  practice  of 
granting  patents  followed  thirty  years  since,  would  do  away  with  the  real  objections 
to  such  grants.  A  large  proportion  of  the  patents  that  are  granted  are  not  only 
worthless  but  they  stand  in  the  way  of  real  improvement.  Amend  the  present 
law  so  that  pi'ovisional  protection  shall  be  granted  for  three  years  upon  applica- 
tion as  at  present,  for  real  inventions,  anytime  previous  to  the  expiration  of 
that  period,  upon  the  payment  of  one  hundred  dollars ;  issue  a  patent  for  twenty 
years  from  the  date  of  application ;  under  no  circumstances  allow  an  extension 
of  such  grant.  The  provisional  term  for  the  sum  of  twenty  dollars  will  enable 
the  applicant  to  judge  of  the  validity,  value  and  advisability  of  its  continuance. 
If  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  protect  the  plans  of  geniuses  who  saw  a  barrel  in 
halves,  thus  making  two  tubs  of  it;  or  point  one  end  of  a  friction  match  stick,  so 
that  it  may  be  used  to  light  a  pipe  or  pick  the  teeth,  do  so ;  but  do  it  for  a  shorter 
period  and  under  some  designation  equivalent  to  that  of  "  Trade  Mark."  It  dis- 
courages the  real  inventor  and  debases  the  term,  Patent,  to  put  such  devices 
upon  the  same  plane  as  those  that  have  required  years  of  study  to  perfect. 


THAYER  SCHOOL  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

Dartmouth  College, 
HANOVER,  N.  H.,  August  22,  1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON. 

Dear  Sir:  Permit  me  to  say  that  your  book  on  Tests  of  Water  Wheels  and 
Machinery  has  greatly  interested  me.  To  students  of  hydraulics  it  has  a  special 
value  in  affording  so  many  ractical  results  of  American  construction  and  opera- 


Holyoke  Testing  Flume. 

My  connection  with  the  above  closed  in  1880,  yet  parties  often  write  to 
me  for  information  about  tests  made  there  which  cannot  be  furnished  be- 
cause the  tests  now  made  there  are  private,  a  practice  which,  according  to 
my  experience,  makes  the  tests  of  little  value.  While  the  flume  was  in 
my  charge  it  was  a  common  matter  for  teeters  to  request  and  at  times  in- 
sist that  certain  results  should  be  suppressed. 

One  man  asked  me  to  give  him  such  reports  as  I  gave  another  whose  name 
he  mentioned  and  draw  upon  him  at  sight  for  one  thousand  dollars.  Another 
said  he  would  give  me  four  thousand  dollars  in  greenbacks  if  I  would  com- 
ply with  a  similar  request.  Two  well  known  builders  first  tried  to  buy  me 
and  then  threatened  vengeance  if  correct  reports  were  given.  William  M. 
Mills  took  the  whole  gate  tests  of  one  wheel  and  the  part  gates  of  another 
and  published  them  as  the  test  of  one  wheel. 

Stilwell  &  Bierce  used  certificates  obtained  from  Clemens  Herschel  of  88 
per  cent,  tests  from  wheels  that  I  had  twice  tested  and  been  unable  to  get  80 
per  cent.  These  wheels,  two  of  them  at  least,  were  made  from  the  same 
patterns  as  the  92  per  cent,  wheel  (see  page  342)  used  to  make  the  belt,  gear, 
and  draft  tube  experiments  which  gave  such  remarkable  results  that  it  was 
tested  and  retested  by  delegations  from  Yale,  Boston  School  of  Technology, 
and  other  places.  It  was  taken  from  the  flume,  reset  and  retested,  but 
invariably  repeated  results  within  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent.  The  Holyoke 
Machine  Company  bought  up  150  copies  of  my  book,  all  that  remained  of 
the  second  edition,  and  used  them  for  fuel  because  the  low  as  well  as  high 
results  of  their  tests  were  published.  In  short,  to  be  of  general  use,  all  tests 
should  be  public.  There  are  monomaniacs  rated  as  engineers  that  pretend 
that  the  so-called  Boyden  wheel  is  of  a  superior  character,  while  in  fact  it 
was  never  in  any  particular  equal  to  the  Tyler  scroll  wheel. 

Frank  Sicman,  now  in  charge  of  the  Holyoke  flume,  I  believe  to  be  capa- 
ble and  honest,  but  he  has  too  many  gauge  hands 

(See  difference  of  results,  pages  36  and  37,  tests  of  the  same  wheel 
with  same  gauge  hands.) 

It  is  not  likely  that  any  one  will  again  have  the  chance  I  did  to  make 
such  tests,  and-  economy  compelled  me  to  do  most  of  the  work  myself,  so 
that  it  was  brought  to  the  most  perfect  exactitude  and  simplicity.  The 
three  tests  reported  on  pages  352,  353,  354,  were  taken  offhand,  without  a 
thought  of  extra  care,  yet  I  do  not  believe  it  would  be  possible  to  make  such 
tests  again. 

Much  has  been  learned  in  testing  since  the  system  commenced  with  the 
Swain  wheel  in  1869.  That  wheel  reached  about  80  per  cent.  Had  it  been 
properly  set  and  tested  it  should  easily  have  exceeded  85  per  cent.  Wheel 
builders  often  request  me  to  reply  to  articles  slurring  the  test,  which  may 
be  done  when  an  erroneous  report  can  be  named.  In  1879  four  parties  ob- 
jected to  my  having  chai — 
wheels  tested  if  some  other 


jected  to  my  having  charge  of  the  free  public  tests,  promising  to  have 
wheels  tested  if  some  other  engineer  was  employed,  but  failed  to  send  wheels. 
One  of  the  four,  I  have  since  ascertained,,  furnished  the  article  for  publica- 


tion (page  204),  "  A  man  of  courage."  Another,  my  friend  I.  X.  L.  Hum- 
phrey, an  amusing  writer  of  fiction  relative  to  turbine  of  his  own  make 
and  hydrodynamics  in  general,  being  interested  as  defendant  in  an  expen- 
sive hydraulic  suit,  accidentally  met  the  plaintiff  waiting  at  the  depot  for  a 
train  to  Willimansett.  Excusing  himself  for  a  moment,  he  put  his  I.  X.  L. 
into  practical  operation  and  made  better  time  on  foot  across  the  bridge 
than  I  had  ever  been  able  to  get  from  his  wheel,  and  retained  me  for  his 
side  just  as  the  plaintiff  arrived  at  the  door. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 
July  16, 1892. 


i6 


BROWN'S  FACING  MILL,  POWER,  ETC. 

Willimansett,  Mass. 

In  this  case  the  ordinary  question  cannot  be  raised  as  to  whether 
steam  or  water  power  is  cheapest,  because  the  great  expense  neces- 
sary for  land,  dam,  turbine,  etc.,  etc.,  has  already  been  incurred, 
consequently  the  loss  of  the  water  power  wouM  necessitate  the  ex- 
pense almost  of  a  double  plant  without  any  corresponding  gain,  for 
the  present  plant  is  located  close  to  the  depot,  upon  the  road  to 
Springfield,  in  proximity  to  Holyoke,  and  probably  in  as  convenient 
.  and  desirable  a  place  as  could  be  found  in  the  New  England  States. 

The  whole  plant  must  now  stand  to  the  owner  at  a  cost  of  some 
seven  or  eight  thousand  dollars  and  completely  fitted  for  business, 
to  be  operated  by  water  power. 

This  power  consists  of  an  almost  unchanging  supply  of  water 
falling  sixteen  feet.  Very  few  water  powers  can  be  found  so  regu- 
lar in  quantity  as  this.  About  three  hundred  cubic  feet  per  minute 
can  be  depended  upon  the  year  round,  though  in  extreme  droughts 
it  may  be  a  little  less,  and  during  the  spring  something  more. 
Three  hundred  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute  falling  sixteen  feet 
evolves  nine  horse  power ;  ponding  the  twenty-four  hours'  supply 
and  using  it  in  eight  hours  furnishes  twenty-seven  horse  power,  of 
which  eighteen  may  be  utilized  or,  say,  fifteen  horse  power,  ten  hours 
per  day,  and  this  without  waiting  to  get  up  steam  as  would  be  the 
case  for  every  little  job  with  a  steam  plant. 

Mr.  Brown's  work  is  not  such  as  to  require  constant  power,  hence 
the  advantage  of  the  power  that  may  be  called  upon  to  operate  the 
machinery  for  ten  minutes,  or  an  hour,  as  the  case  may  be,  then 
stopped  and  remain  idle  without  expense  or  care  until  again  needed, 
which  could  not  be  the  case  with  steam  power.  Besides,  with  steam 
power  to  be  safe  for  mill  and  neighborhood,  a  qualified  engineer 
would  be  necessary  to  take  charge  of  engine  and  boiler.  I  do  not 
mean  to  be  understood  that  engineers  are  always  employed  in  such 
cases,  but  I  do  mean  decidedly  that,  to  obtain  the  same  safety  and 
convenience  now  enjoyed  by  Mr.  Brown,  one  thousand  dollars  per 
year  will  not  make  an  equivalent  for  the  value  of  his  water  power, 
which  is  now  in  good  condition  throughout,  to  the  best  of  my 
belief. 

JAMES  EMERSON, 

WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  Feb.  21,  1892. 


The  Law  Antagonistic  to  Knowledge  and  Justice. 

A  thorough  study  for  a  score  of  years  of  hydrodynamics  makes  it  evi- 
dent at  least  to  myself  that,  except  through  imperfect  deeds,  no  cause  for 
disputes  in  milling  matters  can  arise  that  may  not  be  made  so  clear  as  to 
leave  no  just  cause  for  litigation.  Every  effect  has  a  cause,  and  such  cause 
may  readily  be  ascertained  by  an  intelligent  engineer. 

Such  cases  usually  have  an  individuality  and  each  must  be  considered  in 
itself. 

The  ordinary  surveyor's  level  between  mills  is  seldom  of  much  account 
in  backwater  cases  so  far  as  determining  the  cause  of  complaint.  A  num- 
ber of  such  cases  will  be  reported  in  this  edition  of  my  work,  from  which 
information  of  my  method  of  ascertaining  facts  may  be  obtained.  A  wide 
experience  of  the  practice  of  law  in  many  states  in  hydraulic  cases  con- 
vinces me  that  while  Massachusetts  from  its  early  manufacturing  should  be 
one  of  the  most  intelligent  in  such  matters  it  is  in  fact  like  its  Andover  the- 
ology and  gallows  witness  stand  more  iron-clad  and  backward  in  its  rules 
than  any  other.  The  assessors'  valuation  of  a  plaintiff's  property,  the 
verdict  of  a  parallel  case  in  the  same  county,  mention  of  the  obsolete  char- 
acter of  the  property  in  question,  nor  in  fact  anything  that  would  show  the 
Utter  worthlessness  of  the  whole  claim  was  presented  in  a  recent  case  for 
damage.  This  may  have  been  owing  to  the  incompetency  of  the  attorney, 
but  certainly  the  most  essential  evidence  necessary  to  enable  the  jury  to 
decide  intelligently  and  justly  was  left  out;  both  attorneys  seemed  desti- 
tute of  knowledge  in  such  matters  and  equally  desirous  of  preventing  the 
jury  from  obtaining  knowledge. 

The  Wiliimantic  Borough  case  offered  another  lesson  for  litigants.  It 
would  hardly  be  possible  to  find  a  case  more  decisive  in  character  ;  one  any 
intelligent  manufacturer  would  easily  understand. 

The  case  is  one  for  mutual  concession  by  which  both  could  be  benefited. 

There  is  a  trifle  less  than  three  feet  in  the  level  between  the  level  of  the 
crests  of  the  Borough  and  Johnson's  dams.  Johnson  claims  to  be  desirous 
of  digging  a  new  tail-race  12  feet  wide  and  400  feet  in  length  extending  from 
his  wheel  down  to  Borough  line  where  the  water  backs  up  2 1-2  feet  in  depth. 

Mr.  Johnson  desires  to  send  down  through  the  said  tail-race  150  cubic  feet 
of  water  per  second,  which  moving  three  feet  per  second  would  require  a 
depth  of  four  feet,  or  a  foot  and  a  half  more  than  the  depth  of  water  at  the 
dividing  line  of  the  two  properties,  consequently  the  set-back  of  water 
could  cause  no  real  loss  of  power  to  Johnson.  Like  all  such  conditions  the 
discharge  from  the  race  meeting  the  standing  water  of  the  pond  would 
soon  form  a  bar  that  would  constantly  increase  in  height  and  reduce  the 
head  on  Johnson's  wheels.  By  mutual  concession  such  bar  could  yearly  be 
removed.  During  the  average  flow  of  water  the  supply  gorges  the  chan- 
nel below  Johnson's  land  so  that  there  is  no  backwater  at  the  line  at  all, 
and  the  channel  is  constantly  filling  up  so  that  the  rock  B  represented  in 
the  illustration  of  1890  is  now  submerged  and  invisible. 

Instead  of  defending  the  case  upon  its  merits,  the  defense  was  that  the 
river  was  variable  in  supply  and  of  little  value.  There  is  little  encourage- 
ment for  knowledge  if  the  law  is  to  render  such  knowledge  worthless. 

What  is  the  difference  in  principle,  for  lawyers  to  band  together  in  Con- 
gress and  Legislature  and  use  their  influence  to  perpetuate  laws  and  rules 
of  a  barbarous  age  for  personal  benefit,  and  the  uniting  in  mobs  to  destroy 
power  looms  and  other  improved  machinery  as  was*tlone  by  the  laboring 
classes  ? 

On  another  page  I  have  stated  that  I  seldom  leave  the  witness  stand  with- 
out feeling  outraged,  but  since  attorneys  of  reputation  confine  their  cross 
examination  of  my  testimony  to  reading  extracts  from  my  legal  criticisms 
it  rather  looks  as  though  they  consider  their  case  weak  and  "  get  off  their 
head,"  and  so  almost  unconsciously  give  out  information  where  it  should 
do  the  most  good. 


i8 
ATWATER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 

I»JL,ANTSVir,l,E,  CONNECTICUT. 

The  annexe.fl  illustrations  show  the  (lain  substantially  as  it  appeared  in 
1880.  The  coping  stone  of  the  dam  had  in  several  places  been  crushed  and 
carried  away  by  ice,  leaving  the  iron  dowels  projecting  above  as  shown.  The 
coping  stones  N  and  O  remained,  as  was  the  case  with  some  at  the  other  end 
of  the  dam.  The  necessity  for  repairs  of  the  dam  at  that  time  was  so  appar- 
ent that  it  was  made  a  matter  of  my  report  and  record.  The  crest  of  dam 
lias  since  been  evened  up  by  timber  and  cement  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the 
original  coping,  as  shown  by  the  stone  N.  Soon  after  a  suit  was  commenced 
by  the  mill  owners  above,  I  examined  the  dam  and  saw  that  no  improper 
raising  had  been  made,  nor  was  there  any  indication  that  the  set-back  of 
water  from  the  dam  interfered  with  the  mills  above.  I  went  to  the  plaintiff's 
and  proposed  to  test  the  power  of  their  mills  under  existing  conditions,  then 
draw  down  the  pond  several  feet  and  again  test  their  power. 

The  land  above  and  below  is  swampy ;  on  such  foundation  a  stone  dam  is 
sure  to  settle,  as  well  as  to  be  worn  away  on  top  by  the  overflow.  The  mill 
upon  the  east  side  has  three  turbines,  the'Manufacturing  Co.,  one.  For  years 
the  four  wheels  had  kept  the  water  constantly  drawn  down,  leaving  the  banks 
of  streams  and  the  marshes  uncovered,  so  as  to  cause  sanitary  complaint.  At 
about  the  time  the  dam  was  repaired,  the  three  wheels  in  the  old  mill  were 
closed  for  good,  since  when  the  pond  has  remained  full,  perhaps  causing  the 
belief  that  the  dam  had  been  raised.  Had  that  been  the  case  there  would  be  a 
belt  of  dead  trees  up  the  banks  of  the  pond  and  river,  for  those  banks  were 
lined  with  trees,  but  no  dead  ones  were  to  be  found. 

The  Manufacturing  Co.  purchased  the  place  under  the  assurance  that  the 
fall  was  eight  feet.  The  dam  has  been  the  "  overflow  "  of  the  pond  and  much 
debris  had  settled  below  the  dam  in  the  tail  race  at  F.  The  small  island 
marked  D,  and  loose  stone  and  gravel,  have  been  removed  and  the  head  is 
now  but  seven  and  a  half  feet.  The  pond  is  quite  extensive  and  extends 
considerable  of  the  distance  towards  the  mills  above,  and  of  course  substan- 
tially is  level  from  end  to  end,  while  the  current  from  the  pond  to  the  mills 
above  is  quite  rapid;  at  the  line  marked  A,  it  is  one  foot  per  second  when 
the  wheels  above  are  in  operation.  A  surface  mark  was  made  at  L  just 
before  noon;  as  the  wheel  gates  closed  in  the  mills  above,  the  water  settled 
two  inches  during  the  noon  hour,  though  it  must  have  risen  on  the  Atwater 
dam,  for  the  wheel  gate  was  closed  there.  In  the  tail  race  at  V,  the  surface 
fell  six  or  more  inches.  Several  hundred  feet  down  stream  from  the  plaintiff's 
mill,  a  stake  is  driven,  the  top  of  which  is  five  and  one-eighth  inches  above 
the  crest  of  Atwater  dam ;  with  the  wheels  above  in  full  operation  the  depth 
of  water  on  stake  was  one  and  three-eighths  inches.  From  the  stake  up, 
the  current  was  very  rapid,  so  as  to  make  it  hard  to  row  a  boat.  Tinder  the 
bridge  on  Main  street,  a  sewer  and  the  road  wash  has  partially  formed  a  bar, 
through  the  middle  of  which  the  current  has  cut  its  way,  carrying  the  debris 
down  near  the  line  marked  X,  where  it  meets  the  set-back  of  water  from 
the  Atwater  dam,  and  there  has  formed  an  extensive  bar  across  the  stream 
that  raises  the  water  above  and  in  the  vicinity,  and  this  bar,  the  whole  cause 
of  the  misunderstanding,  had  not  been  found  by  the  several  different  civil 
engineers  employed  in  the  case,  though  the  action  of  the  water  easily  made 
such  obstruction  apparent. 

This  bar  has  doubtless  rapidly  increased  since  the  stopping  of  the  three 
wheels  in  the  old  Atwater  mill,  for  previous  to  that  the  water  was  so  con- 
stantly drawn  down  that  the  meeting  of  the  waters  would  have  been  in  pond. 

To  understand  the  conditions  fully,  consideration  must  be  had  of  the  fact 
that  the  plaintiff  ponds  the  twenty-four  hours'  supply  of  the  stream,  and 
then  sends  the  whole  down  in  ten  hours  or  less ;  consequently  as  the  Atwater 
wheel  can  use  but  a  portion  of  that  quantity,  much  of  it  must  go  over  the 
dam,  causing  the  surface  there  to  be  higher  than  if  only  the  natural  flow  of 
the  stream  came  down. 

Now  one  lumdred  dollars  properly  expended  as  I  proposed,  by  testing  the 
power,  would  have  made  the  matter  so  plain  that  there  could  have  remained 
no  possible  cause  for  dispute,  instead  of  which  the  law  was  invoked,  to  the 
great  benefit  of  the  lawyers  at  least. 

In  court  the  case  must  be  fitted  to  the  law,  not  the  law  to  the  case.  Each 
witness  is  sworn  to  tell  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth, 
and  then  every  effort  is  made  to  suppress  all  undesirab  truth  by  one  side, 
the  other  side  trying  to  confuse  and  make  the  witness  _e  if  possible. 


i? 


20 


WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  July  14, 1890. 
To  the  Board  of  Water  Commissioners  of  Willimantic,  Conn. 

GENTLEMEN  : — Having  made  several  examinations  of  your 
arrangements  for  supplying  the  borough  with  water,  I  report  as 
follows  :  My  first  examination  was  made  when  the  estimated  flow 
of  water  over  Mr.  Johnson's  dam  was  eighteen  inches  in  depth,  the 
next  when  it  was  ten,  and  one  last  week  when  there  was  but  a  slight 
flow  over  it.  At  the  same  time  the  water  was  drawn  down  several 
feet  at  the  pumping  station  dam,  leaving  only  the  flow  of  the 
natural  stream  at  Johnson's  line.  From  surface  of  water  there  to 
the  level  of  your  dam  it  was  two  feet  five  and  a  half  inches.  The 
lower  line  in  the  sketch  annexed  represents  the  approximate  sur- 
face there  at  that  time,  and  I  believe  the  higher  lines  would  do  the 
same  under  the  conditions  named,  could  your  pond  be  drawn  down 
at  such  times.  Two  feet  average  for  the  year  round  of  backwater 
would  certainly  be  more  than  Mr.  Johnson  would  suffer  from  your 
dam. 

The  sketch  of  dam  also  annexed  does  not  represent  your  dam  as 
it  is,  but  as  I  would  earnestly  advise  it  be  made  and  the  dam  backed 
with  gravel  before  the  season  closes.  The  cracks  in  the  walls  of 
the  station,  embankments,  and  clam  show  that  a  rapid  process  of 
disintegration  is  going  on.  The  mortar — it  has  no  claim  to  be 
called  cement— is  poor.  With  such  an  abundance  of  water  it  is 
hard  to  conceive  why  more  than  fifteen  feet  head  was  ever  desired. 
The  present  dam,  made  with  an  overflow,  and  waste-gates  that  can 
be  used  in  time  of  need  as  I  have  shown,  well  backed  with  gravel, 
should  stand. 

The  wheels  selected  show  the  engineer  to  be  ignorant  of  the 
improvements  made  in  turbines,  and  the  general  mechanical  con- 
struction displays  a  lamentable  lack  of  mechanical  ability ;  while 
placing  the  waste-gates  where  it  is  impossible  to  use  them  when 
most  needed,  shows  a  lack  of  ability  and  judgment  that  seems 
incredible. 

James  B.  Francis  of  Lowell,  Mass.,  has  had  constant  care  of  dams 
for  nearly  sixty  years.  I  would  seriously  advise  you  to  employ 
him  to  make  an  examination  of  your  dam ;  have  the  water  drawn 
down  at  the  time.  Stone  dams  have  a  fatal  tendency  to  tumble 
down,  and  there  seems  a  possibility  of  yours  doing  so.  Owing  to 
the  poor  mortar  there  is  little  strength  in  the  dam  except  in  its 
weight. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

The  above  reported  works  were  planned  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Fanning,  and  con- 
structed under  his  supervision.  The  pumps  work  at  half  speed  designed  but 
broke  the  iron  frames  connecting  the  pumps  to  the  wheels  at  that  speed 
soon  after  starting.  •  The  waste-gates  are  placed  about  fifty  feet  from  the 
abutments  of  the  dam,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  get  at  them  unless  the  water 
is  below  crest  of  dam. 


22 

SUIT  FOR  DAMAGES. 

PALMER  (Mass.)  WATER  WORKS  vs.  STONE,  Plaintiff. 

Visited  the  reservoir  and  streams,  also  pond,  and  works  of  Mr. 
Stone,  in  June.  Stream  below  water  works  dry,  as  was  the  pond 
of  plaintiff.  His  shop  was  closed. 

At  the  reservoir  there  were  plain  indications  that  the  supply  was 
but  little  more  than  equal  for  water  company's  use. 

Early  in  November  made  another  examination  with  similar 
results,  except  that  the  plaintiff's  pond  was  full,  yet  his  shop 
remained  idle. 

November  14,  made  a  more  thorough  examination  of  the  streams, 
reservoirs,  and  stream  supplying  reservoirs  ;  made  a  crude  measure- 
ment of  the  supplying  stream,  also  of  capacity  of  plaintiff's  pond. 

There  was  more  water  the  14th  than  at  the  previous  examinations, 
yet  evidently  but  little  surplus,  as  the  lower  reservoir  was  not  quite 
full.  There  had  been  quite  a  heavy  rain,  for  a  day,  between  my 
second  and  last  visit. 

The  crude  measurement  of  the  supplying  stream  showed  about 
one-half  of  a  cubic  foot  per  second,  which,  for  safety  and  convenience 
of  computation,  I  call  four  gallons  per  second  as  the  total  supply 
to  the  reservoirs,  though  there  may  be  small  springs  in  or  near 
the  edges  of  the  reservoirs,  yet  as  there  are  but  about  two  hundred 
families  supplied,  aside  from  depots,  hotels,  and  wire  mills,  the 
supplying  stream  will  seem  sufficient. 

Four  gallons  per  second  will  supply  5,760  persons  each  with  sixty 
gallons  of  water  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours. 

The  plaintiff's  pond  is  irregular  in  shape  and  depth,  estimated 
surface  ninety  by  one  hundred  feet,  of  which  two  and  one-half  feet 
in  depth  may  be  used,  or  say  22,500  cubic  feet.  This  is  gauged  to  the 
conduit  to  wheel  through  a  ten-inch  pipe  the  top  of  which  is  three 
feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water  when  the  pond  is  full. 

Overshot  wheel  coarsely  made,  set  and  supplied  with  water.  Area 
of  gauge,  78.5  square  inches,  sixty  per  cent,  of  which  is  47  square 
inches. 

Spurting  velocity  of  water  under  say  an  aVerage  .head  of  two  feet 
is  11.84  feet  per  second,  equaling  a  discharge  of  3.7  cubic  feet  per 
second ;  3. 7  cubic  feet  per  second  falling  sixteen  feet  evolves  6. 7 
h.p.  propelling  force,  for  which  the  old  wheel  could  not  return  a 
co-efficient  of  more  than  fifty  per  cent.,  or  3.4  h.p.  Two  hours'  run 
at  that  rate  would  draw  all  of  the  water  that  could  be  utilized  from 
the  pond,  then  it  would  require  twelve  hours  to  refill  the  pond  so 
that  two  and  one-half  to  three  hours  per  day  would  be  all  the  time 
during  the  working  hours  of  the  day  the  machinery  could  be  kept 
in  use. 

In  the  spring  and  during  the  melting  of  the  snow,  and  heavy  rains, 
undoubtedly  there  is  a  larger  supply  of  water,  but  the  water  courses 
below  or  above  the  reservoirs  do  not  indicate  a  much  larger  quan- 
tity generally  than  at  the  present  time.  One  horse  power  ten 
hours  per  day  is  as  much  as  could  be  made  available. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSETT,   MASS.,   NOV.    16,    1891. 


I.  I.  DEAN  &  CO.,  AMSTERDAM,  N.  If. 

GENTLEMEN  : — In  accordance  with  your  request,  I  have  at  differ- 
ent times  made  examinations  of  your  mill  and  its  surroundings  at 
Hock  City  and  report  as  follows  : — 

On  May  28,  current  year,  made  my  first  examination  ;  the  water 
was  high,  flowing  over  the  dam  below  your  mill  24  inches  in  depth. 
The  next  day,  after  the  water  had  fallen  on  the  dam  to  six  inches  in 
depth,  the  depth  in  tail  race  back  of  your  mill  on  the  boundary  line 
was  about  thirty-four  inches.  I  made  examinations  of  the  surround- 
ings and  found  the  conditions  good  so  far  as  they  could  be  ascer- 
tained until  the  water  could  be  drawn  from  the  pond  below  your 
mill.  I  was  then  informed  that  a  suit  had  been  commenced  to  com- 
pel the  lowering  of  the  dam  below  sufficiently  to  prevent  its  backing 
the  water  upon  the  turbine  that  furnished  the  power  to  drive  the 
machinery  in  your  mill,  and  was  requested  to  ascertain  if  the  dam 
did  back  the  water  upon  your  turbine,  and,  if  so,  to  what  extent ; 
then  to  ascertain  by  the  most  accurate  method  the  loss  so  caused, 
then  to  ascertain  the  cost  of  an  equivalent  power  by  steam  at  the 
mill. 

Stumps  in  the  water  on  the  west  side  of  the  pond  offer  positive 
evidence  that  the  dam  below  has  been  raised  within  a  comparatively 
recent  period. 

To  ascertain  the  cost  of  the  equivalent  a  dynamometer  or  power 
scale  was  placed  in  the  main  driving  pulley  of  the  mill.  The 
machinery  of  the  mill,  except  the  dynamo  for  lighting,  was  then 
driven  by  the  steam  engine  during  the  day,  the  coal  as  used  being 
carefully  weighed,  when  it  was  found  that  each  h.  p.  required  4.28 
pounds  of  coal  per  hour  or  102.72  pounds  of  coal  each  day  of  twenty- 
four  hours  per  h.  p. 

Sept.  24,  the  water  in  the  pond  below  your  mill  was  drawn  down 
so  that  the  surface  set  back  exactly  to  the  boundary  line  back  of 
your  mill.  The  surface  at  the  dam  was  twenty -four  and  a  half 
inches  below  the  crest  of  dam  and  twenty-seven  and  a  half  below 
the  usual  water  line  permanently  marked  by  discoloration  on  the 
abutments.  This  would  show  a  loss  from  backwater  of  about 
eighteen  h.  p.  As  neither  the  turbine  nor  steam  engine  can  work 
economically  so  harnessed  together  as  is  usually  done  to  make  up 
for  the  loss  of  water  power,  it  would  be  a  moderate  estimate  to  rate 
the  loss  at  twenty  horse  power,  requiring  a  ton  of  coal  for  each 
twenty-four  hours.  Taking  the  coal  at  five  dollars  per  ton,  the  pay 
of  two  engineers,  and  wear  and  tear  of  machinery,  into  considera- 
tion, the  loss  cannot  be  less  than  ten  dollars  per  day  of  twenty-four 
hours,  though  the  cost  of  steam  power  would  be  less  if  furnished  by 
a  large  engine  running  regularly  for  furnishing  power. 

The  plaintiff's  attorney  requested  me  to  proceed  and  state  the  facts 
in  my  own  way  which  I  proceeded  to  do,  when  the  defendant's  attor- 
ney, with  his  long  arms  wildly  flying  about  his  head  like  those  of 
a  frantic  windmill  let  loose,  shouted,  "  I  object,  your  honor,  I 
object !  "  and  his  honor  sustained  his  objections  for  no  perceptible 
reasons  other  than  that  such  positive  evidence  so  easily  verified 
left  no  chance  for  the  quibbles  of  the  law  to  continue  the  case  to  an 
indetinitf  period.  JAMES  EMERSON. 

AMSTERDAM,  N.  y.,  Sept.  24,  1890. 


MASCOMA  RIVEK    IMPROVEMENT  CO.,    PLAINTIFF, 

YS. 

EMERSON  EDGE  TOOL  CO. 


GENTLEMEN,  this  certifies  that  on  the  27th  day  of  this  month  I  made  an 
examination  of  the  reservoir  dam  above  your  works  at  East  Lebanon, 
N.  H.  ;  that  I  had  the  apron  planking  removed  at  four  several  places  and 
that  I  found  the  main  timbers  sound  and  the  whole  structure  in  a  condition 
to  render  it-safe  for  many  years  to  come.  To  continue  its  duration,  however, 
I  would  advise  that  annually  as  convenient  the  cribbing  or  frame  work  of 
the  dam  be  filled  more  and  more  with  cobble  stone,  and  gravel  be  added  to 
that  above  the  dam.  By  so  doing  in  a  few  years  the  whole  may  be  rendered 
permanent  for  ages  to  come. 

I  would  also  earnestly  advise  not  only  you  but  all  other  owners  of  dams 
to  fix  in  some  unchanging  place  such  as  a  ledge  in  the  side  of  the  pond 
at  the  exact  level  of  the  crest  of  the  dam  a  mark  that  can  never  be  changed 
to  denote  the  height  of  dam  and  have  such  mark  recorded.  The  neglect  to 
take  this  precaution  has  been  the  cause  of  innumerable  cases  of  litigation 
where  dams  have  gone  out,  as  is  so  common,  or  where  they  have  settled  or 
worn  away  as  all  dams  do  in  time.  This  mark  need  not  be  near  the  dam, 
for  the  water  will  give  the  level  when  at  crest  of  dam. 

The  deed  conveying  the  right  to  this  dam,  pond,  and  water  power  is 
wildly  worded,  rendering  it  necessary  for  you  to  observe  great  care  in 
carrying  out  its  conditions.  The  reservoir  is  to  be  so  maintained  that  at 
all  times  sufficient  water  may  be  sent  down  to  furnish  power  for  all  the 
mills  that  now  are  or  may  be  erected  ;  a  condition  very  likely  soon  to 
become  an  impossibility  from  lack  of  water,  hence  you  must  use  discretion 
as  to  the  quantity  you  allow  to  pass  your  gates. 

The  mill  owners  have  the  to-be-unquestioned  right  to  open  or  close  the 
waste  gate  in  the  dam  at  discretion  but  in  no  way  to  meddle  with  the  old 
mill  gates  of  yours  represented  above.  To  do  so  must  render  them  liable 
not  only  as  trespassers,  but  also  for  heavy  damages  that  may  occur  through 
fires  caused  by  the  starting  up  of  machinery  when  there  is  no  one  present 
to  care  for  it,  or  by  rendering  fire  pumps  useless  by  the  shutting  the  gates, 
etc.,  etc. 

Whenever  there  is  a  scarcity  of  water  my  advice  to  you  is  to  regulate 
your  gates  so  that  the  water  in  the  reservoir  decreases  but  slowly  ;  then  if 
more  is  required  grant  the  request  only  when  made  in  writing  by  a  respon- 
sible agent,  who  shall  hold  you  harmless.  Even  then  you  will  care  for  your 
own  rights,  and  riparian  rights  below. 

The  three  gates  of  the  old  mills  represented  above,  when  the  reservoir  is 
full,  will  discharge  345.2  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second ;  less  in  proportion 
of  course  with  decrease  of  head  ;  345.2  cubic  feet  of  water  falling  14  feet 
evolves  547.7  h.p. ;  adding  the  discharge  of  the  waste  gate  the  center  of 
which  has  7  feet  3  inches  head  and  will  discharge  53  cubic  feet  per  second, 
sufficient  water  is  sent  down  the  river  to  produce  a  force  of  631.7  h.  p. 
where  the  fall  is  14  feet,  other  fcuis  in  proportion.  67  per  cent,  of  such  force 
Is  the  estimated  average  realized. 

There  are  numerous  places  below  your  works  before  arriving  at  the 
Lebanon  Mills  where  dams  and  mills  may  be  constructed.  Such  mills  will 
if  constructed  have  the  right  to  the  natural  flow  of  the  river. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  NOV.  28,  1891. 


f.  A.  Smith,  Jr.,  Treasurer  Electric  Light  and  Power  Co.,  Water  - 

mile,  Maine : 

This  certifies  that  from  the  9th  to  the  16th  of  this  month  I  have 
made  numerous  tests  at  the  works  of  your  company,  to  deter- 
mine the  power  required  to  drive  your  lighting  machinery,  also  to 
ascertain  the  maximum  power  your  two  *  turbines  can  furnish,  it 
being  understood  that  the  head  of  water  during  the  year  is  often 
less  than  at  present,  and  that  at  the  present  stage  it  is  hardly 
sufficient  to  operate  the  six  dynamos,  as  desired. 

Your  company  have  an  alternating  dynamo  connected  with  a  cir- 
cuit of  six  hundred  incandescent  lights,  and  five  other  dynamos  of 
a  different  style  for  arc  lights,  all  of  the  same  make  and  capacity, 
operating  five  separate  circuits,  which  circuits  differ  somewhat  in 
conditions  and  number  of  lights. 

The  tests  were  made  by  belting  from  the  pulleys  on  driving  shaft 
to  dynamo  through  an  Emerson  No.  4  power  scale,  that  carries  its 
load  nine  feet  at  each  revolution  of  shaft  and  scale,  the  weight 
being  shown  in  pounds,  as  upon  the  ordinary  platform  scale. 

Operation  for  computation  of  data :    Multiply  each  revolution  by 
9,  and  that  product  by  the  weight  as  shown,  then  dividing  by  33,000 
shows  the  amount  of  work  done  in  horse  power. 
•  Test  of  alternating  dynamo  :    Revolution  of  scale  per  minute,  495 ; 

of  dynamo,  1,500 ;  weight,  390  pounds. 

495  X  9  =  4,455  X  390  =  1,737,450^-33,000  =  62.65  horse  power. 

Test  of  arc  dynamo  connected  with  a  circuit  of  thirty  arc  lights, 

1,200  candle  power  each  :     Revolutions  of  dynamo,  900 ;  of 

scale,  323  per  minute ;  weight  carried,  180  pounds. 

323  X  9  =  2,907  X  180  =  523,260-33,000  =  15.85  horse  power. 
Test  second,  connected  to  different  circuit :     Revolution  of  scale, 

324  per  minute  ;  weight,  180  pounds. 

324  X  9  =  2,916  X  180  =  524, 880-f  33,000  =  15.90  horse  power. 
Test  of  third  circuit :    Revolution  of  scale,  325  per  minute  ;  weight, 

190  pounds. 

325  X  9  =  2,925  X  190  =  555,750-^33,000  =  16.84  horsepower. 
Test  of  fourth  circuit :    Revolution  of  scale,  324  per  minute ;  weight, 

200  pounds. 

324  X  9  =  2,916  X  200  ==  583,200-f  33,000  =  17.84  horse  power. 
Fifth  circuit,  same  as  the  first  arc  circuit  tested. 

The  six  dynamos  with  all  lights  in  use  require  150  horse  power 
to  be  safe. 

The  two  turbines  at  the  best  cannot  transmit  over  140  horse 
power,  oftentimes  not  that. 

*  Risdon,  the  most  unreliable  turbine  I  ever  tested.  Owing  to  some  peculi- 
arity, it  could  never  be  told  until  tested  whether  it  would  do  well  or  not. 
One  set  by  a  millwright  was  tested  that  gave  73  ;  the  next  after  resetting  it 
gave  87  per  cent. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 
WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  Feb.  18,  1891. 


27 
BOND  vs.  CITY  OP  SPRINGFIELD. 

WlLLIMANSETT,  Jan.  6,  1892. 

To  the  Water  Commissioners  of  Springfield: — 

All  through  the  New  England  States  may  be  seen  relics  of  old  mills, 
wheelwright  shops,  etc.,  located  upon  streams  of  little  capacity,  except  in 
the  spring  of  the  year  or  during  heavy  rains.  These  were  very  useful  in 
early  times,  but  now  almost  every  want  is  supplied  by  large  manufacturers 
at  a  lower  price  than  the  raw  material  would  cost  at  these  isolated  places, 
hence  few  of  them  continue  in  operation  and  such  as  do  bear  the  marks  of 
a  lingering  old  age  going  to  seed. 

Portable  saw  mills  are  now  moved  to  timbered  lands,  and  the  lumber  is 
.viwetl,  the  slabs  and  refuse  wood  furnishing  the  fuel  for  steam  power,  at 
less  cost  than  the  timber  can  be  drawn  to  stationary  mills  on  water  powers. 

Mr.  Bond,  of  Belchertown,  continues  the  use  of  one  of  these  ancient  mills. 
The  grist  mill  building  was  burned  a  few  years  since,  and  its  place  sup- 
plied by  a  superannuated  depot  building.  The  saw  mill  seems  to  be  de- 
pendent upon  the  most  primitive  means  for  taking  logs  from  the  pond. 
The  old  cobble  stone  or  bowlder  dam  and  rotting  surroundings  offer  evi- 
dence that  at  no  distant  day  extensive  and  expensive  repairs  will  have  to 
be  made  from  the  foundation  to  retain  the  pond,  and  evidence  that  the 
future  prospects  have  not  warranted  the  expense  of  repairs  and  improve- 
ments. The  assessed  value  of  mills,  houses,  blacksmith  shop,  etc.,  is  $2,150, 
and  were  the  property  well  advertised  for  sale  there  is  no  reason  to  think 
the  rush  of  purchasers  would  be  so  great  as  to  cause  the  suspicion  of  undue 
favoritism  on  assessed  valuation. 

Springfield  takes  about  one-half  of  Mr.  Bond's  water  supply  during  the 
summer. 

October  3,  1891,  the  flow  into  Bond's  pond  was  72.77  cubic  feet  per  minute, 
while  the  flow  in  Springfield  canal  was  93.90  cubic  feet;  but  from  this 
quantity  must  be  deducted  as  a  constant  a  half  million  gallons  daily,  or 
40.4  cubic  feet  per  minute  supplied  by  springs  in  the  bottom  of  the  canal 
below  the  place  where  tlie  water  is  diverted  from  Mr.  Bond. 

Taking  the  4G.4  from  the  93.90  of  course  does  not  leave  a  quantity  equal 
to  the  flow  to  Mr.  Bond,  but  the  Springfield  supply  varies  as  the  mill  above 
is  or  is  not  in  operation. 

November  25,*the  flow  direct  to  the  Bond  pond  was  252  cubic  feet  per 
minute ;  in  the  Springfield  canal,  less  46.4  for  percolation,  295.6  cubic  feet 
per  minute.  But  the  mill  above  was  then  in  operation,  and  so  large  a  flow 
would  at  the  most  continue  but  for  ten  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  while 
during  the  other  fourteen  there  would  be  much  less. 

Two  millions  of  gallons  daily  is  a  liberal  allowance  for  all  of  the  water 
that  Springfield  can  draw  from  Mr.  Bond's  supply.  This  quantity,  185.6  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  falling  13  feet  evolves  4.56  h.  p.  Holyoke  Water  Power 
Company  furnishes  such  power  per  year  for  $4.33  per  h.  p.  free  from  all 
expense  to  purchaser  for  maintaining' dam,  canal,  etc.  Willimansett  brook 
has  a  fall  and  constant  water  supply  for  25  h.  p.  the  year  round  within  a 
third  of  a  mile  of  depot  and  within  a  mile  of  the  business  center  of  Holyoke, 
that  has  run  to  waste  for  twenty  years,  no  one  considering  it  worth  the 
expense  of  fitting  it  up  for  utilization.  A  steam  engine  that  would  cost 
$500  would  do  more  work  than  all  of  Mr.  Bond's  water  power  much  of  the 
year  and  be  far  more  reliable. 

There  are  two  classes  of  milling  men  that  I  often  come  in  contact  with 
that  do  not  seem  creditable  to  the  age.  The  first  are  shocked  and  filled  with 
indignation  at  the  mere  mention  of  making  examination  or  measurements  in 
their  mills  on  Sunday,  yet  in  the  most  bare-faced  manner  they  will  steal 
water  for  power  every  other  day  of  the  week  the  year  round.  The  other 
clas^  seeni  to  consider  it  a  commendable  token  of  smartness  to  extort  ten 
times  the  value  of  a  thing  from  a  corporation  if  possible. 

Springfield  is  able  to  pay  a  fair  price  for  what  it  needs.  I  would  advise  a 
tender  of  $1,500  to  Mr.  Bond  for  the  water  taken,  and,  at  the  utmost,  if 
$2,000  will  not  satisfy  his  demands,  then  decidedly  let  the  courts  settle  it. 

JAMES  EMERSON, 


28 


THE  LAW. 


During  the  past  decade  complaint  lias  frequently  been  made  of  a  lack  of 
reverence  for  the  law. 

Has  the  law,  with  a  continuation  of  its  obsolete  absurdities  and  rules 
requiring  cases  to  be  fitted  to  the  law,  instead  of  making  the  law  fit  the  case 
in  hand,  any  just  claim  to  respect?  Has  there  been  any  attempt  made  by  the 
fraternity  to  simplify  and  bring  it  up  to  the  necessities  of  the  time  ? 

Nearly  tweiity-f  our  hundred  years  ago  Herodotus  wrote  of  its  delays  and  un- 
certainties jC-St  as  is  done  to-day.  At  the  left  of  the  illustration  of  court-room 
is  a  view  of  what  a  century  since  was  thought  desirable  to  put  back  of  the  house 
while  the  travel  was  in  front.  Once  in  a  groove  the  plan  has  continued, 
though  a  hundred  from  the  car  windows  are  now  annoyed  by  the  disgusting 
sight  where  one  would  have  been  formerly  if  placed  in  front.  The  two  views 
are  intended  to  show  the  force  of  habit.  The  "  O  yes,  O  yes,"  miniature  gal- 
lows, and  bullying  of  witnesses  should  be  matters  of  the  past. 

THE  LAW  OF  THE   LAWYERS. 

Safeguards  for  Professional  Honesty — The  Attorneys'  Oaths,  1884. 

A  frequent  charge  against  members  of  the  bar,  made  indeed  facetiously  in 
most  cases,  is  that  of  insincerity  and  lack  of  veracity.  The  attorneys'  oath  of 
office  is  in  all  conscience  strict  enough,  and  if  there  is  such  a  thing  as  a  dis- 
honest lawyer  he  must  be  a  perjurer  as  well.  Below  is  given  the  form  at 
present  in  use. 

THE  ATTORNEYS'  OATH,  1884. 

You  solemnly  swear  that  you  will  do  no  falsehood,  nor  consent  to  the  doing 
of  any  in  court;  you  will  not  Avittingly  or  willingly  promote  or  sue  any  false, 

groundless,  or  unlawful  suit,  nor  give  aid  or  consent  to  the  same;  you  will 
elay  no  man  for  lucre  or  malice;  but  you  will  conduct  yourself  in  the  office 
of  an  attorney  within  the  courts  according  to  the  best  of  your  knowledge  and 
discretion,  and  with  all  good  fidelity  as  well  to  the  courts  as  your  clients.    So 
help  you  God. 

1.  A  lawyer  ought  to  be  a  gentleman.    His  function  as  an  attorney  gives 
him  no  dispensation  to  disregard  the  ordinary  rules  of  good  manners,  and  the 
ordinary  principles  of  decency  and  honor.     He  has  no  right  to  slander  his 
neighbor,  even  if  his  neighbor  be  the  defendant  in  a  cause  in  which  he  appears 
for  the  plaintiff.    He  has  no  right  to  bully  or  browbeat  a  witness  in  cross- 
examination,  or  artfully  to  entrap  that  witness  into  giving  false  testimony. 
Whatever  the  privilege  of  the  court  may  be,  the  lawyer  who  is  guilty  of  such 
practices  in  court  is  110  gentleman  out  of  court. 

2.  A  lawyer  ought  not  to  lie.    He  may  defend  a  criminal  whom  he  knows  to 
be  guilty,  but  he  may  not  say  to  the  jury  that  he  believes  this  criminal  to  be 
innocent.    It  is  notorious  that  some  lawyers  who  would  think  it  scandalous  to 
tell  a  falsehood  out  of  court  in  any  business  transaction  lie  shamelessly  in  court 
in  behalf  of  their  clients,  and  seem  to  think  it  part  of  their  professional  duty. 
That  bar  of  justice  before  which  by  their  professional  obligations  they  are 
bound  to  the  most  stringent  truthfulness  is  the  very  place  where  they  seem 
to  consider  themselves  absolved  from  the  common  law  of  veracity.    So  long 
as  the  legal  mind  is  infected  with  this  deadly  heresy  we  need  not  wonder  that 
our  courts  of  justice  often  become  the  instruments  of  unrighteousness. 

3.  A  lawyer  ought  not  to  sell  his  services  for  the  promotion  of  injustice  and 
knavery.    Swindlers  of  all  types  are  aided  by  lawyers  in  their  depredations 
upon  society.    It  would  be  more  difficult  to  believe  this  if  its  truth  were  not  so 
often  illustrated  in  the  stupendous  frauds  and  piracies  of  great  corporations, 
all  of  which  are  carefully  engineered  by  eminent  lawyers.    Our  modern 
"  buccaneers  "—our  brave  railroad  wreckers— are  in  constant  consultation 
with  distinguished  lawyers.    They  undeniably  have  "the  best  of  legal  ad- 
vice "  in  planning  and  executing  their  bold  iniquities. 


Bob  Ingersoll  rails  much  against  a  venal  priesthood,  yet  defends  Star  Route 
thieves  with  a  gusto  that  denotes  a  labor  of  love.  The  mote  he  so  dislikes  is 
not  small,  but  he  seems  to  carry  a  whole  lumber  yard  in  his  eye  without 
inconvenience. 

IS  THE  LAW  ITSELF  MORE  COMMENDABLE  ? 

Governor  Butler  said:    "  Shall  I  call  your  attention  to  the  time  when  no 


.  dge  presided  over  them,"  he  simply 
blundered,  for  it  is  well  known  to  every  school  boy  familiar  with  the  history 
of  those  times,  that  it  was  the  notorious  Chief  Justice  Sewell  who,  in  his  blind 
bigotry  and  desire  to  serve  two  masters,  both  God  and  man,  at  the  same  time, 
as  he  thought,  condemned  twenty-four  innocent  people  to  death,  and  after' 
Avard  stood  up  in  church  in  Boston,  with  bowed-down  head  and  sorrowful 
countenance,  while  a  paper  was  read,  in  which  he  begged  the  prayers  of  the 
congregation,  that  the  innocent  blood  which  he  had  erringly  shed  might  not 
be  visited  on  the  country  or  on  him. 


ny  homicides  he  committed."    Texas  is  not  an  exceptk 
state  where  such  cases  transpire. 

The  result  of  the  Selloii  trial  confronts  the  people  of  this  community  Avith 
some  serious  questions.  Where  and  what  is  the  influence  which  renders  the 
conviction  of  a  man  for  the  taking  of  human  life  impossible  ?  How  is  it  that 
the  machinery  of  the  law  is  wrenched  and  money  poured  out  like  \vater  to 
convict  two  men  of  a  crime  which  a  majority  of  people  believe  to-day  was 
never  committed  by  anybody,  while  three  men,  each  with  the  blood  of  a  fel- 
low being  on  his  hands,  walk  the  streets  free  men,  one  of  them  not  even  hav- 
ing been  indicted  for  his  crime?  It  has  become  so  in  this  community  that  if 
a  murder  is  committed  and  the  man  who  does  the  deed  has  any  influence, 
political,  pecuniary,  or  social,  which  can  be  brought  to  bear,  it  is  immediately 
taken  for  granted  that  he  will  not  be  punished  for  the  crime. 

THE  KEMMLER  REPRIEVE. 

The  case  of  the  condemned  murderer  Kemmler  certainly  offers  the  most 
remarkable  instance  of  judicial  procrastination  on  record  in  this  country. 

A  FATAL  FLAW  IN  THE  INDICTMENT. 

A  highly  respected  citizen  was  arraigned  before  court  for  shooting  and  kill- 
ing a  friend.  The  evidence  was  direct,  and  after  exhaustive  arguments  had 
been  made  the  judge  said:— 


at 

reads  that  I  did  shoot  and  kill  the  gentleman  with  powder  and  a  leaden  bullet. 
This  is  a  mistake.  I  had  no  bullets  at  the  time,  so  I  loaded  my  gun  with  pow- 
der and  a  horseshoe  nail." 

"  That  indeed  alters  the  case,"  said  the  judge.  "  The  indictment  said 
bullet,  when  it  should  have  said  nail.  You  are  discharged,  sir." 

Frank  Weiss,  the  editor  of  an  illustrated  German  comic  paper  at  Erie,  Pa., 
is  on  trial  for  libel,  and  has  succeeded  in  fighting  the  law  with  its  own  weapons 
in  a  very  amusing  way.  The  district  attorney  at  the  opening  of  the  prosecu- 
tion claimed  the  right  to  "  stand  aside  "  jurors  under  an  ancient  law  of 
Edward  I.,  never  repealed  and  once  sustained  by  the  supreme  court  of  Penn- 
sylvania by  some  musty  decision.  In  this  way,  every  German  or  Irish  juror 
was  thrown  out,  the  court  assenting  to  the  absurd  supremacy  of  this  law  of 
900  years  ago.  Weiss,  who  is  a  small,  feeble,  melancholy-looking  man,  then 
concluded  if  they  were  going  in  for  mediaeval  law  he  would  have  some.  So 
lie  insisted  oil  the  trial  of  the  case  by  ordeal  of  fire  and  by  combat!  He 
floored  the  court  with  his  citations  of  unrepealed  law,  and  at  last  accounts  the 
suit  was  still  in  progress,  with  more  fun  in  the  court  than  there  ever  was  in 
the  newspaper. 


The  fallibility  of  juries  has  recently  had  a  striking  illustration  in  the  case 
of  a  man  under  life  sentence  for  murder  in  Michigan,  having  been  recently 
pardoned,  after  passing  twenty-seven  years  in  prison,  on  the  ground  that  he 
is  innocent  of  the  crime  for  which  he  was  convicted.  He  was  convicted 
mainly  on  the  false  testimony  of  a  worthless  wretch  who  had  a  grudge  against 
Mm,  and  who  afterwards  confessed  that  the  evidence  given  by  him  at  the  trial 

as  ;  ,  lie.  It  is  sad  enough  to  consider  the  long  years  of  confinement  suffered 
\j  an  innocent  man,  but  still  more  sad  to  think  of  his  blasted  life,  and  that 
now  he  is  set  free  he  has  no  remedy  or  redress  for  the  suffering  and  shame 
endured  or  the  gross  injustice  of  which  he  has  been  the  victim. 

A  QUESTION  OF  PARDON. 

I  see  that  the  papers  notice  the  "  pardon  of  an  innocent  man."  How  can 
an  innocent  man  be  pardoned?  What  is  there  to  pardon  him  for?  If  there 
is  anybody  to  be  pardoned,  isn't  it  the  ones  who  imprisoned  him? 

Has  a  people  that  will  allow  such  a  damnable  law  to  continue  to  exist  any 
claim  to  be  considered  civilized?  Surely,  if  the  safety  of  the  community 
requires  the  punishment  of  a  supposed  guilty  person,  the  commonest  justice 
requires  the  most  ample  retraction  and  compensation  in  case  innocence  is 
afterward  proved. 

A  well  known  lawyer  said:  "  If  I  had  my  way,  I  would  abolish  all  the 
courts  in  the  state  once  every  ten  years.  The  courts  are  the  masters  of  the 
people.  Talk  about  their  being  the  servants  of  the  commonwealth—  they  are 
its  masters.  You  can  see  how  it  is  when  anything  is  attempted  at  the  Legis- 
lature which  touches  any  of  these  courts,  if  a  measure  is  proposed  which 
would  disturb  any  of  them,  it  is  impossible  to  get  it  through  the  Legislature. 
They  have  such  control  over  the  senators  and  representatives  that  nothing 
can  be  done.  A  judge  has  so  much  prestige  that  the  representative  thinks  he 
is  doing  just  the  right  thing  if  he  votes  as  the  judge  thinks  is  the  best  way,  and 
the  consequence  is  that  it  is  absolutely  impossible  to  get  any  reform  through. 
A  judge  isn't  any  better  man  after  he  goes  on  the  bench  than  he  was  before. 
Hiving  him  a  commission  doesn't  make  any  better  man  of  him,  or  give  him 
any  new  faculties,  or  make  his  opinion  any  more  entitled  to  respect  than  it- 
was  before." 

And  if  I  could  have  my  way  the  Legislature  should  meet  but  once  in  ten 
years;  then  select  a  few  fundamental  principles  of  justice,  never  exceeding 
one  hundred  in  number;  then  repeal  all  previously  existing  laws  from  the 
beginning  of  recorded  acts,  and  have  all  disputes  settled  by  arbitration,  allow- 
ing no  lawyer  to  be  employed. 

JURY  TRIAL. 

What  a  travesty  upon  both  law  and  justice;  agree  or  starve!  One  venal 
member,  by  providing  beforehand,  could  easily  compel  the  others  to  submit 

Yet  further,  it  is  a  well-established  point  of  law  that  an  agreement  under 
duress  is  illegal 

A  diligent  reader  with  a  good  memory  may  be  a  successful  lawyer  without 
being  a  statesman  or  much  of  a  man. 

Congress  is  rotten  with  laAvyers  and  notoriously  lacks  statesmanship. 

It  is  a  strange  condition  of  society  that  its  laws  that  all  are  to  live  by  become 
so  complicated  that  lawyers  at  "from  live  to  a  thousand  dollars  per  day  must 
be  employed  to  explain  their  meaning. 


IN  CONCLUSION. 

Can  am/  intelligent  person  accustomed  to  our  courts,  witnessing  the 
silly,  obosolete  forms  for  opening  and  closing,  its  suppression  of  imdesired 
evidence,  its  use  of  private  correspondence,  its  attempts  to  trick-  ivitnesses 
into  contradictory  statements,  ifsJarndtjce  and  ,7arndt/ce  procrastinations, 
its  breaking  of  wills,  its  pandering  to  the  influential,  have  am/  respect 
therefor  or  look  upon  it  in  any  other  light  than  that  it  is  a  bondage  alike 
disgraceful  to  those  who  practice  and  those  who  endure  its  continuance  ? 


Expurgation  and  Pretension. 

The  real  value  of  a  book  consists  in  its  representation  of  its  time, 
to  expurgate  destroys  its  representative  character. 

Expurgate  the  atrocity  and  obscenity  of  the  Bible  and  only  spirit- 
ualism would  remain.  Expurgate  what  at  this  day  cannot  publicly 
be  read  from  Shakespeare's  works,  and  the  pith  is  gone.  Expurgate 
the  loathsome  filthiness  from  Rabelais'  description  of  the  Chris- 
tianity of  his  time,  and  only  the  covers  of  his  book  remain.  The 
delicacy  that  causes  the  teacher  to  send  the  bare  legged  boy  from 
school  does  not  prevent  her  from  displaying  more  than  legs  at  the 
bathing  beach.  The  age  that  sentences  the  poor  thief  to  years  of 
imprisonment  for  stealing  a  suit  of  clothes,  pronounces  the  rich  rail- 
road director  free  from  guilt,  though,  in  defiance  of  law,  he  has  caused 
the  death  of  passengers  by  roasting.  Talinadge  in  his  church,  the 
clown  in  his  circus,  and  the  self-styled  statesman,  each  worship  the 
Christian's  God,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  the  clown 
does  the  most  for  humanity.  The  unpretentious  farmer  that  places 
a  watering  trough  by  the  wayside  for  the  thirsty  man  or  horse,  in 
my  opinion,  does  more  for  the  elevation  of  man  and  glory  of  God 
than  the  rich  man  who  builds  a  church  or  endows  a  college. 

Rotten  Statutes. 

As  a  people  few  are  more  ready  than  ourselves  to  censure  the 
tolerance  of  abuses  by  others,  or  more  servile  in  submitting  to  such 
of  our  own.  How  we  smile  at  the  Jay  Goulding-  of  a  railroad 
through  the  chicanery  of  the  law,  or  even  the  acquittal  of  a  mur- 
derer by  the  resurrection  of  a  rotten  statute  that  should  have  been 
buried  by  obliteration  centuries  since.  Such  successes  in  any  other 
walk  of  life  would  be  considered  infamous,  but  in  law  successful 
rascality  is  called  smartness.  If  law  is  designed  to  aid  justice  why 
is  such  rascality  tolerated  by  a  people  claiming  to  be  civilized "? 
Savages  would  scorn  such  trickery. 

Patents,  notes  of  hand,  judgments,  etc.,  etc.,  are  limited  in  dura- 
tion. Why  not  statutes?  With  nearly  fifty  independent  States 
each  constantly  issuing  volumes  of  new  statutes,  where  is  it  to  end? 
Lawyers  produce  nothing  but  strife  and  their  support  comes  from 
labor.  Will  the  laborer  forever  continue  to  support  a  class  so  useless 
yet  so  expensive?  We  claim  to  be  a  free  people,  but  can  there  be 
freedom  with  such  a  mountainous  pile  of  rotten  statutes  hanging 
over  us  ?  Can  anything  be  more  senseless  than  the  common  prac- 
tice of  legislators  referring  matters  pertaining  to  the  law  to  the 
judiciary  committee  ?  Lawyers  if  no  worse  certainly  are  no  better 
than  others.  Simple  laws  are  not  for  their  interest.  The  ideal  law 
of  the  lawyer  is  of  the  mattock  and  spade,  nmiled  shirt  and  bow 
and  arrow  age.  If  the  steel  plow,  harvester,  rifle  cannon  and  re- 
peating rine  are  superior  to  those,  then  in  proportion  has  the  me- 
chanic proved  his  superiority  to  the  lawyer.  Then  what  excuse  is 
there  for  suffering  the  designing  or  inferior  to  determine  the  laws 
for  the  superior  ?  Law  is  for  man  not  man  for  the  law.  Get  up 
out  of  the  ruts,  Messrs.  Legislators  !  if  your  heads  hit  the  roof  when 
doing  so  your  brains  are  safe,  that  is  not  their  location.  Why  not 
to  every  new  statute  enacted  add,  "and  all  previous  enactments  in- 


consistent  with  this  are  hereby  repealed"?  The  best  governed  peo- 
ple are  those  governed  the  least.  Blot  out  every  statute  over  twenty 
years  of  age,  and  the  occupation  of  the  smart  lawyer  would  be  gone. 

Arbitration. 

When  a  proposition  is  made  by  one  of  a  party  to  leave  a  case  in 
dispute  out  to  three  disinterested  persons  to  decide  and  the  other 
refuses  to  do  so,  we  invariably  believe  the  latter  to  be  the  one  in 
the  wrong.  Then  why  not  make  such  arbitration  obligatory, 
whenever  one  party  demands  it?  Do  away  with  the  so-called  law 
and  lawyers.  Have  fewer  officials  and  those  directly  amenable  to 
the  people.  Form  a  general  plan  for  arbitration  and  make  such 
decisions  final,  except  in  cases  of  finding  new  and  undeniable 
evidence,  then  in  serious  cases,  such  as  unjust  criminal  convictions 
and  punishments,  have  the  highest  official  of  the  state  apologize 
for  the  wrong  and  so  far  as  possible  make  the  fullest  restitution  for 
the  injustice,  instead  of  as  is  now  done  adding  outrage  to  injustice 
by  the  mockery  of  pardoning  a  martyr,  what  a  barbarian  would  be 
ashamed  to  do.  In  God's  name,  is  there  not  statesmanship  in 
Massachusetts  sufficient  to  remedy  a  wrong  so  glaring  ? 

The  Sacredness  of  an  Oath. 

In  a  story  about  Catiline,  a  companion  says,  "Who  believes  in  an 
oath?  Did  you  ever  believe  in  one,  Catiline?"  "Well,  perhaps  so, 
when  a  boy,"  was  the  reply. 

Those  accustomed  to  the  usual  style  of  administering  the  oath, 
"Hold  up  your  hand.  You  solemnly  yum,  yum,  yum,  s'elp  you 
God,"  can  hardly  be  much  impressed  with  its  sanctity,  and  the  ob- 
servance of  the  interested  witness  with  his  "I  don't  remember,"  and 
burning  face  when  the  question  has  struck  home,  will  be  likely  to 
cause  the  observer  to  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  person  who 
in  ordinary  conversation  embellishes  his  scory  merely  for  self 
exaltation,  will  hardly  hesitate  to  lie  when  under  oath  if  it  is  for 
his  interest  to  do  so.  There  are  penalties  for  perjury;  why  not 
depend  upon  those  ? 

Irresponsible  Commissions. 

If  "eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of  liberty,"  can  it  be  well  to  take 
the  power  to  act  direct  from  the  people,  and  place  it  in  the  care  of 
a  commission  chosen  more  through  political  partisanship  than  per- 
sonal fitness? 

Are  three  hackneyed  politicians  more  likely  to  be  just  to  all 
than  those  interested  for  the  best  good  of  their  homes?  Are  our 
schools  as  effective  now  in  producing  practical  men  and  women, 
as  formerly  under  the  old  district  or  local  governing  system? 

Responsibility  begets  consideration.  How  quick  staid  citizens, 
after  enlisting  as  soldiers  during  the  late  war  and  losing  their  per- 
sonal responsibility,  became  like  unruly  boys,  often  worse. 

Is  it  democracy  to  place  the  governing  power  in  the  hands  of  a 
minority  of  wire  pullers?  Can  a  single  instance  of  such  a  course 
being  found  conducive  to  general  good  be  named  since  the  begin- 
ning of  history?  Then  why  ignore  such  ages  of  experience 
and  abandon  the  principle  of  self-government? 


33 
SHOW  INSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  HILLS, 

For  the  Blind,  the  Halt,  the  Idiotic,  the  Insane,  the  Pauper, 
and  Criminal. 


Can  such  an  ostentatious  display  denote  a  high  civilization  ? 

"EDUCATE  THE  IDIOTIC." 

Can  education  to  such  bring  happiness  ?     If  ignorance  is  bliss 
under  any  condition,  it  would  seem  to  be  so  with  the  idiotic. 

Would  it  not  indicate  greater  intelf/ic/ence 

To  seek  for  the  cause  and  try  to  stop  the  production  of  idiots, 
paupers,  lunatics,  invalids,  and  criminals  ? 

Whether  entire!//  satisfactory  to  the  patients, 

These  institutions  are  convenient  retreats  for  retiring  rival  politi- 
cians, at  the  same  time  producing  hot-house  culture  of  "  offen- 
sive partisanship." 


34 
The  Testing  System. 

Having  terminated  my  connection  with  the  business  of  testing 
turbines,  it  may  be  well  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  conception 
of  the  business  as  a  system. 

Such  tests  were  made  in  Europe  early  in  the  present  century ;  in 
this  country,  by  Uriah  A.  Boyden,  from  1843  to  1859.  I  have  found 
it  impossible  to  obtain  any  authentic  record  of  Mr.  Boyden's  tests, 
though  there  are  rumors  of  fabulous  results.  Mr.  Francis,  in  the 
work  called  "  Lowell  Hydraulic  Experiments,"  states  that  data  fur- 
nished him  for  computation  gave  88  per  cent.  He  does  not  vouch 
for  the  data  furnished,  nor  does  it  appear  that  such  data  was  fur- 
nished by  a  disinterested  engineer  in  any  case.  Mr.  Francis  fol- 
lowed Mr.  Boyden  in  making  such  tests,  but  he,  like  the  former, 
made  them  so  expensive  as  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  any  but 
wealthy  corporations,  while  the  manufacturing  interest  required  a 
definite  knowledge  of  the  efficiency  of  the  various  kinds  of  turbine 
plans  then  springing  into  existence. 

In  1859-60,  the  city  of  Philadelphia  gratuitously  tested  a  variety 
of  small  wheels  for  different  builders,  but  the  plan  for  doing  it  was 
so  defective  that  the  tests  had  but  little  influence.  In  1867,  the 
Chase  Turbine  Co.,  of  Orange,  Mass.,  employed  me  to  construct  a 
dynamometer  or  brake  for  testing  turbines.  The  friction  bands  that 
may  be  seen  on  the  ship  windlass,  in  another  part  of  this  work,  gave 
me  the  idea  of  controlling  a  turbine  in  that  way,  for  I  had  brought 
many  a  ship  to  by  such  bands.  The  Prony  brake  had  never  been 
heard  of  by  me  at  that  time,  nor  until  my  brake  was  completed. 

In  1868,  A.  M.  Swain  asked  me  to  get  up  a  suitable  brake,  and 
test  one  of  his  wheels  at  Putnam,  Ct.  Six  months'  time  and  $ 1,700 
were  expended  in  preparing  the  instrument.  The  company  was 
persuaded  to  construct  a  flume  at  the  "  overflow"  of  the  Wamesit 
Power  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass.  A  42-inch  Swain  wheel  was  set,  and 
tested  by  Mr.  Swain  and  myself.  The  results  were  such  that  the 
company  was  urged  to  employ  an  engineer  with  at  least  a  theoretical 
knowledge  of  such  tests.  H.  F.  Mills,  then  of  Boston,  was  selected 
for  the  purpose.  The  company  then  held  a  meeting  and  authorized 
Mr.  Swain  and  myself  to  make  arrangements  for  a  public  trial,  and 
the  following  notice  was  issued : 

IMPORTANT  TEST  OP  TURBINE  WATER  WHEELS,  AT  LOWELL,  MASS., 
JUNE  16,  1869. 

SIR  :  The  Swain  Turbine  Co.  has  just  completed  extensive  arrangements  for  a 
competitive  test  of  Turbine  Water  Wheels.  A  flume  and  weir  of  the  most  ap- 
proved plan,  to  supply  and  measure  the  water  used,  has  been  constructed.  Em- 
erson's Dynamometer  will  be  used  to  test  the  power  of  the  wheels. 

The  "pit"  is  fourteen  feet  in  width;  head  of  water  varying  from  twelve  to 
sixteen  feet.  Each  competitor  will  select  size  and  finish  of  wheel  to  suit  himself. 
The  Swain  Wheel  to  be  tested  was  built  before  the  test  was  thought  of,  and  is  in 
no  way  superior  to  the  average  of  wheels  furnished  by  the  company.  It  is  forty- 
two  inches  in  diameter,  and  will  be  tested  on  the  16th  day  of  this  month. 

The  Swain,  Leffel,  Bodine-Jonval  and  Bryson  Turret  wheels 
were  entered.  The  measuring  pit  was  fourteen  feet  wide,  thirty  in 
length  and  at  first  a  little  over  three  feet  in  depth  below  crest  of 
weir — the  wheels,  standing  inside  at  the  upper  end  in  a  quarter  turn 
or  iron  flume,  being  about  twenty  feet  from  the  weir.  In  this  dis- 
tance there  were  three  separate  racks  to  check  the  rushing  water. 


35 

The  Swain  wheel  had  thin  sheet  steel  buckets,  which  made  it  very 
light  for  its  diameter ;  yet,  when  set,  it  was  barely  possible  to  turn 
it  by  the  coupling  upon  the  top  of  its  shaft — the  coupling  being 
twenty  inches  in  diameter,  made  that  size  to  connect  with  brake. 
Mr.  Swain  "guessed  the  wheel  would  go,  only  put  the  water  to  it." 

The  Leffels  knew  better  than  to  lose  fifty  or  a  hundred  pounds  in 
that  way,  so,  when  their  wheel  was  set,  it  turned  about  as  easy  as  a 
child's  top.  Of  course,  an  engineer  of  experience  would  have  re- 
fused to  have  tested  a  wheel  running  as  hard  as  the  Swain  did,  or  to 
have  tested  a  wheel  of  that  size  at  all  in  a  pit  so  small  and  filled 
with  racks,  for  a  good  wheel  would  have  little  chance  against  one  of 
low  efficiency.  The  working  surfaces  of  the  brake  and  band  were 
made  of  steel  and  iron.  Both  being  fibrous,  little  strips  tore  from 
each,  often  checking,  and  at  times  bringing  the  wheel  to  a  sudden 
stop,  so  that  it  was  difficult  to  make  steady  tests  of  many  minutes' 
duration.  A  bell  was  connected  to  the  wheel-shaft,  which  struck 
at  each  fifty  revolutions  of  the  wheel.  Instead  of  making  each 
test  with  a  given  weight  separate  and  distinct  by  itself,  observers 
were  placed  at  the  different  gauges,  with  watches  set  to  the  same 
time.  As  the  wheel  ran  very  unsteady  at  the  best— often  stopping 
entirely — it  was  necessary  to  reject  many  of  the  observations,  and 
it  will  readily  be  seen  that  the  difficulty  would  be  in  placing  the 
right  patches  together.  That  this  is  not  imaginary,  the  following 
tables  of  results  are  given.  The  first  is  a  copy  of  Mr.  Mills'  report, 
the  second  is  a  record  of  tests  taken  by  myself,  the  same  gauge 
hands  being  employed  in  each  case,  and  the  conditions  being  pre- 
cisely the  same  for  both.  My  tests,  however,  were  taken  upon  the 
same  plan  that  I  have  followed  continuously  for  more  than  ten 
years  :  that  is,  to  make  each  test  for  a  given  weight  complete  and 
distinct  in  itself.  Mr.  E.  A.  Thissel  made  a  record  of  the  gauges, 
as  given  by  each  of  the  hands  employed,  and  as  it  agreed  exactly 
with  the  notes  I  had  taken  of  all,  his  record  is  given  in  the  table. 

MODE  OF  CONDUCTING  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

Observers  were  stationed  at  various  points,  as  follows : 

Mr.  J.  B.  Hale,  at  the  hook-gauge,  observed  every  minute,  and  a  part  of  the 
time  every  thirty  seconds,  the  reading  of  the  liook-gauge,  which  indicated  the 
depth  of  water  upon  the  weir. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Hale  observed  the  height  of  the  water  in  the  forebay  and  in  the  pit,  by 
means  of  the  scale  (D)  passing  from  the  lower  box  to  the  upper  every  minute. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Thissel  noted  the  time  of  the  striking  of  the  bell,  which  indicated 
the  speed  of  the  wheel,  to  the  nearest  quarter  second. 

Mr.  James  Emerson,  by  means  of  the  hand-wheel  (M)  regulated  the  friction  so 
that  the  index  (E)  should  be  kept  as  near  to  zero  as  possible,  and  thus  the  scale 
beam  be  kept  level. 

Another  assistant  observed  as  rapidly  as  possible  the  actual  position  of  the 
index  during  the  experiment. 

Another  kept  the  oil  cups  (T)  supplied  with  oil,  and,  by  a  cock  attached  to  each, 
regulated  the  amount  flowing  upon  the  friction  surfaces. 

Another  attended  the  gate  and  kept  the  racks  clear  o£  obstructions. 

The  writer  kept  a  record  of  the  weights  in  the  scale-pan,  the  heights  of  gate, 
all  irregularities  in  the  motion  or  disturbing  causes  of  any  kind  that  would  affect 
the  results  of  the  experiment,  and  sufficient  observations  of  each  class  to  check 
the  accuracy  of  all  of  the  notes. 

At  intervals,  during  a  series  of  experiments,  all  of  the  watches  were  compared 
with  the  standard,  and  differences  noted,  that  there  might  be  no  difficulty  in 
selecting  the  observations  which  applied  to  the  time  when  the  conditions  for 
accurate  results  obtained.  Recorded  in  the  following  manner : 


36 


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37 
Tests  on  JLeffel  Wheel. 

Date,  Oct.  12,  1869.    The  first  19  tests  L  of  weir  was  10.052.    Correction    733 
.<      ..     i:^     tt       The  next  21    "     "  "      "        "  « 

"      "       1,     "       The  next    7    "    "  "      "        "          No  correction. 

"      ««      11,     "       The  next    5    "     "  "      "        "  »  « 

Wi-iglit  of  water  used  for  all  these  tests  was  62.33  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot.  In  the 
group  of  "  7  tests,"  the  first  3  were  made  with  holes  in  wheel  plates  closed,  and 
in  the  remaining  4  witli  holes  open. 


No. 
Test. 

Head. 

Weir. 

Gate. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

per  min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cu.  feet 
per  sec. 

Per 

Cent. 

Rel. 
Veloc 

1 

14.28 

1.730 

4-5 

670 

138 

42.03 

32.66 

.795 

.795 

2 

14.17 

1.727 

" 

" 

135 

41.11 

32.52 

.787 

.799 

3 

14.01 

1.671 

« 

*' 

127 

38.68 

29.84 

.817 

.739 

4 

'» 

1.669 

" 

11 

124 

37.76 

29.75 

.799 

.722 

5 

<« 

1.674 

« 

675 

125 

38.35 

29.98 

.806 

.725 

6 

M 

1.673 

H 

" 

« 

{« 

29.94 

.807 

.725 

7 

13.98 

1.672 

'< 

660 

126 

37.80 

29.89 

.798 

.733 

8 

13.86 

1.671 

" 

700 

120 

38.18 

29.84 

.815 

.701 

9 

14.48 

1761 

7-8 

740 

130 

43.73 

34.18 

.780 

.744 

10 

14.21 

1.761 

M 

750 

128 

4364 

34.18 

.793 

.738 

11 

14.18 

1.762 

" 

755 

126 

43.24 

34.22 

.786 

.728 

12 

14.16 

1.780 

Full 

" 

130 

44.61 

35.11 

.792 

.753 

13 

14.17 

1.782 

• 

760 

« 

44.91 

35.21 

.789 

.747 

14 

14.20 

1.7S1 

< 

" 

M 

« 

35.16 

.794 

.747 

15 

14.16 

1.782 

< 

765 

" 

45.20 

3521 

.800 

.748 

16 

14.18 

1.782 

• 

" 

" 

" 

35.21 

.799 

.747 

17 

14.925 

1.378 

9-5 

400 

115 

20.91 

17.12 

.722 

.649 

18 

«* 

1.364 

* 

340 

125 

19.32 

16.57 

.690 

.703 

19 

« 

1.354 

< 

;v20 

128 

18.62 

16.18 

.680 

.720 

1 

15.21 

1.136 

1-5 

175 

111 

8.83 

7.88 

.650 

.619 

2 

*< 

1.134 

« 

170 

115.2 

8.90 

7.82 

.660 

.643 

3 

15.22 

1.132 

« 

160 

« 

8.38 

7.77 

.626 

.642 

4 

15.21 

1.129 

« 

150 

122.4 

8.35 

7.68 

.630 

.683 

5 

15.23 

1.127 

« 

140 

127.8 

8.13 

7.63 

.617 

.713 

6 

15.24 

1.127 

« 

135 

130.2 

7.99 

7.63 

.606 

.726 

7 

«« 

1.126 

«« 

130 

133.2 

7.69 

7.60 

.586 

.742 

8 

« 

1.127 

« 

135 

130.2 

7.99 

7.63 

.606 

.726 

9 

14.26 

1.526 

3-5 

500 

122.4 

27.82 

23.26 

.740 

.705 

10 

14.21 

1.527 

«* 

" 

M 

" 

23.01 

.741 

.707 

11 

«« 

1.535 

" 

475 

124.8 

26.95 

23.33 

.707 

.720 

12 

14.23 

1.521 

*< 

460 

127.8 

26.72 

23.05 

.719 

.737 

13 

« 

1.521 

« 

465 

« 

27.01 

23.05 

.727 

.737 

14 

14.56 

1.147 

1-5 

130 

133.2 

7.87 

8.18 

.583 

.760 

15 

14.46 

1.149 

135 

133.0 

8.10 

8.24 

.600 

.755 

16 

14.45 

1.146 

140 

127.8 

8.14 

8.15 

.610 

.732 

17 

14.16 

1.741 

Full 

725 

133.2 

43.90 

33.20 

.822 

.770 

18 

14.13 

1.736 

« 

" 

*< 

" 

32.95 

.832 

.771 

19 

« 

1.742 

« 

730 

127.8 

43.41 

33.24 

.797 

.740 

20 

14.15 

1.745 

" 

735 

129.6 

43.30 

33.39 

.809 

.750 

21 

14.02 

1.775 

" 

" 

127.8 

42.70 

34.87 

.771 

.743 

1 

12.22 

1.061 

None  given 

700 

120 

38.18 

35.81 

.770 

.747 

2 

12.09 

1.045 

" 

725 

115.4 

38.03 

35.01 

.793 

.721 

3 

12.01 

1.045 

<* 

675 

125 

38.35 

35.01 

.804 

.784 

4 

12.73 

1.077 

•« 

M 

" 

"/ 

36.61 

.726 

.761 

5 

12.51 

1.077 

M 

700 

120 

38.18 

36.61 

.736 

.738 

6 

12.30 

1.061 

*< 

725 

115.38 

38.02 

So.81 

.762 

.715 

7 

12.12 

1.061 

" 

750 

111 

37.84 

35.81 

.769 

.694 

1 

14.23 

1.010 

« 

725 

127.6 

42.0?, 

33.29 

.783 

.737 

2 

14.08 

1.047 

« 

730 

136.6 

47.45 

35.11 

.847 

.793 

3 

14.105 

1.076 

«< 

800 

127.6 

46.40 

36.56 

.794 

.741 

4 

14.08 

1.011 

« 

750 

125 

42.61 

33.34 

.801 

.724 

5 

14.08 

1.034 

" 

600 

150      - 

40.91 

34.47 

.744 

.870 

I  have  seen  sufficient  the  past  year  to  convince  me  that  tests 
made  with  so  many  gauge  hands  are  very  unreliable. 

I  would  not  be  understood  as  vouching  for  the  efficiency  of  the 
wheel,  as  given  by  Mr.  Mills  or  myself,  for  my  experience  since  has 
made  me  very  skeptical  about  tests  made  in  pits  so  limited  as  to  re- 
quire the  use  of  racks  to  still  the  water  discharged ;  but,  as  those 
tests  were  made  under  the  same  conditions,  the  discrepancies  have 
made  me  cautious  about  using  unnecessary  formula  for  mere  effect. 
That  much  of  the  formula  for  testing  turbines,  published  by  Mr. 
Francis,  is  fof  effect,  it  is  charitable  to  believe.  The  plan  is  un- 
doubtedly that  followed  by  Mr.  Boyden,  and  it  is  not  creditable  to 
his  ability  to  suppose  he  believed  several  pipes,  leading  from  differ- 
ent heads,  would  fill  a  tank  to  the  average  depth  of  the  whole,  yet 
that  is  what  his  perforated  pipes  around  the  wheel  and  across  the 
pit  leading  to  the  gauge-tanks  mean.  With  filtered  water,  plenty  of 
help,  abundance  of  time,  and  no  regard  for  expense,  the  plan  would 
not  prevent  accuracy ;  but  for  practical  tests  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions, with  sediment  in  the  water,  such  pipes  are  anything  but 
desirable,  and  under  no  possible  conditions  are  they  necessary. 
The  dash-pot  is  another  source  of  error.  It  is  absolutely  necessary, 
with  such  a  brake  as  Mr.  Boyden  used,  also  with  the  best  brake 
that  can  be  made,  for  some  wheels,  while  there  are  others  that  can 
be  tested  without  it ;  but  the  greatest  care  should  be  taken  to  have 
the  plunger  work  as  sensitively  as  possible.  The  pipes  connecting 
the  gauge-tanks  with  pit  and  forebay  are  matters  of  great  importance. 
Of  course,  the  smaller  they  are,  the  steadier  the  level  of  the  surface 
in  the  tanks.  The  machine  engineer  likes  small  pipe  connections,  but 
the  practical  engineer  has  them  large,  that  the  surface  of  the  water 
in  the  tanks  may  represent  the  true  surface  in  pit  or  forebay.  The 
water  may  rise  and  fall  quick,  as  it  should  if  it  does  so  in  pit  or  fore- 
bay,  but  it  is  easy  to  get  the  mean  of  the  variations  by  observing  the 
extremes.  Racks,  as  usually  constructed,  take  up  one-half  of  the 
cross-section  of  the  pit ;  a  very  fine  rack  more  than  that,  if  made  of 
wood,  and  of  course  stops  the  water,  causing  it  to  be  higher  above 
than  below  them.  This  gives  accelerated  velocity  to  the  water. 
Following  the  plan  faithfully  for  two  years,  it  proved  to  be  a  perfect 
trap  for  catching  errors.  The  tank  connections  were  then  enlarged, 
the  pit  lengthened  and  made  deeper ;  the  perforated  pipes  and  racks 
were  abandoned,  the  dash-pot  was  reduced  in  size,  and  the  plunger 
made  perfectly  free — after  which  changes,  there  was  no  difficulty  in 
making  tests  that  would  repeat — a  very  necessary  achievement  in  a 
business  where  suspicious  patrons  were  in  the  habit  of  keeping  tested 
wheels  months,  perhaps  years ;  then,  after  repainting,  return  them 
as  new  to  be  retested,  as  was  often  done.  The  bane  of  engineering 
has  been  too  much  desire  for  display  of  mathematical  exactitude, 
without  much  regard  for  the  mechanical  devices  used  with  which  to 
procure  data  to  work  from.  Look  at  the  coarse  brake  and  scale 
beam  used  by  Mr.  Boyden,  also  by  Mr.  Francis,  then  at  proportions 
as  given  by  the  latter  in  Lowell  Hydraulic  Experiments  : 


Prony  Brake. 


Length  of  brake  was  found  to  be    9.745  feet. 

Effective  length  of  vertical  arm,     4.500    " 

Effective  length  of  horizontal  arm,  5.000     " 

Consequently,  effect  in  length  was  9.745X5-5-4.5=10.827778  feet. 

Why  not  have  made  the  brake  and  armsof  lengthsreadily  expressed 
in  whole  numbers,  thus  doing  away  with  decimals?  Made  in  any 
lengths,  a  coarse  oak  timber,  with  an  inch  and  a  half  round  iron 
bolt  through  it  for  a  fulcrum,  would  be  a  poor  substitute  for  a  light 
iron  scale-beam  with  knife-edge  pivots.  Weighing  what  a  turbine 
will  pull,  means  the  same  as  what  groceries  weigh,  and  needs  the 
same  perfection  of  weighing  apparatus  to  do  it  well.  The  plan, 
when  used  by  Mr.  Boyden,  was  up  to  his  time,  perhaps,  but  a  gene- 
ration has  since  passed  away,  and  vast  improvements  in  almost  every 
mechanical  device  have  been  made  in  the  time,  and  practical  engi- 
neers accept  the  improvements  in  turbine  testing,  as  in  other  matters ; 
but  the  machine  engineer  turns  back  to  the  oak  brake  and  many 
decimals  as  anxiously  as  a  duck  takes  to  water.  Turbine  building 
is  not  a  science,  nor  is  it  likely  to  be,  until  reputable  builders,  who 
would  willingly  test  wheels  before  delivery,  are  protected  from 
ruinous  competition  by  the  ignorant  and  irresponsible,  who  promise 
so  readily,  caring  little  about  the  efficiency  of  their  wheels  so  long 
as  they  sell.  To  test  each  wheel  before  delivery  would  necessitate 
its  being  done  quickly  and  cheaply,  which  would  be  impossible  with 
the  Boy  den-Francis  apparatus,  nor  would  it  be  possible  under  any 
conditions  with  such  an  apparatus  to  make  such  tests  as  were  easily 
taken  to  determine  the  effect  of  flanged  cylinder  gate  and  flaring 
draft  tube,  recorded  in  the  report  of  Hydrodynamic  Experiments. 

Engineers. 

Of  the  hundreds  of  young  men  who  yearly  graduate  from  our 
educational  institutions,  how  few  of  them  are  ever  likely  to  reflect 
credit  upon  the  name,  simply  because  nature  never  intended  them 
for  the  business.  The  term  is  derived  from  the  word  ingenuity ; 
geniuses  are  not  the  product  of  schools,  but  of  birth.  No  education 
will  ever  produce  an  engineer  or  mechanic,  though  it  may  machines. 
No  mere  aptitude  for  mathematics  will  make  up  for  lack  of  fertility 


40 

in  expedients  so  often  demanded.  An  engineer  should  have  inge- 
nuity, sound  judgment,  and  decision  of  character  for  emergencies. 
Without  such  characteristics  no  one  will  ever  make  a  permanent  rep- 
utation as  an  engineer.  The  calling  has  received  the  most  of  its 
renown  from  those  who  made  no  pretense  of  being  engineers. 
Watt,  Fulton,  Stevenson,  and  others  of  the  kind,  were  only  con- 
sidered engineers  after  their  reputation  had  been  made.  Our  yellow- 
plush  propensity  to  accept  heroes  at  their  own  estimate,  if  they  only 
shout  loud  enough,  has  much  to  do  with  the  continuance  of  un- 
founded pretensions.  Many  will  remember  the  shout  that  went  up  at 
the  debut  of  the  Monitor.  "Form  a  national  society  of  engineers, 
and  place  John  Erricsson  at  the  head,"  was  the  cry.  Had  the 
Monitor  encountered  a  storm  on  her  passage  out,  as  she  did  when 
she  became  the  coffin  for  a  hundred  men,  how  different  the  result. 
For  years  previous,  Mr.  Erricsson  had  been  the  laughing  stock  of 
the  country,  and  his  achievements,  before  and  since,  indicate  that, 
though  he  may-  have  some  original  ideas,  he  lacks  the  judgment 
necessary  to  make  them  safely  useful. 

Of  our  many  engineers,  we  doubtless  have  those  who,  if  favored 
with  opportunities,  would  deservedly  become  noted ;  but  the  terri- 
ble disasters  of  the  past  few  years,  caused  by  the  destruction  of 
dams  and  bridges,  would  hardly  indicate  that  the  best  have  been 
employed  in  the  most  responsible  positions. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  write  of  engineers  in  general,  but  of  those 
who  are  called,  or  who  call  themselves,  hydraulic  engineers;  of 
this  class  J.  B.  Francis  has  long  stood  at  the  head,  so  far  as  the  call- 
ing relates  to  milling  matters.  For  many  years  Mr.  Francis  has 
had  charge  of  all  the  property  of  the  Lowell  Water  Power  Co,, 
and  general  supervision  of  from  twenty  to  forty  large  mills.  He 
is  thoroughly  versed  in  all  of  the  theories,  but  it  would  be  absurd 
to  suppose  he  has  had  much  time  to  devote  to  the  details  that 
make  up  the  supposed  knowledge  of  a  hydrodynamic  engineer. 
The  continued  use  of  poor  turbines,  when  those  much  better  could 
be  had  at  one-half  the  cost  of  those  used,  prove  plainly  that  he 
knows  but  little  of  the  common  characteristics  of  the  ordinary  tur- 
bine. The  Francis  weir  formula  is  excellent,  but  I  have  had  very 
disagreeable  reasons  for  doubting  whether  ke,  or  any  of  the  so- 
called  hydraulic  engineers,  realize  how  slight  a  change  in  proportion 
of  pit  renders  the  formula  worthless. 

H.  F.  Mills  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  has  experimented  much,  and,  in 
my  opinion,  is  as  good  an  engineer  of  the  class  as  can  be  found;  but 
he  travels  in  a  fixed  groove.  That  he  measures  the  water  used  by 
the  mills  there  as  accurately  as  may  be  done  by  the  machine  meth- 
ods, I  have  no  doubt ;  nor  any  doubt  that  it  might  be  done  still  more 
accurately  by  simpler  plans,  at  one-tenth  of  the  cost  at  which  he 
does  it.  There  are  many  others  that  might  be  named,  but  they  are 
all  of  about  the  same  pattern — much  formula  relating  to  ancient 
theories,  but  with  little  practical  knowledge  of  the  requirements 
necessary  to  make  manufacturing  profitable  under  the  sharp  compet- 
itive conditions  of  to-day.  Economy  seems  to  be  one  of  the  lost 
arts  with  the  whole  class,  but  the  following  cross-examination  of 
one  of  them  will  speak  for  itself: 


"EMINENT  HYDRAULIC  ENGINEER." 

The  announcement  may  often  be  seen  in  the  papers  that  John 
Smith,  the  eminent  hydraulic  engineer,  has  been  called  in  to  exam- 
ine some  prospective  water  power,  mill,  reservoir,  dam,  embank- 
ment or  some  milling  matter  of  interest.  Civil  engineering  seems 
to  cover  canal,  mill,  reservoir  and  dam  building,  so  it  is  reasonable 
to  suppose  Mr.  Smith,  as  a  hydraulic  engineer,  has  been  called  in 
to  advise  about  the  use  of  water  power  or  its  transmission.  And 
that  those  interested  may  banish  future  anxiety,  should  Mr.  Smith 
report  favorably,  we  will  put  him  on  the  stand  for  examination.  If 
the  reader  thinks  some  other  engineer  more  eminent  than  Mr.  Smith, 
No  !  well,  then,  Mr.  Smith  will  you  please  take  the  stand. 

Mr.  Smith,  what  is  your  age? 

Ans.     Fifty-seven  years. 

What  is  your  occupation  or  profession? 

Ans.     Hydraulic  engineering. 

How  long  have  you  followed  that  business? 

Ans.  I  served  seven  years  apprenticeship  and  have  followed  the 
business  thirty  years. 

You  are  thoroughly  informed  in  all  the  minutia  of  the  business? 

Ans.     (Modestly)  I  believe  I  have  the  credit  of  being  so. 

You  understand  water  power  and  the  various  means  used  for  its 
transmission  and  application  to  drive  machinery? 

Ans.     I  think  I  do,  thoroughly. 

You  also  understand  the  various  methods  used  for  measuring 
water  used  to  drive  machinery? 

Ans.     I  do. 

Name  the  various  methods  with  which  you  are  familiar. 

Ans.     The  weir,  aperture,  floats  and  current  metre. 

You  are  often  called  upon  by  mill  owners  to  measure  water? 

Ans.     Quite  often. 

Which  of  the  methods  named  do  you  consider  best? 

Ans.     Well,  where  it  is  convenient,  the  weir. 

Have  you  ever  personally  verified  measurements  made  by  either 
methods,  so  as  to  be  able  to  vouch  for  their  accuracy? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — N-o,  not  personally. 

Suppose  the  flume  leading  to  a  wheel  to  be  so  large  that  the  water 
Hows,  say,  one-half  foot  per  second,  would  not  the  slip  with  a  cur- 
rent metre  be  so  great  as  to  leave  little  chance  for  accuracy? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — it  might. 

Do  you,  of  your  own  knowledge,  know  that  accurate  measurements 
of  water  can  be  made  with  a  current  metre  under  any  conditions? 

Ans.     No. 

In  measuring  with  floats,  do  you  make  an'*allowance  for  the  aver- 
age instead  of  apparent  velocity?  If  so,  how  much? 

Ans.     I  make  an  allowance  of  20  per  cent. 

Is  20  per  cent,  fixed  upon  as  a  matter  of  judgment  or  positive 
knowledge? 

Ans.  W-e-1-1— that  is  the  allowance  generally  made  with  float 
measurements. 

Then  float  and  current  metre  measurements  have  considerable 
imess  work  about  them? 


42 

Ans.  W-e-1-1 — under  favorable  conditions  they  may  approximate. 
Can  you  personally  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  aperture  measure- 
ments ? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1— N-o. 

Do  you  know  the  least  possible  cross  section  of  stream  in  meas- 
uring pit  in  proportion  to  the  flow  on  the  weir  that  will  give  correct 
measurement? 

Ans.     I  do  not. 

Suppose  the  pit  to  be  fourteen  feet  wide,  with  vertical  sides ;  place 
a  weir  across,  with  end  contractions,  depth  below  the  crest  four  feet, 
length  of  weir  ten  feet ;  then  further  down  stream  have  another  weir 
exactly  the  same,  except  the  depth  below  the  crest  to  be  two  feet ; 
let  the  discharge  from  the  mill  flow  over  both  weirs,  would  the  depth 
on  each  show  the  same,  supposing  the  discharge  to  be  fifty  feet  per 
second? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — r-e-a-1-l-y — I — well,  I  don't  know. 

Suppose  the  end  contractions  to  be  removed,  what  allowance 
would  be  necessary  to  deduct  from  the  width  to  correct  for  the  fric- 
tion of  the  flowing  water  upon  the  rough  side  walls? 

Ans.     Well,  something ;  I  don't  know  just  how  much. 

You  have  had  experience  with  all  of  the  water  wheels  in  use  from 
the  old  undershot  to  the  modern  turbine? 

Ans.     Constant  experience  for  more  than  thirty  years. 

You  often  advise  manufacturers  as  to  the  best  kind  for  use? 

Ans.     Very  often. 

You  understand  the  principle  of  each? 

Ans.     I  think  so,   thoroughly. 

The  undershot  is  designed  for  low  heads,  is  it  not? 

Ans.     It  is. 

Which  is  the  most  efficient,  undershot  or  breast  wheel? 

Ans.     Oh,  breast  wheel,  by  all  means. 

Do  you  mean  to  say  that  for  one  foot  head,  a  breast  wheel  would 
do  better  than  an  undershot? 

Ans.     Oh — w-e-1-1 — for  one  foot — well,  I  don't  know. 

What  is  the  maximum  useful  effect  of  an  undershot  wheel? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

What  is  the  exact  relative  velocity  for  an  undesrhot  wheel? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Have  you  had  much  to  do  with  breast  and  overshot  wheels? 

Ans.     Yes,  indeed,  very  much. 

Which  is  best? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — some  think  the  breast,  others  the  overshot. 

Never  mind  what  others  think.     What  do  you  know? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — I  never  tested  either,  but  I  think — 

Don't  want  to  know  what  you  think.     Do  you  know? 

Ans.     No. 

What  is  the  proper  velocity  for  the  periphery  of  either? 

Ans.  W-e-1-1 — some  say  five  feet  per  second ;  from  five  to  eight 
feet  per  second  is  probably  the — 

Don't  want  any  probably.     Do  vou  know? 

Ans.     No. 


43 

What  is  the  maximum  useful  effect  a  breast  wheel  will  give? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — I  have  read  of  75. 

Don't  care  anything  about  what  you  have  read.     Do  you  know? 

Ans.     No. 

Do  you  know  any  better  about  the  overshot? 

Ans.     No. 

Mr.  Smith,  you  are  well  informed  as  to  turbine  wheels? 

Ans.     Certainly;  intimately  so. 

Which  is  the  best  discharge  for  a  turbine — inward,  outward  or 
downward? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — there  are  many  opinions  about  that. 

Wasn't  asking  about  opinions,  but  about  what  you  know. 

Ans.  Well,  the  Boyden  turbine  is  outward  discharge,  and  I  be- 
lieve that — 

Don't  want  to  know  about  what  you  believe.     Do  you  know? 

Ans.  Well,  every  body  knows  the  Boyden  has  given  the  highest 
useful  effect. 

Don't  care  for  what  every  body  knows.     Do  you  know? 

Ans.     Well,  I  know  Mr.  Boyden  reported — 

Did  you  e  "V  test  a  Boyden  wheel? 

Ans.     No. 

Did  you  ever  know  of  a  disinterested  engineer  testing  one  who 
reported  remarkably  high  efficiency? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — no. 

Did  you  ever  know  of  a  Boyden  wheel  being  used  where  the  water 
supply  was  insufficient  for  over  half  gate,  or  half  of  whole  gate  dis- 
charge, several  months  of  the  year,  that  gave  satisfaction? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — no — perhaps  not. 

Have  you  taken  pains  to  ascertain  whether  there  are  other  tur- 
bines that  are  better  than  the  Boyden? 

Ans.     No,  for  I  don't  believe  there  are  such. 

Please  give  your  reasons  for  such  belief. 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — I — well — oh,  cause  I  don't  believe  it. 

So  you  have  never  taken  pains  to  ascertain  the  real  efficiency  of 
the  many  other  kinds  of  turbines  ? 

Ans.     No. 

What  is  the  proper  relative  velocity  of  the  turbine  with  the  water 
that  drives  it? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

How  do  you  know  what  proportional  gears  to  use  to  connect  tur- 
bine with  the  machinery  to  be  driven? 

Ans.     Oh,  I  gear  according  to  the  table  representing  wheel. 

What,  when  you  know  nothing  certainly -t>f  the  wheel? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — yes — there  is  no  other  means  of  doing  it. 

Are  all  turbines  of  the  same  make  of  the  same  efficiency? 

Ans.     Certainly,  or,  at  least,  I  suppose  so. 

You  never  have  been  to  see  such  wheels  tested  in  order  to  learn 
their  peculiarities? 

Ans.     No,  not  I. 

And  why  not?  Has  it  not  been  your  duty  to  do  so  before  advis- 
ing manufacturers  in  such  matters? 


44 

Ans.     Well,  I  have  no  faith  in  the  testing  that  has  been  done. 

Why  not?     Have  you  any  real  cause  for  doubt? 

Ans.  Well,  many  wheels  have  been  reported  as  giving  better 
results  than  is  claimed  for  the  Boyden,  and — well,  I  don't  believe  it 
at  all. 

Do  you,  of  your  own  knowledge,  know  that  there  are  not  fifty 
kinds  of  turbines  better  than  the  Boyden? 

Ans.     Oh,  of  course  I  know  there  are  not. 

Do  you  solemnly  swear  that  you  know  there  are  not? 

Ans.  Oh,  well,  perhaps  I  can  not  swear  that  I  know,  but  then 
you  know  I — 

Please  remember  you  are  under  oath.  Do  you  mean  to  be  under- 
stood that,  of  your  own  knowledge,  you  know  anything  about  the 
matter? 

Ans.     Well,  perhaps  not ;  but  I  know  what  I  think. 

Quite  likely,  but  that  is  not  important. 

Are  you  aware  that  the  turbine  will  do  considerable  work  while 
running  at  a  greater  velocity  than  the  water  that  drives  it? 

Ans.     I  have  heard  so,  but  do  not  know  it  to  be  so. 

Supposing  it  to  be  so,  can  you  account  for  its  so  doing? 

Ans.     I  can  not  account  for  it. 

What  is  the  proper  shape  for  a  turbine  bucket,  and  in  what  direc- 
tion should  it  project  from  the  center  of  the  wheel? 

Ans.     Oh,  there  are  many  opinions  ;  I  don't  know. 

Please  give  the  exact  positions  for  the  chutes  to  stand. 

Ans.     Oh,  each  builder  suits  himself;  I  don't  know. 

Which  should  have  the  largest  openings,  the  chutes  or  buckets? 

Ans.  Some  builders  think  the  chutes,  others  the  buckets  ;  I  don't 
know. 

Why  is  it  that  two  wheels,  built  exactly  alike,  placed  in  the  same 
pit  side  by  side — in  one  the  step  burns  down  every  month,  in  the 
other  never? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Which  is  best  for  buckets,  sheet  iron,  sheet  steel,  bronze  or  cast 
iron. 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

In  all  parts  of  the  country  water  powers  of  any  size  are  owned 
by  several  parties.  Do  you  know  of  any  means  for  dividing  the  water 
so  that  each  may  have  his  proper  share,  whether  the  supply  is  much 
or  little? 

Ans.     I  do  not  know  of  any  means  for  such  division. 

Does  a  turbine,  having  a  draft  tube  for  part  of  the  fall,  do  as  well 
as  one  set  in  the  tail  water? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Have  you  taken  no  pains  to  ascertain? 

Ans.     Well — no. 

What  is  the  proper  diameter  for  draft  tube  for  a  given  discharge? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Suppose  a  draft  tube  to  lead  down  stream  at  an  angle  of  forty- 
five  degrees,  or  still  nearer  a  horizontal  line,  what  would  be  the 
effect? 


45 


Ans.     I  suppose  they  would  do  well ;  I  don't  know. 

Which  transmits  power  with  the  least  loss,  belts  or  gears  ? 

Ans.     Oh,  belts,  I  think,  decidedly. 

Do  you  know  anything  about  it  positively  ? 

Ans.    No. 

Which  causes  the  greatest  loss,  bevel  or  spur  gears  ? 

Ans.    Oh,  bevel,  by  all  means ;  at  least  I  think  so. 

Do  you  know  ? 

Ans.    W-e-1-1 — no. 

Have  you  ever  taken  any  pains  to  ascertain  the  loss,  if  there  is 
any,  caused  by  the  use  of  belts,  gears,  or  draft  tubes  ? 

Ans.  W-e-1-1 — no,  not  personally. 

Mr.  Smith,  will  you  be  so  kind  as  to  state  what  knowledge  about 
hydrodynamics  is  actually  necessary  to  entitle  a  person  to  be  con- 
sidered an  eminent  hydraulic  engineer  ? 

Ans.  Oh,  well — he  must  know  all  about  water  power  and  mills 
and  things. 

Certainly,  but  please  give  particulars. 

Ans.    Oh — well — he  must  know —  why,  he  must  know  all  about  it. 

Well,  Mr.  Smith,  that  will  do  for  the  present. 

"OVER -EDUCATION. 

"  Like  over-production,  our  caption  is  in  some  senses  a  misnomer, 
for  no  one  can  be  over-educated  in  the  true  development  of  his  best 
faculties  for  worthy  ends.  But  there  is  a  great  deal  of  school  and 
college  education  that  is  aimless,  disproportionate,  and  cumbersome 
There  are  too  many  mediocre  professional  men,  lawyers,  doctors, 
ministers,  school  teachers,  writers ;  few  skilled  artisans,  farmers, 
gardeners,  intelligent  laborers  technically  educated  for  various 
spheres  that  are  fundamental  to  well-ordered  society.  Society  is 
top-heavy,  with  too  much  top  and  too  little  bottom.  There  is  too 
much  high-school  dabbling  that  is  not  thorough  enough  for  mental 
gymnastics,  nor  practical  enough  for  the  utilitarian  necessities  of 
those  who  must  graduate  into  the  hard  work  of  the  common  and 
laborious  pursuits  which  ballast  society.  The  great  law  will  assert 
itself,  and  all  true  education  must  lay  its  account  with  it,  that  by  the 
sweat  of  the  brow  we  must  eat  our  bread.  That  is  not  good  Amer- 
ican education  which  would  spoil  a  farmer's  Ijoy  for  the  old  home- 
stead, or  the  farmer's  girl  for  housekeeping.  There  is  too  large  a 
crowd  of  unfit  female  school  teachers.  There  are  too  many  useless, 
third-rate  lawyers  hankering  after  office ;  too  many  goodish  minis- 
ters, unskilled  doctors,  ignorant  apothecaries  and  engineers.  Hence 
there  are  multitudes  of  our  boys  and  girls  who  are  over-educated, 
in  the  sense  that  they  are  unfitted  by  an  aimless  and  merely  bookish 
education  for  any  patient  and  earnest  life-work  which  will  utilize 


them  as  producers,  and  develop  their  individuality  into  the  manly 
or  womanly  consummation  of  a  stanch  character  and  a  robust  and 
useful  life." 

Our  common  school  system  is  at  fault  for  this.  What  would  be 
thought  of  the  person  who  should  treat  everything  growing  upon 
his  farm  with  the  same  care — planting  beans,  strawberries,  cabbages, 
onions,  wheat,  weeds,  and  pumpkins  all  in  the  same  way  ;  plowing 
a  little  here,  digging  a  little  there,  going  over  much  surface — none 
deep  ?  Would  not  the  results  resemble  the  product  of  our  schools — 
a  smattering  of  everything,  a  real  knowledge  of  nothing  1  every 
graduate  rushing  for  the  position  of  major-general — not  one  willing 
to  accept  that  of  private  ?  Is  it  not  evident  that  the  system  is  pro- 
ductive of  the  idea  that  honest  labor  is  degrading  ?  that  the  proper 
aim  for  the  young  man  is  office  or  a  profession ;  for  the  young  woman, 
wealthy  marriage  ?  Under  its  influence,  are  our  Presidents,  members 
of  Congress  and  Legislatures,  and  officials  in  general,  selected  from 
the  first  or  even  second  class  minds  of  the  country  ?  Will  our  officers 
or  teachers,  male  or  female,  compare  favorably,  intellectually,  with 
our  native  mechanics  ?  Pay  high  salaries,  and  get  the  best !  is  the 
constant  shriek  of  the  office-holder  and  teacher — which  means,  get 
those  who  will  shriek  loudest  for  more  pay  and  less  labor.  Of  all 
the  trashy  ideas  prevalent,  there  is  none  more  shallow  than  the 
pretense  that  high  salaries  insure  the  best  services.  High  salaries 
to  the  few  means  degradation  to  the  many — really  a  relic  of  barba- 
rism—the feudal  lord  and  subjected  serf.  Salaries  so  high  as  to  be 
desirable  in  themselves  are  far  more  likely  to  be  obtained  by  the 
unscrupulous  pretender  than  the  worthy  proficient,  as  is  patent  to 
every  one  having  any  knowledge  of  the  way  the  offices  throughout 
the  country  are  filled.  I  hope  and  think  the  time  will  come  when 
our  school  system  will  limit  the  studies  to  the  common  English 
branches,  and  in  those,  give  every  child  in  the  country  a  thorough 
course,  leaving  those  desiring  a  higher  education  to  obtain  it  at 
their  own  expense  as  a  luxury — a  real  luxury — to  the  proper 
minds,  but  unappreciated  by  the  multitude.  Even  were  it  possible 
to  give  every  child  a  thorough  education,  gratuitously,  in  all  the 
studies  now  merely  skimmed  over,  it  would  be  a  matter  of  very 
doubtful  utility.  Possessions  are  valued  somewhat  in  proportion 
to  their  difficulty  of  attainment ;  inherited  property  is  seldom  valued 
like  that  earned  by  years  of  hard  labor.  It  can  hardly  dignify  the 
high  educational  system  to  have  the  brilliant  valedictorian  wait  idly 
for  a  year  or  two  for  something  grand  to  turn  up  and  then  settle 
down  as  keeper  of  a  peanut  stand.  Limiting  the  education  at  the 
public  expense  to  the  branches  named  will,  I  believe,  produce  a 
higher  civilization  than  the  present  trashy  method — less  of  the 
professional,  more  of  the  practical;  better  mechanics,  farmers, 
engineers,  doctors,  teachers,  fathers,  mothers,  and  wives. 


47 

Massachusetts  School  System. 


Nursery  for  a  nation  ol 
Roughs  and  Gamblers. 


tzadolphus  — 
Why,  the  guvner 
wants  me  to  help 
in  the  shop! 

Angelina  —  Oh 
cruel!  And  ma 
wants  me  to  darn 
my  own  stockings. 


48 


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50 
THE  EMERSON  POWER  SCALE. 

To  produce  the  perfect  instrument  herewith  illustrated  has 
required  perhaps  a  hundred  plans  and  changes,  made  at  a  cost  of 
some  $30,000,  and  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  time. 

Each  size  is  graduated  upon  a  circle  of  a  given  number  of  feet, 
and  the  revolutions  per  minute  must  be  multiplied  bv  that  number 
in  computing  the  results  of  trial. 

As  these  scales  are  all  constructed  upon  the  same  principle  as 
the  ordinary  platform  scales,  and  are  common  in  the  best  mills,  it 
is  unnecessary  to  describe  them  here. 

The  illustrations  represent  the  perfected  scale,  which  weighs  after 
connection,  let  the  shaft  run  either  way  ;  also  the  register  counter. 

The  ability  to  weigh  when  the  shaft  is  running  in  either  direction  is 
made  practicable  by  the  use  of  the  double  connections  1 1  to  the 
bell  crank  levers  K  K,  the  connections  1 1  being  slotted  at  connect- 
ing point  as  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

The  register  counter  shown  in  Fig.  1  consists  of  worm  M  on 
shaft,  into  which  works  gear  N  having  a  hundred  teeth,  and  the 
head  of  pendulum  B,  which  forms  a  shield  over  nine-tenths  of  the 
ratchet  gear  A  back  of  shield. 

The  pendulum  B  raises  one-tenth  of  a  circle,  the  ratchet  gear  has 
one  hundred  teeth,  and  if  the  weight  was  always  at  the  maximum, 
say  100  pounds,  the  hook  C  would  rotate  the  ratchet  gear  at  every  ten 
movements,  but  as  the  weight  constantly  varies,  often  from  zero  to 
the  maximum,  the  shield  prevents  the  hook  C  from  carrying  the 
ratchet  gear  any  more  than  due  the  weight  at  each  movement. 

As  it  requires  ten  operations  of  the  hook  C  to  cause  a  complete 
rotation  of  the  ratchet  A,  supposing  the  weight  to  be  at  its  maxi- 
mum, a  cipher  must  invariably  be  added  to  the  registered  figures 
shown  on  the  register  H,  as  976  must  read  9760. 

To  get  the  real  revolutions  of  the  shaft,  two  ciphers  must  be  added 
to  the  registered  figures  on  register  I,  as  the  12035  must  read 
1203500,  which  divide  by  the  number  of  minutes  in  the  run,  say 
for  a  week  of  sixty  hours,  or  3600  minutes,  as  follows  : — 

Maximum  graduation  of  quadraiil,  100  pounds ;  registered  figures 
as  shown,  976 ;  add  cipher,  9760 ;  registered  figures  on  register  I, 
12035  ;  divide  the  figures  of  register  H  by  those  of  register  1, 9760  -f- 
12035  =  .81  as  the  average  weight  during  the  sixty  hours'  trial. 

Now  to  obtain  revolutions  per  minute  take  12035,  add  two 
ciphers,  1203500  -r  3600  =  334.3  revolutions  per  minute,  multiplied 
by,  say,  graduation  of  No.  3  scale,  6  ft.  =  2006  ft.  X  81  pounds= 
162486  ft.  pounds  -r  33000  =  4.92  h.p. 

For  information  about  the  scale  inquire  of  the  manufacturers, 

EMERSON  POWER  SCALE  CO. 

FLORENCE,  MASS. 


Fig.  3. 


THE  COTTON  MILL  SCALE. 


The  above  illustration  represents  scales  designed  for  cotton  mills,  to  be 
used  in  testing  the  power  required  to  drive  spinning  frames,  fly  frames,  slub- 
bers, and  other  light  running  machines,  hav.ing  tight  and  loose  pulley  outr 
side  of  frames. 

Graduated  upon  a  two-foot  circle. 


54 


Water  Measurements. 


The  lack  of  a  practical  knowledge  of  hydraulics  a  generation  since  caused  a 
looseness  in  contracts  pertaining  to  milling  matters  that  has  been  productive 
of  an  immense  amount  of  vexatious  and  expensive  litigation.  It  is  only 
necessary  to  glance  at  the  methods  adopted  by  the  various  Water  Power 
Companies  of  the  country  for  determining  the  quantity  of  water  leased,  as  pub- 
lished on  preceding  pages,  to  learn  that  there  has  been  no  generally  recognized 
standard  for  such  measurements  even  among  those  claiming  to  be  engineers  and 
experts  in  such  matters ;  it  would  seem  that  the  average  boy,  ten  years  of  age,  who 
has  ever  played  with  toy  water  wheels  would  be  able  to  provide  something  more 
definite  than  the  Oswego  plan.  One  great  cause  for  the  looseness  in  contracts  has 
been  the  difference  between  the  actual  and  theoretical  discharge  of  water  through 
an  aperture  of  any  size  under  a  given  head.  The  difference  is  only  understood 
now  by  a  very  few.  There  are  turbine  builders  who  suppose  that  their  wheels 
discharge  the  full  quantity  theoretically  due  their  openings,  while  those  calling 
themselves  engineers  generally  believe  the  discharge  of  surh  wheels  to  invaria- 
bly be  about  60  per  cent,  due  their  openings,  when  in  fact  the  discharge  of  turbines 
varies  all  the  way  from  35  to  100  per  cent.,  and  in  special  cases  perhaps  still  more. 
The  discharge  through  an  aperture  in  the  side  of  a  penstock  may  be  made  to  difler 
50  per  cent.  An  aperture  one  foot  square,  its  center  under  t\vo  feet  head,  cut  with 
ed<?es  at  right  angles  with  the  face  of  the  planks  inside  the  penstock,  leaving 
perfect  sharp  corners  presented  to  the  water  as  it  issues,  (see  Fig.  1,)  will  dis- 

FIG  1  FIG2 

CONTRACTED  DISCHARGE  •  M      FREE  DISCHARGE 


charge  about  6%  cubic  feet  per  second ;    but  with  a  proper  flare  of  the  aperture 
(as  in  Fig.  2,)  the  discharge  will  be  about  10>£  cubic  feet  per  second,  and  the 


same  relative  perc  -ntage  for  other  heads.  An  examination  of  the  problems 
demonstrated  in  Evan-,' '"  Work  on  Milling,  Hydraulics,  &c.,"  published  as  late 
as  1848,  will  show  that  this  important  difference  was  not  taken  into  consideration 


in  preparing  a  work  that  was  to  be  offered  to  the  public  as  a  guide  in  such  mat- 
ters. The  following  extract  from  the  Work,  page  96,  is  griven,  however,  to  show 
that  the  publisher  had  an  impression  that  there  was  a  difference. 


Article  55. 


OP  THE  FRICTION  OP  THE  APERTURES  OP  SPOUTING  FLUIDS. 

The  doctrine  of  this  species  of  friction  appears  to  be  as  follows : — 

1.  The  ratio  of  the  friction  of  round  apertures,  is  as  their  diameters  nearly; 
while  the  quantity  expended  is  as  the  squares  of  their  diameter. 

2.  The  friction  of  an  aperture  of  any  regular  or  irregular  figure  is  as  the 
length  of  the  sum  of  the  circumscribing  lines,  nearly;  the  quantities  being  as  the 
areas  of  the  apertures.*    Therefore, 

*This  will  plainly  appear,  if  we  consider  that  the  friction  does  sensibly  retard  the  velocity  of  the 
fluid  to  a  certain  distance  ;  say  half  an  inch  from  the  side  or  edge  of  the  aperture,  towards  its  center ; 
and  we  may  reasonably  conclude  that  this  distance  will  be  nearly  the  same  in  a  two  and  twelve 
inch  aperture ;  so  that  in  the  two  inch  aperture,  a  ring  on  the  outside  half  an  inch  wide,  is  sensibly 
retarded,  which  is  about  three-fourths  of  the  whole;  while  in  the  twelve  inch  aperture  there  is  a 
ring  on  the  outside  half  an  inch  wide,  retarded  about  one-sixth  of  its  whole  area. 


55 


3.  The  less  the  head  or  pressure,  and  the  larger  the  aperture,  the  less  the 
ratio  of  the  friction ;  therefore, 

4.  This  friction  need  not  be  much  regarded,  in  the  large  openings  or 
apertures  of  undershot  mills,  where  the  gates  are  from  2  to  15  inches  in 
their  shortest  sides ;  but  it  very  sensibly  affects  the  small  apertures  of  high 
overshot  or  undershot  mills,  with  great  heads,  where  their  shortest  sides 
are  from  five-tenths  of  an  inch  to  two  inches. 

This1  seems  to  be  proved  by  Smeaton,in  his  experiments;  (see  table,  Art.  67;)  where, 
when  the  head  was  33  inches,  the  sluice  small,  drawn  only  to  the  first  hole,  the  velocity 
was  only  such  as  is  assigned  by  theory  to  a  head  of  15.85  inches,  which  he  calls  virtual 
head.  But  when  the  sluice  was  larger,  drawn  to  the  sixth  hole,  and  head  6  inches,  the 
virtual  head  was  5.33  inches.  Hut  seeing  there  is  no  theorem  yet  discoverd  by  which  we 
can  truly  determine  the  quantity  or  effect  of  the  friction  according  to  the  size  of  the  aper- 
ture and  height  of  the  head,  we  cannot,  therefore,  by  the  established  laws  of  hydro- 
st.-i  tics,,  let  rnnii  if  exactly  the  velocity  or  quantity  expended  through  any  small  aperture; 
which  renders  the  theory  in  these  cases  but  little  better  than  conjecture. 


ANCIENT  AUTHORITIES  IN  HYDRAULIC  CASES  IN 
LITIGATION. 

In  milling  cases  on  trial,  old  English  or  American  works  are 
brought  in  as  authority.  These  a  half  century  since  were  useful 
because  there  was  nothing  better,  but  a  revolution  has  taken  place 
in  such  matters  and  there  is  now  no  difficulty  in  elucidating  any 
matter  pertaining  to  milling  hydrodynamics  so  as  to  leave  no  just 
cause  for  dispute. 

Oliver  Evans  has  perhaps  been  considered  the  best  milling  au- 
thority up  to  1860,  -but  he  simply  copied  the  most  of  his  ideas  from 
old  English  works.  His  ideas  of  spouting  fluids,  article  55,  show 
beyond  chance  for  dispute  that  neither  he  nor  his  authorities  knew 
anything  about  the  law  governing  such  spouting  or  the  discharge 
through  apertures. 

It  is  now  positively  known  that  all  apertures,  large  or  small,  round 
or  square,  discharge  about  60  per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  quantity 
due  the  opening,  if  the  aperture  is  cut  squarely  through  the  plank, 
leaving  sharp  corners,  as  shown  fig.  1st,  opposite  page. 

The  following  note,  copied  from  page  114  of  his  book,  shows  how 
little  reliance  can  be  placed  in  his  authorities : — 

"  After  having  published  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  I  have  been  in- 
formed, that,  by  accurate  experiments  made  at  the  expense  of  the  British 
government,  it 'was  ascertained  that  the  power  produced  by  40,000  cubic 
feet  oi  water  descending  1  foot  will  grind  and  bolt  1  bushel  of  wheat.  If 
this  be  true,  then  to  find  the  quantity  that  any  stream  will  grind  per  hour, 
multiply  the  cubic  feet  of  water  that  it  affords  per  hour,  by  the  virtual  de- 
scent, (that  is,  half  of  the  head  above  the  wheel  added  to  the  fall  after  it 
enters  an  overshot  wheel,)  and  divide  that  product  by  40,000,  and  the  quo- 
tient is  the  answer  in  bushels  per  hour  that  the  stream  will  grind." 

It  certainly  should  do  so,  for  40,000  cubic  feet  of  waiter  falling  one 
foot  evolves  75.5  h.  p.  Quite  likely  some  essential '  feature  of  the 
experiment  is  left  out  so  that  the  statement  is  worthless,  as  is  in- 
variably the  case  with  their  reports. 

For,  owing  to  their  want  oi  knowledge  in  such  matters,  they  failed 
to  give  the  necessary  data  to  make  their  statements  useful;  for 
instance,  in  mentioning  the  discharge  of  water  through  apertures, 
they  don't  describe  the  form  of  the  apertures,  yet,  as  may  be  seen 
by  the  diagrams  opposite,  the  discharge  may  be  made  to  vary 
through  the  same  sized  aperture  more  than  fifty  per  cent. 


From  personal  acquaintance  with  turbine  builders  and  their  ways 
it  has  seemed  doubtful  to  me  whether  any  work  published  previous 
to  the  commencement  of  the  testing  system  in  1869  has,  except  in  a 
negative  way,  been  of  any  help  towards  the  improvement  of  the 
turbine  or  knowledge  of  milling  hydrodynamics. 

To  ascertain  whether  the  opinion  was  well  or  ill  founded,  the 
following  letter  was  sent  to  John  B.  McCormick,  who,  through 
personal  predilection,  perseverance  and  unequaled  opportunity  for 
experimenting,  unquestionably  stands  unrivaled  in  the  knowledge  of 
turbine  construction. 

Willimansett,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1892. 
John  B.  McCormick,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir : — Believing  that  the  continued  use  of  old  text  books  as 
authority  in  matters  pertaining  to  hydrodynamics  has  a  tendency 
to  cause  the  production  of  an  inferior  class  .of  engineers,  I  would 
ask  whether,  except  to  avoid  their  errors,  you  have  been  aided  in  your 
turbine  improvements  by  any  hydraulic  work  published  previous  to 
the  publication  of  tests  in  1869. 

Yours  truly, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

REPLY. 

Holyoke,  Mass.,  March  I,  1892. 
James  Emerson,  Willimansett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir : — Yours  of  the  27th  duly  received,  and  in  reply  will  say  : 
The  old  text  books  have  not  been  beneficial  to  the  writer,  and  their 
teachings  were  entirely  disregarded  in  the  production  of  the 
"  Hercules  "  and  other  wheels  which  have  been  produced  and  per- 
fected since  by  the  undersigned. 

Yours  truly, 

JOHN  B.  McCOEMICK. 

But  the  worst  of  all  is  Haswell,  who  poses  as  universal  instructor 
for  the  present  time,  and  presents  a  hash  of  old  theories  that  have 
been  out  of  date  for  a  generation  past,  seriously  describing  the  con- 
struction of  undershot,  overshot,  breast,  Poncelet,  Fourneyron, 
Boyden,  Jouval,  and  other  antique  water  wheels  that  have  as  little 
chance  for  future  use  as  has  the  old  stage  coach  of  a  half  century 
since. 

He  gives  the  possible  efficiency  of  the  overshot  at  84  per  cent., 
and  that  of  the  breast  wheel  at  93.  As  actual  trial  under  the  same 
conditions  proves  that  the  turbine  will  do  nearly  double  the  work 
that  can  be  done  with  the  breast  wheel,  it  may  safely  be  stated 
without  fear  of  successful  contradiction  that  the  breast  or  overshot 
wheel  was  never  made  that  could  exceed  67  per  cent,  useful  effect. 

Mr.  Haswell  asserts  that  large  turbines  give  a  higher  efficiency 
than  small  ones,  but  the  testing  of  twenty  years  proves  the  contrary 
to  be  the  case,  as  quite  likely  it  would  with  the  breast  and  overshot. 

Mr.  Haswell's  mind  is  in  an  excellent  condition  to  receive  in- 
struction in  hydrodynamics. 

It  is  the  study  of  such  authorities  that  produce  such  depositions 
as  the  following  : — 


57 


ETHAN  S.  REYNOLDS 

vs. 
INDIANA  PAPER  CO.  et  al. 

IN  ST.  JOSEPH  CIRCUIT  COURT,  i 
STATE  OF  INDIANA. 

Complaint  No.  2500. 

Depositions  of  Mr.  Clemens  Herschel,  duly  sworn,  testifies  as 
follows  : — 

Direct  Examination. 

Q.     You  may  state  your  name  and  residence  and  occupation  ? 

A.     Clemens  Herschel,  hydraulic  engineer,  at  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Q.  How  long  have  you  been  hydraulic  engineer,  located  in  Hol- 
yoke? 

A.     I  have  been  here  since  April,  1880. 

Q.  How  long  have  you  been  practicing  your  profession  as  a 
hydraulic  engineer  ? 

A.     Twenty  odd  years. 

Q.     What  institutions  are  you  a  graduate  of  ? 

A.  I  am  a  graduate  of  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  Harvard 
University,  and  Polytechnic  School  of  Karlsruhe,  Germany. 

Q.  What  position  do  you  occupy  in  Holyoke  with  reference  to 
the  Holyoke  Water  Power  Co.  ? 

A.     I  am  their  hydraulic  engineer. 

Q.  Why  is  the  amount  of  discharge  different  under  different 
heads  ?  Will  you  explain  that  to  us  ? 

A.  That  is  because  it  is  an  impossibility  that  the  head,  acting 
on  the  wheel,  shall  ever  be  the  same  as  the  head  contained  in  the 
race,  and  the  allowance  for  that  difference  which  I  made  to  get  the 
water  off  and  on  the  wheel,  as  it  is  called,  is  one  foot,  that  being 
my  judgment,  and  also  being  a  usual  measurement,  and  contained 
in  a  great  many  leases  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

Q.  I  understand  you  to  say,  as  an  engineer,  that  the  allowance 
of  one  foot  is  a  proper  allowance  to  make,  and  one  that  is  usually 
used  or  allowed  ? 

A.  It  is  both  a  proper  and  a  usual  one.  One  foot  off  of  six  feet 
is  a  difference  of  1(>£%,  one  f°ot  on?  °f  ten  feet  is  only  a  difference 
of  10% ;  that  is  a  reason  the  quantities  I  have  reached  vary  from 
2074  to  2156,  at  six  and  ten  feet  respectively. 

Q.  Would  measurements  of  the  depth  of  water  at  the  flume 
alone  indicate  the  head? 

A.     It  would  not. 

Cross  Examination  by  Mr.  Hubbard,  for  tte  Plaintiff. 

Q.  Mr.  Herschel,  why  is  the  difference  between  l(>f%  off  for 
six  foot  head  and  10%  off  for  ten  foot  head  made  ? 

A.  Because  in  any  case,  this  per  cent,  represents  just  one  foot, 
and  one  foot  is  the  usual  and  customary  allowance,  and  the  proper 
one,  in  my  opinion,  and  the  one  that  obtains  in  actual  practice. 

Q.  Would  the  same  percentage  be  true  as  to  the  cubic  feet  dis- 
charged per  second  or  per  minute  under  the  same  head  ?  That  is, 
six  and  ten  feet  off,  16f%  and  10%  respectively  ? 


A.    By  no  means. 

Q.  Please  explain  how  you  arrive  at  the  16f%  deduction  on 
account  of  a  difference  of  one  foot  between  the  actual  level  of  the 
water  in  the  canal  and  the  tail  race,  and  the  actual  level  between 
the  water  immediately  above  and  below  the  wheel  ? 

A.  That  percentage  is  arrived  at  only  in  the  case  of  a  six  foot 
head  being  the  total,  which  we  in  Holyoke  call  available  head.  The 
allowance  of  one  foot  is  made  to  get  the  water  to  and  off  the  wheel, 
and  one  which  is  customary  and  proper,  as  I  have  explained.  One 
foot  being  one-sixth  of  six,  it  results  in  reducing  the  head  available, 
in  order  to  get  the  head  acting  on  the  wheel,  by  one-sixth,  or  lGf-% 
in  this  particular  case. 

Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact,  then,  that  if  the  mills  were  located  at,  say,  ten 
rods  distance  from  the  main  canal,  and  the  flumes  were  too  small  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  discharged  by  the  wheel  to  maintain  a  con- 
stant, or  nearly  so,  level  in  the  flume,  then  the  loss  of  head  might 
be  more  than  one  foot  ? 

A.  It  would  be,  under  those  circumstances,  more  than  one  foot. 
I  have  known  it  to  be  one  or  two  feet,  and  perhaps,  in  extreme  cases, 
four  feet.  I  arrived  at  the  figure,  one  foot,  from  reports  made 
to  me  by  Mr.  Smith  of  the  locality,  and  in  the  exercise  of  such  judg- 
ment as  I  have  in  these  matters. 

Q.  This  means,  then,  does  it,  in  short,  a  deduction  for  the  loss 
of  head  in  getting  the  water  to  the  wheel  depending  upon  the  dis- 
tance of  the  wheel  from  the  canal,  and  the  size  of  the  flume  and 
fore-bay  ? 

A.  It  depends  upon  that  and  other  facts.  The  construction  of 
what  is  called  the  rack,  in  front  of  the  fore-bay,  has  usually  quite  an 
effect  on  it,  the  size  of  the  flume,  and  whether  the  water  turns  at 
right  angles  or  not,  and  how  it  turns.  The  mere  length  of  the 
flume  and  tail  race  has  rather  a  minor  influence  than  some  other 
structures  and  circumstances  that  occur  in  these  cases. 

Q.  Then  you  include  in  addition  to  the  items  mentioned  in  my 
previous  questions  the  loss  of  head  by  the  means  of  the  tail  race  ? 

A.     Yes,  sir. 

Q.  And  you  arrive  at  this  from  statements  made  to  you  by  Mr. 
Smith  of  the  conditions  of  the  premises  of  the  Indiana  Paper  Co., 
in  September,  1888,  do  you  not  ? 

A.  Partly  so,  but  more  largely  from  my%  judgment  as  to  the  pro- 
priety of  the  allowance  of  one  foot  from  such  loss  of  the  total  avail- 
able head,  in  order  to  get  the  head  acting  in  the  wheel,  which 
latter  is  the  head  which  gives  the  discharge  for  the  wheel. 

Q.     You  have  never  seen  the  premises  of  the  Indiana  Paper  Co.  ? 

A.     Never. 

Q.  Personally,  you  know  nothing  of  the  actual  construction  of 
the  head  arid  tail  race  except  as  reported  by  others  ? 

A.  I  know  it  only  from  the  report  of  Mr.  Smith  and  others, 
and  also  from  my  judgment  of  what  such  structures  look  like  in 
the  Western  states. 

CLEMENS  HERSCHEL. 
HENRY  K.  HAWES, 

Notary  Public. 


59 


Had  I  not  heard  the  foregoing  deposition  read  in  court,  I  should 
have  been  slow  to  believe  that  any  one  claiming  to  be  an  engineer 
would  utter  such  stuff. 

The  slightest  acquaintance  with  water  powers  shows  that  all  vary 
in  head  more  or  less,  consequently  an  allowance  is  made  so  that  a 
tenant  shall  have  no  cause  for  action  if  the  head  drops  somewhat 
from  the  usual  height.  This  is  done  at  Holyoke  ;  nineteen  feet  are 
deeded,  where  there  usually  are  twenty.  Mr.  Herschel  has  mistaken 
this  practice  for  safety,  as  the  rule  for  head  when  computing  the 
discharge  of  a  wheel. 

All  he  was  required  to  do  for  the  Indiana  Paper  Co.  was  to 
measure  the  apertures  of  the  several  wheels,  then  give  their  dis- 
charge for  given  heads,  say  three,  four,  five,  and  six  feet. 

His  success  as  engineer  while  at  Holyoke  hardly  warranted  his 
gratuitous  fling  at  Western  water  powers. 

There  are  many  dams  built  by  farmers  and  mechanics  at  the 
West,  that  such  engineers  as  Mr.  Herschel  would  find  it  difficult  to 
equal ;  the  one  at  South  Bend,  upon  which  the  Indiana  Paper  Co. 
is  located,  is  across  the  St.  Joseph  River,  the  bottom  of  which  is  so 
soft  that  the  dam  is  constantly  settling. 

It  was  testified  in  court  at  the  time  Mr.  Herschel's  deposition  was 
read,  that  the  year  before  a  part  of  the  dam  had  been  raised  eighteen 
inches  to  restore  it  to  its  original  height.  At  Mishawaka,  fifteen 
miles  east  of  South  Bend,  the  dam  was  built  by  a  farmer  and  is 
really  a  creditable  piece  of  engineering  for  a  professional  dam  build- 
er, as  are  many  other  dams  and  mill  arrangements  that  may  be 
found  West.  Their  worst  feature  is  that  they  are  nearly  all  over- 
worked. 


DAMS. 

Engineers  differ  much  in  opinion  as  to  the  proper  way  to  con- 
struct dams.  Stone  dams,  as  a  rule,  have  not  proved  so  safe  as 
one  would  naturally  expect ;  yet  with  proper  construction  and  suf- 
ficient material  such  dams  should  stand. 

That  pent  up  water  has  mighty  force  is  proved  by  the  vast  ravines 
and  notches  in  mountain  ranges  wherever  such  ranges  exist. 

I  have  had  occasion  to  admire  dams  built  of  the  boles  of  trees, 
the  butts  down  stream  packed  closely  and  bolted  one  upon  another 
from  bottom  to  the  top,  then  loaded  down  with  rocks  and  gravel. 
These  structures  are  often  built  upon  soft  mu(\*bottoms  or  quick- 
sand by  men  making  no  claim  to  be  considered  engineers,  yet  their 
work  is  perhaps  superior  to  many  professional  engineering  jobs. 

There  is  a  stone  dam  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  forty  feet  in  height,  that 
has  stood  a  half  century  and  seems  good  for  the  other  half.  The 
stones  are  laid  without  cement,  but  planked  upon  the  up-stream 
side.  A  stone  dam  with  earth  embankment  below  to  me  seems  a 
poor  arrangement,  frost  or  no  frost,  while  such  embankment  above 
or  up-stream  should  be  very  useful. 


6o 


THE  HERCULES  TURBINE. 

In  March,  1876, — Centennial  year — several  of  these  wheels  were 
brought  to  the  Holyoke  testing  flume  to  be  tested  by  me.  The 
builders,  Messrs.  McCormick  &  Brown,  made  such  extravagant 
claims  in  advance  that  they  were  laughed  at  as  visionary  cranks  of 
the  then  usual  hydrodynamic  species. 

A  week  spent  in  testing  and  re-testing,  changing  wheels,  again 
testing,  proved  the  claims  of  the  builders  to  be  well  founded. 
Leading  turbine  builders  were  called  in  to  assist  in  making  the  tests, 
for  it  was  evident  the  wheel  marked  a  new  era  in  hydrodynamics. 

After  an  exhaustive  series  of  testing,  a  report  of  the  results  was 
made  public,  and  an  effort  made  to  have  all  water  wheel  builders 
examine  the  plans  and  start  anew,  and  each  strive  to  make  the 
plans  still  more  effective  ;  but  my  idea  of  the  matter  may  be  found 
in  report  of  Holyoke  Machine  Co.  as  turbine  builders,  in  the  third 
edition  of  my  work,  "  Hydrodynamics/'  1881.  The  success  of  the 
Hercules  led  to  the  production  of  the  Victor  and  New  American, 
either  of  which,  a  few  years  earlier,  would  have  been  considered 
phenomenal.  The  Victor  in  several  cases  gave  high  whole  gate 
tests ;  the  New  American  high  average  tests  from  half  to  whole 
gate,  so  that  I  recommended  their  use  to  parties  in  Holyoke,  and  I 
think  that  some  eight  or  ten  of  each  were  purchased  and  set  in  mills 
there.  But,  for  reasons  satisfactory  to  the  purchasers,  these,  each 
and  every  one,  I  think,  have  since  been  replaced  by  the  Hercules, 
and  now,  after  sixteen  years'  trial,  I  can  and  do  say  the  Hercules 
turbine  has  no  equal,  it  stands  alone,  and  manufacturers  owe  much 
to  the  Holyoke  Machine  Co.  for  its  liberality  and  perseverance  in 
bringing  the  wheel  to  its  present  state  of  perfection,  for  it  has  cost  a 
fortune  to  do  it.  Its  variations  may  be  realized  by  an  examination 
of  the  diagrams  showing  the  efficiency  of  various  wheels  tried. 

Substantially  the  same  wheel  in  general  appearance  is  now  made 
by  the  Holyoke  Machine  Co.  and  the  Jolly  Brothers,  both  of 
Holyoke. 

Only  a  test  of  each  wheel  can  decide  which  is  best.  There  is  an 
individuality  in  turbines.  No  man  has  yet  lived  that  can  build  two 
wheels  with  absolute  certainty  that  they  will  give  the  same  results ; 
a  glance  at  the  diagrams  and  tests  will  show  great  variations.  The 
intelligent  purchaser  has  his  wheel  tested  before  acceptance,  and 
rejects  such  as  do  not  reach  what  he  has  bargained  for.  Who,  Mr. 
Purchaser  that  thinks  it  won't  pay  to  test,  do  you  suppose  gets 
those  rejected  wheels  ? 


6i 


LITIGATION  TO  SETTLE  QUESTIONS  IN  DISPUTE. 

All  who  have  read  Juvenal's  Satires  will  recall  the  surprise  he 
expresses,  that  where  ropes,  daggers,  and  high  buildings  render 
suicide  so  easy,  any  man  can  be  fool  enough  to  marry ;  so  it  is 
equally  a  matter  for  surprise  that  a  man  having  a  mill  pond  large 
enough  to  drown  himself  in  should  resort  to  law  to  decide  who 
owns  the  pond. 

A  lawyer  that  takes  up  a  case  desires  to  win,  and,  as  is  natural, 
will  do  so  if  he  can,  right  or  wrong.  Any  trickery  that  can  be  made 
to  appear  legal  may  be  resorted  to  with  approval. 

A  sucking  Blackstone  with  impudent  assurance  may  browbeat 
and  bully  a  witness  so  long  as  he  keeps  within  the  legal  ruts,  and  a 
very  shallow  fool  can,  and  often  does,  ask  questions  that  a  wise 
man  cannot  answer  simply  because  he  is  not  allowed  to  explain 
and  show  that  the  question  has  no  application  to  the  case  in  hand. 
An  annoyance  that  practical  witnesses  often  have  to  contend  with 
are  works  of  shallow,  conceited  aspirants,  who  desire  to  shine  as 
that  " Eminent  Hydraulic  Engineer,"  or  as  the  "Great  Doctor 
Squills."  The  less  such  authors  know,  the  more  hair-splitting  and 
profound  will  be  their  theories, — that  is  if  profundity  consists  in 
unintelligibility.  Could  such  frauds  be  examined  by  capable 
members  of  their  calling  their  pretensions  would  at  once  be  made 
apparent,  as  in  the  case  of  the  eminent  engineer,  John  Smith.* 

A  sharp,  unscrupulous  attorney  might,  in  fact  often  does,  study 
up  such  shallow  publications,  and  seemingly  confounds  an  intelli- 
gent engineer  or  physician,  simply  because  either  has  such  con- 
tempt for  the  ignorant  stuff  presented  as  science,  that,  feeling  that 
others  should  see  the  palpable  absurdity  as  well  as  themselves,  they 
treat  the  whole  with  contempt.  There  are  few  cases  in  milling 
matters  that  cannot  readily  be  explained  in  a  few  minutes  if  the 
attorney  would  state  the  case  clearly,  then  allow  the  witness  to  tell 
what  he  knows  about  it  in  as  few  words  as  possible.  Certainly  such 
would  be  much  the  quickest  way  to  obtain  the  merits  of  a  case  from 
an  intelligent  expert ;  instead  of  which  he  is  often  kept  under  a 
shower  of  questions,  for  hours,  nine-tenths  of  which  have  little  bear- 
ing upon  the  case  in  hand,  the  attorney  upon  his  side  treating 
him  like  a  charge  of  dynamite,  likely  to  explode  unexpectedly,  the 
opposing  attorney  operating  from  the  start  as  though  he  had  a 
criminal  to  deal  with. 

For  myself  I  can  say  with  truth  that  I  never  took  the  witness 
stand  with  a  desire  to  favor  either  side,  and  have  seldom  left  it  with- 
out feeling  outraged.  The  dignity  of  the  law  and  courts  are  often 
lauded,  but  my  experience  has  not  enabled  me  to'see  it. 

Think  of  the  immense  flunkyism  there  must  be  latent  in  human 
nature  to  cause  the  free-born  citizen  to  dress  in  his  granny's  old 
silk  gown  in  order  to  equip  himself  for  the  supreme  bench.  No 
wonder  the  owl,  the  stupidest  of  birds,  is  selected  to  represent 
wisdom. 

*For  untold  ages  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  make  laws  that  human  ingenuity 
cannot  evade;  then  why,  like  Mrs.  Partington,  continue  to  attempt  the  impossible  ?  why 
not  obliterate  every  statute,  then  re-enact  a  few  broad  principles  and  compel  the  settle- 
ment of  ail  disputes  by  arbitration  in  the  light  of  current  intelligence  ? 


62 


The  Selection  of  Turbines 

is  a  matter  upon  which  a  manufacturer's  success  in  business  often  depends, 
yet  in  which  the  least  practical  knowledge  is  generally  used.    The  common 

ed,  the  water  at  command,  the  best 
that.    That  such  a  system  exists  is 


practice  is  to  guess  at  the  power  required,  the  water  at  command,  the  best 
kind  of  wheel  ;  finally,  at  the  size  of  that.  That  such  a  system  exists  is 
owing  to  two  facts  ;  First,  that  we  have  had  no  really  practical  milling  en- 
gineers ;  Second,  to  man's  desire  to  get  more  than  he  is  willing  to  pay  for 
—to  the  same  disposition  that  causes  him  to  buy  lottery  tickets,  or  to  gam- 
ble in  stocks  —  and  he  exclaims  :  "I  do  not  see  why,  if  one  is  good,  another  of 
the  same  kind  must  not  be  so,  too."  Suppose  he  does  not  see,  does  he  not 
know  of  plenty  of  cases  to  prove  that  it  is  not  so?  And  there  are  good  reasons 
for  its  not  being  so.  For  a  number  of  years  certain  turbine  builders  made 
expensive  efforts  to  gain  high  results.  So  long  as  the  greatest  possible  care 
was  given  to  each  branch  of  the  business,  so  long  were  high  results  generally 
obtained  ;  but  the  moment  such  care  was  abandoned,  and  the  business 
conducted  with  the  ordinary  care  common  in  foundry  and  machine  work, 
the  ninety  per  cent,  wheels  dropped  to  eighty  or  less;  then,  in  a  little  time, 
the  patterns  became  warped  or  worn,  or  less  care  was  used  in  setting  them 
exact,  as  they  were  being  molded,  and  the  wheels  made  from  them  would 
give  seventy-four  or  seventy-five  per  cent.,  though  wheels  made  from  the 
same  patterns  a  year  before  often  gave  from  eighty-five  to  ninety  per  cent. 
Too  much  time  and  money  have  been  expended  upon  such  wheels,  any  way, 
though  in  years  past  it  was  a  matter  of  less  consequence  than  now,  except 
that  it  created  or  encouraged  a  false  idea  of  the  value  of  such  wheels. 

The  Boyden  and  Tyler  scroll  wheels  were  rivals  for  a  generation—  the 
Boy  den  being  used  by  large  corporations  under  the  most  favorable  con- 
ditions ;  the  Tyler  in  the  backwoods,  under  conditions  in  which  the  Boyden 
would  have  been  unable  to  work  at  all.  Many  of  each  have  been  used 
twenty  years  without  requiring  repairs.  If  the  point  could  be  accurately 
determined  as  to  the  economy  in  the  use  of  water,  there  is  not  a  shadow  of 
proof  to  show  that  the  decision  would  be  favorable  to  the  Boyden  ;  wliile 
the  cost  would  be  ten  and  the  trouble  in  keeping  the  wheels  clean  and  in 
working  condition  would  be  as  a  hundred  to  one  in  favor  of  the  Tyler.  Both 
are  now,  however,  of  the  past,  and  out  of  place  where  economy  is  desirable. 
But,  says  a  manufacturer,  "  My  mill  is  011  the  upper  level,  where  the  head  is 
always  the  same,  and  I  buy  so  many  cubic  feet  per  second  ;  so  what  use  is  it 
for  me  to  have  a  particularly  good  part  gate  wheel?  " 

There  are  two  good  reasons  for  preferring  such  wheels  :  First,  a  good  part 
gate  wheel  uses  water  in  proportion  to  the  work  it  has  to  do,  and  there  are 
times  in  all  mills  when  more  or  less  of  the  work  is  stopped.  Good  part  gate 
wheels  save  water  at  such  times,  which  benefits  all  on  the  same  fall  ;  but  a 
more  important  point  is,  that  during  low  water  in  the  dry  season,  wheti  the 
supply  is  insufficient  to  do  the  work  without  the  aid  of  steam,  the  mill 
having  good  part  gate  wheels  can  utilize  whatever  there  is  of  water,  while 
those  having  Boyden,  or  any  of  the  popular  whole  gate  wheels,  can  realize 
but  little  benefit  from  a  two-thirds  and  nothing  from  a  half  supply. 

There  is  one,  and  only  one,  method  of  securing  a  valuable  turbine  without 
any  risk,  and  that  is  to  ascertain  first  exactly  what  is  needed,  which  may 
readily  be  done  by  measuring  the  water  that  is  to  be  used  and  the  power  the 
mill  requires;  then  apply  to  a  respectable  turbine  builder,  use  ordinary 
common  sense  in  the  matter,  and  not  expect  that  a  wheel  of  a  given  capacity 
can  be  made  in  so  perfect  and  durable  a  manner  for  four  hundred  as  one  that 
costs  four  thousand  dollars.  The  idea  is  equivalent  to  the  quandary  of  the 
young  man  who  hesitated  as  to  whether  he  should  give  his  girl  a  piano  or  a 
pint  of  peanuts.  Pay  a  fair  price,  and  insist  that  the  wheel  shall  be  thoroughly 
made  in  every  way,  and  tested  before  acceptance;  and,  unless  it  gives  an 
average  useful  effect  of  76  per  cent,  from  half  to  whole  gate,  refuse  to  take 
it.  A  wheel  that  will  give  such  an  average  is  good,  and  will  dp  a  third  more 
work  with  the  same  water,  under  the  ordinary  working  conditions,  than  any 
Boyden  or  Victor  ever  made.  There  is  another  and  very  erroneous  plan  of 
fitting  up  mills  :  that  is,  to  use  wheels  much  too  large  for  the  work  wi  li  the 
ordinary  head,  in  order  to  avoid  stoppage  during  backwater.  Such  wheels 
are  entirely  out  of  place,  for  if  geared  for  the  ordinary  head  they  run  at  great 
loss  through  waste  of  water  at  all  times—  during  the  ordinary  head,  because 
too  large  j  and,  during  backwater,  because  geared  for  a  high  speed. 


Turbines  Running  Faster  than  the  Water  that 
Drives  Them. 

We  often  hear  of  destructive  collisions  when  heavy  bodies  meet,  but  never 
when  two  bodies  are  moving  in  the  same  direction— tlie  forward  one  the 
faster ;  yet  the  turbine  often  moves  faster  than  the  water  that  drives  it,  and 
does  good  work.  [See,  for  example,  Upham  wheel,  test  13 ;  weight,  100  pounds ; 
revolutions,  300  per  minute.]  The  wheel  was  30  inches  in  diameter,  on  what 
would  be  the  pitch-line  of  gear  of  that  shape.  Any  one  acquainted  with  such 
matters  can  get  the  circumference  and  spurting  velocity  of  water  for  the  head 
given,  and  thus  verify  the  statement.  Such  turbine  builders  as  claim  to  be 
scientific  have  a  theory  to  fit  the  case,  but  do  not  agree  well  with  each  other. 
Will  not  some  of  our  college  professors  or  students,  those  engaged  in  such 
studies,  give  it  attention?  and  in  so  doing  take  into  consideration  the  fact 
that  the  Upham  wheel  discharges  the  water  obliquely  outwards  near  the 
periphery  of  the  wheel,  where  its  velocity  is  greatest,  instead  of  near  the 
center,  where  the  velocity  of  the  wheel  is  less  than  the  spurting  velocity  of 
the  water— seemingly  a  sufficient  proof  that  theories  based  upon  the  central 
discharge  idea  are  incorrect. 

Many  explanations  have  been  sent  to  me  in  relation  to  the  above, 
none  from  the  colleges  or  engineers.  Judge  Waldron  of  Maine 
readily  accounted  for  the  fact  upon  the  same  principle  that  an  ice 
boat  often  sails  faster  than  the  wind  that  drives  it.  Many  of  the 
explanations  have  been  lengthy,  accompanied  with  diagrams,  but 
the  simplest  solution  that  occurs  to  me  is  the  wedge  that  often 
flies  from  the  frosty  log ;  the  wedge  to  open  the  cleft  one  inch  may 
enter  three,  consequently  moves  three  times  as  fast  as  the  cleft 
parts  when  it  flies  out. 

Backwater  under  Conditions  Difficult  of  Settlement. 
Many  cases  of  backwater  for  which  complaints  have  been  and 
still  are  being  made,  have  arisen  through  the  effect  of  a  rapid 
current  produced  by  a  fall  in  the  stream  or  the  discharge  of  water 
from  a  mill  located  upon  the  fall — the  current  having  carried  the 
loose  sand,  mud,  gravel,  sawdust,  bark,  or  other  debris  forming  the 
bed  of  the  stream  down  to  a  wider  or  more  level  place  where  the 
velocity  was  less,  and  there  depositing  it,  forming  a  bar  across  of  a 
greater  or  less  height,  as  the  case  might  be,  raising  the  water  above 
causing  a  fall  below.  In  earlier  times,  when  locating  a  mill  upon 
such  a  fall,  the  wheels  were  seldom  placed  so  low  as  to  receive  the 
full  effect  of  the  fall,  for,  through  the  abundance  of  water,  the  com- 
paratively little  power  required  could  be  obtained  at  less  expense 
with  a  portion  of  the  available  head.  In  time,  another  mill  was 
erected  further  down  stream,  the  dam  for  which  flowed  the  water 
back  upon  the  bar  above,  without  in  any  way  interfering  with  the 
power  of  the  mill  above.  These  conditions  continued  for  years 
without  question.  As  the  country  became  settled,  the  supply  of 
water  grew  less,  the  power  more  valuable  and  better  cared  for. 
The  upper  mill  was  enlarged,  the  wheel-pit  lowered,  the  wheels 
placed  at  the  bottom,  and  the  bar  removed.  Of  course  the  water 
from  the  dam  below  flowed  back  into  the  upper  wheel-pit  and  ob- 
structed the  wheels.  Under  such  circumstances,  it  is  apt  to  cause 
the  owner  of  the  upper  mill  to  insist  that  the  lower  dam  has  gradu- 
ally been  raised  above  the  title  thereto.  There  are  plenty  of  mills 
yet,  the  discharges  from  which  are  raising  such  bars,  and  so  gradu- 
ally as  to  be  overlooked  and  neglected,  which  will  surely  cause 
trouble  in  time. 


64 
Testing  Flume  and  Turbine  Testing. 


The  testing  system,  or  practice  of  testing  turbines  before  purchase  to  deter- 
mine their  value,  has  become  so  general  that  there  is  no  turbine  builder  of  any 
reputation,  who  has  not  found  it  necessary  to  submit  his  wheels  to  such  trial, 
in  order  to  enable  him  to  sell  them;  this  being  the  case  it  is  proper  that  the 
method  by  which  such  te  -ts  are  determined  should  be  made  familiar  to  all  inter- 
ested. Ten  years  since  the  testing  of  a  turbine  was  a  serious  matter,  and  could 
only  be  accomplished  at  a  great  outlay  of  time  and  money,  the  expense  extend- 
ing into  the  thousands;  while  the  apparatus  used  was  so  crude,  and  the  compli- 
cations were  so  numerous,  that  the  matter  was  understood  by  but  few,  and  was 
believed  in  by  less  ;  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars  have  since  been 
expended  in  simplifying  the  process  of  computation  of  results  obtained,  the  manner 
of  obtaining  them,  and  in  ridding  the  system  of  rubbish  of  no  earthly  use.  In  the 
first  place  it  should  be  thoroughly  understood,  that  weighing  the  power  of  a 
wheel,  or  in  other  words  what  it  will  pull  while  running  at  a  certain  speed,  is 
precisely  the  same  in  principle  as  to  weigh  what  a  horse  or  man  can  pull  while 
traveling  at  a  fixed  speed,  or  as  in  weighing  groceries;  consequently  an  accurate 
scale  beam  with  knife  edges  and  sealed  weights  are  required  as  much  in  the  one 
case  as  the  other;  the  pounds  named  ia  testing  a  wheel  mean  precisely  the  same 
as  in  weighing  hay  or  sugar;  and  if  a  proper  weighing  and  controlling  instru- 
ment is  used,  the  wheel  will  b,;  kept  at  the  same  speed  so  long  as  a  given  weight 
is  carried:  consequently  the  gauges  remain  constant  with  the  same  weight  on 
scale,  and  with  the  same  head  of  water,  so  that  six  different  persons  taking  the 
gauges  add  exactly  six  times  to  the  chances  for  errors  in  tcsti  ig  a  wheel,  and  as 
much  more  to  the  co>t.  Testing  with  proper  apparatus  and  conveniences  is  a 
very  simple  matter,  but  it  requires  experience  to  make  such  test  reliable;  and 
though  an  engineer  may  have  the  formula  committed  to  memory,  he  will  need 
considerable  experience  practically  before  he  will  be  able  to  make  tests  that  can 
be  depended  upon. 

WEIR  MEASUREMENTS. 

Within  tbe  past  few  years  much  has  been  sa  d  and  written  for  and  against  the 
reliability  of  measurements  of  water  flowing  over  weirs  ;  this  has  arisen  through 
the  great  diversity  of  results  obtained  by  different  persons,  who  have  used  the 
same  formula  for  computation  of  data.  Turbines  of  almost  every  make,  tested  by 
their  builders,  have  seemingly  Driven  high  useful  effect;  while  in  actual  use  few 
of  them  have  proved  economical  in  the  use  of  water.  This  has  had  a  tendency  to 
discredit  weir  measurements,  but  unjustly  so,  as  may  readily  be  explained,  for 
the  matter  is  OMC  of  great  simplicity,  notwithstanding  the  complications  thrown 
around  it  bytho-cwho  have  supposed  along  array  of  decimals  denote  profun- 
dity and  accuracy.  Any  weir  under  exactly  the  same  conditions  will  repeat 
results  invariably  ;  but  a  formula  based  upon  certain  conditions,  will  not  give 
correct  results  if  those  conditions  are  changed.  All  brooks  and  rivers  vary 
much  in  width  and  depth,  yet  tho  same  water  flows  through  the  narrow  as  well 
as  the  wide  places,  the  velocity,  of  course,  varying  with  the  cross  section  of  the 
stream.  The  velocity,  however,  does  not  cease  immediately  upon  entering  a 


wider  or  deeper  part,  but  continues  until  the  momentum  is  lost,  and  the  general 
level  attained;  this  of  itself  would  prove  the  necessity  of  placing  a  weir  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  the  discharge  of  a  higher  head.  The  Francis  for- 


mula is  bas  d  upon  the  natural  flow  of  the  water,  which  for  a  depth  of  one  foot 
over  a  weir  is  about  three  feet  four  inches  per  second;  and  it  must  be  evident 
chat  such  formula  is  entirely  inapplicable  where  the  velocity  is  four  or  five  feet 
per  second,  as  it  may  be  if  the  weir  is  placed  close  to  the  discharge  of  a  poor 
turbine,  where  the  water  leaves  the  wheel  with  half  the  velocity  due  the  head; 
or  where  a  cross  section  of  pit  or  stream  approaching  the  weir  is  but  little 
greater  than  the  capacity  of  the  weir  iftelf.  It  is  plain  that  under  such  condi- 
tions the  velocity  will  vary  according  to  the  useful  effect  of  the  wheel,  and 
equally  plain  that"  no  reliable  correction  for  velocity  can  be  applied.  Had  this  been 
considered,  much  trouble  and  expense  might  have  been  saved  the  past  twenty- 
five  years  ;  for  it  is  not  likely  any  builder  would  have  knowingly  continued  the 
manufacture  of  f  >rty  per  cent,  turbines.  The  cross  section  of  a  pit  or  stream,  up 
stream  from  a  Avcir,  should  be  :it  least  five  times  the  cross  section  of  the  stream 
flowing  over  it;  and  for  a  discharge  of  two  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute,  the 
weir  should  be  fifty  feet  from  the  discharge  of  the  turbine,  or  opening  into  pit. 
Racks  should  never  be  used,  as  they  obstruct  and  raise  the  water  so  that  it 
passes  through  with  renewed  velocity.  If  there  is  a  horizontal  discharge 


65 

towards  the  weir,  check  the  current  by  zigzag  breakwaters.  For  measuring  the 
flow  of  a  river  the  weir  or  dam  cannot  be  too  large,  but  it  may  be  for  measuring 
the  discharge  from  a  mill  where  a  governor  is  used,  as  the  varying  discharge, 
caused  by  adding  or  throwing  off  machinery,  may  prevent  accuracy  if  too  much 
time  is  required  for  the  water  to  find  its  proper  level. 

THE   SAME  WHEELS   TESTED   IN  PITS   OF  DIFFERENT  CAPACITY. 

July  24  and  26,  two  wheels  were  tested  at  Holyoke  flume ;  these  haa  previously 
been  tested  in  another  flume,  the  measuring  pit  of  which  was  about  nine  feet  in 
width,  two  feet  in  depth  below  crest  of  weir,  while  the  weir  itself  was  twenty 
feet  from  the  wheel.  The  following  results  were  obtained  : 

Largest  Wheel :  Stilwell  &  Bierce  Flume. 
Head,  7.64  feet      Discharged,  1178.00  cubic  feet.     Percentage,  .8785 

Holyoke  Flume,  largest  wheel : 
Head;  1840  Discharged  2233.55  cubic  feet.        Percentage,  .7520 

Reset  and  again  tested : 

Head,  18.07          Discharged  2214.66  cubic  feet.        Percentage,  .7533 
Theoretical  discharge  for  head  of  18.40  feet,  based  upon  the  Stilwell  &  Bierce 
test  should  be  1828.7  cubic  feet. 

Smallest  Wheel :  Stilwell  &  Bierce  Flume. 
Head,  7.82  feet         Discharged  761  cubic  feet.         Percentage,  .8604 

Holyoke  Flume : 
Head,  18.33          Discharged  1387.27  cubic  feet.        Percentage,  .7777 

Taken  out,  overhauled,  then  re-tested  : 
Head,  18.44         Discharged  1400.31  cubic  feet.        Percentage,  .7753 

The  head  was  then  reduced,  and  it  was  again  tested  : 
Head,  7.85  Discharged  869,34  cubic  feet.          Percentage,  .7724 

Theoretical  discharge,  based  upon  Stilwell  &  Bierce  test,  for  18.44  feet  head, 
should  be  1168.5  cubic  feet. 

These  tests  show  how  little  reliance  can  be  placed  in  measurements  made  in  a 
pit  of  insufficient  capacity,  yet  how  accurately  a  proper  pit  and  weir  will  repeat; 
at  the  sain;  time  they  explain  how  the  high  results  reported  so  often  by  inter- 
estad  parties  are  obtained. 

Illustrations  and  description  of  testing  flume  and  apparatus  of  the  present 
tims  are  herewith  given:  Fig.  1,  represents  the  dynamometer,  or  weighing 
instrument;  Fig.  2,  an  elevation  of  a  testing  flume;  Fig.  3,  a  plan  view  of  the 
same ;  Fig  4,  the  ho  >k  gauge.  Through  an  opening  in  the  side  of  fore-bay  Fig. 
1,  maybe  seen  a  tu.bine  wheel  with  its  shaft  extending  upwards,  on  the  upper 
eni  of  which,  above  fore-bay,  is  secured  the  instrument  for  weighing  the  power 
transmitted  from  the  water  discharged.  To  ascertain  the  useful  eflect  it  is  nec- 
essary to  know  the  head  under  which  the  wheel  works,  also  the  quantity  of 
waier  discharged  by  it  in  a  given  time.  The  head  is  the  difference  in  height 
between  the  surface  level  of  water  in  pit  and  fore-bay  when  the  wheel  is  running ', 
at  which  time  there  is  generally  too  much  disturbance  in  the  water  to  allow  of 
accuracy  by  direct  measurement,  thus  necessitating  the  use  of  the  ta  ks  A  and 
B;  the  tank  A  is  connected  with  water  in  fore-bay  by  a  short  piece  of  three- 
fourths  inch  steam  or  gas  pipe,  through  which  the  water  flows  too  slowly  t3 
c.uise  ebullition,  but  fast  enough  to  keep  the  surface  in  tank  equal  in  height  with 
that  in  fore-bay;  from  the  bottom  of  the  tank  a  rubber  pipe  extends  to  the  bot- 
...)G?  rf.  ?  .7^^  tube,  placed  beside  the  measuring  pole  at  the  right.  The  tank  B 
»s  connected  with  the  water  in  pit  by  a  rubber  or  flexible  pipe,  that  the  tank  may 
W3  raised  or  lowered,  in  order  to  keep  the  top  of  the  tank  nearly  even  with  the 
surface  of  tail  water  in  the  pit;  with  this  arrangement  the  point  of  the  hook, 
which  may  be  seen  at  the  lower  end  of  the  measuring  pole,  will  be  perceptible 
*ae  instant  it  breaks  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  tank.  This  hook  and  the 
p  >le  is  raised  or  lowered  by  a  hand  nut  sh  -wn  above  the  tank.  The  pole  is  grad- 
uated in  tenths  and  hundredths  of  feet  from  the  point  of  the  nook  to  the  top  of  the 
pole,  so  that  after  the  point  of  the  luok  is  adjusted  to  the  surface  of  the  water  in 
the  ta.ik,  the  exact  head  may  be  found  opposite  the  surface  in  the  glass  tube  or 
tank  A.  The  tank  C,  which  is  also  connected  with  the  water  in  the  pit  by  a  flex- 
ible pipe,  slides  up  or  down  on  two  parallel  rods,  and  is  kept  at  any  height  by  a 
counterpoise;  above  this  the  hook  gauge  is  firmly  fixed  to  a  timber  in  such  a 
position  that  the  point  of  the  hook  will  drop  in  a  perpendicular  line  through  the 
center  of  the  tank,  and  it  will  save  making  corrections  for  each  measurement  by 
placing  the  point  of  the  hook  exactly  level  with  the  crest  of  the  weir  when  the 
scale  of  the  gauge  is  standing  at  zero. 


66 


Emerson's  Improved  Brake. 

Manufactured  by  the  Fates  &  Jenks  Machine  Co.,  Pawtucket,  R.  7. 

FIG.  1. 


67 


8 

be 


X 

O 
O 

W 


I 


68 


0) 
CO 
00 


CM 
O 


•a 

s 


fe 


O 

I 


70 

The  proper  dimensions  for  a  testing  flume  are,  of  course,  determined  by  the 
size  of  the  wheels  to  be  tested.  The  fore-buy,  in  diameter,  should  at  least  be 
twice  that  of  any  wheel  placed  in  it,  while  the  width  of  the  pit  should  equal  one 
and  a  h  , If  times  the  length  of  the  weir;  below  the  crest  of  which  the  depth 
should  equal  fo.ir  times  the  depth  of  the  stream  likely  to  flow  over  it.  The  weir 
should  stand  at  least  twenty  feet  from  the  wheel,  and  at  an  exact  right  angle 
with  the  tlow  of  the  water. 

The  dynamometer,  or  instrument  used  to  determine  the  power  transmitted,  is 
simply  ;ui  improved  "  prony  brake."  The  wheel  B  is  secured  10  the  shaft  of  the 
water-wheel,  and  its  speed  is  controlled  by  the  friction-band  A,  which  is  con- 
nected 10  the  scale-beam  as  shown,  the  point  of  connection  describing  a  circle  of 
a  given  number  of  feet.  The  rim  of  the  wheel  and  the  friction-band  are  hollow, 
and  are  kept  cool  by  streams  of  cold  water  passing  through  them;  the  water  in 
the  rim  of  the  wheel  being  supplied  through  its  hollow  arms  and  the  pipe, 
shown  in  the  engraving.  Tin;  wheel  B,  is  made  of  cast  iron,  the  friction- 
baud  of  "  composition  "or  "gun  metal  "  The  hands  of  the  "counter"  are  so 
arranged  in  connection  with  a  worm  gear,  that  they  can  be  made  to  rotate  in  the 
same  direction  the  hands  of  a  clock  move,  whichever  way  the  wheel  being  tested 
may  revolve. 

The  hand  wheel  for  operating  the  friction-band  through  the  screw  M,  has  a 
"  universal  joint"  in  its  shaft,  which  is  arranged  with  a  slide  to  prevent  fraud 
while  testing.  Tin  connection  of  the  band  with  the  scale-beam  is  made  by 
knife-'  dged  links,  and  the  pivot  of  the  beam  is  also  knife-edged.  The  weights 
are  suspend;  d  at  one  end  of  the  beam  as  shown  at  C;  at  the  other  i  ml  is"  the 
"  dash-pot  "  D,  (it  is  better  to  have  "  dash-pot  "  at  the  same  end  as  the  weights,) 
filled  with  water  to  hold  the  beam  steady  The  pot  is  made  of  cast  iron,  bored 
out  perfectly  true.  The  plun.er  on  the  end  of  the  rod  is  a  thin  disk  of  iron 
turned  to  fit  the  por,  1  >osely,  so  as  to  allow  it  to  move  perfectly  free;  it  has  six 
three-eighths  inch  holes  through  it,  stopped  with  brass  thumb  screws;  one  or 
more  of  these  may  be  removed  at  any  time  to  render  the  beam  more  sensitive, 
but  the  screws  must  .be  left  lying  on  the  plunger,  that  the  weight  may  not  be 
changed.  To  prepare  the  instrument  for  testinsr,  the  "dash-pot"  should  be 
filled  with  wa'er,  the  screws  removed  from  the  holes  in  the  plunger,  but  left 
upon  it,  the  beam  leveled  with  the  indicator  standing  at  zero,  as  shown  at  E : 
then  place  a  small  weight  in  the  scale-pan,  and  observe  the  number  of  seconds 
required  for  the  weighted  end  to  settle  one-half  inch;  then  change  the  weight 
to  th-i  other  end  of  the  beam,  the  same  distance  from  the  fulcrum,  and  change 
the  balance  weight  until  the  beam  is  balanced ;  then  return  the  screws  to  the 
holes  iu  the  plunger,  and  connect  the  beam  to  the  friction-band  by  the  links  for 
that  purpose. 

When  testing,  I  find  that  the  simplest  and  surest  method  of  obtaining  the 
correct  mi'uber<of  revolutions  of  the  wheel,  is  to  hold  the  hands  of  the  counter 
at  zero  until  the  '•  timer"  is  ready;  then  to  run  several  minutes,  and  divide  the 
number  run  to  obtain  the  revolutions  per  minute. 

The  most  perfect  measurement  with  the  hook  gauge  can  be  obtained  by  keep- 
ing the  top  of  the  tank  C,  nearly  level  with  the  surface  of  the  water  in  it,  then  by 
looking  across  it  the  point  of  the  hook  "may  be  seen  the  moment  it  breaks  the 
surface. 

In  testing  a  wheel  I  begin  with  a  light  weight,  say  for  a  30-inch  wheel  under 
fifteen  feet  head,  start  with  100  pounds,  run  two  minutes — the  man  at  the  wheel 
keeping  the  beam  level— then  change  to  125  pounds  and  repeat.  Continue  to 
change  23  pounds  every  two  minutes  until  the-  speed  of  the  wheel  is  reduced 
below  its  best  point,  which  is  reached,  we  will  say,  when  it  is  carrying  250 
pounds ;  then  reduce  the  weight  to  235  pounds,  and  change  ten  pounds  every 
two  minutes  until  the  best  point  is  again  passed,  which  is  found,  say,  when  it  is 
carrying  255  pounds;  reduce  the  weight  to  again,  say,  242  >£  pounds  and  change 
the  weight  five  pounds  at  a  time  every  five  minutes.  Sometimes,  when  not  in  a 
hurry,  I  commence  with  100  pounds  and  run  to  700,  or  even  800;  then  again,  I 
might  start  on  the  same  wheel  (if  I  knew  about  the  proper  weight  for  it)  say 
with  600  pounds,  an  1  not  chan-re  more  than  100  during  the  whole  test.  Some 
parties  desire  10  have  their  wheels  tested  with  as  short  a  ranire  of  weights 
as  can  be  used  snul  the  wheel's  best  speed  be  found,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  even  results  through  the  whole  test;  but  to  the  initiated,  such  results 
-would  appear  no  better  than  where  greater  changes  were  recorded  if  the  weights 
varied  with  the  spe  d.  Of  course,  the  more  the  speed  of  a  wheel  can  be  varied 
without  affecting  its  percentage  the  better,  but  that  is  only  determined  by  using 
a  long  range  of  weights  while  testing  it. 


The  power  transmitted  by  the  wheel  is  determined  as  follows :  Suppose  the 
scale  beam  is  attached  to  the  friction  brake  at  a  point,  which,  if  revolving, 
would  describe  a  circle  of  20  feet,  and  the  wheel  running  one  hundred  revolu- 
tions per  minute,  holds  the  beam  at  zero  when  loaded  with  50U  Ibs.,  20X100= 
2000X500— 100000-f-33000  gives  30.30  horse-power;  divide  the  transmitted  power, 
by  the  power  of  the  water  used,  to  ascertain  the  useful  effect  of  the  wheel 

An  example  is  here  given  »f  finding  the  useful  effect,  after  testing  a  turbine, 
as  followed  in  1869;  and  when  it  is  understood  that  a  hundred  different  weights 
might  be  tried  in  testing  a  wheel,  and  that  during  the  trial  some  six  or  seven  dif- 
ferent observers  were  taking  notes  every  thirty  seconds,  and  that  all  of  these 
observations  had  to  be  made  to  agree  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  there  were  wide 
openings  for  errors. 

TEST  17— TYLER  WHEEL,  September  21  and  23, 1871. 
149. '2       llev.  per  in. 

20      Circumference  of  circle 


33000)895200  Foot  lbs.)27.13  It.  P.  of  wheel. 

G6000 

235200 
231000 

4-2000 
33008 


90000 

Q.  per  sec.=3.33  (1—0.  In  II)  II* 

1 .0015  Height  of  water  on  weir. 
^-.0145  Correction  for  weir  level. 

1.0470 

.2  Number  of  end  contractions 


.201)40 
(3.00000  Length  of  weir . 

5.79000=0.7627236 
:*,:j:j=0.5  224442        , 


1.047=0.111994(57  , 
0.00'H  t7:;:5  f 
60=1.7781513 


II2 


1=Q.  pci 

15.695=1. 1957613=Fall. 
62.336=1. 7947389=  Weight  of  cubic  foot. 

33000  (ac)=5.4814861=Horsc  Power. 

36.75=1. 5652254=H.  P.  of  water. 
27  13=1.4334498=11.  P.  of  wheel. 


.7383=1. 8682244=Ratio,  or,  percentage. 

The  formula  for  correcting  the  depth  for  the  velocity  of  the  water  approach- 
ing the  weir  is 


C-?    r~ 
(n+hyz— h* 


in  which  the  factor 


72 

V  being  the  velocity  found  by  dividing  the  Q  per  second  by  the  section  of  the 
stream  approaching  the  weir.  As  the  flume  approaching  the  weir  was  14  feet 
wide,  and  the  bottom  of  it  was  3-5  feet1  below  the  crest  of  the  weir,  it  follows  that 
the  area  of  a  section  of  the  stream,  when  there  was  1.047  feet  of  water  flowing 
over,  is  14  (3.5-f-1.047)=63.658  square  feet. 

Q  per  sec.=20.658==l. 3150883 
Section=63.6o8--1.8038530 

T.5112353=y 
2_ 

1.0224706=v2 
2.1916296=2  g(ac; 
.0016=3~.2141002=& 
2.6070501 

.0001=5.8211503=^1 
Then  H-|-A=1.047-f-.0016=1.048G. 
1.0486=0.0206099 
0  0103049 


1.0738=0.030914S=(H-f-7i) 

Then  (II-f-A)  2— fcl=l. 0738— .0001=1.0737 
1.0737=0.0308830 
0.0102943 


1.0486=0.0205887 

1.0486=H  =corrected  depth  on  the  weir. 

Substituting  H  for  H  in  the  weir  formula  first  given  above,  we  find  the  cor- 
rected  Q  to  be  1242.25  cubic  feet  per  minute. 

1.0486 
.2 


.20972 
6.00000 

5.79028=0.7626996 

3.33=0.5224442 

1.0486=0.0206099 

0,0103049 

60=1.7781513 


1242.25=3.0942099 
15.695=1.1957613 
62.336=1.7947389 

33000  (a  c)=5. 4814861 


1.5661962 
27.13=1.4334498 


Ratio  of  useful  effect  .7366=1.8672536 

To  work  out  the  foregoing  without  the  use  of  logarithms,  applying  all  of  the 
corrections  as  was  then  done,  would  cover  many  pages  of  this  work.  A  bund- 
red  different  weights  and  speeds  were  likely  to  be  tried  in  testing  any  wheel, 
each  change  requiring  the  same  tedious  process,  so  that  days,  perhaps  weeks, 
were  required  to  ascertain  the  value  of  a  wheel.  It  was  customary  with  some 
engineers  to  work  out  a  few  tests,  then  to  "  plot"  the  lemainder  on  "diagram 
paper ;"  but  this  was  found  to  be  unreliable  in  working  out  my  weir  tables,  and  of 
course,  wa->  equally  so  in  working  out  tests.  With  reliable  apparatus  for  testing 
a  wheel,  but  few  corrections  are  necessary,  and  only  three  persons  are  required 
in  making  tests.  One  having  the  whole  in  charge,  and  who  takrs  weight,  revo- 
lutions of  wheel,  and  the  head  and  weir  gauges,  assisted  by  a  "timer,"  and  one 


73 

who  controls  the  speed  of  the  wheel.  A  testing  flume  is  filled  and  emptied  so 
often  that  it  will  leak  more  or  less,  and  this  leakage  is  into  measuring  pit,  so  that 
after  a  wheel  is  set  ready  to  test,  its  gate  is  closed  and  sprinuled  with  sawdust  to 
prevent  leakage,  that  would  affect  results  of  trial;  then  the  flume  is  tilled  with 
water,  and  the  leakage  of  the  flume  taken  at  the  weir.  Suppose  the  length  of 
weir  to  be  six  feet,  and  depth  of  leakage  to  be  .183  of  a  foot;  opposite  to  this  in 
weir  table  and  column  for  6  ft.  weir  will  be  found  93.28  cubic  feet  per  minute,  and 
this  quantity  is  to  be  taken  from  every  test  made  of  that  particular  wheel,  sup- 
posing the  water  not  to  be  drawn  from  the  flume  during  the  test;  if  it  is,  then 
the  leakage  must  be  taken  as  before.  To  illustrate,  a  test  as  now  taken  is  here 
given.  The  point  of  attachment  of  brake  to  scale  beam  is  ten  feet,  and  each  rev- 
olution must  be  multiplied  by  ten  to  get  correct  speed.  Look  in  weir  table  below 
for  cubic  feet  discharged.  Test  of  an  18-inch  Wetmore  wheel,  September  30, 
1876: 

Head.  Weight.  Rev.  per  rnin.  Weir. 

No.  7.  18.80  162.5  305  .650 

Quantity  as  per  table  624.62—93.28=521.34  cubic  feet  per  minute. 
521.34X18.80X62.33 
OOAAA        —17.91  H.  P.  of  water. 


305X10X162.5 

33000  -15'02 


15.02 


Formula  for  Tabling  Wheels. 


Q=quantity  discharged  per  second  at  any  head,  h. 

V— velocity  due  head  h. 

Q  ^quantity  with  any  head 

V  ^velocity  due  head 

R=relativc  velocity. 

D^=diameter  of  wheel. 

The  Q  having   been  determined   for   any  given  head,  to    find    it  for   any 

other  head  Q=QXv' 
_____ 

The  horse  power  having  been  determined  for  any  given  head,  to  find  it  for  any 
other  head  H.P.  X  V1  H1 

VXH 

The  revolutions  having  been  found  for  any  given  head,  to  find  them  for  any 
other  head  — X  60— number  of  revolutions  per  minute. 

R=relative  velocity,  determined  by  experiment. 

Having  the  outlet  of  one  wheel  of  a  certain  pattern  measured  and  its  power 
determined,  the  power  of  another  of  similar  pattern  is  approximately  obtained 
by  comparing  the  outlet  with  the  one  experimented  upon. 

Steam  and  Pressure  Gauges* 

Is  it  a  matter  of  impoitance  that  such  instruments  should  indicate  correctly, 
and  if  so,  do  those  using  them  take  pain«  10  verify  their  accuracy?  Recently 
while  testing  the  turbines  used  at  the  water  works  of  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.,  it  came 
in  my  way,  also,  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  pressure  gauges  used  there  ;  these 
were  made  by  the  Utica  Steam  Gauge  Co  ,  Utir-.a,  N.  Y.  The  test  was  made  by 
getting  the  exact  area  of  the  waste  valve,  using  a  knife-edged  pivoted  beam 
resting  on  a  knife-edg<  d  top  of  valve  piston  then  with  sealed  weights  the  press- 
ure in  pipe  was  accurately  ascertained,  and  to  be  11  per  cent,  less  than  that 
shown  by  the  pressure  gauge. 


74 

Elkhait  Mills,  Power,  and  the  Water  Used  to  Produce  It. 


MESSRS.  MILLER  &MA^O^.—  Gentlemen:—  Nearly  a  year  since,  act- 
ing for  the  manufacturers  hereinafter  to  be  mentioned,  you  employed  me  to 
ascertain  the  power  used  by  the  said  manufacturers,  and  the  quantity  of 
water  necessary  to  produce  the  power  used  and  the  power  deeded. 

My  only  instructions  were  to  do  it  by  the  most  perfect  methods  known 
to  me  and  do  it  right.  A  preliminary  trial  was  made  in  June  last,  and  all  in- 
terested in  such  matters  were  invited  to  witness  all  tests,  particularly  the 
members  of  the  Hydraulic  Company  and  their  attorney,  and  to  all  desirous 
of  knowing  the  matter  was  fully  explained. 

Except  in  cases  of  indefinitely  worded  deeds,  there  is  no  feature  in  the 
use  of  water,  or  power  in  mills,  that  may  not  be  elucidated  and  made  so  plain 
as  to  leave  no  shadow  of  excuse  for  litigation  except  that  of  a  desire  to  get 
that  which  belongs  to  another. 

The  deeds  in  each  case  to  be  named  give  a  definite  amount  of  power  with 
right  to  use  sufficient  water  to  produce  it,  under  the  conditions  specified,  a 
positive  condition  of  which  is  that  measurement  of  the  water  shall  be  after 
it  issues  from  the  wheel. 

Two  power  scales  of  different  capacities  were  purchased  of  their  manu- 
facturers, Emerson  Power  Scale  Co.,  Florence,  Mass.;  these  are  made  upon 
the  same  principle  as  the  ordinary  Fairbanks  scale,  but  rotary.  The  largest 
carries  its  load  nine,  the  smallest  six,  feet  at  each  revolution  of  shaft  to  which 
it  is  affixed. 

To  operate  :  the  key  is  removed  from  driving  pulley,  thus  leaving  pulley 
loose  upon  its  shaft  ;  the  scale  is  then  placed  on  shaft  close  to  hub  of  pulley, 
and  rigidly  keyed  to  the  shaft.  There  are  spurs  projecting  from  the  rim  of 
scale  to  which  the  levers  of  scale  connect  to  the  arms  of  the  pulley,  so  that 
all  of  the  strain  from  belt  rests  upon  the  scale,  and  that  strain  or  weight  is 
shown  upon  scale  in  pounds  as  on  the  ordinary  scale  beam. 

Muzey's  Starch  Mill,  capacity  1,000  bushels  of   corn  or  24,000  pounds 
starch  per  day,  2  Eclipse  turbines,  one  48,  the  other  54,  inches  in 

diameter. 
48  inch  or  its  work  weighed  Januarys,  rev.  118x9=1062x875= 

929,250  -f-  33,000  .................................................  28.15  h.  p. 

64  inch  or  its  work  weighed  January  6,  rev.  90x9=810x1150= 

931,500-1-33,000.  ...............................................  28.22  h.  p. 

Total  power  used,  all  machinery  in  full  operation  ..........  56.37  h.  p. 

Globe  Tissue  Paper  Mill,  capacity  one  ton  per  day,  3  turbines,  American  66, 

Victor  25  and  30  inches. 
66  inch  American  or  its  work  weighed  Jan.  15,  rev.  99x9= 

891x1325=1,180,575  -f-  33,000  .....................................  35.77  h.  p. 

30  inch  Victor,  washer  wheel,   Jan.  17,  rev.  90x6=540x825= 

445,500-^-33,000  ........  ,  ........................................  13.50  h.  p. 

25  inch  Victor,  84  inch  paper  machine,  paper  running  97  ft. 

per  minute,  rev.  44.5x9=400.5x1491=588,735  -f-  33,000  ..........  17.84  h.  p. 

Total  power  for  4  Beating  engine,  Washer,  Jordan, 
Pumps,  Paper  Machine,  Rag  Cutter  and  Duster  ..........  67.11  h.  p. 

Elkhart  Knitting  Mills. 

2  set  48  inch  Cards,  3  Jacks,  in  all  720  Spindles,  2  Parker  Twisters,  96 
spindles  each,  4  Spoolers,  Dusters,  Dryer  and  Fan,  Stocking  Dryer 

and  Fan,  Kulp  Winders,  Hydro  Extractor,  60  Knitting  Machines. 
Power  to  drive  all  weighed  Jan.   9,  rev.  250x6=1500x425= 

637,500-^-33,000  .................................................  19.31  h.  p. 

Kulp  &  Umel  Planing  Mill. 
Two  Rip  Saws,  Lathe,  Matcher,  Resaw,  Daniels  Planer,  26  inch  Fay  Planer, 

Molder,  Sand  Paper  Machine,  and  Sticker. 
Usual  machinery  running,  rev.  200x6  =  1200x630  =  756,000  — 

33,000  ...................................................  *  .......  22.90  h.  p. 

With  every  machine  in  mill  running,  Jan.  12,  rev.  175x6= 

1050x825=866,250  -=-  33,000  ......................................  26.25  h.  p. 


75 


5iH  <M  <MO  O  Oi 
<M  1C  -t<  O  O  C5  - 


* 


>...  & 

£00 


,0 

bJO 


O 


OO  *f  •>!  »O  I—  CO  t—  ft 

t--*COCOOOOiCOCO 


OOOO>CO»O 
5OOTflrHb-»t|Ot- 
O  (O  -^  (N  <M  CO  00  O 


+<  00  rH  i-l  00  00  «O  O  ft 


C.  G.  Conn's  Musical  Instrument  Works. 
Every  machine   in  works    running,    rev.,    Jan.    21,   130x9= 

1170x320=374,400  -=-  33,000 11.35  h.  p. 

Sage  Brothers'  Flouring  Mill,  capacity  280  barrels  per  day. 
Deeded  right  to  use  sufficient  water  to  drive  five  runs  of  four  foot  buhrs 
to  grind  15  bushels  of  red  merchantable  wheat  per  hour,  one  run  to  grind  40 
bushels  of  corn  per  hour,  also  smut  mills  and  all  necessary  machinery  to 
prepare  flour  and  meal  for  market ;  as 
one" wheel  of  same  capacity  is  allowed 
for  four  runs  of  buhrs,  the  quantity 
deeded  is  sufficient  practically  to  drive 
seven  and  a  half  runs  each,  grinding 
15  bushels   of  hard   wheat  per   hour. 
Messrs.    Kulp  &    Umel    with    similar 
deed  to  two  and  a  half.    A  4  foot  buhr 
driven  by  spur  gears  was  disconnected 
from  turbine  and  connected  to  a  hori- 
zontal shaft  by  a  pair  of  bevel  gears, 
the  driver  having  5(5,   the   driven  42. 
teeth;  a  belt  running  horizontally  from 
another    line    of   shafting   drove    the 
stone.     The  power  scale  was  placed  on 
shaft  close  to  gears  driving  buhr. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Lamb,  of  Constantino, 
Michigan,  an  experienced  miller,  was 
employed  to  do  the  grinding,  com- 
mencing Saturday,  19th.  After  mak- 
ing some  experiments  he  had  pulleys 
changed,  stones  redressed  and  seemed 
to  take  the  utmost  care  to  make  the 
tests  absolutely  accurate,  and  1  believe 
did  so  ;  four  days  were  expended  in 
making  the  several  trials. 

An  excellent  weir  20  feet  in  length 
was  used  for  measuring  the  discharged 
water.  There  was  a  leakage  of  185  feet 
per  minute  to  be  deducted  from  the 
quantity  flowing  over  the  weir  indicat- 
ed by  the  depth  during  each  test  ex- 
cept'the  last. 

A  4s-inch  Leffel  wheel  was  used,  and 
nearly  at  its  full  capacity  during  the 
heaviest  tests. 

The  largest  scale  was  used,  making 
the  trials  tabled  below  so  that  the  rev- 
olution of  shaft  must  be  multiplied 
by  9  to  get  feet  the  load  is  carried  ; 
that  sum  must  be  multiplied  by  the 
weight,  to  find  the  foot  pounds  ;  di- 
viding those  by  33.000  will  show  the 
work  done  in  h.  p. 

Multiply  cubic  feet  by  the  head,  and 
that  sum  by  02.34,  weight  of  a  cubic 
foot  of  water,  to  find  power  of  water 
used. 

Dividing  the  work  power  by  the  power 
of  water  will  show  useful  effect  of  the 
turbine. 

While  making  the  experiment  it  re- 
quired the  miller's  constant  attention 
to  grind  fifteen  bushels  of  wheat  per 
hour  ;  indeed  it  was  evident  that  it 
would  be  impracticable  to  make 


OCii—  (OOiOiOOOO 
<M  r-t  !M  (M  iH  ft  iH  <N  C- 


bnshe 
these 


ta'^a     gt«g  !  s^-5 

3  r?   H  — <  ^r_/-N>;^^J^1 


business  of  grinding  that  quantity,  so  it  was  found  necessary  to  do  it  upon 
two  stones,  requiring  21  h.  p.  of  water  per  each  run,  grinding  seven  and  a 


76 


half  bushels  per  hour,  or  42  horse  power  for  grinding  fifteen  bushels,  and 
that  ten  seven  and  a  half  runs  and  two  and  a  half  equal  runs  for  ma- 
chinery, to  prepare  the  product  for  market,  would  equal  262  %  h.  p.  of 
water  for  the  quantities  deeded.  In  grinding  corn  twenty  bushels  per  hour 
was  all  that  could  be  done  well  with  forty-two  h.  p.  of  water  ;  to  grind 


3G2>£  h.  p.    Indeed  I  believe  it  will  be  impossible  under  the  existing 
ditions  to  do  that  amount  of  work  with  the  quantity  named. 

Messrs.  Kulp  &  Umel  have  the  right  to  two  fifteen  bushel  runs,  and  ma- 
chinery equal  to  five  run  of  buhrs  grinding  seven  and  a  half  bushels  of 
wheat  per  hour  ;  the  same  rate  entitles  them  to  one  hundred  and  five  h.  p.  of 
water. 

Allowing  the  same  rate  for  the  other  mills,  that  is,  three  h.  p.  of  water 
for  each  two  h.  p.  of  work,  Muzzy's  starch  mills  are  entitled  by  deed  to  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  h.  p.,  the  Globe  Tissue  Paper  Co.,  ninety,  C.  G.  Conn 
and  the  Knitting  mill  each  forty-five.  These  are  common  rates,  and  the 
grinding  tests  show  the  allowance  to  be  none  too  much,  in  fact  not  enough 
unless  the  head  can  be  kept  somewhere  near  the  height  at  which  the  wheels 
are  set  for.  A  wheel  set  under  nine  feet  head  will  of  course  give  more  power 
under  ten,  but  it  by  110  means  follows  that  it  will  do  it  with  less  water. 

There  were  two  hundred  and  forty  -seven  h.  p.  of  water  flowing  through  a 
break  in  the  flush  boards  on  the  dam  January  3,  current  month,  but  the  mills 
on  the  other  side  of  the  river  were  not  at  work,  yet  the  water  in  race  drew 
down  during  the  day. 

Sage  Brothers,  Kulp  &  Umel,  Tissue  Paper  Co.,  Knitting  Mill  Co.,  C.  G. 
Conn  and  Muzzy  Starch  Co.  still  have  an  unused  right  to  360  h.  p.  more  of 
water  than  they  take.  If  they  call  for  that  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to  con- 
ceive where  it  is  coming  from. 

My  record  of  measurement  of  discharge  from  turbines  used  in  the  Com- 
bination board,  Excelsior  starch  and  Elkhart  paper  mills,  proved  them  capa- 
ble of  using  five  hundred  h.  p.  of  water,  which,  added  to  the  quantity  deeded 
to  the  other  six  mills  this  side,  make  for  the  two-thirds  this  side  the  river 
1282,  plus  641  for  the  other  side,  equaling  nineteen  hundred  and  twenty  h.  p. 
for  the  whole. 

Six  inches  water  flowing  over  dam  falling  ten  feet  evolves  about  398 
h.  p.  ;  9  inches,  730  ;  12  inches,  1120  ;  15  inches,  1569  ;  18  inches,  2048. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  though  the  rainfall  may  be  equal  now 
to  what  it  was  fifty  years  ago,  yet  the  cultivation  and  drainage  of  the  land 
causes  a  much  more  rapid  evaporation  and  clearance  of  the  supply  than  for- 
merly. 

The  following  results  obtained  from  measurement  of  water  used  at  differ- 
ent mills  will  prove  my  allowance  for  water  to  produce  the  deeded  power  to 
be  moderate. 

The  rate  of  mills  is  based  upon  some  generally  understood  matter  per- 
taining thereto. 

Cotton  mills  upon  their  number  of  spindles  ;  woolen  mills  upon  number 
of  sets  ;  paper  mills  upon  number  of  tons  made  per  day  ;  flouring  mills  upon 
number  of  barrels  of  flour  per  day.  As  the  rate  of  mill  denotes  its  value,  it  is 
not  likely  to  be  underrated,  and  there  is  often  reason  to  doubt  whether  the 
entire  amount  of  work  is  done  that  its  rate  would  indicate.  Certainly  the 
rate  is  rarely  exceeded. 

To  ascertain  how  much  power  is  required  to  grind  a  bushel  of  wheat,  it  is 
simply  necessary  to  measure  the  water  used  when  the  mill  is  doing  its  ordi- 
nary work,  and  divide  the  power  of  that  by  the  bushels  ground  per  hour. 

The  least  power  per  bushel  used  at  any  mill  that  I  have  ever  tested  was 
at  Lanesboro,  Minnesota,  White  &  Beynon  :  3.18  h.  p.  per  bushel  ;  test  made 
in  1874.  New  mill  in  perfect  order.  Head  about  24  feet. 

The  following  results  made  four  years  ago  at  Mishawaka  will  show  what 
a  difference  there  is  in  such  matters,  and  it  is  necessary  that  it  should  be 
considered,  to  understand  what  is  necessary  in  the  case  in  hand. 

ST.  JOSEPH  MILLING  COMPANY,  MISHAWAKA,  July  6,  1884. 
Ordinary  discharge  of  water  8V£  feet  head  6174  cubic  feet  per  minute,  the 
power  of  which  is  93.36  h.  p.    Capacity  of  mill  rated  100  barrels  per  day  of  24 
hours. 


77 


100  barrels  at  4^  bushels=450  bushels  -f-  24  hours  =  18.75  bushels  per 
"aour  ;  93.35  h.  p.  -f- 18.75  bushels=4.97  h.  p.  of  water  per  bushel. 

RIPPLE  MILL,  MISHAWAKA,  IND.,  July  8, 1884. 

A.  &  J.  H.  EBERHART  &  Co.,  PROPRIETORS.— Ordinary  discharge  of 
water  9540  cubic  feet  per  minute,  the  power  of  which  is  114.08  h.  p.  Capac- 
ity of  mill  rated  130  barrels  in  24  hours. 

130  barrels  by  4£  bushels=585  -f-  24  hours=24.4  bushels  per  hour  ;  114.08 
h.  p.  -|-  24.4  bushels=4.68  h.  p.  of  water  per  bushel. 

MISHAWAKA  MILL,  MISHAWAKA,  IND.,  July  11, 1884. 

W.  &  J.  MILLER,  PROPRIETORS.— Ordinary  discharge  of  water  1634 
cubic  feet  per  minute,  the  power  of  which  is  185.72  h.  p.  Capacity  of  mill 
rated  175  barrels  per  day  of  24  hours. 

175  barrels  x  ±%  bushels =787. 5  -f-  24  hours  =32. 8 ;  185.72  h.  p.  -^-  32.8 
bushels=5.66  h.  p.  of' water  per  bushel. 

Highgate,  Vt.,  July  4,  5  and  6,  1885.  1  measured  the  water  discharged 
from  an  excellent  tub  wheel  grinding  wheat,  the  result  was  to  be  used  in  a 
case  in  litigation  and  special  care  was  taken. 

To  grind  the  ordinary  wheat  used  there  it  required  5.2  h.  p.  per  bushel. 
For  the  hard  red  wheat  5.9  h.  p.  per  bushel. 

Twenty  years  ago  a  revolution  was  taking  place  in  regard  to  the  best 
methods  of  utilizing  the  power  of  falling  water  ;  the  turbine  was  taking  the 
place  of  the  earlier  overshot  and  breast  wheels,  its  compactness  for  its  ca- 
pacity astonished  those  interested,  and  the  claims  for  it  were  so  extravagant 
that  manufacturers  were  bewildered  and  hardly  knew  what  to  do.  The  deeds 
of  that  and  earlier  times  also  were  often  very  indefinite. 

There  were  such  doubts  and  conjectures  about  turbines,  milling  hy- 
draulics, and  dynamics  that  a  series  of  experiments  were  instituted  for  the 
purpose  of  making  such  matters  clear.  Instruments  of  the  simplest  and 
most  accurate  effectiveness  possible  were  substituted  for  the  crude  devices 
then  in  use. 

It  was  a  common  idea  then  that  a  turbine  to  be  really  efficient  should  be 
built  for  the  head  under  which  it  was  to  work ;  that  an  aperture  would 
not  discharge  proportionally  the  same  under  different  heads  or  different 
sizes  ;  that  more  work  could  be  done  with  the  same  wheel  in  the  night  than 
in  the  day-time,  etc.,  etc. 

A  testing  flume  was  constructed  and  for  several  years  turbines  were 
tested  under  18,  12  and  6  foot  heads.  In  round  numbers  the  wheel  that  would 
give  100  h.  p.  under  IS  feet,  would  give  but  50  under  12  and  20  under  6  feet. 

A  short  experience  proved  many  common  ideas  to  be  fallacious,  the  same 
apertures  discharged  proportionally  for  any  head  and  the  turbine  that  was 
good  under  one  head  was  proportionally  efficient  under  all  others,  and  gave 
the  same  results  night  or  day. 

At  that  time  73  to  75*per  cent,  seemed  to  be  a  sort  of  normal  efficiency  ; 
almost  any  aspirant  for  fame  as  turbine  builder  could  reach  that  point. 

The  deeds  of  the  Elkhart  Hydraulic  Company  are  in  a  measure  based 
upon  the  merits  of  the  American  turbine,  and  as  various  kinds  are  in  use 
under  those  deeds  it  is  essential  to  show  such  to  be  equally  effective. 

The  following  results  obtained  by  tests  of  wheels  built  before  the  system 
of  testing  was  established  will  show  the  efficiency  of  the  ordinary  American 
;urbine  for  a  range  of  sizes  : 


78 


AMERICANS  TESTED  THE  DATES  NAMED: 

Test  of  48-inch,  January  29,  1874. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.p'r 

Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17  65 

1320 

107  8 

86  24 

3418  11 

7598 

Part  Gate  

17  66 

1100 

110  3 

73  53 

3010  79 

.7316 

«        « 

17  76 

960 

104 

60  51 

2594  01 

6948 

"        "     

18.16 

500 

106 

32^12 

1690.47 

.5548 

September  29, 1873,  42-inch,  right  hand. 


Part  Gate      

17.98 
18.30 
18.45 

990 
650 
440 

118.5 
120 
119.5 

53.32 
35.45 
23.90 

2218.55 
1452.72 
1213.58 

.7094 
.7065 
.5666 

"        "     

October  1,  1873,  42-inch,  left  hand. 

Whole  Gate  

17.90 
18.00 
18.13 
18.43 

1100 
980 
820 
420 

118 
120 
121 
116.5 

59.00 
53.45 
45.10 
22.24 

2536.02 
2275.17 
1918.04 
1160.60 

.6882 
.6946 
.6884 
.5479 

Part  Gate  

"        "     

November  11,  1873,  25-inch  wheel. 

Whole  Gate  

18.23 
18.30 
18.39 
18.60 

300 
260 
220 
110 

212 

207 
205 

208 

28.91 
24.46 
20.16' 
10.40 

1158.24 
983.53 
880.49 
555.69 

.7244 
.7185 
.6565 
.5323 

Part  Gate  

"        "     

November  12,  1873,  20-inch  wheel. 


Part  Gate  

18.55 
18  63 

110 

90 

243 
244 

12.15 

9.98 

528.55 
448  93 

.6536 
6313 

"     

18.77 

50 

225.5 

5.13 

285.15 

.5072 

August  5,  1874,  60-inch  wheel. 


"      3  

15  94 

2700 

80  3 

131  40 

6*^20  86 

70°8 

"      5  

14.88 

2500 

80 

191  °1 

5S39  1'} 

7304 

«      7 

14  82 

2550 

76  5 

118  1>C> 

KO  JO  A'\ 

f?o/?q 

"   11.!!!.!!!!! 

14.91 
14  73 

2300 
2600 

79.5 
70,5 

no!si 

111  09 

5801.40 
50(51  55 

.6690 

6700 

"     13  

14.75 

2450 

74 

100  88 

5710  '54 

600  ^ 

Part  Gate  15  

15  02 

2450 

74  2 

110  17 

5710  34 

(>^(M) 

4    '17  

15  12 

2150 

76 

00  03 

4040  47 

'7018 

'     19 

15  08 

1850 

79  5 

82  16 

<1J77q  AA 

6832 

'     21 

16  41 

1400 

80  5 

73  18 

3603  0'-* 

6404 

«     23  

17  88 

950 

68  5 

39  43 

2*^96  70 

50^3 

«     25... 

15.47 

3000 

noo 

000 

K700  QK 

nooo 

June  7,  1873,  48-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate,  1  

11  91 

700 

103  5 

43  00 

'>70°  80 

7094 

"      2 

11  88 

750 

99  5 

45  92 

2725  *>g 

7^508 

"      3  

11  86 

800 

95  5 

46  30 

2763  94 

74S9 

"      4  

11  92 

850 

96  5 

49  41 

9^45  o° 

7484 

'      5  
6  

11.89 
11  00 

870 
900 

90.5 

88 

47.11 

48  00 

2835.26 
2841  77 

.7383 

75l>5 

«      7  

11  87 

920 

86  8 

48  40 

2857  54  ' 

7555 

«      8  

11  88 

940 

845 

48  13 

2867  85 

7489 

«      9  

11  92 

960 

83 

48  29 

2874  38 

7491 

«     10  

11  02 

860 

88  5 

46  43 

2812  50 

7535 

'     11  

11.92 

880 

90.5 

48.26 

2841.77 

.7546 

Average  per  cent,  under  most  favorable  conditions,  .7232. 


79 


Leffel  30-Inch,  Tested  in  1872. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight 

Rev.  p'r 
Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 

Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Wkol  Gate  1 

15  60 

300 

201 

27  41 

1429  12 

3  

15  54 

320 

194 

28  22 

1455  57 

fifi9 

5  

15  48 

340 

187 

28  90 

1463  74 

675 

15425 

360 

181  5 

29  70 

1469  87 

£»qq 

9  

15.41 

380 

175 

30  23 

1469  87 

706 

11  ...  . 

15  395 

400 

175 

31  82 

1471  92 

7jo 

13  

1538 

420 

162  5 

31  02 

1471  92 

<7  f)  K 

15  

15  38 

440 

151  5 

30  30 

1471  92 

708 

17  

1537 

475 

135  5 

29  26 

1469  87 

fiSfi 

19  

15  32 

405 

157  5 

28  99 

1461  76 

685 

21  

15  335 

415 

151 

28  48 

1465  78 

£KK 

23  

15.33 

415 

154 

29  05 

1465  78 

683 

25 

15  33 

495 

162 

20  82 

1461  69 

704. 

27  

15  31 

415 

154 

29  05 

1463  74 

687 

\  Gate,  29  

15  65 

300 

161 

21  95 

1106  73 

664 

k  "  31  

16.037 

180 

165 

13.13 

637.42 

.591 

Victor  Turbine,  Made  by  Stilwell  &  Bierce,  Dayton,  Ohio, 
Tested  the  Dates.  Named. 

Test  of  a  25-inch  wheel,  July  25,  1877. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight 

Rev.  p'r 
Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 
.7533 
.7192 
.7042 

Whole  Gate  

18.07 
18.04 
18.13 

625 
600 
500 

200 

198 
208 

56.81 
54.00 

47.27 

2214.55 
2208.44 
1964.67 

Part  Gate  

Test  of  a  26-inch  wheel,  July  26,  1877. 


Whole  Gate  

18.33 

500 

246 

37.27 

1387.27 

.7777 

Part  Gate  

1841 

425 

269 

34.64 

1284  30 

7774 

18  43 

390 

246 

29  07 

1145  59 

7305 

««   « 

7.97 

75 

246 

5.59 

757.93 

.4911 

Test  of  a  15-inch  wheel,  March  26, 1878. 


Whole  Gate    

18.34 

300 

323 

29.36 

974 

.8705 

Part  Gate  

18.10 

300 

321.5 

29.22 

970 

.8808 

18.39 

160 

326.5 

15.83 

755 

.6035 

«        « 

18.74 

100 

320 

9.09 

492 

.5220 

Eclipse  Double  Turbine,  Manufactured  by  the  same  Co. 
Test  of  a  30-inch  Eclipse  wheel. 


* 

Head. 

'ev.p'r 
Minute. 

H.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

« 

18.79 
18.93 
19.10 
19.10 
19.18 

1S4.5 
170 
173.5 
165 
166.6 

33.85 
31.66 
24.44 
18.00 
12.11 

1253 
1214 

1026 
862 
699 

.762^ 
.7280 
.6497 
.5786 
.4779 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  tabled  tests  of  wheels  that  the  American  is  not  ex- 
ceptionally economical,  nor  is  it  possible  for  any  wheel  to  be  economical 
where  there  is  a  variation  in  the  head  of  one-third,  though  of  course  a  good 
part  gate  wheel  is  better  than  one  only  efficient  at  whole  gate.  There  is  an 
idea  that  turbines  discharge  60  per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  quantity  due  their 


8o 


openings.  The  idea  originated  from  obsolete  wheels  of  the  Fourneyroii  type. 
Of  the  modern  wheels  1  have  had  care  of  tabling  hundreds,  yet  have  never 
known  of  one  reaching  55  per  cent,  of  its  opening  ;  52  perhaps  is  a  fair  aver- 
age, 49  about  all  the  American  can  do. 

An  aperture  that  will  measure,  will  discharge  a  trifle  short  of  60  per  cent, 
but  such  aperture  can  never  be  used  in  a  forebay  to  determine  the  quantity 
of  water  used  in  a  mill  ;  it  is  absolutely  impracticable  for  that  purpose. 

A  weir  in  forebay  is  also  impracticable  unless  a  manager  stands  beside  it 
at  all  times  to  give  the  proper  depth  for  quantity,  and  then  only  at  a  serious 
loss  of  head,  and  if  such  weir  is  placed  below  discharge  of  wheel,  it  also 
causes  such  loss  of  head  that  wheels  subject  to  such  changes  can  never  be 
economical. 

To  divide  water  in  proportion  to  ownership  at  dam  or  conduit  with  weir 
belongs  to  the  ideas  of  the  past.  The  water  may  go  through  one  opening  two 
feet  per  second,  the  other  six,  depending  upon  the  size  of  wheels  below.  It 
is  true  that  the  water  cannot  be  drawn  below  crest  of  weir  by  either  party, 
but  the  one  with  the  most  capacious  wheel  will  take  water  in  proportion, 
and  the  expense  of  Aveir  may  be  saved  by  fixing  upon  a  mark  below  which 
the  water  shall  not  be  drawn. 

A  gate  and  float  arrangement  may  be  put  in  flume  or  forebay  by  which 

{proportion  or  quantity  of  water  may  be  delivered  without  perceptible  loss  of 
lead,  the  whole  working  automatically  ;  and  while  the  quantity  due  is  ad- 
hered to  the  gate  will  stand  open,  but  if  more  is  attempted  to  be  taken  the 
gate  closes  in  proportion,  and  a  proportional  loss  of  head  results,  though  the 
full  quantity  of  water  is  still  supplied.  The  arrangement  is  simple  and  more 
accurate  than  a  weir,  and  with  it  the  head  is  invariably  kept  at  a  standard 
height ;  if  the  supply  is  sufficient,  it  is  given  in  full,  if  not,  in  proportion. 

With  such  an  arrangement  and  good  wheels  water  may  be  economized  to 
the  highest  practicable  extent. 

More  precaution  will  be  used  in  the  selection  of  wheels  when  the  fact  be- 
comes understood  that  turbine  building  is  not  a  science,  it  is  simply' 'cut 
and  try."  There  are  some  who  can  do  better  than  others,  but  the  best  can- 
not go  to  work  and  be  perfectly  sure  to  reach  the  results  aimed  at,  and  how- 
ever well  one  may  do  himself  he  cannot  teach  another  how  to  do  the  same. 
Owing  to  uncertain  causes,  such  as  warping  of  patterns,  shrinking  or  expan- 
sion of  castings,  turbines  made  from  the  sain  3  patterns  often  differ  exceed- 
ingly in  useful  effect.  Large  wheels  in  particular  are  the  most  likely  to  fail 
because  the  expense  has  prevented  experimenting  upon  them.  A  case  that 
almost  every  manufacturer  of  twenty  years'  experience  will  recall  may  in- 
terest. It  is  of  the  Maiiville,  R.  I.,  mill  so  profusely  illustrated  in  the  Leffel 
circular  fifteen  years  since.  The  artist  drew  somewhat  upon  his  imagina- 
tion. The  mill  is  shown  with  four  84-inch  wheels,  while  it  never  had  but 
three,  those  being  helped  out  by  an  engine  of  430  indicated  h.  p.  The  tabled 
power  of  the  three  84-inch  wheels  and  the  430  h.  p.  engine  rate  something  like 
1700  h.  p.  The  manager  ran  under  those  conditions  many  years,  then  applied 
to  me  about  procuring  another  84-inch  Leffel  or  some  other  of  like  capacity 
In  the  conversation  that  ensued,  the  question  of  power  was  raised  and  I  told 
him  that  the  whole  mill  did  not  need  SOO  h.  p.  The  idea  was  poohed  at,  but 
a  test  soon  proved  that  fact,  and  the  only  thought  since  has  been  to  exchange 
and  get  better  turbines  of  less  size  but  greater  efficiency. 

Intelligent  co-operation  between  those  who  let  and  those  who  use  power 
will  prevent  litigation  and  increase  by  far  the  effectiveness  of  the  power 
use;l.  But  to  do  this  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  turbine  runs  at  a  rela- 
tive velocity  with  the  water  that  propels  it,  and  can  only  do  its  best  work  at 
one  point  for  a  given  head,  and  declines  rapidly  either  way  at  any  deviation 
from  that  head  ;  unless  the  wheel  is  exceptionally  good  a*J  part  gate. 
Yours  truly, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 
ELKHART,  IND.,  January  30, 1889. 


8i 


Division  or  Measurement  of  Water  Power. 

The  time  can  not  be  distant  when  those  interested  will  look  back  and  smile  at 
the  crude  methods  continued  in  use  up  to  this  time  to  determine  the  quantity  of 
water  used  by  the  different,  parties  taking  power  from  the  same  fall — methods 
well  enough  a  half  century  since,  when  the  most  of  such  power  was  running  to 
waste,  but  simply  ridiculous  now,  when  the  demand  is  far  beyond  the  supply. 

The  float  method  ii>  use  at  Lowell  can  hardly  be  considered  anything  more 
than  a  preliminary  to  guessing  at  the  quantity  used.  It,  however,  does  not 
interfere  with  the  operations  of  the  mills,  but  any  agent  may  favor  his  discharge 
while  such  measurement  is  being  made,  and  there  were  rumors  that  such  cases 
occurred  at  times.  Mr.  Francis  has  seemed  ready  to  adopt  a  better  plan,  when- 
ever such  is  found,  though  his  many  cares  have  prevented  him  from  experiment- 
ing personally  for  the  purpose  of  developing  one. 

There  are  or  were  various  methods  in  use  at  Lawrence — wiers  here,  shanties 
there;  weirs  to  measure  leaks,  a  weir  to  test  the  tester — examinations  of  appa- 
rent gate  opening,  examinations  in  every  conceivable  place  except,  perhaps,  the 
right  one.  Yet,  what  would  the  whole  amount  to  in  case  those  interested  should 
combine  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  those  making  the  measurements?  It  is 
not  likely  that  such  a  combination  exists,  but  a  method  that  can  be  affected  in 
that  way  is  a  very  imperfect  one,  and  the  use  of  such  indicates  the  lack  of  the 
"  fertility  in  expedients"  necessary  to  meet  emergencies  so  common  in  the  engi- 
neering business.  The  continued,  dependence  upon  old  foreign  methods  is  dis- 
creditable alike  to  those  having  charge  of  the  immense  water  powers  of  this 
country  and  the  ingenuity  of  our  people. 

Several  years  ago,  and  before  any  arrangements  Avere  made  for  measuring  the 
power  at  Ilolyoke,  I  advised  the  agent  of  the  Water  Power  Co.  to  arrange  to 
measure  the  discharge  from  the  mills,  then  being  constructed,  in  the  tail-race  of 
each ;  also  to  have  all  wheels  that  were  to  be  used  in  Ilolyoke  tested  before  being 
set  iii  the  wheel-pits  for  which  they  were  designed.  Reflection  soon  caused  me  to 
abandon  ideas  so  crude.  Measurements  in  the  tail-race  reduce  the  head  and 
change  the  discharge  and  conditions  generally,  notifies  the  party  interested  of 
what  is  being  done,  and  gives  a  chance  to  reduce  the  work  and  favor  the  dis- 
charge of  water. 

To  attempt  to  determine  the  discharge  of  a  wheel  in  a  mill  by  comparison 
with  a  previous  discharge  in  a  testing  flume,  when  the  wheel  was  new  and  in 
perfect  condition,  would  be  unjust  to  both  parties  interested.  Because  a  wheel 
can  discharge  5000  cubic  feet  per  minute,  it  by  no  means  follows  that  quantity  is 
used  in  the  mill.  A  larger  wheel  is  invariably  put  in  than  actually  required,  to 
have  a  surplus  power  for  emergencies.  The  buckets  and  chutes  of  a  wheel  soon 
become  rough,  get  broken,  become  clogged,  or  it  would  require  but  little  inge- 
nuity to  so  change  the  gate  arrangement  as  to  deceive  completely  as  to  the  state 
of  gate  opening.  Any  pretense  of  giving  the  discharge  of  one  wheel  by  com- 
parison with  that  found  by  test  of  another  of  the  same  make,  could  only  be  done 
by  ignoring  the  knowledge  gained  from  a  dozen  years  of  constant  experience  in 
turbine  testing,  namely:  That  builders  are  constantly  changing  their  plans; 
still  further,  that  two  wheels  designed  to  be  exactly  alike,  made  from  the  same 
pattern,  often  vary  wildly  in  their  discharge.  In  short,  the  adoption  of  such  a 
plan  for  measurement  would  have  been  the  acknowledgment  of  such  ignorance 
and  incompetency  in  such  matters,  that  I  advised  a  series  of  experiments  for  the 
purpose  of  finding  an  accurate  but  simple  and  inexpensive  plan  for  measure- 
ment of  the  water  used  by  manufacturers,  free  from  interference  with  the  work 
of  the  mill,  or  that  could  be  att'ected  by  parties  interested.  The  purpose  was 
suggested  in  the  last  edition  of  this  work,  in  the  description  of  the  Ilolyoke 


Testing  Flume.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  state  that  that  purpose  has  been  accom- 
plished by  the  finding  of  a  simple  automatic  method  by  which  the  water  flowing 
over  any  fall  may  be  accurately  measured  or  divided,  so  that  each  owner  can 
have  the  exact  quantity  belonging  to  him  and  no  more,  unless  by  consent  of  the 
others.  The  operation  is  continuous.  An  illustration  of  the  plan  may  be  seen 
upon  next  page. 

D  represents  the  ordinary  head  gate  to  race,  raised  sufficiently  to  supply  the 
mill  and  keep  the  wrater  to  its  proper  height.  K  represents  a  wicket  gate  placed 
in  the  lower  end  of  race  and  near  penstock,  in  which  the  turbine  stands.  T,  a 
cylindrical  tank,  with  a  square  recess  on  one  side  near  the  bottom.  In  this  re- 
cess there  are  two  openings :  one  to  let  the  water  in,  and  another  to  let  it  out 
down  through  the  pipe,  C,  shown  by  dotted  lines.  These  openings  are  opened  or 
closed  by  the  swinging  cover  or  valve,  e,  which  works  upon  the  center  pivot,  t. 
The  valve  is  connected  to  the  float,  F,  by  a  rod  connected  at  s.  In  the  tank,  T, 
there  is  placed  the  float,  N,  which  has  a  rigid  central  shaft  projecting  upwards, 
connecting  at  the  upper  end  to  the  wicket  gate,  K,  by  the  bell  crank,  A,  and 
rod,  B. 

OPERATION. 

The  head  gate,  D,  is  raised  sufficiently  to  keep  the  canal,  race  or  flume  filled 
to  a  fixed  water  level,  when  the  quantity  agreed  upon  is  being  used.  The  float 
buoy,  F,  is  half  submerged  at  that  time,  and  both  the  openings  in  the  tank,  T, 
are  closed  or  opened  alternately  in  a  slight  degree  with  the  oscillations  of  the 
surface  water  acting  upon  the  float,  F.  The  wicket  gate  is  kept  at  a  fixed  open- 
ing so  long  as  the  draught  is  constant.  Suppose,  however,  the  mill  owner 
attempts  to  take  more  than  agreed  upon,  and  opens  his  wheel  gates  accordingly  ? 
The  velocity  of  water  in  the  race  instantly  increases,  the  surface  level  drops,  and 
with  it  the  float,  F,  which  opens  the  inlet  to  the  tank,  T,  and,  as  that  fills,  the 
floating  buoy,  N,  rises,  and  the  wicket,  K,  closes  until  the  velocity  is  checked 
and  the  surface  level  is  restored  to  its  proper  position.  If  it  becomes  too  high, 
the  float,  F,  opens  the  outlet  and  the  water  in  tank,  T,  is  discharged  down 
through  the  pipe,  C,  shown  by  dotted  lines.  This  opens  the  wicket  more,  so 
that  the  quantity  due  the  mill  is  always  ready,  if  the  general  supply  is  sufficient; 
if  not,  then  all  the  head  gates  upon  the  fall  are  to  be  opened  in  proportion,  so 
that  each  mill  will  invariably  get  its  share.  If  one  attempts  to  take  more,  he 
will  simply  lose  power  through  loss  of  head,  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  he 
unjustly  tries  to  appropriate. 

To  measure  or  deliver  a  given  quantity,  it  is  only  necessary  to  adjust  the 
wicket  gate  in  unison  with  the  proper  surface  level  until  the  discharge  is  the 
exact  quantity  agreed  upon,  which  may  be  determined  by  a  weir  below,  or  in 
any  manner  that  may  be  selected;  then,  when  the  discharge  is  right,  secure  the 
wicket  gate  and  floats  in  a  manner  beyond  chance  for  change,  unless  by  consent. 

The  method  is  not  theoretical,  for  I  have  had  it  in  use  many  months  and  have 
watched  its  operation  daily.  It  is  sensitive  far  beyond  my  anticipations  when 
first  planned.  It  may  be  easily  applied  to  the  turbines  or  other  devices  used 
to  operate  head  or  overflow  gates.  With  its  aid  the  surface  level  in  a  canal  or 
race  may  be  kept  constant,  so  that  the  most  perfect  economy  is  practicable,  for 
it  prevents  the  drawing  down  of  head  and  the  use  of  an  unnecessary  quantity  of 
water  to  make  up  therefor.  It  will  not  strike  for  higher  pay,  go  to  sleep,  or 
become  careless.  I  believe  it  to  be  perfectly  practicable  for  measuring  or  divid- 
ing water  used  for  power  under  any  condition  likely  to  occur,  and  far  more  accu- 
rately and  cheaply  than  any  other  plan  known. 

By  using  a  hanging1  balanced  gate,  like  Fig  2,  and  which  maybe  operated  sub- 
stantially as  the  wicket  described,  a  perfect  aperture  discharge  maybe  obtained. 
Such  a  gate  may  be  used  temporarily  at  almost  any  mill,  as  now  arranged,  and 
at  any,  as  they  may  be  arranged ;  so  that  wheels  may  be  tested  in  the  mills  where 
they  are  used,  without,  detention,  instead  of  necessitating  a  testing  flume  made 
purposely  for  such  tests. 

A  special  testing  flume  in  the  future  can  only  denote  incompetency,  for  every 
mill  may  and  should  be  a  perfect  testing  apparatus  by  which  the  slightest  defect 
in  efficiency  or  power  should  instantly  be  made  apparent.  Competition  will 
soon  compel  greater  economy  in  manufactures,  and  particularly  in  the  power 
required ;  and  certainly  a  vast  saving  is  possible  in  that,  for  there  are  thousands 
and  tens  of  thousands  of  tons  of  coal  annually  consumed  in  the  New  England 
States  alone,  to  make  up  for  the  water  power  wasted  through  ignorance  or  thrift- 
less management. 


84 


Turbine  Against  Breast  Wheel. 


BREAST  WHEEL 


Messrs.  Smith,  Northam  &  Robinson,  of  Hartford,  Ct.,  have  a  grist  mill  four 
miles  from  Hartford,  that  had  a  breast  wheel  16  feet  in  diameter,  13  feet  length 
of  buckets,  divided  into  three  sections  of  4  feet  4  inches  each;  the  buckets  were 
18  inches  in  depth;  three  gates,  in  sections  to  correspond  with  wheel;  the  upper 
gate  opening,  5Jj  inches;  the  next  lower,  3$;  the  bottom  one,  3|  inches  head, 
12  feet.  The  breast  wheel  was  supposed  to  be  so  superior  to  a  turbine  that  it 
had  been  kept  in,  though  it  was  troubled  much  by  ice  during  each  white  .  The 
firm  consulted  me  upon  the  subject,  and,  after  months  of  hesitation,  coi  eluded 
to  change,  and  to  follow  my  directions  upon  the  following  terms  :  The  t  irbines 
to  be  selected  by  me,  and  tested  before  acceptance;  the  plans  for  change  to  be 
furnished  by  Wm.  J.  Sumner;  my  remuneration  to  be  a  barrel  of  bran  or  flour, 
according  to  my  success.  A  weir  was  constructed  in  the  stream  below  the  mill; 
the  breast  wheel  and  turbine  to  be  tested  in  the  mill,  by  grinding — the  dis- 
charge to  be  measured  from  each  below  the  mill,  under  exactly  the  same  con- 
ditions. The  turbines,  20  and  25-inch  New  American,  were  tested  by  me  at  Hoi- 
yoke  before  acceptance.  Results  are  given  below. 

25-lNCH  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL,  TESTED  OCT.  15,  1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
Minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Percentage 

16.29 

400 

219.5 

39.90 

1583 

.8193 

16.31 

325 

225 

33.23 

1337 

.8256 

16.31 

325 

219 

32.35 

1249 

.8410 

16.38 

250 

218.5 

24.82 

1032 

.7776 

16.48 

175 

224.5 

17.86 

784 

.7318 

20-lNCH  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL,  TESTED  OCT.  14,  1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
Minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Percentage 

15.20 

290 

260.5 

22.89 

1001 

.7962 

15.38 

255 

258 

19.91 

840 

.8160 

15.41 

230 

258 

17.98 

754 

.8192 

15.45 

210 

252 

16.03 

671 

.8188 

15.63 

155 

253 

11.88 

522 

.7706 

Before  taking  the  breast  wheel  out,  it  was  tested  by  grinding  corn  and  measur- 
ing water  below.  The  stones  were  sharp  and  in  good  condition.  The  head  was 
12  feet ;  gates  opened  in  full.  Ground  old  corn  coarse,  but  very  sharp,  clean,  even 
grit  meal.  The  change  was  made ;  then  the  turbines  were  tested  in  the  same 
way,  but  I  think  the  corn  stones  were  not  in  so  good  condition  as  when  the 
breast  wheel  was  tried,  but  may  be  mistaken.  New  corn  was  ground  with  the 
25-inch  turbine.  The  coarsest  part  of  the  meal  was  as  near  like  that  ground  by 
the  breast  wheel  as  was  possible  to  make  it ;  but  it  was  uneven,  much  of  it 
being  quite  fine.  This  was  attributed  to  its  being  made  from  new  corn.  The 
miller  made  every  effort  to  make  the  trial  fair.  The  results  are  given  below. 
The  rye  stone  was  driven  by  the  20-inch  wheel,  the  gate  being  opened  about 
two-thirds — all  that  could  be  used.  The  flour  produced  was  the  nicest  I  have 
ever  seen  made  from  rye. 

TEST  OP  BREAST- WHEEL,  AT  FULL  GATE. 

Head,  12  iVet ;  length  of  weir,  10  feet ;  depth  on  weir,  8  13-16  inches;  quantity 
of  water,  1239  cubic  feet  per  minute;  28.08  horsepower.  Ground  2050  pounds 
per  hour,  or  1.3  bushels  per  each  horse  power  of  water  used. 

TEST  OP  25-lNCH  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL, 

It  having  replaced  the  above-mentioned  breast  wheel.  Head  and  length  of  weir 
the  same. 

Full  (rate.— Depth  on  weir,  815-16  inches;  1266  cubic  feet  per  minute;  28.7 
horse  power.  Ground  3528  pounds  per  hour,  or  2.2  bushels  per  each  horse 
power  of  water  used. 

Gate  Opened  Two-thirds. — Depth  on  weir,  7  15-16  inches;  1059  cubic  feet  per 
minute;  24  horse  power.  Ground  2900  pounds  per  hour,  or  2.15  bushels  per 
each  horse  power  of  water  used. 

Gate  Half  Opened.— Depth  on  weir,  7  inches ;  879  cubic  feet  per  minute ;  19.9 
horse  power.  Ground  2400  pounds  per  hour,  or  2.1  bushels  per  each  horse 
power  of  water  used. 

TEST  OP  20-lNCu  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL  IN  SAME  MILL. 

Depth  on  weir,  6£  inches;  789  cubic  feet;  17.9  horse  power.  Ground  four 
bushels  of  iye  in  seventeen  minutes,  or  14.1  bushels  per  hour.  Eighty  per 
cent,  of  power  of  water  used;  14.3  horse  power,  or  substantially  a  bushel  per 
horse  power. 

After  a  few  weeks'  time,  the  proprietors  sent  me  a  barrel  of"  Pillsbury's  best." 


Burning  or  Wearing  Down  of  Step 

May,  and  does  happen  with  any  make  of  turbines.  Two  turbines  of  the  same 
make,  seemingly  exactly  alike,  and  placed  in  a  pit  side  by  side,  the  step  of  one 
may  wear  down  monthly,  the  other  not  at  all.  The  cause  was  attributed  to 
pressure  from  downward  discharge;  but  if  eighty  per  cent,  is  used  to  rotate 
wheel,  the  other  twenty  would  be  no  more  weight  with  downward  than  any 
other  discharge.  The  Swain  was  noted  for  wearing  down  step.  I  knew  of  one 
24-inch  wheel  that  had  nineteen  steps  in  thirteen  months.  Others  of  the  make 
had  to  be  suspended  by  collars  on  shaft.  A  36-inch  wheel  of  the  kind  was 
sent  to  me  to  be  tested.  A  collar  that  should  have  been  on  to  keep  wheel  in 
place  was  left  off.  When  the  gate  was  opened,  the  pressure  raised  the  wheel  and 
brake,  and  it  was  impossible  to  test  it  until  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  were, 
added  to  the  brake  to  keep  the  wheel  down  upon  the  step.  The  Boyden  wheels 
used  at.  Lowell  are  suspended  by  neck  on  shaft,  as  are  the  Kilburn  &  Lincoln 
wheel  of  Fall  River.  The  Risdoii  has  a  counterpoise  above  the  wheel,  drum- 
shaped  (sec  his  new  wheel).  Many  plans  have  been  tried.  A  common  one  is  to 
channel  top  of  step ;  another  is  to  lead  water  from  the  penstock  through  apiece 
of  %-inch  steam  pipe,  to  bottom  of  step— a  hole  up  through  first  being  made; 
some  chamber  the  lower  part  of  step,  then  make  numerous  small  holes  up 
through,  like  the  top  of  a  pepper-box,  taking  water  from  the  flume  through 
pipe.  Great  weight  upon  the  step  in  the  way  of  shafting,  gearing,  &c.,  should 
be  avoided  when  possible. 


86 


Railroad  Suggestions. 

It  may  be  said  that  such  suggestions  are  out  of  place  in  a  work  of  this  kind, 
but  my  experience  has  been  gained  from  experiments  made  in  many  parts  of  the 
country — often  in  very  distant  parts — and  the  railroads  have  much  to  do  with 
my  ability  to  obtain  such  experience,  consequently  are  part  of  the  instruments  I 
work  with. 

The  rather' common  practice  of  roasting  car-loads  of  passengers,  when  col- 
lisions or'other  accidents  occur  upon  our  railroads,  has  caused  an  agitation  of 
the  subject  of  car-heating.  Safet}'  as  well  as  comfort  is  desired.  The  ancient 
and  semi-barbarous  plan  of  placing  a  stove  at  each  end  fails  to  give  either,  while 
such  stoves  take  space  for  eight  seats,  disfigure  and  injure  the  cars,  half  roast  a 
few  near  them,  leaving  the  larger  proportion  to  sit  with  cold  feet  and  generally 
uncomfortable  throughout  the  passage.  Why  not  have  a  boiler  for  heating 
placed  in  the  baggage  car,  to  furnish  steam  for  heating  the  passenger  cars  with 
safety? 

Another  want,  is  light  trains  between  commercial  centres  and  neighboring 
cities — trains  that  may  readily  be  stopped  and  started,  something  as  horse-cars 
are ;  that  is,  within  reasonable  distances.  Such  trains  should  be  made  up  of 
light  engines  and  cars,  and  have  commutation  fares.  "With  such  in  operation, 
there  would  be  no  need  of  the  heavy  or  through  trains  stopping  so  often.  The 
manager  of  the  ordinary  railroad  should  feel  ashamed  to  have  a  horse-railroad 
run  for  miles  alongside,"  as  from  Boston  to  Lynn,  and  pay  expenses. 

Sunday  trains  on  all  roads  are  also  much  needed.  Those  who  object  to  such, 
are  impracticable  persons,  who  do  it  through  ignorance,  and  without  considera- 
tion of  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  since  the  Jewish  Sabbath  was  institu- 
ted. At  that  time,  labor  was  continued  for  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  hours  per 
day ;  indeed,  it  is  within  the  memory  of  those  of  middle  age,  when  the  hours  of 
labor  were  nearly  the  same  in  the  New  England  States.  As  a  day  for  rest,  Sun- 
day has  no  such  claim  as  formerly.  The  God  of  Moses  had  reason  for  requiring 
such  a  day;  but  the  God  of  to-day  has  not.  Besides,  ages  of  experience  has 
proved  that  He  has  been  cheated  constantly,  for  the  most  bigoted  believer  lias 
never  hesitated  to  lie  in  bed  three  hours  later  Sunday  than  other  mornings ;  then, 
at  evening,  say  :  "  Well,  boys,  we  have  got  a  hard  day's  work  to  do  to-morrow, 
so  we  must  go  to  bed  early."  All  nature  ignores  the  day :  the  billows  rage  us 
fiercely,  the  thunder  is  as  loud,  the  tempest  is  as  destructive,  the  blossoms  as 
beautiful,  vegetation  and  animal  life  as  progressive  upon  that  as  upon  any  other 
day  in  the  week.  In  Moses'  time,  families  and  tribes  were  separated  but  little. 
How  different  now !  Business  necessities  often  separate  the  nearest  relations. 
The  father  of  a  family  is  often  hundreds  of  miles  away.  It  lias  happened  three 
times  in  my  own  experience  that  telegrams,  announcing  the  dying  condition  of 
members  of  my  family,  have  been  received  late  Saturday  evening,  and  it  is  not 
likely  my  experience  in  that  way  is  exceptional.  Those  who  desire  to  observe 
the  day  as  sacred,  should  be  allowed  to  do  so  without  hindrance;  but  it  is  very 
different  when  such  believers  try  to  compel  all  others  to  do  the  same.  Our  pris- 
ons are  filled  with  theoretical  believers  in  the  idea,  if  we  may  judge  from  the 
declarations  of  those  about  to  be  hanged  for  murder.  If  such  is  the  effect  of  be- 
lieving one  day  better  than  another,  would  it  not  be  better  to  teach  that  all  days 
are  good,  and  mix  religion  with  business? 


"Water  Supply  for  Cities. 

;  a  general  complaint  of  waste  of  water, 
soon  bo  much  less  than  the  demand,  won 

ii«,yv.  «<  Jiij^n  DV.I  .  xv,v,  for  extinguishing'  fires,  and  a  low  one  fc.   „„— . — ~,  ..- 

have  the  discharge  for  the  latter  retarded  ?     The  unthinking  user  leaves  a  fau^vl 
open  just  as  long,  in  most  cases,  where  the  pressure  is  a  hundred  pounds  j  Nv 


Now  that  there  is  a  general  complaint  of  waste  of  water,  and  apprehension 
that  the  supply  will  soon  be  much  less  than  the  demand,  would  it  not  be  well  to 
have  a  high  service  for  extinguishing  fires,  and  a  low  one  for  domestic  use,  or 


ng, 
inch  as  where  it  is  onlv  five  or  ten. 


Apparatus  for  Regulating  the  Flow  and  Delivery 

of  Water  Through  Canals,  Flumes,  and 

Water-Ways. 

Specification    Forming  part    of    Letters  Patent    No.  275,371, 
dated  April    10,    1883. 


The  object  of  my  invention  is,  first,  to  maintain  water  in  a  canal  or  water- 
way at  a  uniform  height  during  its  passage  to  the  outlet  or  flume  ;  second, 
from  this  established  uniform  height  of  water  in  the  canal  or  water-way  to 
make  a  proportional  division  of  the  water  at  the  outlets,  giving  to  each  con- 
sumer of  water  at  his  respective  outlet  the  amount  of  water  to  which  each  is 
entitled,  or  a  proportional  amount  of  the  whole  to  which  each  is  entitled  ; 
third,  to  measure  the  amount  given  to  each  ;  and,  fourth,  to  prevent  any  one 
of  the  consumers  from  using  any  more  water  than  he  is  entitled  to,  the 
whole  apparatus  operating  automatically,  and  being  based  on  the  fixed  law 
that  any  given  velocity  of  water  is  acquired  through  a  corresponding  loss  of 
head. 

This  apparatus  is  applicable  to  be  used  at  falls  where  the  water  is  owned 
by  several  parties  and  is  to  be  proportionally  divided  between  them.  It  is 
also  applicable  for  use  where  the  water  is  owned  by  one  company  or  owner, 
and  is  sold  or  leased,  and  a  stated  quantity  is  to  be  measured  out  to  each 
purchaser  or  to  each  party  leasing.  It  is  also  applicable  for  use  for  govern- 
ing the  flow  of  water  from  reservoirs,  where  water  is  stored  for  irrigation  or 
for  manufacturing  purposes,  and  also  for  regulating  the  height  of  water  in 
rivers  or  ponds  to  prevent  backflowage  in  cases  where  movable  dams  or  flush- 
boards  are  employed.  I  accomplish  these  objects  by  the  apparatus  substan- 
tially as  hereinafter  described,  and  illustrated  in  the  accompanying  draw- 
ings, in  Avhich — 

Figure  I.  is  a  plan  view  representing  a  canal,  and  showing  my  invention  as 
applied  to  the  operation  of  wicket-gates,  or  those  pivoted  in  a  vertical  posi- 
tion at  one  end  of  the  canal,  for  the  head-gates,  and  also  at  the  other  end, 
or  at  the  flumes,  where  the  water  would  be  drawn  from  the  canal  and  used 
for  manufacturing  or  other  purposes.  Fig.  II.  is  a  vertical  section  of  the  same 
at  line  A  of  Fig.  I.  Fig.  III.  is  a  plan  view  representing  a  canal  provided 
with  vertical  sliding  head-gates  at  one  end,  and  the  gates  at  the  other  end  or 
in  the  flumes,  where  the  water  would  be  drawn  from  the  canal  for  use,  being 
pivoted  to  or  hung  upon  a  bar  placed  in  a  horizontal  position.  Fig.  IV.  is  an 
enlarged  plan  view  of  a  flume  and  draft-tube,  with  a  swinging  gate  hung  in 
said  flume  and  operated  according  to  my  invention  in  dividing  and  measur- 
ing the  Avater  drawn  from  the  canal  through  said  flume.  Fig.  V.  is  a  part 
vertical  section  of  the  same  at  line  B  of  Fig.  IV.,  showing  the  swinging  gate 
and  the  lifting-float  which  operates  it  and  the  draft-tube. and  also  a  part  ver- 
tical section  at  line  D  of  Fig  IV.,  showing  the  construction  of  the  governing- 
float  which  operates  the  valve  controlling  the  flow  of  water  into  and  out  of 
the  tank  containing  the  lifting-float.  Fig.  VI.  is  a  vertical  section  of  the  valve 
and  its  case,  which  controls  the  flow  of  water  into  and  out  of  the  tank  con- 
taining the  lifting-float,  at  line  E  of  Fig.  V.  Figs. VII.,  VIII.,  and  IX.  are  sec- 
tional views  representing  details  of  the  valve  and  its  case  as  applied  to  and 
used  at  the  flumes  or  outlets  of  the  canal. 

In  the  drawings,  let  1  represent  the  side  walls  of  a  canal  or  water-way,  at 
one  end  of  which  is  made  the  ordinary  bulk-head,  as  5,  provided  with  gates, 
as  2,  to  admit  the  water  into  the  canal  or  water-way  when  opened  for  that 
purpose. 

The  ordinary  head-gates  may  be  used  ;  but  in  this  application  I  have  shown 
pivoted  gates,  as  being  more  easily  operated,  this  class  of  gates  being  shown, 
as  at  4,  pivoted  at  5  in  the  bulk-head  at  one  end  of  the  canal,  1,  and  in  the 


88 


flumes  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  canal,  in  Figs.  I.  and  II.  In  the  use  of  this 
pivoted  gate  to  control  the  flow  of  water,  the  gate  being  set  in  an  upright 
position  to  turn  upon  its  post  5  as  a  pivot,  an  arm,  as  6,  is  secured  to  its  up- 
per end,  to  which  is  attached  a  horizontal  rod,  7,  connected  with  one  arm  of 
a  bell-crank  lever,  8,  pivoted  at  9,  the  other  arm  being  connected  with  a  ver- 
tical rod,  as  10,  extending  through  the  top  of  a  tank  containing  a  float,  13,  to 
which  the  lower  end  of  the  rod  10  is  secured.  A  smaller  tank,  as  15,  is  made 
upon  or  is  so  connected  with  the  canal  or  its  side  wall  that  the  water  may 
flow  freely  into  said  tank,  either  by  making  the  side  next  the  canal-wall 
open,  as  at  14,  or  by  connecting  said  tank  with  the  canal  by  a  pipe,  with  its 
end  opening  into  the  canal,  so  that  the  water  of  the  canal  may  flow  through 
said  pipe  into  the  lower  portion  of  the  tank  to  fill  the  latter  up  to  the  same 
level  as  the  water  in  the  canal.  This  tank,  as  15,  I  make  preferably  of  rect- 
angular form,  and  it  contains  a  float,  16,  which  I  make  of  a  form  in  horizon- 
tal section  to  fit  approximately  the  interior  of  the  tank,  but  so  that  the  float 
may  move  up  and  down  freely,  but  not  revolve  therein.  This  float  may  be 
made  of  any  suitable  buoyant  material  ;  but  I  prefer  to  make  it  of  some  thin 
sheet  metal,  and  hollow,  and  perfectly  water-tight.  A  socket,  as  24,  extends 
vertically  through  this  float,  through  which  extends  a  rod,  17,  whose  upper 
end  has  a  screw-thread  made  thereon,  adapted  to  receive  a  nut,  as  18,  turned 
on  to  the  upper  end  of  the  rod,  with  a  shoulder,  h,  above  and  beloAV  the  float, 
and  this  rod  17  extends  down  through  the  bottom  of  this  tank  15,  with  its 
lower  end  attached  to  an  arm,  20,  secured  to  the  hub  of  a  valve,  73,  inclosed 
within  and  fitting  a  cylindrical  valve-case,  19,  the  hub  extending  out 
through  the  case  at  its  axis.  This  valve-plug  fits  the  interior  of  the  case,  so 
as  to  move  freely  therein,  and  is  approximately  of  semi-cylindrical  form,  of 
sufficient  extent  in  its  circumference  to  cover  the  inlet  and  outlet  ports  in  the 
case,  and  a  pipe,  21,  opens  atone  end  into  the  canal  and  at  the  other  end 
into  the  valve-case,  19,  at  the  periphery,  at  the  upper  side,  so  that  the  water 
may  pass  from  the  canal  through  this  pipe  into  the  valve-case.  The  opening 
of  this  pipe  in  the  valve-case  forms  its  inlet-port,  and  the  opening  of  a  pipe, 
23,  into  the  valve-case,  on  its  lower  side  and  nearly  opposite  the  pipe  21, 
forms  the  outlet-port  of  the  valve-case,  this  pipe  or  opening  23  being  merely 
to  permit  the  water  to  flow  out  of  the  valve-case  and  to  conduct  it  away  to 
some  waste-conduit,  if  desired.  Another  pipe,  22,opening  into  the  valve-case 
at  the  side,  extends  to  and  opens  within  the  tank  11,  preferably  in  its  lower 
portion. 

It  will  be  seen  by  referring  to  Fig.  VII.  that  when  the  arm  20  (shown  in 
dotted  lines  in  that  figure)  is  in  a  horizontal  position  the  inlet-port  or  open- 
ing of  the  lower  end  of  the  pipe  21  in  the  valve-case  is  closed,  being  covered 
by  the  upper  end  of  the  valve  73,  and  the  opening  of  the  upper  end  of  the 
pipe  23  in  the  valve-case  or  outlet-port  is  covered  by  the  lower  end  of  the 
valve  73. 

By  referring  to  Fig.  VIII.  it  will  be  seen  that  when  the  arm  20  (shown  in 
dotted  lines)  is  inclined  above  a  horizontal  position  the  valve  is  moved  so  as 
to  open  the  upper  or  inlet-port  and  close  the  lower  or  outlet  port,  and  when 
this  arm  is  inclined  below  its  horizontal  position  the  upper  or  inlet  port  is 


ugh 

the  valve  in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  VIII.  water  may  fknv  into  the  valve- 
case  through  the  pipe  21,  and  thence  through  the  pipe  22  into  the  tank  11,  to 
raise  the  float  therein,  and  with  the  valve  in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  IX. 
water  may  flow  out  of  the  tank  11  into  the  valve-case,  and  thence  out  through 
the  pipe  23.  It  will  be  seen  that  by  this  construction  of  valve  the  latter  may 
be  moved  with  the  least  possible  friction  in  its  case,  and  a  very  slight  change 
in  the  height  of  the  water  in  the  canal  to  change  the  vertical  position  of  the 
float  16  will  be  sufficient  to  operate  the  valve  to  open  or  close  the  ports  in  its 
case. 

Referring  to  Fig.  II.,  suppose  it  is  desired  to  maintain  the  water  in  the 
canal  at  the  height  indicated  by  the  dotted  line  L.  The  permanent  or  slid- 
ing head-gates,  as  2,  are  raised  to  give  the  desired  opening  for  the  water  to 
flow  in,  and  the  nut  18  is  turned  on  to  the  upper  end  of  the  rod  17  until  the 
float  16  in  the  tank  15  is  sustained  at  the  height  shown  in  Fig.  II.  by  the  water 
which  flows  into  said  tank  from  the  canal.  While  in  this  position  the  valve 
is  held  in  the  position  shown  in  dotted  lines  in  Fig.  II.,  and  the  water  flows 


a.  l. 


go 


from  the  canal  through  the  pipe  21,  case  19,  and  pipe  22  into  the  tank  11, 
raising  the  float  13  into  the  upper  part  of  the  tank  and  holding  the  pivoted 
gate  4  wide  open,  or  in  a  position  lengthwise  the  canal,  as  shown  in  Fig.  I., 
so  that  the  water  may  flow  into  the  canal  past  the  gate  4,  on  each  side  the 
latter  ;  but  as  the  float  16  is  so  adjusted,  if  the  water  should  rise  in  the  canal, 
the  float  16  would  be  raised,  and  the  arm  20  of  the  valve  would  be  inclined 
above  a  horizontal  position  and  the  valve  moved  into  a  position  to  open  the 
outlet-port  into  the  pipe  23  and  close  the  inlet-port  from  the  pipe  21,  and  the 
water  would  flow  out  from  the  tank  11  through  the  pipes  22  and  23,  and  the 
valve  and  the  float  13  would  fall  and  close  the  gate  4,  or  partially  close  it, 
until  the  water  should  fall  nearly  to  the  desired  level  at  the  line  L,  and 
when  the  inlet  port  or  pipe  21  began  to  open  as  the  float  16  was  lowered  by 
the  fall  of  the  water  the  tank  would  be  slowly  filled  again  and  the  float  13 
would  rise,  and  the  gate  4  would  be  gradually  opened  to  keep  up  the  supply 
of  water  in  the  canal.  This  float  16  may  be  so  nicely  adjusted  by  turning  the 
nut  18  either  up  or  down  that  the  slightest  rise  of  water  in  the  canal,  and 
consequently  in  the  tank  15,  will  operate  the  float  16,  and  the  valve  and  the 
gate  4  will  be  shut  sufficiently  to  keep  out  the  excess  of  water  over  that 
required  for  use  in  the  canal.  The  gate  4  is  always  wide  open  as  long  as  the 
water  remains  at  the  lowest  desired  level,  and  when  the  water  rises  above 
this  level  the  gate  4  is  partially  shut. 

The  flumes,  as  25,  at  the  points  along  the  canal  where  the  water  is  drawn 
therefrom,  may  be  supplied  with  the  same  kind  of  gata,  4,  each  of  which  is 
operated  by  float  16,  valve  and  its  case  ID,  and  lifting-float  13  in  the  sum 3 
manner  as  the  head-gate  is  operated,  as  above  described,  except  that  the  arm 
u  is  attached  to  the  post  or  pivot  5  of  the  gate  in  an  opposite  position  from 
that  in  which  it  is  attached  to  said  post  or  pivot  at  the  supply  end  of  the 
canal.  These  flume-gates  also  operate  to  partially  close  and  prevent  any 
excess  of  water  from  passing  into  the  flume  over  that  amount  previously 
determined  upon.  For  example,  suppose  a  manufacturing  establishment  to 
be  located  at  any  point  along  the  canal,  say  at  X,  and  to  draw  the  water 
from  the  canal  through  the  flume  containing  the  single  gate  4  at  that  point. 
This  flume  is  provided  with  a  tank,  15,  containing  a  valve  op  arating  float,  16, 
like  that  herein  before  described  for  the  head-gate,  into  which  tank  the  water 
may  flow  from  the  flume  through  a  pipe  whose  orifice  14  opens  into  the  flume, 
above  the  gate,  in  a  direction  opposite  the  flow  of  the  current,  and  a  valve 
and  its  case  19,  like  that  above  described  for  the  operation  of  the  head-gate, 
is  connected  Avith  the  float  16  by  a  rod,  17,  with  a  tank  connected  by  a  pipe 
with  said  valve-case,  and  containing  a  lifting-float,  as  13,  which  is  connected 
with  an  arm,  as  6,  on  the  gate  4  in  the  flume  by  rods  10  and  7  and  bell-crank 
lever  8,  all  as  above  described  for  the  head-gate  at  the  bulk-head. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  using  the  valve  and  its  case  19  at  the  head-gate  at 
the  bulk-head  b  the  arm  20  is  so  attached  to  the  hub  of  the  valve  that  as  the 
float  16  is  raised  by  the  water  in  the  tank  15  and  in  the  canal  the  valve  is 
moved  so  that  the  water  may  flow  out  of  the  tank  11,  and  by  the  falling  of 
th  3  lifting-float  13  the  head-gate  4  will  begin  to  close  ;  but  at  the  flumes  the 
arm  20  is  attached  to  the  hub  of  the  valve  73  in  a  reversed  position,  or  as 
shown  in  dotted  lines  in  Figs.  V.,  VII.,  VIII.,  and  IX..  so  that  as  the  water 
falls  in  the  flume  the  falling  of  the  float  16  in  the  tank  15  would  move  the 
valve  73  into  a  position  to  permit  the  water  to  flow  from  the  tank  11,  and 
the  lifting-float  13,  in  falling,  would  close  the  gate  4  in  the  flume  25. 

In  the  above  explanation  I  have  referred  to  the  details  of  the  tanks  and 
valve,  as  shown  in  Fig  I.,  at  the  head  of  the  canal  or  bulk-head,  because  pre- 
cisely the  same  arrangement  is  used  at  the  flumes  as  at  the  bulk-head,  with 
the  exception  that  the  arm  6  is  attached  to  the  pivot  or  post  4.  and  the  arm 
20  is  secured  to  the  valve  73  in  a  reversed  position  when  applied  and  used  at 
the  flumes.  For  illustration,  two  other  manufacturing  establishments  may 
be  drawing  water  from  the  canal—  one  at  O  and  another  at  P — and  these 
flumes  may  be  located  any  distance  apart  and  along  the  side  of  the  canal,  or 
at  its  termination.  For  convenience  I  have  represented  them  at  the  latter 
point,  and  side  by  side.  Suppose  that  the  party  at  N  owns  or  has  leased  one- 
sixth  of  all  the  Avater  Avhich  flows  through  the  canal,  the  party  at  O  three- 
sixths,  and  the  party  at  P  tAVO-sixths,  each  flume-opening  being  of  the  proper 
area  to  permit  that  quantity  of  Avater  to  floAV  through  at  a  given  velocity — 
say  of  tAvo  feet  per  second.  These  flume  openings  being  the  ordinary  head- 
gates,  they  may  be  changed  to  give  different  areas  of  opening  at  different.sea- 


sons  of  the  year  to  meet  the  usual  changes  in  the  supply  of  water  at  such 
times,  if  found  advisable.  With  the  water  at  the  height  indicated  by  the 
line  JL  the  nut  18  on  the  rod  17  is  turned  so  that  the  float  16  in  the  tank  15 
holds  the  valve  at  the  flume  JST  in  such  a  position  that  the  float  13  in  the  tank 
11  at  that  flume  will  hold  its  gate  4  in  a  position  wide  open,  as  shown  in  Fie 
I.  Inasmuch  as  the  amount  of  water  which  can  be  drawn  from  a  flume  de- 
pends upon  the  velocity  at  the  outlet  of  the  flume  at  a  given  head  this 
additional  use  would  tend  to  draw  the  water  down  or  reduce  its  height  in  the 
flume,  and  the  water  in  the  tank  15  being  always  at  the  same  level  with  that 
in  the  flume,  the  float  16  would  fall  and  move  the  valve  into  a  position  to 
permit  the  water  to  flow  out  of  the  tank  11  through  the  pipe  22  valve  19  and 
outlet  23,  and  the  lifting-float  13  would  fall  and  partially  shut 'the  gate' 4  ' 


dition,  allowing  him  still  his  proportional  quantity,  though  at  a  loss  of  head 
in  proportion  to  the  quantity  which  he  attempts  to  overdraw.  In  like  man- 
ner the  other  owners  or  lessees  at  other  points  are  governed  or  controlled  in 
their  use  of  water. 

In  Fig.  1.  there  are  two  gates  in  the  flume  at  O,  one  of  which  is  provided 
with  a  double  arm.  6,  one  of  whose  ends  is  connected  with  the  arm  of  the 
other  gate  by  a  rod,  26,  and  the  other  end  is  connected  with  the  bell-crank 
lever  8,  connected  with  the  lifting-float  13  in  the  tank  11,  so  that  the  move- 
ment of  said  float  will  operate  both  gates  at  the  same  time. 

The  flumes  may  be  provided  with  the  ordinary  lifting  or  vertically-sliding 
gates  2,  which  may  be  closed  at  any  time  for  the  purpose  of  making  repairs 
in  the  flume,  or  for  any  other  purpose. 

The  tanks  15,  connected  with  all  the  flumes,  should  all  be  securely  locked 
and  be  kept  under  the  charge  of  one  man,  so  that  no  other  person  could  have 
access  to  them  ;  or  the  tanks  15  might  be  all  located  in  one  building  or  office 
and  each  be  connected  with  its  flume  by  a  pipe,  and  all  locked  and  in  charge 
of  one  person. 

If  desired,  a  dial,  30,  having  a  graduated  scale,  may  be  placed  in  any  con- 
venient fixed  position  near  the  pivot  or  post  5  of  each  gate  in  the  flume,  with 
an  index  secured  to  the  post,  as  shown  at  P  in  Fig.  I.,  so  that  a  glance  at  the 
index  and  dial  at  any  time  would  show  how  far  open  each  gate  was  as  to  the 
area  of  its  aperture,  so  that  a  slight  computation  might  give  approximately 
the  quantity  of  water  passing  through. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  apparatus  furnishes  a  very  reliable  system  of  main- 
taining the  water  in  a  water-way  or  canal  at  a  standard  height  to  give  a  uni- 
form head,  and  with,  that  head,  to  divide  the  water  flowing  through,  giving 
to  each  owner  or  lessee  the  quantity  to  which  he  is  entitled,  and  preventing 
any  attempt  011  the  part  of  either  owner  or  lessee  from  using  a  greater  quan- 
tity than  that  to  which  he  is  entitled. 

In  Fi£s.  ITT.,  IV.,  and  V.  is  shown  a  modification  of  the  same  invention  as 
applied  to  <j-ates  arranged  to  move  on  a  horizontal  pivot  for  the  purpose  of 
measuring  the  amount' of  water  passing  through  the  gate-aperture,  Figs.  IV. 
and  V..  showing  an  enlarged  detailed  view,  in  which  33  represents  a  horizon- 
tal bar  fixed  in  the  sides  of  the  flume,  to  which  are  hung,  so  as  to  swing  freely 
thereon,  the  arms  34,  whose  free  ends  are  secured  to  the  gate  36.  The  out- 
side of  this  gate  should  be  made  convex  in  its  cross-section  upon  a  curve 
whose  radius  is  the  distance  from  the  outside  of  the  gate  to  the  horizontal 
bar  .".:;.  and  the  .uate-n  pert  lire  71,  made  in  front  of  the  gate  and  through  the 
front  wall  :;L'  of  the  flume,  should  have  its  ends  curved  vertically,  as  at  68, 
so  that  the  ends  of  the  gate  36  should  approximately  fit  the  aperture  when 
the  gate  is  shut 

The  tank  11  for  the  lifting-float  13,  Avhen  applied  to  a  swinging  gate  of  this 
construction  and  used  in  the  position  shown  in  the  drawings,  is  made  be- 
neath the  floor  of  the  flume,  and  the  lifting-rod  10  in  this  case  extends  up 
through  this  floor,  and  may  be  connected  Avith  a  cross-bar  extending  from 
one  arm,  34,  to  the  other,  of  the  gate  36,  as  shown  in  Figs.  IV.  and  V. 

The  chamber  75  for  the  wheels  28  may  be  covered  by  a  horizontal  partition, 
70.  if  desired,  with  a  small  horizontal  aperture,  as  69,  through  the  frcnt 
wall  32  of  the  flume,  which  would  form  a  draft-tube  in  which  the  wheels 
were  located,  the  water  in  the  flume  flowing  through  this  aperture  60  and 
covering  the  horizontal  partition  70,  to  pack  the  apertures  to  the  wheel- 


Fiy.3 


93 


Chamber,  these  wheels  representing  those  used  by  the  establishment  located 
at  that  point  and  drawing  water  from  the  canal. 

A  scale,  66,  may  extend  up  vertically  in  any  convenient  place,  with  its 
lower  end  pivoted  to  the  end  of  the  gate  36,  and  the  graduations  on  the  scale 
may  indicate  the  vertical  opening  and  fractions  thereof  of  the  gate-aperture. 
Suppose,  for  example,  that  the  gate-aperture  should  be  ten  feet  horizontally 
and  two  feet  vertically,  and  a  glance  at  the  scale  should  indicate  that  the 
lower  edge  of  the  gate  36  was  just  one  foot  above  the  lower  edge  of  the  gate- 
aperture.  It  would  require  but  a  few  minutes'  computation,  knowing  the 
area  of  open  aperture  and  velocity,  to  ascertain  just  how  much  water  was 
flowing  through  the  aperture  beneath  the  gate,  so  that  the  quantity  of  water 
being  used  by  the  party  drawing  from  that  flume  may  be  easily  and  accu- 
rately measured  at  any  time  by  a  glance  at  the  scale  to  see  how  much  it  pro- 
jects above  the  top  of  the  wall  of  the  flume,  or  any  other  horizontal  line 
across  the  scale  as  an  indicator. 

The  operation  of  the  float  16  within  its  tank  15,  connected  with  the  flume 
shown  in  Figs.  III.,  IV.,  and  V.,  and  also  the  valve-case  19,connected  with  said 
float  and  with  the  tank  11  of  the  lifting-float  13,  is  precisely  like  that  herein- 
before described  as  used  in  Figs.  I.  and  II.,  except  that  its  action  is  reversed 
—that  is  to  say,  the  tank  is  so  connected  with  the  flume  in  Figs.  IV.  and  V. 
that  the  water  may  flow  freely  through  the  orifice  14  and  the  pipe  leading 
therefrom  into  the  tank  15,  so  that  the  float  16,  being  properly  adjusted  by 
the  nut  18  on  the  rod  17  above  the  float,  will  be  held  at  a  certain  height  in 
the  tank  15  by  the  water  therein,  the  valve  in  the  case  19  being  held  in  a  po- 
sition to  retain  the  proper  quantity  of  water  in  the  tank  11  to  sustain  the 
float  13  and  gate  36  at  such  a  height  as  to  allow  the  quantity  of  water  to  flow 
through  the  gate-aperture  71  at  the  fixed  velocity  to  which  the  party  is  enti- 
tled, at  the  given  head  which  is  maintained  in  the  canal  by  the  head-gates, 
as  hereinbefore  described.  If  the  party  wishes  to  use  more  water  than  that 
which  would  flow  through  the  gate-opening  71  at  a  given  velocity— say  two 
feet  per  second  —the  water  would  begin  to  fall  in  that  part  of  the  flume  in 
which  the  gate  36  is  pivoted,  and  also  would  fall  in  the  tank  15,  owing  to  the 
increased  velocity  of  the  water  passing  through  the  gate-aperture  71,  and 
the  float  16  would  fall  and  change  the  valve,  so  that  the  inlet  from  the  pipe 
21  would  be  opened  and  the  outlet  at  23  be  closed,  permitting  the  water  to 
flow  into  the  tank  11,  raising  the  lifting-float  13  and  opening  the  gate  36  to 
give  a  larger  aperture  and  permit  more  water  to  pass  through  the  gate  aper- 
ture 71  until  the  velocity  was  reduced  to  the  stated  two  feet  per  second,  and 
this  increased  opening  of  the  gate-aperture  would  be  accurately  indicated  by 
the  sc;ile,  and  the  amount  of  water  could  then  easily  be  computed.  If  the 
water  in  the  reservoir  should  be  exceedingly  low,  so  that  the  water  in  the 
canal  should  remain  at  a  much  lower  level  than  at  the  line  L,  the  nuts  on 
the  rods  17  above  the  floats  16  are  readjusted  according  to  the  height  of  water 
in  the  canal,  and  each  party  will  then  be  able  to  draw  his  proportional  quan- 
tity of  the  water,  and  110  more,  instead  of  his  full  quantity,  as  when  the 
water  is  abundant. 

It  will  be  seen  that  when  the  float  16  is  once  adjusted  for  any  certain 
height  at  which  it  is  desired  to  maintain  the  water,  by  turning  the  nut  18  on 
the  rod  17  either  up  or  down,  the  float  will  operate  automatically  to  move 
the  valve  into  such  a  position  as  to  regulate  the  amount  of  water  retained  in 
the  lifting- tank  11  to  operate  the  gate,  and  keep  the  proportions  of  the  sup- 
ply of  water  in  the  canal  equal  to  the  demand  or  amount  used  therefrom. 

It  will  be  seen  that  by  merely  reversing  the  position  of  the  arm  20  on  the 
hub  of  the  valve  73  the  falling  of  the  Avater  and  the  float  16  will  operate  the 
valve  to  permit  the  water  to  flow  into  the  lifting  tank  to  close  a  gate,  or  to 
open  it,  according  to  the  position  in  which  the  said  arm  is*secured. 

It  is  evident  that  in  cases  where  a  single  individual,firm,or  corporation  owns 
all  the  water  which  runs  in  the  canal  or  water-way,  or  owns  the  entire  water 

Sriyilege,  and  is  only  using  from  one  flume,  or  when  it  is  not  desired  to 
ivide  the  water  among  the  different  flumes  through  which  it  is  drawrn  from 
the  canal  to  be  used,  but  only  to  maintain  the  water  in  the  canal  or  water- 
way at  a  uniform  height,  it  may  be  done  by  using  the  apparatus  as  con- 
nected with  the  head-gates  at  the  bulk-head  alone.  In  any  case,  whether  used 
at  the  head-gates  or  those  in  the  flume,  or  both,  the  tanks  15,  containing  the 
operating  floats  16,  together  with  their  respective  valves,  and  the  pipes  or 
water-connections,  should  all  be  located  under  cover  to  avoid  being  frozen  up 


94 


in  winter,  and  the  tanks  15,  with  their  floats  16,  might  be  located  conven- 
iently in  some  office,  and  under  the  control  of  one  man  ;  and  instead  of  tak- 
ing the  water  from  the  canal  into  the  tank  11  through  the  valve-case  1!)  and 
inlet  21,  it  may  be  taken  from  the  reservoir  or  river  by  connecting  the  pipe 
therewith,  if  it  should  be  more  convenient. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 
Witnesses  : 

T.  A.  CURTIS, 

N.  E.    DWINNBLL. 


QUESTIONS  OFTEN  ASKED  ME  IN  COURT 
ANSWERED. 

Have  I  ever  been  to  college  or  technical  school  ? 

No ;  but  the  teachers  and  graduates  of  such  institutions  often 
come  to  me  for  information. 

Have  I  studied  hydraulic  works  by  different  authors  ? 

I  have  looked  through  such  occasionally. 

Have  I  ever  run  levels  between  mills  as  a  surveyor  does  ? 

No  ;  the  cause  for  effect  can  better  be  ascertained  by  doing  it  by 
the  water  if  one  knows  how  to  do  it. 

Why  do  I  answer  so  positively  while  others  professing  to  teach 
the  science  hesitate  ? 

Because  my  answers  are  based  upon  knowledge  obtained  by  per- 
sonal experiments. 

How  do  I  know  that  weir  and  aperture  measurements  are  cor- 
rect? 

By  catching  the  discharge  from  weirs  and  apertures  in  tanks, 
then  cubing  the  contents. 

How  did  I  prepare  my  weir  tables,  did  I  work  them  all  person- 
ally? 

No ;  I  never  learned  the  formula  for  working  up  such  tables,  but 
employed  cheap  help  to  work  up  a  set  of  tables  from  the  Francis 
formulae,  then  cubed  the  discharge  in  tanks  varying  in  capacity 
from  two  feet  up  to  twenty-five  thousand  feet. 

How  do  I  know  that  tests  of  wheels  by  such  tables  are  correct  ? 

By  testing  the  same  wheels  at  several  different  testing  flumes 
remote  from  each  other. 

How  do  I  know  that  float  and  current  meter  measurements  are 
worthless  ? 

By  testing  the  same  streams  or  discharges  by  weir. 

SUGGESTION  FOE  CAPITALISTS. 

As  the  hours  of  labor  are  reduced  so  that  invested  capital  in 
mills  stands  idle  two-thirds  of  the  time  why  not  employ  two  or 
three  sets  of  hands  and  keep  the  work  in  operation  the  most  of  the 
time,  thus  making  a  plant  of  a  million  turn  out  the  same  quantity 
now  done  by  one  of  double  that  cost  ? 


Preliminary  Proceedings  for  Legal  Division   of 
Water  Power. 


State  of  Iowa,    ) 
Linn  County.     J 

To  James  Emerson  of  Willimansett,  Massachusetts,  Samuel  Sherwood  of 
Independence,  Iowa,  and  S.  N.  Williams  of  Mt.  Vernon,  Iowa. 

GREETING— Whereas,  on  November  1st,  A.  D.  1889,  in  an  action  now  pend- 
ing in  the  district  court  of  said  Linn  county,  wherein  N.  E.  Brown  is  plaintiff, 
and  Susan  Brown,  W.  S.  Cooper,  Sarah  E.  Leach,  E.  E.  Leach,  Herman  D.  St. 
John,  and  Charles  Clay  are  defendants,  it  was  found  by  the  said  court  that  the 
said  plaintiff,  N.  E.  Brown,  is  the  owner  in  fee  simple  of  the  undivided  two 
sixty-fourths  (625)  of  the  following  described  property  situated  in  Linn  county 
and  the  state  of  Iowa,  to  wit: — 

'Hie  rater  power  created,  situated  on,  across  and  adjacent  to  the  Cedar 
river  ac  Cedar  Rapids,  Linn  county,  Iowa,  consisting  of  a  mill  dam  con- 
structed across  the  Cedar  river  at  said  Cedar  Rapids  with  an  abutment  or 
bulk  head  upon  and  against  either  bank  of  said  river,  including  race  ways  on 
each  side  of  said  river  from  said  dam,  the  water  power  and  tiowage  created 
by  said  dam  and  race  ways,  and  the  right  to  have,  build,  and  maintain 
said  dam,  race  ways,  and  power;  said  dam,  abutments,  and  bulk  heads  being 
more  particularly  described  as  follows,  to  wit:— 

Said  dam  being  at  and  between  Fractional  Block  Two  (2)  in  Cedar  Rapids, 
Iowa,  and  Ely  &  Angle's  addition  to  West  Cedar  Rapids,  in  Linn  county, 
Iowa,  one  of  said  bulk  heads  and  the  east  end  of  said  dam  .being  upon  lots 
"  J,"  "K,"  "L,"  and  "M"  in  Fractional  Block  Two  (2)  in  Cedar  Rapids, 
Iowa,  and  the  other  of  said  bulk  heads  and  the  west  end  of  said  dam  being 
on  lots  twenty-three  (23)  and  twenty-four  (24)  of  Ely  &  Angle's  addition 
to  West  Cedar  Rapids,  in  Linn  county,  Iowa,  and  the  street  and  land  adjacent 


(}|4)  of  said  property ;  that  the  said  W.  S.  Cooper  is  the  owner  of  the 
undivided  one-sixteenth  dy  of  the  said  property;  that  the  defendants,  Her- 
man D.  St.  John  and  Charles  Clay,  are  together  the  owners  of  the  undivided 
one  sixty-fourth  (^¥)  of  said  property,  and  that  the  defendants,  Sarah  E.  Leach 
and  E.  E.  Leach,  are  together  the  owners  of  the  one  forty-eighth  (j1^)  of  said 
property  and  entitled  to  the  use  of  the  said  one  forty-eighth  (js)  on  the  west 
side  of  said  Cedar  river. 

And  it  was  then  and  there  ordered,  adjudged,  and  decreed  by  said  district 
court  that  the  said  shares  and  title  of  the  said  parties  respectively  in  and  to 
said  property  be  confirmed,  and  that  partition  thereof  between  said  parties 
be  made.  And  that  said  water  power  and  property  hereinbefore  described  be 
partitioned  and  so  measured  and  meted  out  to  the  several  owners  thereof 
according  to  their  several  rights  and  interests  as  hereinbefore  set  forth  so  that 
each  of  said  owners  shall  receive  and  use  of  said  water  power,  as  developed, 
his  or  their  own  proper  share  and  no  more,  at  any  and  all  stages  of  the  water 
and  in  whatever  condition  said  water  power  and  improvements  may  be,  viz. : — 

To  said  W.  S,  Cooper  the  four  sixty-fourths  (^)  of  said  power;  to  said 
Herman  D.  St.  John  and  Charles  Clay  together  the  one  sixty-fourth  (g1^) 
of  said  power;  to  said  Susan  Brown  the  one  hundred  sixty-seven  one  hun- 
dred ninety-seconds  (iff)  of  said  power  and  property;  to  said  N.  E.  Brown 
the  two  sixty-fourths  (52?)  of  said  power  and  property,  and  to  said  Sarah  K. 
Leach  and  E.  E.  Leach  together  the  one  forty-eighth  (^g)  of  the  whole  of  said 
power  and  property,  the  latter  to  be  used  on  the  west  side  of  said  river,  that 
each  of  them  may  enjoy  and  use  the  same  severally,  and,  each  to  have  his  or 
their  full  use  thereof,  uninterrupted  by  interference,  invasion,  or  diminution 
from  the  other,  and  no  more. 

And  whereas,  on  the  IJith  day  of  November,  A.  D.  1889,  and  the  13th  day  of 
February,  A.  D.  1890,  in  said  action  it  was  ordered,  adjudged,  and  decreed 


96 


by  said  court  that  to  effect  said  partition,  sucl  partition  of  said  property 
between  said  parties  to  said  action  be  made  by  James  Emerson  of  Williman- 
sett,  Massachusetts,  Samuel  Sherwood  of  Independence,  Iowa,  and  S.  N.  Will- 
iams of  Mt.  Vernon,  Iowa,  referees  and  commissioners  for  that  purpose;  and 
that  to  enable  such  commissioners  and  referees  to  make  such  partition,  they 
were  authorized  as  against  any  and  all  persons  to  enter  upon  said  premises 
and  take  control  of  said  water  power,  dam,  and  race  ways  for  the  reasonable 
time  required  to  do  said  work,  opening  and  closing  the  same  at  pleasure  and 
as  in  their  judgment  may  be  necessary,  stopping  any  and  all  water  wheels 
and  mills  operated  by  said  power  and  for  such  time  or  times  as  may  be  neces- 
sary and  reasonable,  and  that  in  making  said  partition  the  said  referees  ascer- 
tain the  quantity  or  volume  of  water  now  used  at  and  by  said  power  and  dam, 
and  the  exact  power  and  quantity  that  each  party  shall  be  entitled  to  draw 
off  or  use  under  the  varying  stages  of  the  water  in  the  aforesaid  river,  and 
said  referees  are  further  authorized  by  said  court  to  make  such  recommenda- 
tion in  their  report  as  they  deem  advisable  for  the  future  maintenance  and 
use  of  the  interests  of  the  several  parties  in  said  action  in  said  water  power. 

Now,  therefore,  you  are  hereby  empowered  and  commanded  to  .make  parti- 
tion of  the  water  power  and  property  above  described  between  the  plaintiff, 
N.  E.  Brown,  and  the  defendants,  Susan  Brown,  W.  S.  Cooper,  Sarah  E. 
Leach,  E.  E.  Leach,  Herman  D.  St.  John,  and  Charles  Clay,  by  assigning  to 
N.  E.  Brown,  the  two  sixty-fourths  (&)  thereof,  to  said  W.  S.  Cooper,  the  four 
sixty-fourths  (A)  thereof,  to  the  defendants,  Herman  D.  St.  John  and  Charles 
Clay  together,  the  one  hundred  sixty-seven  one  hundred  ninety  seconds  (jfj) 
thereof,  and  to  the  defendants,  Sarah  E.  Leach  and  E.  E.  Leach  together,  the 
one  forty-eighth  (^g)  thereof,  the  said  one  forty-eighth  (,^)  to  be  used  on  the 
west  side  of  said  river,  all  in  severalty  according  to  law,  that  each  of  said  par- 
ties may  enjoy  the  use  and  portion  thereof  belonging  to  him,  her,  or  them,  in 
severalty,  and  have  his  and  their  full  use  thereof,  uninterrupted  by  interfer- 
ence, invasion,or  diminution  from  the  other,  and  no  more;  such  partition  to  be 
made  as  hereinbefore  provided  and  directed;  and  you  are  further  directed  to 
make  report  in  writing  of  such  partition,  and  your  doings  under  this  commis- 
sion and  said  decree,  and  of  all  expenses  and  costs  pertaining  to  the  same,  as 
soon  as  can  be  done  with  reasonable  diligence,  to  our  said  district  court.  You 
are  further  authorized  to  make  such  recommendations  in  your  said  report  as 
you  deem  advisable  for  the  future  maintenance  and  use  of  the  interests  of 
the  several  parties  to  said  action  in  said  water  power. 

WITNESS  my  hand  and  the  seal  of  the  said  court  hereto  affixed  this  9th 
day  of  June,  A.  D.  1890. 

O.  S.  LAMB, 
Clerk  of  the  district  court  of  Linn  County,  Iowa. 

N.  E.  BROWN,  Plaintiff,  1 

VS'  r-nnp™  Partition 

v  T •  w  I™  f  In  District  Court  of  Linn 
•TiSd  CHARLES  County,  Iowa. 

CLAY,  Defendants.  J 

State  of  Iowa,    ) 
Linn  County.     )     ' 

We,  James  Emerson,  Samuel  Sherwood,  and  S.  N.  Williams,  do  severally 
swear,  that  we  will  well  and  faithfully  perform  the  duties  of  referees  in  the 
above  entitled  cause,  and  make  a  just  and  equitable  partition  therein,  accord- 
ing to  the  best  of  our  knowledge  and  ability. 

JAMES  EMERSON,         ) 
SAMUEL  SHERWOOD, }  Referees. 
S.  N.  WILLIAMS,  ) 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  meHby  the  said  James  Emerson,  Samuel 
Sherwood,  and  S.  N.  Williams,  on  this  28th  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1890. 

U.  C.  BLAKE, 
Notary  Public  in  and  for  Linn  County,  Iowa. 


97 


REPORT  OF  REFEREES. 

STATE  OF  IOWA,    1 

LINN  COUNTY.          j 

Report  of  referees  in  answer  to  decree  of  Linn  County  District  Court  order- 
ing the  partition  of  the  water  power  at  Cedar  Rapids  of  said  County  ;  N.  E. 
Brown,  plaintiff  ;  Susan  Brown,  W.  S.  Cooper,  Sarah  E.  and  E.  E.  Leach, 
Herman  D.  St.  John  and  Charles  Clay,  defendants. 

We,  the  referees,  met  at  Cedar  Rapids  July  29,  1890,  and  qualified  as 
required.  Mr.  Emerson  took  charge  of  the  numerous  preparations  necessary 
for  dividing  the  water  ;  Professor  Williams  having  charge  of  various  tests  for 
ascertaining  the  cost  of  steam  power  at  Cedar  Rapids  and  estimated  valuation 
of  water  power  at  Waterloo  and  Cedar  Falls  and  other  matters,  while  Mr. 
Sherwood,  from  his  general  knowledge  of  water  power,  and  especially  for 
his  early  acquaintance  with  the  Cedar  Rapids  water  power,  was  held  in 
reserve  as  adviser  and  assistant. 


The  first  act  necessary  was  to  put  the  dam  in  order  that  the  whole  flow  of 
water  in  the  river  should  pass  over  its  crest  for  measurement. 

The  top  of  dam  was  raised  some  ten  inches  at  the  lowest  point  and  divided 
into  twenty-nine  twenty  feet  sections  and  two  of  ten  feet  each  ;  division 
planks  were  established  between  each  section  and  a  small  post  rigidly 
secured  to  the  dam  eighteen  inches  up  stream,  from  crest  of  weirs  at  middle 
of  each.  These  posts  were  leveled  at  the  top  to  correspond  to  the  exact 
level  of  weirs  :  then  in  case  the  weight  of  overflow  should  cause  sectional 
depressions  one  end  of  crest  plank  would  be  likely  to  be  as  much  above  the 
top  of  post  as  the  other  would  be  below. 

The  bottom  edges  of  cresting  planks  were  well  imbedded  in  Portland 
cement,  making  a  perfectly  tight  joint  the  whole  length  of  dam.  The  plank- 
ing of  dam  is  doubled,  the  upper  ends  of  top  planks  are  scoured  off  by  ice  and 
overflow  so  that  water  flowing  over  runs  down  back  between  the  two  layers, 
presenting  the  appearance  of  extensive  leakage  under  the  dam.  The  cresting 
planks  are  placed  up  stream  from  the  worn  off  upper  planks,  and  while  the 
surface  of  water  was  below  the  crest  of  weirs  there  was  no  show  of  leakage 
through  the  planking  from  end  to  end  of  dam ;  at  the  bottom  there  were 
three  leaks,  but  so  small  that  there  were  no  whirlpools  or  other  indications 
of  their  source  above.  Gravel  would  make  the  dam  as  tight  as  a  dam  built 
upon  seamy  rock  can  be  made,  but  gravel  can  only  be  procured  at  a  cost  of 
two  dollars  per  cubic  yard,  and  at  that  price  with  difficulty.  Sawdust  and 
other  debris  were  used  until  the  leakage  was  reduced  to  the  lowest  stage 
possible. 

The  openings  to  the  races  were  stopped  ;  on  the  west  side  by  a  temporary 
dam,  on  the  east  side  by  planks  at  the  openings  in  wall  at  its  head,  and 
the  leakage  from  each  race  was  measured  by  weir  or  aperture. 

Wednesday,  August  13,  water  flowing  over  the  crest  of  dam  or  weirs 
seemed  to  have  reached  its  height  and  a  hasty  measurement  was  made,  the 
result  showing  a  flow  of  over  thirty-nine  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute  in 
the  river.  The  next  morning  Messrs.  Sherwood  and  Williams  joined  with  me 
in  making  the  most  careful  measurement  possible.  An  improvised  hook 
gauge  and  gauge  tank  for  quieting  the  surface  of  the  water  were  used,  so  that 
the  greatest  exactness  was  obtained,  the  measurements  on  dam  and  in  the 
two  races  aggregating  39,699.43  cubic  feet  per  minute,  to  wn*ich  I  add  one- 
fourth  additional,  making  the  maximum  flow  of  49,624.28  cubic  feet  per 
minute  as  the  largest  quantity  likely  to  flow  in  the  river  at  any  season  of  the 
year,  except  during  freshets ;  or  that  can  be  made  useful  through  the 
head-gate  openings  on  east  side  of  the  river. 

I  make  this  addition  not  because  I  believe  there  is  such  quantity  that  can 
be  utilized  under  existing  conditions,  but  because  the  ownership  of  all  the 
parties  aside  from  Mrs.  Brown  is  so  small  that  it  is  better  to  do  so  than  to 
leave  any  excuse  for  further  litigation. 

St.  John  &  Clay's  mill  has  wheels  that  under  eight  feet  head  will  discharge 
11,121  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute,  =  167.9  h.p.  of  water,  of  which  about  112 


effective  h.p.  may  be  realized.  Their  ^  of  the  whole  power  is  775.4  cubic 
feet  of  water  per  minute,  which  falling  8  feet  =  11.7  h.p.,  or  9  h.p.  net. 

N.  E.  Brown's  wheels  with  eight  feet  head  will  discharge  14,000  cubic  feet 
per  minute,  or  210.2  h.p.  of  water,  but  they  are  so  out  of  repair  that  no 
accurate  estimate  of  net  effect  can  be  made.  His  g1^  of  the  whole  power  is 
1,550.8  cubic  feet  per  minute,  which  falling  eight  feet  =  23.4  h.p.  of  water,  or 
16  to  18  effective  h.p. 

Cooper's  wheels  under  seven  feet  head  can  discharge  about  9,800  cubic  feet 
per  minute,  =  129  h.p.  of  water,  or  from  86  to  100  h.p.  net.  His  Jg  of  49,624.3 
cubic  feet  =  3,101.5  cubic  feet  per  minute,  which  falling  seven  feet  =  41  h.p. 
of  which  28  to  35  may  be  made  effective. 

Leach's  wheels  under  six  feet  head  will  discharge  about  7,000  cubic  feet  per 
minute,  or  79.3  h.p.  of  water,  from  which  50  to  60  h.p.  net  should  be  realized. 
His  £  of  49,624.3  cubic  feet  =  1,033.8  cubic  feet  per  minute,  which  falling  six 
feet  =  11.6  h.p.,  of  which  8  to  10  may  be  made  effective. 

Visits  have  been  made  to  Waterloo  and  Cedar  Falls  for  the  purpose  of 
examining  the  dams  at  those  places,  and  to  get  an  estimate  of  the  value  of 
water  power  there. 

At  Waterloo  the  dam  is  more  leaky  than  the  one  here.  At  Cedar  Falls  the 
dams  were  not  filled  to  the  crest,  yet  showed  free  leakage. 

Two  owners  at  the  Falls  estimated  the  value  of  the  water  there  at  ten 
dollars  per  square  inch,  and  more  if  free  from  litigation  or  diminution 
through  the  year. 

At  Waterloo  the  water  power  there  is  valued  at  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars,  and  twice  that  could  it  be  changed  to  Cedar  Rapids,  on  account  of 
better  facilities  here. 

It  was  stated  there  by  several  millers,  that  the  power  there  had  been  good 
for  the  season,  though  it  had  diminished  somewhat  lately— some  said  ten  per 
cent.  ;  others  thought  perhaps  a  little  more,  but  all  said  that  twenty-five  per 
cent,  additional  would  make  a  large  supply. 

One  thousand  inches  of  water  under  eight  feet  head  =  9,450  cubic  feet  per 
minute,  or  less  than  either  of  the  mills  are  fitted  for  using  from  the  east 
race  at  Cedar  Rapids. 

The  decree  requires  a  proportional  division  of  the  water  here.  Such 
division  will  shut  down  every  mill  concerned,  except  Cooper's,  and  his  much 
of  the  time,  for  the  maximum  and  minimum  flow  will  be  divided.  The  flow 
to-day,  August  21,  is  but  about  37,000  cubic  feet,  and  has  been  less  since  the 
largest  measurement  was  found,  and  at  many  times  during  the  year  is  much 
less,  for  the  water  is  often  drawn  down  by  the  wheels  in  use  two  or  three 
feet  b<^low  the  crest  of  dam. 

Preparations  will  at  once  be  commenced  for  division  according  to  the 
decree.  The  race  is  ample  in  capacity  to  carry  several  times  the  amount  of 
water  due  the  mills  taking  water  therefrom,  but  that  of  necessity  will  have 
to  be  closed  while  the  bulkheads  are  being  put  in  and  kept  so  until  the  work 
is  completed.  Wing  dam  and  head-gates  will  have  to  be  erected  on  the  west 
side,  that  the  division  of  water  may  be  made  at  the  head  of  that  race  that  the 
loss  from  leakage  of  the  race  may  fall  upon  the  proper  person.  The  decree 
will  be  carried  out  with  all  possible  expedition. 

But  it  will  take  time  to  complete  arrangements  for  doing  it,  and  soon  the 
water  will  be  so  cold  that  workmen  will  be  unwilling  to  work  in  it,  besides 
the  closing  of  the  mills  without  notice  has  discommoded  farmers  very  much, 
so  that  the  water  is  let  into  the  east  race  this  25th  day  of  August  with  the 
distinct  understanding  that  both  races  will  be  closed  again  the  1st  day  of  May 
next,  and  kept  so  until  preparations  for  the  proportional  partition  of  the 
water  are  completed,  then  each  owner  will  receive  the  exact  quantity  due 
and  no  more,  until  settlement  is  made  for  the  excess  drawn  from  August  25, 
current  month,  to  May  1,  1891.  At  least  such  will  be  the  course  recom- 
mended by  the  referees,  for  the  value  of  such  excess  is  shown  by  the  tests  of 


99 


Having  had  charge  of  the  steam  tests,  an  abstract  of  the  more  important  is 
given  herewith.  I  have  carefully  examined  Mr.  Emerson's  statements  of 
work  done,  with  results,  and  find  them  correct.  A  complete  report  of  details 
of  statements,  also  testimony  taken  in  connection  with  the  water  powers  at 
Cedar  Falls  and  Waterloo,  has  been  prepared  and  can  be  furnished  if 
desired.  S.  N.  WILLIAMS. 


Tests  have  been  made  with  a  Westinghouse  compound,  a  Buckeye,  and  a 
common  slide  valve  engine,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  cost  of  steam 
power  here.  These  were  made  by  keying  a  No.  4  power  scale  to  the  main 
line  of  driving  shaft,  taking  the  key  from  the  driving  pulley,  allowing  its 
arms  to  rest  upon  projecting  parts  of  the  scale,  thus  weighing  the  power  in 
transmission,  the  scale  at  each  revolution  carrying  the  load  nine  feet.  The 
number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  multiplied  by  nine,  that  product  multi- 
plied by  the  weight,  giving  the  footpounds. 

TEST  OF  ST.  JOHN   &  CLAY'S  MILL,  AUGUST  21.   WOODBUBY  DOUBLE 
SLIDE  VALVE  ENGINE,  CYLINDER  13J  x  18. 

Speed  of  shaft  and  scale  189  revolutions  per  minute. 

Power  to  run  shafting  and  machinery,       -  ...  20.85  h.p. 

Maximum  power  developed  during  test,         ....     46.18  h.p. 
Pounds  of  nut  coal  per  horse  power  per  hour.      -          -          •          11.3 

11.3  pounds  of  coal  multiplied  by  24  =  12,570  pounds,  at  $2.25  per  ton  =  in 
round  numbers  $14.00  for  the  46.18  h.p.  developed.  Two  engineers  without 
fireman  at  $2.50  per  day  each  =  $5.00  ;  added  to  the  $14.00  ==  $19.00  per  day 
for  running  such  a  mill  with  steam  power.  An  engineer  who  fires  and  runs 
an  engine  twelve  hours  per  day,  and  whose  ability  is  such  that  his  services 
are  worth  less  than  the  price  named,  is  a  standing  menace  to  the  neighbor- 
hood 

The  tests  below  were  made  at  the  electric  light  works  and  were  made  under 
more  favorable  conditions  than  generally  prevail  in  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. 

WESTINGHOUSE  COMPOUND  ENGINE,  10  x  18  x  10,  HEINE  BOILER  WITH 
STOKER.    BATED  65  H.P.  AT  100  POUNDS  STEAM.    TEST  No.  1,  AUG.  9. 
Slack  coal ;  pump  run  by  separate  boiler. 

Pounds  of  coal  per  horse  power  by  power  scale,          ...          11.17 
Average  net  weight  as  shown  by  power  scale,         ....    385. 

Average  ampere  load,  19.70 

Average  steam  pressure,          -  ....    101.6 

Average  speed,  .......         314.8 

Average  horse  power,     .  ....     33.10 

WESTINGHOUSE  ENGINE,  HEINE  BOILER,  RONEY  STOKER.    TEST  No.   3, 

AUG.  11. 

Average  steam  pressure,  -         114.6 

Average  speed  of  shaft  and  scale,      --.---    312.68 
Average  net  weight,  ...  .  551.35 

Average  horse  power,     -  •      46.16 

Pounds  coal  per  horse  power,  slack  at  $1.25  per  ton,  -          -  8.24 

Maximum  horse  power  steam  at  112,  .....     56.71 

Maximum  ampere  load,       -  ....  33.5 

The  maximum  load  on  Westinghouse  Engine  shows  10.5  16  candle-power 
lamps  to  the  horse  power.  This  is  not  by  actual  count,  but  is  estimated  from 
ampere  load  after  deducting  liberal  amount  for  loss  in  wire  and  converters. 


100 


BUCKEYE  ENGINE,  HEINE  BOILER  WITH  STOKER,  RATED  75  H.P.  AT  80 

POUNDS  STEAM.      TEST  NO.   5.      AUGUST  17. 

Cylinder  12  by  24,  slack  coal,  pump  run  by  same  boiler. 
Pounds  coal  per  horse  power, 


9.64 
647.30 

-  26.40 
108.4 

-  434. 

74.57 


Average  net  weight, 
Average  ampere  load,    - 
Average  steam  pressure, 
Average  speed,     - 
Average  horse  power, 

BUCKEYE  ENGINE,  BABCOCK,  WILCOX  &  ERIE  BOILERS.    TEST   No.  4. 

AUGUST  15. 

Average  steam  pressure,          -  -      97.6 

Average  speed  of  shaft  and  scale,  433.9 

Average  Aveight,  pounds,          -  -    667. 

Average  horse  power,  78.9 

Coal,  pounds  per  horse  power,  air-slacked  lump,  -       7.88 

Maximum  h.p.  steam  at  96,  -  92.2 

Maximum  ampere  load,  -      35. 

Maximum  number  of  arc  lamps,    -  -  42. 

I  was  here  over  forty  years  since,  about  mid  winter  ;  the  water  was  lower 
then  than  it  was  the  14th  of  August,  the  day  the  measurement  was  taken.  At 
that  time  Mr.  Greene  had  leased  his  lumber  mill  to  William  Harmon  from 
Maine,  and  in  a  few  days  after  starting  it  parties  running  the  mill  now  owned 
by  Messrs.  St.  John  &  Clay  said  Mr.  Harmon  was  drawing  the  water  so  much 
that  it  interfered  very  much  with  their  mill.  Mr.  Harmon  said  the  same,  or 
that  their  mill  drew  the  water  from  his  mill.  I  do  not  know  that  there  was 
any  other  water  used  at  that  time.  Having  been  present  August  14,  the  day 
the  measurements  were  made  here  at  Cedar  Rapids,  I  can  unhesitatingly 
state  that  they  were  correct,  as  they  were  made  in  the  same  way  as  the 
measurements  were  made  at  Lowell  and  Holyoke,  Mass.,  in  their  testing 
flumes.  I  have  proven  these  correct  beyond  a  doubt  by  actual  experiment  in 
my  own  testing  flume  at  Independence,  Iowa,  which  I  have  had  over  ten 
years.  I  have  been  present  many  times  at  the  water-wheel  test  at  Holyoke, 
conducted  by  Mr.  James  Emerson.  I  have  also  been  familiar  with  the  Cedar 
River  since  1847  ;  have  been  employed  at  Cedar  Falls  ;  also  at  this  place 
for  forty  years  since  at  millwright  work.  Have  seen  the  river  at  different 
stages,  and  at  the  time  the  measurement  was  made  here,  to  the  best  of  my 
knowledge,  state  that  Mr  Emerson  has  made  a  fair  and  honest  report  of  the 

Quantity  of  water,  also  of  the  power  at  the  time  of  the  measurement,  which 
am  satisfied  are  as  near  correct  as  can  be  made. 

_  S.  SHERWOOD,  SR. 

Mrs.  Susan  Brown,  defendant  and  principal  owner,  is  hereby  directed  to 
see  that  all  practicable  preparations  are  made  for  carrying  out  the  decree  as 
soon  after  the  closing  of  the  mills,  May  1,  1891,  as  is  possible. 
CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA,  August  28,  1890. 

JAMES  EMERSON, 
S.  N.  WILLIAMS, 
S.  SHERWOOD,  JR. 

For  more  than  twenty  years  parties  owning  less  than  one-eighth 

of  this  power  have  used  the  whole  without  paying  rent,  at  the  same 

time  keeping  up  a  continuous  complaint  that  the  principal  owner 

would  not  keep  the  dam  races,  etc.,  in  repair. 

The  commission  was  appointed  to  make  a  permanent  automatic 


101 


IO2 


Holyoke  and  Its  Water  Power. 


Some  eighty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  beautiful  Connecti- 
cut, almost  in  the  shadow  of  Mounts  Tom  and  Holyoke,  there 
is  a  fall  of  nearly  sixty  feet  in  a  short  distance  that  once  formed 
what  was  called  the  "  Great  llapids,"  near  which,  from  time  imme- 
morial, the  aborigines  of  the  country  gathered  in  great  numbers  in 
quest  of  fish  and  game;  and  until  within  a  few  years  "Indian 
fireplaces  "  have  dotted  the  banks  that  are  now  covered  with  mills ; 
indeed,  Indian  skeletons,  implements  and  arrow  heads  are  often 
found  in  the  vicinity  at  this  time.  Near  the  foot  of  the  falls  the 
river  makes  a  sharp  turn  to  the  right,  and  in  this  curve  is  situated 
the  city  of  Holyoke.  In  1831  this  place  was  a  part  of  West  Spring- 
field, known  as  "  Ireland  Depot,"  with  but  few  inhabitants,  and 
those  of  but  little  account.  In  that  year  the  Hadley  Falls  Co.  was 
formed,  and  a  small  cotton  mill  of  4000  spindles,  (known  until 
recently  as  Hampden,  Jr.,)  was  erected,  receiving  its  power  through 
a  canal,  and  wing  dam  running  obliquely  up  the  river,  which  at  this 
point  is  wide,  with  rock  bottom.  A  power  so  immense  and  conven- 
ient to  the  business  centers  of  the  country  was  not  likely  to  escape 
the  notice  of  capitalists.  The  volume  of  water  flowing  in  the  river 
in  ordinary  seasons,  was  found  to  be  about  GOOO  cubic  feet  per  sec- 
ond, or  for  the  fall  about  30,000  h.  p. ;  but  allowing  one-third  dimi- 
nution for  the  driest  seasons  the  available  minimum  was  rated  ai 
20.000  h.  p.  In  1845,  it  was  decided  to  construct  a  dam  across  the 
river,  and  one  with  a  base  of  60  and  a  height  of  30  feet  was 
completed  Nov.  19,  1847,  but  before  filling  to  the^top  it  rolled  over 
and  went  down  stream ;  this  was  a  severe  loss,  but  the  experience 
was  valuable.  The  dam  now  standing  was  completed  Oct.  22, 
1849 ;  it  had  a  base  of  80  and  a  height  of  30  feet,  the  upstream 
incline  having  a  face  of  90  feet  besides  gravel  filling  at  base. 
The  dam  is  constructed  of  timber  12  inches  square,  crossed  and 
bolted,  the  openings  filled  with  stone.  As  the  bed  of  the  river 
is  rock  it  was  not  supposed  that  the  overflow  would  wear  to  any 
perceptible  extent,  but  in  1868  it  was  found  that  cavities  from 


8  to  25  feet  in  depth  had  been  cut  close  up  to  the  dam,  and  in  the 
years  1868,  '69  and  '70  the  Holyoke  Water  Tower  Co.  made  expend- 
itures amounting  to  $ 400, 000 — in  the  construction  of  an  apron 
of  heavy  timber  work  filled  with  stone — to  fill  the  space  caused  by 
the  action  of  the  water.  This  apron  is  united  to  the  dam  in  the 
strongest  manner  possible,  is  50  feet  in  width  and  52  in  height, 
its  base  resting  22  feet  below  that  of  the  dam.  Starting  from  the 
crest,  which  is  plated  with  iron,  the  apron  slopes  down  stream  nearly 
to  the  water  below.  The  whole  structure  is  130  feet  wide,  30  feet 
high  from  bed  of  river  and  1019  feet  in  length  between  abutments. 
There  are  three  levels  of  canals,  with  a  total  fall  of  56  feet.  The 
main  artery  of  the  system,  starting  with  a  width  of  140,  and  a  water 
depth  of  22  feet,  extends  eastward  past  the  great  waste  weir  about 
a  thousand  feet  and  then  sweeps  southward  in  a  right  line  for  a 
distance  of  more  than  a  mile.  The  second  level  canal  extends 
northerly  for  a  mile  and  more,  parallel  with  the  first,  and  400  feet 
easterly  from  it,  and  thence  easterly  and  southerly  for  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  more,  at  a  distance  of  about  400  feet  from  the  river,  this 
marginal  portion  of  the  second  level  affording  mill-sites  along  its 
whole  length,  from  which  the  water  used  passes  directly  into  the 
river.  The  third  level  canal,  100  feet  wide  and  10  feet  deep,  is  also 
a  marginal  canal,  with  mill-sites  along  its  entire  length,  and  extends 
3,550  to  the  other  terminus  of  the  same  canal,  thus  making  with 
the  latter,  a  line  of  marginal  canals,  around  and  near  the  whole 
water  front  of  the  city. 

"  Like  other  commodities  which  are  bought  and  sold,  water-power 
here  has  its  own  unit  of  measurement,  called  a  mill-power,  which 
is  thus  defined  in  the  deeds  of  the  Holyoke  Water  Power  Com- 
pany:— 

"  'Each  mill-power  at  the  respective  falls  is  declared  to  be  the 
right,  during  sixteen  hours  in  a  day,  to  draw  from  the  nearest  canal 
or  water  course  of  the  grantors,  and  through  the  land  to  be  granted, 
38  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  at  the  upper  fall,  when  the  head 
there  is  20  feet,  or  a  quantity  inversely  proportionate  to  the  height 
at  the  other  falls.'  " 

Thirty-eight  cubic  feet  per  second  under  20  feet  head  is  86.20 
horse-power,  67  per  cent,  of  which  is  57.75  horse-power  that  may 
be  realized.  The  annual  rental  per  mill-power  is  260  ounces  of  silver 
of  the  standard  fineness  of  the  coinage  of  1859,  which  is  in  practice 
paid  in  current  funds,  and  amounts  to  about  $300  a  year,  for  16 
hours  per  day,  or  $450  for  24  hours  per  day.  The  regular  supply 
is  now  exhausted  and  only  surplus  is  now  leased. 


The  claims  in  the  foregoing  were  copied  from  printed  statements  at  a  time 
when  the  local  idea  prevailed  that  the  Ilolyoke  water  power  was  nearly  inex- 
haustible. Interested  parties  have  criticised  them,  and  blamed  me  for  their  pub- 
lication. My  desire  is  to  make  this  work  useful  to  the  real  engineer  of  the 
future,  .and  to  all  interested  in  such  matters.  The  Connecticut  river,  like  a 
small  brook,  rises  and  falls  rapidly ;  its  extremes  of  supply  are  great;  the  maxi- 
mum of  6000  cubic  feet  per  second  is  moderate,  as  it  is  often  more  than  six  times 
that.  During  the  eight  years  in  which  I  have  had  occasion  to  notice  its  flow,  the 
sheet  over  the  dam  for  a  large  portion  of  each  year  has  varied  from  one  to  ten 
feet  in  depth — often  five  or  six.  In  two  or  three  of  the  eight  years,  the  overflow 
has  continued  through  the  entire  year;  in  each  of  the  others,  for  a  brief  period 
in  summer,  the  dam  has  been  dry.  The  minimum  I  should  estimate  at  from 
2000  to  2500  cubic  feet  per  second;  at  any  rate,  the  whole  of  the  river  passed 
into  the  main  canal  through  the  twelve  head  gates,  each  8x15  feet.  The  past 
summer  was  exceptional  —  phenomenal,  in  fact.  The  water  in  the  river  was 
lower  than  ever  before  known;  the  supply  was  insufficient  for  the  power  re- 
quired; consequently,  the  head  was  continually  falling  while  the  mills  were 
running.  The  dam,  when  filled,  sets  the  water  back  several  miles;  the  banks 
are  irregular,  so  there  was  no  way  to  measure  the  supply  except  to  keep  the 
head  gates  shut  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  make  it  certain  the  natural  supply 
was  flowing  over  the  dam.  This  was  not  done,  and  no  measurement  worth  the 
name  was  made.  I  was  up  and  down  the  river  many  times  during  the  lowest 
stage  of  water.  In  many  places  the  river  was  easily  fordable.  There  was  one 
place,  in  particular,  some  three  miles  above  the  dam,  that  attracted  my  atten- 
tion most.  The  deepest  part  could  not  have  exceeded  three  feet,  while  much 
of  the  width  was  less  than  a  foot  in  depth.  It  was  deeper  above,  so  that  the 
velocity  over  the  bar  was  moderate.  A  cross  section  of  two  by  two  hundred 
feet,  with  a  velocity  of  three,  or  twelve  hundred  cubic  feet  per  second,  I  think, 
would  cover  the  flow;  but  suppose  it  to  have  been  fifteen  hundred,  that  quan- 
tity, falling  fifty-six  feet,  would  evolve  9520  h.  p.,  or,  accumulated  and  used  in 
ten  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  would  produce  22,848  h.  p.  There  were  a  few  days 
in  which  the  supply  was  insufficient  to  run  the  whole  of  the  mills,  even  that 
length  of  time,  I  think. 

That  the  water  power  at  Holyoke  may  at  all  times  equal  30,000  h.  p.  is  merely 
a  question  of  reservoirs  to  retain  some  of  the  abundant  surplus  ten  months  of 
each  year,  to  be  used  in  the  other  two. 

The  haste  for  large  immediate  dividends  has  harnessed  the  noble  river  to  a 
business  insatiate  in  its  demand  for  more;  the  paper  manufacturer  that  has  all 
the  power  he  wants,  is  a  phenomenon.  Except  the  hebdomadal  stop,  more  for 
repairs  than  prayers,  the  draught-froni  the  pond  is  unceasing.  The  water  power 
sullicicnt  to  give  employment  to  a  thousand  hands  in  the  manufacture  of  paper 
would  be  abundant  for  the  employment  of  six  thousand  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods.  The  effect  of  this  upon  the  future  of  Holyoke  is  conceivable.  The 
idea  of  "an  inexhaustible  supply  of  water  at  Holyoke  caused  many  of  the  wheel- 

Sits  to  be  made  of  less  depth  than  that  necessary  for  utilizing  the  whole  head 
tiring  the  dry  season,  but  the  greatest  loss  occurs  through  the  use  of  poor  o\. 
ill-adapted  turbines— turbines  much  too  large  for  their,  capacity  in  ordinary 
times,  that  there  may  be  no  detention  during  backwater.'  But  Holyoke  is  not 
exceptional  in  this,  for  at  least  one-third  of  all  the  water  power  of  the  country 
that  is  used  is  so  wasted ;  and  of  the  three  great  powers  of  this  state — Holyoke, 
Lowell  and  Lawrence— it  is  safe  to  estimate  the  waste  at  a  greater  quantity  than 
would  be  necessary  at  either  of  the  falls  to  produce  a  greater  power  than  that 
realized  from  the  whole  fall  of  the  Merrimac  river  ut  either  Lowell  or  Lawrence. 


io6 

The  rates  of  the  principal  Water  Power  companies  of  the  country 
are  here  given  for  the  convenience  of  those  interested  in  such  msit- 
ters.  It  will  be  seen  that  a  ''Mill-Power"  is  a  verv  indefinite 
matter,  and  it  may  be  well  here  to  give  its  origin,  which  is  as  fol- 
lows :  Early  in  the  present  century,  there  was  a  mill  at  Walthaui, 
Mass.,  containing  3,584  spindles;  the  company  owning  that  mill 
colonized  Lowell,  and  the  supposed  power  required  at  the  Waltham 
mill,  was  that  fixed  upon  as  a  "Mill  Power"  at  Lowell,  which  is 
here  given: 

LOWELL,  MASS. 

Each  mill-power  or  privilege  ;it  the  respective  falls  is  declared  to  be  the  right 
to  draw  from  the  nearest  canal  or  water  course  of  the  said  proprietors  so  much 
water  as,  during  15  hours  in  every  day  of  24  hours,  shall  give  a  power  equal  to 
25  cubic  feet  per  second  at  the  great  fall,  when  the  fall  there  is  30  feet,  or  enough 
to  give  the  same  power  at  any  of  the  other  falls.  The  whole  owned  by  the  Com- 
panies, none  to  let  or  sell. 

OFFICE  OP  ESSEX  COMPANY,  LAWRENCE,  MASS.,  June  16, 1877. 
JAMBS  EMERSON  :  DEAR  Siu :— Your  letter  of  this  date  is  at  hand.  A  "  Mill 
Power  "  at  Lawrence  is  defined  to  be  the  "right  to  draw  so  much  water  as  shall 
give  a  power  equal  to  30  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second,  when  ihe  head  is  25  feet," 
for  not  more  than  16  hours  in  each  day  of  24  hours.  For  this  the  charge  is  an 
annual  rent  of  $1200.  and  this  is  at  the  same  rate  for  small  us  well  as  large  w:iter 
takers.  This  is  S5  gross  h.  p.  for  $1200=$14.12  per  h.  p.  of  water.  It  might  be 
a  fair  general  statement  to  say  a  horse  power,  by  steam  would  cost  50  or  $60  a 
year  more  than  a  horse  power  by  water;  but  this  would  be  modified  by  circum- 
stances. Yours  truly, 

HIRAM  F.  MILLS,  Engineer. 

U.  S.  BUNTING  COMPANY,  LOWELL,  MASS.,  Aug.  1, 1877. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON  :  DEAR  Si  it:— Replying  to  your  favor  of  June  16th  last 
to  D.  W.  C.  Farrington,  I  have  to  say  with  regard  to  the  subject  upon  which 
you  made  inquiries  of  him,  that  it  is  the  custom  of  the  Wamesit  Power  Com- 
pany of  Lowell  to  let  floor  room  to  their  tenants  at  a  stipulated  sum,  depending 
upon  location,  Ac.,  &c  ;  and  then  the  power  is  hired  at  $75  per  year,  per  horse 
power  extra  When  any  question  is  raised  on  either  side  as  to  the  power  actu- 
ally used,  we  apply  a  Dynamometer  of  your  make,  and  measure  it  as  near  as 
possible. 

WALTER  II.  MCDANIELS,  Supt. 


OFFICE  OP  AMERICAN  PRINT  WORKS, 

FALL  RIVER,  MASS.,  June  18, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR: — Your  favor  of  the  16th  inst.  is  at  hand.  In 
reply  would  say,  that  the  water-power  in  Fall  River  is  not  let,  but  the  stock  in  the 
Watuppa  Reservoir  Co.,  which  controls  the  water-power,  is  held  by  the  several 
(  corporations  using  the  power  in  proportion  to  the  height  o£their  respective  falls, 
and  no  charge  is  made  for  use ;  but  the  expense  of  maintaining  the  Reservoir 
Company  is  borne  by  assessments  upon  the  several  Corporations,  from  time  to 
time,  pro  rat  a,  according  to  height  of  fall  of  each.'  There  is  but  a  single  outlet 
from  the  Reservoir.  The  total  fall  from  Reservoir  to  tide  water  is  128  feet;  and 
the  mills  are  located  one  below  another,  so  that  they  each  get  precisely  the  same 
quantity  of  water,  as  each  mill  takes  just  what  the  one  above  it  delivers.  The 
quantity  is  about  122  cubic  feet  per  second.  I  am  just  now  unable  to  give -an 
answer  that  would  be  satisfactory  to  myself  as  to  the  comparative  cost  of  water 
and  steam-power. 

Yours  truly, 

THOS.  J.  BORDEN,  Treas., 

Watuppa  Reservoir  Co. 


OFFICE  MINHEAPOLIS  MILL  Co., 
MINNEAPOLIS,  MINN.,  July  5, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON  :  DEAR  SIR  : — With  reference  to  renting  power,  I  would  say 
that  rentals  are  made  at  so  much  for  Mill  Power,  which  is  designated  as  30  cubic 
feet  of  water  per  second,  with  head  of  22  feet.     Present  price  for  MU1  Power 
$1000  per  year,  hut  from  this  back  to  earlier  dates  rates  decrease  considerably. 
Yours  truly, 

H.  H.  DOUGLASS,  Eng.  and  Agt.  M.  M.  Co. 


BELLOWS  FALLS,  VT.,  June  28, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR:— Yours  of  the  22d  is  just  received;  a  Mill 
Power,  in  our  lease,  is  the  right  to  draw  equal  to  30  cubic  feet  per  second,  under 
25  feet  head.  Price  for  a  Mill  Power  is  387  ounces  Troy  Weight  of  silver,  of  the 
present  standard  business  of  the  silver  coin  of  the  United  States,  as  an  equiva- 
lent in  gold,  which  is  450  dollars. 

Yours  truly, 

ROBERTSON,  MOORE  &  Co. 


MANCHESTER,  N.  H.,  June  29, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON  :  DEAR  SIR  :— The  rule  for  a  Mill  Power  here  is  as  follows  : 
Divide  725  by  the  number  of  feet  fall  minus  1,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  num- 
ber of  c;  J)ic  feet  per  second  for  a  Mill  Power  on  that  fall.  For  instance :  The 
fall  at  the  upper  level  is  20  feet;  then  725  divided  by  19=38.1,  which  is  number 
of  cubic  feet  per  second  for  that  fall.  The  Mill  Powers  are  let  to  manufacturing 
concerns  at  an  annual  rent  of  $800  each.  This  includes  the  land  necessary  to  use 
the  power  011,  together  with  some  room  for  tenement  blocks,  but  no  buildings  or 
machinery. 

Yours  truly, 

JOSEPH  B.  SAWYER,  C.  E. 

THE  OSWEGO  CANAL  COMPANY,  OSWEGO,  N.  Y. 

The  Lessees  at  their  joint  option  may  be  allowed  for  each  run  of  classified 
water,  either;  1st.— One  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute;  or  2d.— So  much  as 
will  be  drawn  through  a  central  discharge  water-wheel  of  the  kind  now  used  on 
the  Canal,  with  a  spout,  the  cross  section  of  which  shall  be  183%  square  iuches 
at  the  smallest  point,  provided  the  outlet  does  not  exceed  in  diameter  one- 
half  the  diameter  of  the  wheel,  nor  in  clear  opening  a  surface,  3>,  times  the  sec- 
tion of  the  spout;  or  3d. — So  much  as  will  be  drawn  through  a  Reynolds  wheel 
with  a  spout,  the  cross  section  of  which  measures  lQ(i%  square  inches  at  the 
smallest  point,  provided  the  total  outlet  does  not  exceed  the  section  of  the  spout 
more  than  50  per  cent.,  and  the  superficial  center  of  the  outlet  is  not  over  2-3  the 
radius  of  the  wheel  from  the  center  thereof.  The  second  and  third  alternatives 
are  estimated  to  give  the  same  quantity  of  water,  and  equal  to  about  1175  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  when  the  clear  head  on  the  wheel  is  16  feet. 


DAYTON,  OHIO,  July  12, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON  :  DEAR  SIR  :— Water-power  is  supplied  to  the  mills  on  the 
three  levels  or  falls  through  metallic  gauyts;  calculated  and  adapted  to  pass 
under  a  certain  head  so  many  cubic  feet  per  minute.  For  example,  in  the  Day- 
ton Hydraulic  Company  we  give  a  head  of  lu  inches  above  the  center  of  the 
gauge,  and  with  that  head  give  233>;(  cubic  feet  per  minute  for  one  power.  The 
Company  below  us,  under  I  believe  Ihe  same  head,  over  a  10 ^  feet  overshot,  give 
300  cubic  feet  per  minute  for  one  power  The  price  per  power  (or  "run  of 
stone,"  as  it  was  originally  called,)  is,  I  believe,  uniformly  here  $200  per  year. 
You  wish,  also  the  relative  cost  between  steam  and  water-power.  Water-power  at 
$200  per  year  for  one  run  of  bl.\.  horse-power,  would  cost  eleven  sixty-eight  one 
hundredths  dollars  per  day  for  100  horse  power.  Steam,  with  the  latest  improved 
steam-engine,  as  tested  by  experts,  will  give  one  horse  power  with  3  Ibs.  coal 
per  hour ;  coal  at  $3  per  ton  would  be  ten  eighty  one  hutfdredths  dollars  for  100 
horse  power  per  day  of  24  hours.  An  engine  of  this  kind,  with  boilers,  would 
cost  about  $5000.  Water-wheel,  with  the  same,  power,  "  under  an  ordinary  fall 
12  or  13  feet,"  with  penstock  and  flume  would  cost  about  $2000.  The  foundation 
for  steam-engine  would  cost  about  the  same  as  it  would  to  dig  a  wheel  pit.  With 


io8 

an  ordinary  slide  valve  engine,  such  as  we  use,  costs  about  $27  per  day  **  24 
hours  "  for  100  horse  power.  If  I  can  give  you  further  information,  will  cheer- 
fully do  so. 

Very  respectfully, 

JOHN  G.  Low«,  Sec'y  &  Sup't  D.  II.  Co. 


OUSATONTC  WATER  COMPANY, 
BIRMINGHAM,  CONN..  July  16, 1877. 

JAMBS  EMERSON  :  DEAR  SIR  :— Yours  of  the  14th  is  at  hand.  Our  terms  for 
the  rent  of  water,  per  year,  are  $250  per  square  foot,  12  hours  per  day, — one 
square  foot  being  a  discharge  of  five  cubic  feet  per  second.  We  use  the  weir 
measurement  adopting  J.  B.  Francis'  formula  for  the  computations.  What  we 
designate  as  a  square  foot  of  water  under  our  head  is  equivalent  to  12.5  horse- 
power, in  short  $20  per  horse-power  per  year  is  about  the  cost  of  water  here. 
With  reference  to  lot  and  buildings  the  Company  ofler  inducements  in  propor- 
tion to  the  desirability  of  the  business  to  be  located. 
Respectfully  yours, 

D.  S.  BRINSMADE,  Secretary. 


WINDSOR  LOCKS,  CONN. 

Usual  head  24  to  28  feet.  Water  rented  so  much  per  inch,  yearly,  price  vary- 
ing with  date  of  lease ;  extra  water  now  charged  at  the  rate  of  from  two  to  two 
and  a  half  dollars  per  inch;  quantity  determined  by  apertures  through  iron 
plate ;  apertures,  parallelograms  with  parellel  interior  edges,  center  of  aperture 
to  be  iyz  feet  below  the  surface. 


UNIONVILLE,  CONN. 

Water  rented  as  follows :  The  one  hiring  to  be  entitled  to  such  quantity  as  can 
be  drawn  through  an  opening  one  foot  square,  the  center  of  the  opening  to  be 
under  two  feet  head ;  I  think  the  power  is  now  owned  by  the  several  companies, 
and  that  there  is  none  to  rent. 


COHOES,  N.  Y.,  July  14,  1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR:— Your  favor  of  10th  inst.  to  hand.  I  under- 
stand the  charges  of  the  Cohoes  Company  to  be  $200.00  per  Mill  Power  per  year, 
or  $20.00  per  horse  power  which  includes  use  of  water  and  rent  of  land.  The 
leases  define  the  term  "  Mill  Power,"  as  "  a  Water-Power  equivalent  to  the 
power  given  by  the  discharge  and  use  of  six  cubic  feet  of  water  in  each  second, 
when  the  fall  is  20  feet." 

Yours  truly, 

WM.  T.  HORROBIN. 


OFFICE  OF  THE  DUNDEE  WATER-POWER  &  LAND  Co., 

87  Leonard  Street,  NEW  YORK,  July  12,  1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR:— Your  letter  of  10th  inst.,  received.  The 
Company  leases  its  Mill  Sites  with  one  or  more  "  Mill  Powers,"  charging  $700 
per  year  for  each  Mill  Power.  This  price  includes  the  rental  ot  Mill  Site.  By 
one  Mill  Power  is  conveyed  the  right  to  draw  from  the  nearest  race-way  or  canal 
%yz  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second,  fall  of  22  feet. 
Respectfully,  &c., 

M.  WALKER,  Secretary. 

TURNER'S  FALLS,  MASS. 

Rent  per  year  for  each  h.  p.  of  water  used  $7.50  or  about  $10  for  each  h.  p. 
that  may  be  utilized  by  the  use  of  good  water  wheels. 
2 


log 


DISPUTE  ABOUT  THE   QUANTITY  OF  WATER  USED. 

In  a  case  at  Jordan,  N.  Y.,  there  was  a  dispute  about  the  discharge  -of  a 
wheel.  The  lease  granted  the  right  to  use  what  water  could  be  drawn  through 
an  opening  10x17  inches  into  a  scroll  wheel.  The  discharge  of  the  wheel  was 
measured  over  a  weir;  the  builder  objected  on  the  excuse  that  he  knew  nothing 
about  such  matters ;  to  get  over  that  difficulty  a  mark  was  made  to  indicate  the 
depth  from  the  discharge  of  the  wheel;  then  its  gate  was  closed  and  an  opening 
10x17  inches  cut  in  the  bottom  of  the  penstock  near  the  wheel;  the  water  was 
then  let  in  and  the  discharge  through  the  opening  compared,  and  was  found  to 
be  considerable  less  than  that  of  wheel.  Of  course  there  was  no  chance  to  dis- 
pute that  point. 

DISPUTE  ABOUT  WORK  DONE. 

In  a  recent  case  at  North  Sunderland,  Mass.,  that  had  been  in  dispute  four 
years,  and  quite  a  sum  had  been  expended  in  litigation,  my  services  were 
required  in  court,  where  the  expert  testimony  was  so  scientific  that  it  was  beyond 
my  comprehension.  A  proposal  was  made  and  adopted,  that  the  court  adjourn 
to  meet  at  the  mill,  where  the  case  could  be  settled  so  that  all  could  understand. 
The  case  was  as  follows :  A  turbine  had  been  put  into  the  mill,  under  the  agree- 
ment that  with  15  inches  of  water,  under  62  feet  head,  it  should  grind  35  bushels  of 
corn  per  hour.  Arriving  at  the  mill,  a  weir  was  constructed  below  the  wheel,  the 
gate  was  then  raised  until  15  inches  or  394.6  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute  flowed 
over  the  weir ;  with  that  quantity  the  wheel  ground  61  and  a  fraction  bushels  per 
hour.  The  suit  ended  there,  and  the  owner  seemed  pleased  that  he  owned  a 
more  valuable  power  than  he  had  thought.  Other  tests  were  made,  from  which 
it  appeared  that  2.07  bushels  were  ground  per  each  horse-power  utilized.  The 
buhr  was  five  feet  in  diameter,  and  kept  down  to  145  revolutions  per  minute. 

DISPUTE  AS  TO  WHICH  USED  THE   MOST  WATER. 

To  settle  a  case  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  where  a  fine  power  is  owned  by  L.  W.  Nye 
and  the  Auburn  Mf 'g  (Jo.,  weirs  were  put  in  above  their  mills,  the  wheel  gates 
opened  in  full,  then  a  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute  was  allowed  to  flow  into 
each  tail  race  through  flume  and  wheel;  permanent  marks  were  made  on  iron 
scales,  firmly  secured  to  the  wall  of  each  tail  race,  then  marks  were  added  for 
1500,  2000,  2500,"  3000,  3500,  4000,  4500,  5000,  and  finally  5236,  as  the  maximum 
the  Manufacturing  Company's  wheel  could  discharge.  The  discharge  of  Mr. 
Nye's  wheel  had  stopped  at  3906  cubic  feet  per  minute.  The  scales  in  the  tail 
races  remain  and  denote  at  any  time  the  quantity  of  water  used  by  each  party. 
The  weirs  above  the  mills  were  removed  as  soon  as  the  scales  were  marked.  In 
well  constructed  tail  races  the  quantity  used  may  be  very  accurately  denoted, 
though,  of  course,  the  plan  will  not  answer  where  the  water  from  different  mill? 
is  discharged  into  the  same  pit,  or  where  there  is  backwater. 


Backwater  Suits. 


no 


as  may  be  seen  in  sketch ;  this  is  near  the  head  of  one  of  the  branches  of  the 
river  which  forms  the  island.  Dean's  tannery  was  afterwards  located  on  the 
race  6 ;  the  dotted  line  3  represents  the  dam  therefor ;  the  crest  of  this  dam  was 
about  level  with  the  bottom  of  the  saw  mill  wheel  pit;  Hush  boards  were  used  to 
raise  the  dam. still  higher,  as  the  bed  of  the  stream  above  was  then  so  high  as  to 

Erevent  flowage  back  into  saw-mill  pit  as  claimed  by  Mr.  Dean.  There  seems  to 
ave  been  a  dispute  about  the  right  to  use  the  flush  boards,  though  it  was  con- 
ceded that  they  were  almost  constantly  in  use,  though  at  times  removed  when 
power  was  not  required  at  the  tannery.  Afterwards  Mr.  Dean  purchased  an  old 
fulling  mill  privilege,  and  moved  his  tannery  further  down  stream ;  erecting  a  new 
daui  which  is  marked  5,  the  water  being  conveyed  to  tannery  through  the  race  8. 
The  dotted  line  4  represents  the  fulling  mill  dam  but  little  of  which  remains,though 
there  is  sufficient  to  show  that  it  was  at  least  5>£  inches  higher  than  the  new  dam, 
the  crest  of  which  is  six  or  seven  inches  higher  than  the  floor  of  wheel  pit  in  what 
is  now  Brown's  paper  mill;  the  stream  over  the  new  dam  is  38 yz  feet  in  width ;  at 
the  old  tannery  dam  it  is  considerably  narrower.  The  crest  of  the  old  dam  is 
removed,  still  the  foundation  is  but  a  little  lower  than  the  crest  oi  the  new  dam. 
Two  48-inch  Swain  turbines,  1  and  2,  have  been  placed  in  Brown's  mill  to  drive 
the  machinery ;  these  take  the  water  from  the  pond  p,  through  the  sluices  shown ; 
the  discharge  from  the  upper  one  passes  down  through  arched  races  7,  7,  and  is 
discharged  below  the  lower  turbine  into  the  main  race,  which  is  here  but  a  little, 
if  any,  over  14  feet  in  width;  this  race  has  rough  stone  side  walls.  These  wheels 
unitedly  discharge  from  125  to  138  cubic  feet  of  waier  per  second;  and  the  depth 
in  race  is  25  inches  where  the  width  is  14 feet;  23 )£  inches  where  the  width  is  18 
feet,  and  still  less  as  the  width  increases;  as  it  flows  over  the  new  dam  it  is  but 
nine  inches  in  depth ;  the  velocity  is  much  greater  below  the  old  tannery  dam  than 
above.  Mr.  Brown  claims  that  the  new  dam  backs  the  water  on  to  his  wheels ; 
to  prove  this,  witnesses  testify  that  until  the  new  dam  was  constructed  there 
never  was  any  water  in  his  wheel  pit  when  his  gates  were  closed,  but  now  there 
always  is.  It  was  proved  by  Brown's  witness  that  in  race  6  Dean  had  5>£  to  6 
ft.  head,  and  he  now  has  but  5,  while  he  discharges  into  the  river  much  lower  down. 
Mr.  Brown  denies  that  the  race  has  ever  been  knyered,  but  the  bottom  is  now 
composed  of  small  pebbles  and  gravel,  while  for  miles,  above  or  below  the  mill, 
the  bed  of  the  river  is  literally  paved  with  stones  rounded  by  attrition,  varying 
in  size  from  two  inches  to  as  many  feet.  With  a  discharge  from  good  wheels  of 
138  cubic  feet  per  second,  the  depth  over  a  14  foot  weir  would  be  25  inches,  so 
that  it  is  plain  that  Dean's  dam  is  not  the  cause  of  the  depth  in  the  tail  race  of 
Brown's  mill.  That  there  was  no  water  in  the  saw  mill  pit  while  Dean's  mill  was 
at  race  6  is  readily  accounted  for  from  the  fact  that  that  race  drained  the  saw  mill 
pit  while  it  was  open,  but  that  race  was  filled  up  when  the  new  dam  was  con- 
structed. The  water  in  the  pit  since,  when  wheel  gates  are  shut,  is  simply 
standing,  not  backwater.  Though  denying  that  the  race  had  been  lowered  it 
was  not  denied  by  Mr.  Brown  that  the  boulders  had  been  cleared  out  of  the  race, 
and  of  course  it  would  have  been  useless  to  remove  these  boulders  unless  they  had 
obstructed  the  discharge  from  the  mill  above.  From  the  character  and  tone  of 
Brown's  witnesses  it  was  evident  that  they  were  sincere  in  their  statements ;  but 
nature  furnishes  better  evidence  that  the  tail  race  had  been  lowered,  also,  that  if 
Dean  had  a  right  of  b%  to  6  feet  head  at  race  6  he  could  not  possibly  encroach  upon 
the  privilege  above,  with  a  5  foot  dam  at  race  8.  I  was  not  called  into  the  case 
until  the  day  before  the  trial  commenced,  and  had  no  knowledge  of  the  place 
before,  so  that  I  was  unable  to  account  for  the  water  standing  in  Brown's  pit 
after  Dean's  new  dam  was  constructed,  until  it  happened  to  be  mentioned  that 
the  race  6  was  filled  up  as  soon  as  the  tannery  was  moved  to  the  new  dam  ;  then 
the  cause  became  plain,  but  it  was  too  late  to  explain,  and  the  fact  is  only  men- 
tioned that  lawyers  engaged  in  such  cases  may  understand  that  STANDING  water 
in  a  wheel  pit  is  beneficial  instead  of  injurious.  As  the  wheels  in  Brown's  mill 
discharge  double  the  water  used  by  Mr,  Dean,  it  would  have  been  much  less 
expensive  to  have  furnished  Mr.  Dean  with  a  larger  wheel  so  that  he  could  have 
obtained  more  power  even  with  less  head. 


Vexatious  Waste  of  Water. 


One  of  the  most  vexatious  greivances  suffered  by  manufacturers  arises  through 
the  following  circumstances.  Suppose  a  dozen  mills  to  be  located  within  a  short 
distance  upon  the  same  fall,  one  above  the  otlier ;  eleven  of  them  have  wheels 


I II 


with  which  the  natural  flow  of  the  stream  is  amply  sufficient  to  keep  their 
machinery  in  constant  motion ;  but  the  upper  mill  of  the  dozen  has  wheels  of  the 
poorest  kind,  so  that  they  require  double  the  water  necessary  to  do  the  work  of 
mill,  and  the  owner,  through  mulish  perwrseness  continues  their  use,  each  day 
exhausting  his  pond  by  noon,  then  as  half  of  the  water  has  flowed  over  the  dams 
below,  all  of  the  mills  have  to  stand  idle  the  rest  of  the  day.  Of  the  equity  in 
such  a  case  there  can  be  but  one  opinion;  no  engineering  skill  can  aid,  and 
only  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  can  r  emedy  the  matter.  Such  cases  are  very 
common. 


"Efficiency,  Useful  Effect,  or  Percentage." 


Are  terms  used  to  denote  the  economy  of  a  wheel  in  its  use  of  water,  or  the 
number  of  gallons  it  will  pump  back  into  the  pond  for  each  one  hundred  trallons 
drawn  therefrom  to  drive  the  wheel  There  are  wheels  that  for  each  hundred 
gallons  used  will  return  but  twenty-five,  others  will  return  fifty,  while  medium 
wheels  return  seventy-five,  a  better  class  eighty  to  eighty-five;  the  very  highest, 
under  favorable  circumstances  will  return  something  over  ninety  per  cent.,  and 
of  course,  other  merits  being  equal,  are  by  far  the  most  desirable. 


What  is  the  Real  Working  Head? 


The  term  "  Head"  as  used  in  connection  with  water-power  means  the  differ- 
ence in  height  from  the  surface  of  water  in  wheel  pit  to  the  surface  in  the  penstock 
above,  when  the  wheel  is  running. 


What  is  a  Square  Inch  of  Water  ? 


A  square  inch  of  water  means  a  stream  exactly  an  inch  square,  its  length 
depending  upon  the  head  from  which  it  issues  ;  for  a  head  of  four  feet,  it  means 
a  stream  an  inch  square,  16,04  feet  in  length,  per  second;  for  a  head  of  a  hundred 
feet,  a  stream  an  inch  square,  80.35  feet  in  length,  per  second.  To  turn  this  into 
cubic:  feet,  multiply  by  12,  then  divide  by  1728. 


Pressure  of  Water  on  Dams  and  Boilers. 


The  pressure  depends  upon  the  length  of  dam  and  depth  of  water.     It  makes 
no  t'l'flV'rrnee  whether  the  pond  extends  back  a  rod  or  a  mile.      So  of  steam 

boilers the  large  boiler  requires  thicker  iron,  simply  because  there  are  more 

square  inches  of  surface. 


What  Power  is  Required  to  Drive  a  Run  of  Stones. 


A  more  difficult  question  to  answer,  because  the  quantity  ground  in  a  given 
time  has  much  to  do  with  it;  experienced  millers  west  do  not  use  more  than  fif- 
teen horse-power  per  run.  including  r<  ceiving  grain,  flouring  and  delivery  in 
barrels.  White  &  Boynon.  Lanesboro,  Mi  n.  have  six  run  of  stones;  have  89 
horse-powi-r  of  water,  about  72  horse-power  actual;  keep  five  run  at  work,  the 
sixth  being  stopped  for  sharpening.  White,  Nash  &  Co.  of  the  same  place  have 
the  same  "power,  five  run  of  stones,  four  kept  constantly  running;  use  their 
wheel  at  part  gate.  It  will  be  seen  by  examination  of  the  Dayton,  Ohio,  water 
renting  rate  that  '^  h.  p.  has  been  considered  sufficient  for  a  run  of  stones, 
while  with  the  1000  cubic  fe.'t  allowed  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  used  on  a  Reynolds 
wheel  would  not  realize  more  than  15  h.  p.,  so  that  15  h.  p.  for  each  run  of  stone 
and  necessary  machinery  is  a  liberal  allowance. 


112 
Loss  of  Head  through  the  Use  of  Small  Conduit. 


A  belief  prevails  among  turbine  builders  that  where  the  water  approaches 
a  wheel  with  perceptible  Telocity  that  there  is  a  corresponding  loss  of  head 
so  that  the  wheel  can  not  transmit  the  power  due  the  head.  Such  is  not  my 
belief,  for  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  for  ignoring  the  momentum  gained 
by  such  velocity,  that  is  within  reasonable  limits.  The  woolen  mill  of  Beebe, 
Webber  &  Co.,  of  Holyoke,is  located  below  the  second  level.  Head  varies  from 
eleven  to  twelve  feet.  Originally  the  use  of  only  five  sets  of  machinery  was 
contemplated.  The  water  is  brought  to  the  mill  through  a  round  wooden  trunk 
75  feet  in  length,  with  an  inside  diameter  of  57  inches.  The  wheel  pit  is  circular, 
14  feet  in  diameter,  and  2>£  feet  in  depth.  A  five  foot  Tyler  Scroll  wheel  had 
been  used  fourteen  years,  but  was  unable  to  transmit  suflicient  power  to  drive 
the  eight  sets  of  machinery  now  in  the  mill,  and  it  was  found  to  be  necessary  to 
obtain  more  power,  but  the  small  size  of  trunk  and  shallowness  of  pit  caused 
wheel  builders  to  hesitate,  through  fear  that  the  loss  from  head  would  more  than 
equal  any  gain  that  could  be  obtained  through  increase  in  size  of  wheel.  I  rec- 
ommended the  use  of  a  60-inch  turbine,  and  the  builders,  Messrs.  Fales,  Jenks  & 
Sons  were  induced  to  guarantee  eighty-five  horse-power  under  the  existing  con- 
ditions. The  wheel  was  set  and  my  brake  applied.  Before  the  gate  was  opened 
the  difference  between  the  level  of  the  two  canals  was  found  to  be  11  feet,  8 
inches.  For  that  head  I  calculated  that  4000  pounds  should  balance  the  ft,rcc  of 
the  discharge  with  the  gate  open  and  the  wheel  held  stationary  by  the  brake, 
and  on  opening  the  gate  that  weight  which  had  been  put  on  the  beam  was  found 
to  exactly  balance,  though  the  head  on  the  wheel  was  less  than  ten  feet.  Under 
ordinary  conditions  th  >  wheel  used  will  carry  at  its  best  speed  exactly  half  what 
it  will  balance  when  held  stationary  by  the  brake ;  but  the  velocity  of  the,  water 
seemed  to  change  its  character  somewhat,  for  it  gave  its  highest  result,  88.66  h. 
p.,  carrying  1900  pounds  at  77  revolutions  per  minute;  its  tabled  speed  was  sev- 
eral revolutions  less ;  at  that  speed  the  head  as  shown  by  a  glass  tube  inserted 
in  penstock  directly  over  the  whet  1  was  found  to  be  10>£  feet. 


Turbine  Builders'  Theories. 


It  is  an  old  theory  in  turbine  building  that  turbines  should  carry  about  half  what 
they  can  Jift  when  held  stationary;  with  gate  opened  in  full,  the  Houston  wheel 
almost  invariably  docs  so,  and  there  are  a  few  others  that  approach  that  rate, 
while  there  are  many  that  do  not.  Many  of  the  Kisdon  wheels  run  with  three- 
fourths  of  what  they  can  lift.  Some  wheels  will  run  with,  say,  nine  hundred 
pounds,  and  only  lift  one  thousand.  A  few  days  since  a  wheel  was  brought  to  be 
tested;  it  was  set  and  tried  first  while  held  by  brake;  gate  opened  in  full,  it  bal- 
anced 470  pounds,  head  18.59  feet,  discharging  928  cubic  feet  per  minute.  It  was 
started  with  300  pounds  making  178  revolutions  per  minute,  and  discharging  1241 
cubic  feet  of  water;  weight  was  gradually  added,  the  speed  decreasing  with 
each  addition,  while  the  discharge  increased.  Discharging  1289  cubic  feet,  it 
made  124  revolutions  per  minute  and  carried  475  pounds.  It  was  stopped  by 
brake,  then  of  course  could  not  start  until  partially  unloaded.  It  will  be  obvi- 
ous to  all  that  the  more  surplus  lifting  power  a  turbine  has  the  steadier  it  will 
run  under  sudden  changes  produced  by  adding  or  throwing  off  machinery;  ihe 
wheel  was  a  central  discharge.  Builders  starting  with  such  are  behind  the 
age. 

A  Proposition  of  Seeming  Equity  that  has  no 
Merit. 


A  common  proposition,  and  to  those  unacquainted  with  the  subject  a  seem- 
ingly fair  one,  is  that  t\vo  turbines  shall  be  connected  together  and  their  merits 
determined  by  ascertaining  which  shall  drive  the  other.  Such  a  test  would  be 
perfectly  worthless.  The  pitch  of  the  buckets  of  one  might  be  such  that  it 
would  under  the  head  tried  carry  100  pounds,  and  make  200  revolutions  per  min- 
ute, while  those  of  the  other  might  be  such  that  it  would  carry  200  pounds  and 


H3 

make  100  revolutions  per  minute,  both  using  the  same  quantity  of  water  during 
the  trial.  Of  course  the  slow  wheel  would  drive  the  fast  one,  but  other  things 
being  equal  the  fast  wheel  would  be  the  best. 


Backwater. 


Turbines  of  any  make  are  not   perce 


nance  to  determine  the  matter  by  actual  test. 


Submerging  Turbines. 


Many  builders  insist  that  it  is  essential  that  a  turbine  should  discharge  under 
water,  but  it  is  doubtful  for  the  same  head  whether  it  makes  any  difference  if 
the  wheel  is  properly  made,  though  it  prevents  trouble  from  ice  and  generally 
extra  head  is  gained  by  submerging  lower  part  of  wheel. 


Draft  Tubes. 


If  a  draft- tube  for  any  considerable  proportion  of  the  head  is  used,  its  lower  end 
should  be  submerged  to  such  depth  as  to  render  its  immersion  constant,  other- 
wise when  first  starting  up  only  the  head  above  the  wheel  will  be  available  until 
the  discharge  has  exhausted  the  air  from  the  tube,  then  when  it  does  take  hold, 
unless  the  gate  of  the  wheel  works  very  quick  the  speed  is  wild  for  a  short  time. 
Where  there  is  backwater  some  length  of  time,  a  short  draft-tube  renders  it 
convenient  to  get  at  the  wheel  in  case  it  is  necessary  to  do  so,  but  in  most  cases 
I  should  prefer  to  have  the  lower  part  of  a  turbine  stand  in  the  tail  water. 


Percentage  of  Discharge. 


The  discharge  of  a  turbine  in  proportion  to  its  openings  depends  upon  its  con- 
struction.  With  those  of  a  central  discharge  it  is  the  least;  with  such  wheels  ol 
fair  efficiency  it  is  likely  to  range  betvyeen  40  and  50  per  cent.,  with  outward  dis- 
charge. 00  per  cent,  and  upwaids,  while  with  those  discharging  the  water  down- 
wards it  averages  about  55  per  cent.  The  chutes  of  a  curb  are  made  much 
larger  at  their  outer  than  their  inner  ends,  consequently,  can  pass  much  more 
water  than  the  wheel  will  discharge,  though  the  openings  of  the  wheel  may  be 
somewhat  the  largest,"  so  that  the  openings  of  the  wheel  govern  i he  discharge. 
In  the  past,  engineers  have  expended  more  time  inventing  impossibilities  and 
hair  splitting  theories  than  in  determining  by  simple  tests  points  in  dispute  easy 
of  solution.  It  is  hardly  possible  that  a  case  can  ever  arise  in  milling  matters 
that  a  really  intelligent  engineer  cannot  readily  solve  the  difficulty,  and  make  it 
so  simple  and  plain  as  to  give  no  excuse  for  litigation,  and  what  is  more  to  the 
point,  in  many  cases  both  parties  can  be  benefited  at  a  tithe  of  the  expense 
caused  by  a  suit  at  law.  If  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  about  power  used, 
the  matter  may  readily  be  determined,  as  may  be  the  case  if  the  dispute  is  about 
the  quantity  of  water  used;  and  the  power  of  steam  is  as  readily  determined  as 
that  of  falling  water.  A  few  plans  tried  by  myself  are  here  given  : 

"DISPUTE  ABOUT  EFFICIENCY   OF  TURBINE." 

Thomas  Harris,  of  Providence,  R.  I,  expended  something  like  $9,800  experi- 
menting with  four  Leffel  wheels  in  a  mill  at  Putnam,  Ct.,  head  of  28  feet.  A  40- 
inch  wheel  was  tried  first,  then  a  deeper  wheel,  same  size,  then  a  48-inch  wheel, 
then  a  second  48-inch  of  extra  depth;  the  speed  of  looms  jjould  not  be  got  above 
12t>  picks  per  minute.  I  was  called  in  to  test  the  power  and  select  a  suitable 
wheel.  By  stopping  eleven  spinning  frames  the  rest  of  the  machinery  was 
brought  up  to  speed.  The  Avheel  was  then  tested  and  found  to  give  180  h.  p. 
Allowing  17  h  p.  for  the  eleven  spinning  frames,  and  20  additional  for  cold  morn- 
ings and  backwater.  I  selected  a  wheel  of  220  h.  p.  since  that  wheel  was 
placed  in  the  mill,  the  production  has  been  incrcas-  d  1000  yards  per  day.  40-inch 
sheeting,  while  the  discharge  of  water  has  been  one-fifth  less  than  required  for 
the  Leffel  wheel.  The  expense  of  changing,  my  charge  included,  was  $1,500, 


Highest  Possible  Results  Guaranteed. 


For  years  past  turbine  builders  of  a  certain  class  have  unhesitatingly  promised 
what  they  well  knew  at  the  time  their  wheels  could  not  do.  The  practice  has 
been  so  general  that  even  in  court  it  has  been  offered  and  rather  accepted  as  an 
excuse,  that  though  the  wheel  only  accomplished  one-half  what  was  promised, 
the  guarantee  was  no  more  extravagant  than  the  average  turbine  builder  would 
give,  simply  because  there  was  no  means  within  the  reach  of  ordinary  builders 
for  determining  such  matters.  The  case  is  very  different  now  and  purchasers 
are  less  inclined  to  submit  or  juries  to  excuse,  and  builders  will  do  well  to  take 
heed  accordingly.  It  has  been  my  lot  within  two  years  to  be  employed  as  expert 
in  four  different  cases  in  which  the  same  builder  has  been  interested. 


"Chipping  Buckets." 


Has  been  mentioned  frequently  in  these  reports ;  the  plan  has  been  tried  with 
many  kinds,  not  always  successfully;  it  does  not  have  much  effect  on  the  JRisdon 
wheel,  the  reversed  curves  of  the  buckets  of  that  wheel  seeming  to  answer  the 
same  purpose.  Chipping  away  the  edge  of  buckets  reduces  diameter  of  wheel 
above  the  bottom  of  chutes,  so  that  its  speed  is  usually  inci  eased  thereby. 
(See  Tyler's  tests.)  While  increasing  whole  gate  results  it  usually  injures  the 
wheel  at  part  gate.  It  would  seem  that  where  the  edges  of  the  buckets  extend 
close  to  end  of  chutes  that  they  act  like  a  fan  or  rotary  pump  and  draw  the  water 
into  the  wheel.  Chipping  the  buckets  away  often  reduces  the  discharge.  Increas- 
ing gate  opening  does  not  increase  discharge  beyond  a  certain  limit,  though  it 
may  have  good  effect  by  changing  direction  of  water  through  the  chutes. 


Tight  Gates,  or  Good  Part  Gates. 


Probably  a  hundred  objections  have  been  made  to  wheels  with  leaky  gates 
where  one  has  been  made  to  those  only  reasonably  efficient  while  working  with 
gate  opened  in  full,  which  can  never  be  the  case  if  a  governor  is  necessary.  The 
most  leaky,  fly-trap  gate  in  use  can  not  waste  more  than  four  or  five  per  cent., 
while  the  Boydeii,  Houston,  Collins,  Hunt,  Geyeline  and  many  other  wheels  of 
the  same  nature  waste  from  25  to  50  per  cent,  daily,  if  run  from  one.third  to 
three-fourths  gate  as  wheels  are  often  used. 


Variation  of  Turbines. 


One  of  the  most  difficult  matters  in  relation  to  turbines,  is  to  make  purchasers 
realize  the  fact  that  wheels  made  from  the  same  patterns  vary  exceedingly  in 
useful  effect ;  yet  it  has  been  well  understood  for  twenty  years  past  that  a  tur- 
bine doing  well  in  a  mill  affords  no  guarantee  that  another  of  the  same  make 
will  irive  equal  satisfaction  in  another  mill ;  hence  the  uncertainty  that  has  pre- 
vailed for  years  past.  My  report  of  tests  will  show  this  to  be  the  case  with 
wheels  of  all  makes.  But  a  few  special  cases  are  given  here :  The  Tyler  wheel 
first ;  a  30-inch  flume  wheel  tested  April  20, 187G. 


Remarks. 

No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

W'ht. 

Rev. 

H.P. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Leakage,  70.77 
Cubic  feet, 

April  20,  1876. 
Whole  Gate. 

18.43 

375 

168.5 

28.72 

765 

1245.64 

.6618 

The  buckets  were  cut  back  to  first  white  line  shown  on  diagram  of  wheel,  (see 
next  page),  then  it  was  tested  again. 


Leakage,  59.32  | 
Cubic  feet. 


April  21 


18.65  I  375     I  202       34.43     753      1226.55   .7970 


The  buckets  were  then  chipped  back  to  the  second  line ;  the  gate,  an  inside  reg- 
ister,  had  six  openings  2^  x  12  inches ;   these  openings  were  increased  to  three 


inches  in  width,  to  twelve  inches  in  height;  then  the  wheel  was  tested  a  third 
time,  April  22. 


Whole  Gate. 
Leakage,  67.83  cubic  feet. 
Length  of  Weir  10  feet.     Temp, 
of  water,  45  Fah,     Weight  of 
water  per  cubic  foot,  62.378. 
Circumference  of  Circle  15  ft., 
application  of  two  pounds  at 
the  periphery  rotated  wheel. 
Part  Gate 


18.50 
18.50 
18.48 
18.49 


18.50 


18.62 
18.67 
18.76 
18.85 
58.93 
19.01 


375 
385 
395 
400 
390 
380 
370 


325 
300 
275 


105 
60 


000 

219 

215.3 

209 

205 

211 

215 

220 


215 

209 

212.5 

213.5 

215 

213.5 

197 


000 

37.32 

37.67 

37.52 

37.27 

37.40 

37.13 

37.00 


31.76 
28.50 
26.56 
21.35 
15.63 
10.18 
5.37 


.786  11302.57 
.742  1190.25 


.738 
.745 
.745 
.743 
.740 


1180.19 
1197.81 
1197.81 
1192,77 
1185.22 
1180.19 


.650 
.628 
,562 


.417 
.345 


1037.38 
965.6Q 
914.01 
76449 
602.53 
465.71 
334.25 


.0000 
.8966 
.9127 


.8709 
.8386 
.8234 
.7880 
.7280 
.6109 
.4471 


The  tests  of  the  22d  were  too  regular  to  allow  of  doubt  as  to  their  accuracy; 
they  were  not  made  in  haste;  the  wheel  was  stopped  after  the  third  test,  result 
worked  out  and  the  matter  considered. 

The  wheel  was  returned  to  shop  and  refinished ;  the  edges  of  the  buckets  being 
smoothed  up,  holes  were  drilled  in  the  heavy  side  of  wheel  and  plugged  with 
wood  to  balance  it,  then  it  was  sent  to  Centennial,  afterwards  returned  to  me  for 
re-test.  The  moment  its  gate  was  opened  after  it  was  set  for  test,  it  was  evident 
it  had  been  changed;  it  was  so  sensitive  that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  control 
it  with  the  brake.  It  could  not  be  made  to  work  easy,  though  tried  in  various 
ways.  The  data  and  results  below  are  the  best  obtained : 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions, 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Dis- 
charge. 

Pei- 
Cent. 

18.38 

375 

221 

37.67 

.794 

1318.42 

.8242 

The  leakage  into  pit  from  flume  was  72.73  cubic  feet  per  minute  ;    adding  ten 

of  test  before  the  rim  was  turned  off,  then  after  it  was  reduced  : 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Dis- 
charge. 

Pc-r 
Cent. 

18.40 
18.39 

375 
385 

218 
214.4 

37.16 
37.52 

1328.45 
1353.80 

.8061 
.8010 

After  

Actual  increase  as  per  weir  measurement, 25.36  cubic  feet 

Theoretical  discharge  due  the  increased  opening,   .....    .  25.31  cubic  feet 

Test  of  a  43-inch  Risdon  wheel,  April  28,  1874.  Same  brake  used  as  for  testing 
the  Tyler.  Correction  for  leakage  into  pit  77.74  cubic  feet.  Weight  of  water 
per  cubic  foot,  62.38.  Length  of  weir,  10  feet.  Temperature  of  water,  40  Fah. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 

feet. 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate, 

17.91 

1200 

151 

82.36 

1.256 

2664.03 

.9132 

<          (i 

17  93 

1200 

148 

80.72 

1.260 

2676.91 

.8877 

c          « 

17.92 

1200 

148.3 

80.89 

1.261 

2680.14 

.8910 

<          «« 

17.90 

1250 

144.5 

82.10 

l.iJ64 

2689.82 

.9021 

«          « 

17.98 

1150 

146.5 

76.58 

1.195 

2469.92 

.9121 

«          u 

1800 

1200 

137.5 

75.00 

1.203 

2495.13 

.8834 

«          « 

18.17 

1000 

147 

66.82 

1.127 

2258.84 

.8613 

«<          (i 

18.29 

850 

150 

57.95 

1.045 

2012.02 

.8331 

«          «« 

18.30 

700 

138.6 

44.10 

.932 

1686.47 

.7559 

((                  U 

18.43 

650 

148 

43  72 

.932 

1686.47 

•7439 

n6 


The  report  of  the  foregoing  test  caused  Otto  Troost  of  Winona,  Minn.,  to  order 
one  like  it.  The  order  was  to  get  one  as  good,  let  the  cost  be  what  it  would. 
Mr.  Risdon  built  oue  from  the  same  patterns  and  sent  it  to  me  to  be  tested. 
Eight  pounds  rotated  the  wheel.  The  results  are  given  below : 


Whole  Gate,  July  8, 

17.83 

1200 

142.5 

77.73 

1.290 

2795.31 

.8264 

17.82 

1220 

138.5 

76.80 

1.291 

2798.25 

.8159 

17.82 

1240 

136 

76.65 

1.290 

2795.31 

.8153 

Leakage  56.  57  cu.ft. 

17.80 

1180 

143.5 

76.95 

1.286 

2782.27 

.8157 

Wgt.of  water  62.285 

17.79 

1160 

145.5 

76.72 

1.284 

2775.77 

.8231 

17.79 

1140 

147.5 

76.43 

1.282 

2769.27 

.8220 

Part  Gate, 

17.84 

1100 

142.5 

71.25 

1.230 

2601  93 

.8136 

«« 

17.84 

1125 

139.7 

71.50 

1.232 

2608.31 

.8140 

«« 

17.92 

940 

148 

63.23 

1.160 

2381.74 

.7886 

« 

17.92 

960 

146.5 

63.92 

1.162 

2387.94 

.7915 

<« 

17.92 

980 

143.5 

63.95 

1.164 

2394.16 

.7997 

i« 

17.91 

1000 

142 

64.54 

1.166 

2400.38 

.7954 

Taken  to  machine  shop,  then  re-tested  July  9th;  required  11  pounds  to  rotate 
wheel. 

|    18.00    |  |    141.5    |     77.18    j     1.289    j  2782.45  j    .8168 

Again  taken  to  shop,  then  re-tested  July  13. 

76.32    |     1.286    |  2772.69  ,    .8119 


17.97    | 


146 


Taken  to  machine  shop  a  third  time,  re-tested  July  16. 


I    17.97 


|    152.5    |     76.24    |     1.284    j  2766.19  |    .8131 


I  will  here  explain  about  slight  changes  mentioned  in  report  of  Risdon's  tests. 
First,  a  25-inch  Risdon  wheel  was  tested.  June  16,  1874;  it  gave  75  per  cent,  use- 
ful effect.  Mr.  Risdon  had  it  taken  to  shop  and  the  rim  of  wheel  reduced  the 
lightest  chip  possible  ;  the  wheel  was  re-tested  the  next  day  and  gave  .8704  per 
cent.  A  second  25-inch  was  tested  July  20. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev,  per  M. 

Horse  Power 

Cubic  feet. 

PerCent. 

18.41 

320 

232 

22.49 

845.93. 

.7655 

The  wheel  was  taken  to  the  shop  and  the  bridge  tree  lowered  one  and  a  half 
inches ;  then  re-tested  July  21. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per  M. 

Horse  Power 

Cubic  feet. 

Per  Cent. 

18.61 

320 

256 

24.82                 823.06       1 

.8593 

A  54-inch  Risdon  was  tested,  July  12,  1876. 


Head. 

1      Weight. 

Rev.  per  M. 

Horse  Power 

Cubic  feet. 

Per  Cent. 

T7~586 

17.06 

1900 

107 

1       123.21               5047.72 

When  the  wheel  was  put  together  the  chutes  projected  too  far  inward,  and  the 
inner  ends  were  cut  off  leaving  them  square  across,  and  about  half  an  inch  in 
thickness;  after  the  test  the  wheel  was  taken  out  and  the  back  side  of  the  inner 
end  of  chutes  were  chipped  away,  leaving  the  ends  a  "quarter  round;"  this 
added  ten  square  inches  to  the  openings;  the  wheel  was  re-tested  Aug.  1. 


Head. 


Weight,      i  Rev.  p'-rM.  , Horse  Power |    Cubic  feet. 


78.5 


49.95 


JPer  Cent^ 

[8177 


Similar  variations  will  be  found  in  testing  any  make  of  wheels.  When  the 
system  of  testing  commenced  some  ten  years  since,  there  w*s  hardly  a  wheel 
tried  that  was  in  a  condition  to  run  until  various  alterations  had  been  made ;  the 
step  was  out  of  place,  or  the  followers  were  made  of  season  3d  wood  and  would 
swell  and  bind  the  wheel  as  soon  as  wet.  Few  balanced  tin  ir  wheels,  audit 
really  needed  a  machine  shop  to  put  wheels  in  order  before  they  cmild  be  tested ; 
days,  sometimes  weeks  were  required  t"  test  a  wheel.  Builders  do  better  now, 
still  many  wheels  are  yet  sent  to  me  th  it  are  in  no  condition  to  be  tried  in  a 
testing  flume  or  mill.  The  test  of  an  Eclipse  wheel  is  given  on  next  page  to 
show  the  effect  of  tight  followers  and  swollen  step;  these  were  loosened  before 
second  trial : 


THE  POWER  REQUIRED  TO  GRIND  WHEAT, 
CORN,  Etc. 

When  the  testing  system  commenced  it  was  supposed  that  there 
was  great  waste  of  power,  as  the  opinion  prevailed  that  a  bushel 
of  wheat  per  hour  could  be  ground  for  each  horse  power  expended. 

Much  pains  was  taken  to  obtain  data  to  determine  that  point,  and 
several  imperfect  trials  were  reported  in  the  second  and  third 
editions  of  this  work. 

The  first,  a  trial  at  North  Sunderland,  Mass.,  a  half  insane  miller 
doing  what  he  called  the  grinding,  which  simply  consisted  of  crack- 
ing the  corn,  leaving  it  about  the  same  as  what  is  called  hominy. 
The  same  was  the  case  in  the  turbine  against  breast  wheel  test, 
near  Hartford,  Conn.  "What  power  is  required  to  drive  a  run  of 
stones,"  is  another  case  often  referred  to.  The  value  of  the  TURBINE 
AGAINST  BREAST  WHEEL  tests  consists  in  showing  the  comparative 
merit  of  the  breast  wheel  and  turbine,  and  the  difference  in  power 
required  for  cracking  corn  or  grinding  it,  and  to  show  that  where 
everything  is  in  perfect  condition  for  a  spurt,  a  bushel  of  rye  or 
wheat  perhaps  may  be  ground  per  hour  per  horse  power,  as  a  horse 
may  trot  a  mile  in  two  and  one-fourth  minutes,  but  the  same  horse 
would  be  killed  in  a  week  if  compelled  to  do  ten  miles  per  hour  ten 
hours  per  day.  So  I  will  refer  those  desirous  of  information  about 
grinding  to  the  report  of  the  Elkhart,  Indiana,  tests.  These  were 
made  by  the  most  exhaustive  method  possible. 

No  pains  or  expense  was  spared  in  preparation  or  testing,  then 
the  results  were  carefully  worked  up  while  every  point  was  fresh 
in  mind,  and  it  was  my  urgently  expressed  wish  that  the  opposing 
party,  upon  the  completion  of  the  making  up  of  the  report  of  results, 
should  immediately  be  furnished  freely  with  copies  thereof ;  other 
counsel  prevailed  and  the  reports  were  held  for  two  years,  then 
brought  into  court.  In  that  tinie  I  had  patented  many  inventions, 
acted  as  expert  in  numerous  cases  of  hydrodynamics,  and  the 
Elkhart  case  had  passed  from  my  mind  as  though  it  had  never 
been  there.  The  printer  in  making  up  the  report  seemed  to  have 
pied  the  form  containing  the  table  of  results  of  grinding,  after  I  had 
read  the  proof,  so  there  were  numerous  errors,  but  that  was  a 
matter  of  little  consequence,  for  the  summing  up  for  the  report 
was  done  from  the  results  of  tests  before  the  table  was  made,  and 
I  here  state  that  those  results  are  as  perfect  as  I  believe  it  is  possible 
to  make  such. 

While  in  charge  of  a  testing  flume,  it  was  my  invariable  rule  to 
refuse  to  make  any  test  that  could  not  be  openly  witnessed  and 
publicly  reported ;  the  Elkhart  tests  were  the  first  and  will  be  the 
last  made  by  me  that  cannot  be  reported  as  soon  as  made. 

It  was  a  practice  for  wheel  builders  to  have  wheels  tested,  hold 
them  awhile,  repaint,  then  send  them  as  new  wheels  to  be  retested. 
Messrs.  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  Messrs.  Fales  & 
Jenks  of  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  and  John  Tyler  of  @laremont,N.  H.,did 
so,  quite  likely  others.  I  presume  that  any  party  who  did  so  will 
give  their  experience  upon  application. 

A  retest  of  the  same  wheel,  unless  some  change  has  been  made 
therein,  should  not  vary  over  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent. 


n8 
Water  Wheel  Royalties. 


Upon  what  system  of  reasoning  does  the  turbine  patentee  claim  royalty  upon 
plans  of  no  certain  value?  To  render  a  patent  valid  the  inventor  must  have  plans 
so  well  defined  that  he  can  describe  them  so  that  those  skilled  in  the  art  may 
readily  build  from  such  plans  or  description  thereof;  if  he  can  nof  do  so,  what 
right  has  he  in  the  invention?  There  has  been  too  much  sympathy  for  the 
"  poor  inventor  "  and  not  enough  generally  for  those  who  find  means  to  carry 
out  such  inventions;  an  arrangement  generally  that  the  inventor  shall  fircd  expe- 
rience or  plans,  the  capitalist  money  for  the  inventor  to  live  upon  and  experiment 
with.  For  months,  perhaps  years,  the  inventor  slashes  away  with  little  consid- 
eration for  anything  but  his  own  fancies,  and  if  a  true  inventor,  enjoying  much 
in  witnessing  the  development  of  his  ideas;  while  the  capitalist  too  often 
finds  that  he  has  changed  positions,  that  in  fact  he  has  the  experience,  while  his 
money  has  turned  to  moonshine,  or  something  as  unsubstantial.  Capitalists  do 
not  invest  in  70  per  cent,  turbines,  and  there  are  no  good  reasons  for  expecting 
royalties  for  such. 


Numerous  Sizes  of  Turbines. 


In  looking  over  the  piles  of  circulars  issued  by  the  hosts  of  turbine  builders 
one  is  surprised  at  the  numerous  sizes  tabled  by  each;  and  when  it  is  understood 
that  these  tables  represent  both  right  and  left  hand  wheels,  the  question  arises 
as  to  how  any  man  could  ever  expect  to  do  a  profitable  business  where  so  many 
expensive  patterns  are  required,  unless  such  wheels  can  be  sold  at  an  immense 
profit.  A  list  so  numerous  acknowledges  the  fact,  that  such  wheels  can  only  be 
used  economically  when  exactly  adapted  to  a  fixed  quantity  of  water;  in  short, 
that  they  are  extravagant  in  its  use  unless  working  with  gates  completely 
opened;  this  has  been  the  case  since  the  first  introduction  of  the  turbine,  and  in 
some  cases  may  now  be  done  more  through  habit  than  necessity ;  but  if  neces- 
sary, then  it  is  plain  that  such  wheels  can  not  economize  the  power  of  our 
variable  streams ;  either  there  must  be  a  waste  of  one-half  of  the  power  during 
eight  or  nine  months  of  the  year,  or  a  total  stoppage  through  the  dry  season. 
Then,  again,  what  earthly  use  is  there  for  "  right  and  left  hand  "  wheels  of  the 
same  size  ?  By  turning  the  teeth  of  the  crown  gear  up  or  down,  the  shafting  is 
rotated  in  the  direction  desired.  With  thirty-two  sizes  of  turbines  to  work  up 
to  a  desirable  percentage,  farewell  hope !  Manufacturers  and  turbine  builders 
must  consider  and  work  together,  if  wheels  of  high  useful  effect  are  invariably 
to  be  expected.  Numerous  sizes  add  much  to  cost  and  the  purchaser  has  to  pay 
for  it.  If  left  hand  wheels  were  impossible  they  would  soon  be  found  unneces- 
sary, for  preparations  can  easily  be  made  to  meet  the  case.  Seven  or  eight  sizes 
only,  would  allow  the  builder  to  work  them  up  right,  and  the  purchaser  would 
soon  be  able  to  procure  a  turbine  that  would  utilize  the  whole  power  of  his 
stream,  either  summer  or  winter. 


Hard  Running  Wheels. 


put  tne  water  10  it,  wouia  DC  ine  repiy  wiieu  wte  MIUJCUL  w»s  munuuiicu.  j.  u<tu 
recall  several  that  would  have  gained  very  different  results  had  their  wheels 
been  in  proper  condition,  but  the  matter  was'not  so  well  understood  then  as  now. 
Even  now  it  requires  constant  attention  to  avoid  errors  in  that  way,  for  it  is  very 
common  for  wheels  to  turn  perfectly  free  at  the  start,  then  after  running  a  few 
minutes  become  bound  through  swelling  of  step  or  followers,  so  as  to  lose  a  num- 
ber of  revolutions  per  minute,  carrying  the  same  weight  as  at  first  starting, 
llisdon's  highest  result  91.32  and  Tyler's  91.27  were  supposed  to  be  erroneous, 
because  neither  could  be  repeated,  but  from  the  cause  named  above  they  could 
not  be  rejected. 


Test  of  Wheel  to  Determine  Loss  of  Power  in 
Transmission  Through  Gears. 


In  making  the  experiments  to  determine  the  loss  of  power  in  transmission 
through  gears,  mitre  gears  twenty-seven  inches  in  diameter,  five  inch  face,  fifty- 
seven  teeth,  were  used  on  wheel  and  "jack-shaft,"  the  last  being  six  feet  in 
length,  and  three  inches  in  diameter;  H  spur  gear  twenty-four  inches  in  diameter, 
four  aud  one  half  inch  face,  forty-four  teeth,  was  secured  upon  the  «-  jfck-shaft,' 
which  worked  into  another  gear  of  the  same  size  upon  a  second  horizontal 
shaft,  same  size  aud  length  as  ihe  first;  the  second  representing  the  main  line  of 
shafting  through  a  mill,  both  horizontal  shafts  worked  in  common  babbitted 
bearings.  The  dynamometer  was  placed  upon  the  end  of  shaft  representing  the 
main  line,  and  the  wheel  tested  through  the  two  pairs  of  gears;  then  upon  the 
wheel  shaft 


Tests. 

Head. 

Revolutions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Percent- 
age. 

Dynamometer    on 
horizontal  shaft, 
Dynamometer    on 
Wheel  shaft, 

1st  test, 
2d       " 

16.03  feet, 
16.08    " 

160  per  minute 
168           " 

26.55 
26.73 

75.90 
77.40 

Important  Tests  to  those  Gearing  Wheels  where 
the  Head  Varies. 


The  best  speed  for  each  head  is  first  given  :    20-inch  wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolutions 
per  minute. 

Horse  Power. 

Cubic  feet. 

Percent- 
age. 

18.44 
7.85 
18.35 
7.99 

500 
200 
640 
75 

249 
164 
161 
246 

39.92 
9.94 
31.22 
5.50 

1400.31 
869.84 
1418.94 
757.93 

.7753 
.7724 
.6663 
.4911 

48-inch  wheel. 


*17.55 

1100 

121 

80.66 

3586.83 

.6733 

9.79 

600 

90.5 

32.90 

2540.80 

.7018 

17.47 

1525 

90 

83.18 

3618.81 

.6982 

10.00 

200 

120.5 

14.60 

2199.34 

.2522 

*121  revolutions  per  minute  was  found  to  be  the  best  speed  for  whale  and  part 


Turbine  Buckets. 


Ten  years  since  turbine  builders  added  much  to  the  cost  of  their  wheels  by 
making  the  buckets  of  sheet  iron,  steel,  brass,  or  bronze ;  shaped  in  iron  moulds. 
The  best  turbines  yet  produced  have  been  made  entirely  of  cast  iron.  Wrought 
iron  is  decidedly  the  poorest  material  that  can  be  used  for  that  purpose. 

A  Word  to  Aspirants  for  Fame  as  Turbine 
Builders. 


The  incentive  to  turbine  building  is  probably  its  supposed  profit.  A  wood- 
sawyer,  so  little  of  a  mechanic  as  to  be  unable  to  file  his  own  saw,  unhesitatingly 
rushes  into  the  business,  yet  it  is  one  requiring  the  highest  possible  skill;  expe- 
rience soon  causes  the  adventurer  to  resrret  his  haste.'  A.  strictly  honorable 
'  turbine  business  under  existing  circumstances,  can  not  be  made  to  pay  ;  that  is,  to 
sell  even'  wheel  by  test  on  its  real  merits  would  leave  half  the  number  made  on 
the  builders'  hands,  for  purchasers  require  the  highest  results  at  the  lowest 
prices,  and  there  are  scores  of  builders  ready  to  guarantee  such  so  far  as  talk 
is  concerned.. 


I2O 
Professional  Experts. 


If  those  actiog  «va  above  could  see  themselves  as  those  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  subject  in  hand  see  them,  it  would  have  a  tendency  to  lower  their  preten- 
sions. Could  the  arts  be  put  back  to  what  from  our  standpoint  they  seem  to  h*vc 
been  3,000  years  ago,  one  of  our  best  mechanics  might  prepare  himself  to  act  9* 
general  expert  without  seeming  presumptions,  but  to  pretend  to  be  able  tr>  do  so 
now,  wli^n  the  mere  word  mechanic  covers  a  thousand  occupation*,  each  having 
numerous  variations,  renders  the  pretense  ridiculous.  Yet  we  have  such,  and 
those  who  have  great  influence  in  court,  particularly  in  patent  suits.  The  tur- 
bine h  is  been  studied  for  more  than  a  half  century  by  the  best  mechanics,  and 
the  matter  is  ot  sufficiently  understood  to  fairly  allow  of  its  being  considered  a 
science;  yet  th i  professional  expert  will  look  the  matter  up  in  a  day,  then  go 
into  court  and  testify  to  points  of  which  it  is  simply  impossible  that  he  can  know 
anything  about.  No  one  man  can  be  an  expert  in  all  kinds  rf  business,  life  is 
too  short.  The  most  intelligent  and  skillful  telegraph  operator  must  be  the  best 
expert  in  a  telegraphing  case,  so  of  the  shoemaker,  the  blacksmith,  the  miller, 
merchant,  turbine  builder,  or  engineer.  In  either  of  these  callings  an  appren- 
ticeship of  years  is  required  to  render  a  person  proficient;  then  is  it  reasonable 
to  suppose  that  the  professional  expert  can  master  any  of  them  in  a  few  hours' 
study?  We  would  not  go  to  a  shoemaker  to  inquire  about  a  turbine,  or 
the  turbins  builder  to  learn  about  telegraphing.  If  the  matter  is  simple 
and  plain,  an  expert  is  unnecess  try;  if  difficult  to  be  understood,  then  certainly 
one  skilled  in  the  matter  is  the  b  st  qualified  to  make  it  plain.  In  cases  where 
litigation  i*  contemplated  an  expert  well  versed  in  the  matter  should  be  employed 
first,  then  if  he  understand-?  his  business,  in  three  rases  out  of  four,  he  -will  cause 
the  matter  to  be  settled,  often  advantageously  to  both  parties  interested;  if  he 
can  not  cause  it  to  b  •  settled,  he  can  prepare  it  for  the  lawyer,  so  that  it  may  be 
legally  determined  expeditiously  and  at  the  least  expense.  To  employ  the  law- 
yer first  is  like  trying  to  learn  a  child  to  read  without  learning  it  the  letters;  that, 
however,  would  be  no  more  absurd  than  to  suppose  that  any  one  man  can  be 
proficient  in  all  kinds  of  business. 

Faith  in  expert  testimony  is  undoubtedly  decreasing,  simply  because  those 
called  as  experts  are  generally  mere  theorists,  or  perhaps  edit  some  so-called 
scientific  paper  that  is  published  on  speculation — the  editor,  like  the  paper  upon 
which  it  is  printed,  being  picked  up  where  it  can  be  had  the  cheapest.  A  graduate 
from  our  technical  schools  might  readily  study  up  horse-shoeing,  and  testify  in 
such  a  learned  manner  as  to  astonish  the  court  with  his  profoundly,  yet  his 
shallowncss  would  at  once  become  apparent  could  the  cross-examination  be  con- 
ducted by  an  ordinary  blacksmith,  as  I  have  often  wished  I  could  do  with 
hydraulic  experts.  Yet,  in  almost  any  case  in  litigation  relative  to  milling  mat- 
ters, the  testimony  of  such  men  as  A.  M.  Swain,  George  A.  Houston,  1".  H. 
Risdon,  Wm.  M.  Mills,  and  others  that  could  be  named,  would  be  very  valu- 
able ;  but  such  men  would  require  time  to  consider  the  matter  before  testifying. 
"  Why,  I  thought  you  experts  were  so  full  of  knowledge  upon  such  matters 
that  you  were  always  ready  to  gush  over,"  said  an  applicant  for  my  services. 
Such  may  be  the  case  with  others ;  it  is  not  with  myself.  I  want,  invariably, 
to  hear  both  sides  of  a  case,  and  time  to  compare  the  circumstances  with  facts 
gained  from  my  own  experience,  before  acting  for  any  one. 


Slip  of  Belt. 


The  speed  of  machinery  is  computed  from  size  of  pulleys  or  gears  in  connec- 
tion with  the  driving  shaft;  in  such  computations  the  slip  of  belt  is  seldom  or 
never  taken  into  consideration,  yet  that  slip  is  an  important  item.  In  testing 
the  power  of  a  steam-engine,  the  counter  of  my  dynamometer  showed  such  a, 
difference  from  the  engineer's  estimate,  that  the  "matter  w.is  thoroughly  investi- 
gated. The  driving  pulley  on  the  engine  was  12  feet  in  diameter,  that  on  the 
mam  line  of  sh  iftiuir  6  feet;  running  light  or  simply  driving  shafting,  the  fly. 
wheel  making  75  revolutions  the  main  line  m-ide  1">0,  hut  with  wei-ht  applied  to 
scale  beam  of  brake,  the  belt  began  to  slip,  the  slip  increasing  with  each  weight 
added;  at  the  maximum  power  of  engine,  the  main  line  made  144  revolutions 
while  the  fly  wheel  made  75.  Belt  and  pulleys  were  in  perfect  condition. 


121 

Gearing  Turbines  by  Tables. 


The  practice  of  gearing  turbines  from  tables  prepared  by  guess,  has  been  pro- 
ductive of  much  loss  of  power.  In  testing  wheels  it  is  a  rare  thing  to  find  two 
of  the  same  size  and  make,  that  do  their  best  at  the  same  speed ;  the  best  speed 
of  the  Leil'el  wheels  is  invariably  "wi  le  from  their  tabled  rate.  At  Bridgton, 
Maine,  Pondicherry  mill,  a  54-inch  Leffel  wheel  has  been  in  use  lor  ten  years, 
working  under  twelve  feet  head  and  running  at  ninety  revolutions  per  minute; 
the  mill  has  six  sets  of  woolen  machinery,  but  from  lack  of  power  only  five  sets 
have  been  used.  By  test  a  short  time  since  it  was  found  that  by  running  the 
wheel  at  seventy-eight  revolutions  instead  of  ninety,  it  would  give  twelve  h.  p. 
more  than  it  ever  had  done ;  so  that  for  ten  years  it  had  been  running  at  four- 
fifths  of  its  capacity,  and  at  a  time  when  its  greatest  capacity  was  much  needed. 


Testing  Curbs. 


The  fact  is  well  established  now  that  the  chutes  of  a  turbine  have  as  much 
to  do  with  giving  high  results  as  does  the  wheel  itself;  also,  that  each  part  of  the 
complete  turbine  has  relation  to  all  of  the  other  parts,  so  that  a  change  of  one 
piece  may  have  a  serious  effect  upon  the  whole.  Builders  have  prepared  several 
turbines  with  interchangeable  pa<ts  in  order  to  te,«-t  understandingly ;  but  it 
would  seem  better  to  make  a  t  sting  curb  with  changeable  chutes,  so  constructed 
that  their  number  or  direction  might  readily  be  changed,  and  their  capacity  of 
discharge  increased  or  diminished.  With  such  a  curb  it  should  be  possible  to 
determine  the  merits  of  any  wheel  that  could  be  tested  therein. 


V  Shaped  Belts,  Cable  Transmission,  etc. 


Some  time  since  there  was  a  mania  for  driving  machinery  with  belts  of  the 
above  named  shape,  but  experience  soon  cured  the  desire.  Transmission  by 
wire  cable  is  another  matter  that  should  be  well  considered  before  adoption;  it 
will  answer  the  purpose  in  places  where  shafting  can  not  be  used,  but  it  is  a  very 
poor  substitute  at  the  best.  Light  shafting  is  still  ano'her  subject  for  considera- 
tion; if  used,  the  pulleys  should  be  placed  close  to  the  hangers,  for  if  placed  any 
distance  therefrom,  the  shaftinir  will  spring,  and  require  a  much  tighter  belt, 
which  soon  gets  the  shaft  out  of  line.  There  is  a  proper  limit  either  way. 


The  Metric  System. 


And  why  the  metric  instead  of  that  so  generally  in  use  wherever  the  English 
langauge  is  spoken?  Does  the  practical  mechanic  or  engineer  desire  such 
change,  or  do  the  comparatively  few  who  use  that  system  surpass  us  in  mechan- 
ism or  general  intelligence?  Taking  the  foot  as  the  unit,  divide  it  into  tenths, 
hundredths,  etc.,  a:id  the  most  perfect  measurements  possible  may  readily  be 
made  a  id  expressed  thereby.  Then  why  change  for  new  terms,  when  our" Ian- 
gauge  is  now  so  unwieldly  and  overburdened  with  useless  words  and  synonyms, 
that  it  would  be  a  blessing  if  one-half  of  its  words  could  be  obliterated,  and  the 
other  half  simplified  in  spelling.  Simplicity  should  be  the  aim,  that  all  may 
comprehend;  change  has  not  always  been  improvement-  It  would  be  well  if 
the  engineers  and  professors,  who  are  so  much  better  kno^vn  th  ou<_'h  their  pre- 
tensions than  achievements,  could  be  made  to  understand  that  muddiness  does 
not  always  denote  depth.  A  change  to  the  metric  system  would  cause  immense 
confusion  in  our  standards,  boundaries  and  records,  without  bringing  a  shadow 
of  benefit  in  return.  Our  language  now  is  almost  the  universal  language  dreamed 
of.  and  it  seems  idiotic  to  change  for  that  of  a  people  occupying  less  of  the 
earth's  surface  than  is  covered  by  some  of  our  states. 


122 


THE  DAY  OP  THE  CHURCH. 


Torquemada  persuading  the  doubting  to  give  their 
so uls JjoG dd and thejrjgroperty  to_the  Church. 


Calvin  persuading  Servetus  to 
believe  in  the  Holy  Trinity. 


123 
THE  DAY  OF  THE  MAN. 


THE  MECHANIC  TO  THErFR9NTj 


MECHANIC 


"PROFESSOR  TO  BE  VALUED  ACCORD- 
ING TO  THE  USEFULNESS  OF  EACH. 


HIS  POSSIBILITIES  HAVE 
HARDLY  BEEN  CONCEIVED  OF. 

LET   HIM   REACH  OUT  TO  TH^ 


4&s 


JTTERMOST   UNI 


CREAT0R 


/\5  ADrilMLli  FOR   H15 
WONDERfCJL  WORKS,  NOT 
PROFESSIONS       * 


T«  ««-«$|SScOPE 

«•  N-R-srcRcoHscSpE, 

EACH   OPEN   ««^OWM 

v*»«-MBi;o«io« 

UJ    PERFECTED 


124 


Doctor  Dodimus 
Celebrated  Case  of 


Duckworth's 

Open  Mouth  Lockjaw. 


Sir  Alec.  McMutton- 
head  — Oh,  positively 
it  is  not  a  cancer.  He 
died  the  next  week  of 
cancer,  all  the  same. 


Dr.  Hamiltongue— Oh!  undoubtedly 
the  ball  is  here.  Haven't  we  all  said 
so  from  the  first,  and  hasn't  the  elec- 
tro-detector located 
it  here  sure  ? 

Dr.  Doodle  —  Of 
course  it  is  here! 


Patsey  McGrath — Loik  at  the  pair  of  them  doinkeys 
saking  for  the  ball  there,  when  it  is  here  be  my  hoind, 
in  the  shoulder. 


I25 


PROGRESS  IN  MEDICINE. 

"It  is  a  fact  that  the  number  of  healthy  men  and  women  is  growing  less  every 
year,  and  the  sick  more  numerous.  In  the  face  of  these  facts,  it  might  be 
noted  that  this  country  is  full  of  doctors  and  full  of  drug  stores;  that  these 
doctors  and  drug  stores  increase  every  year,  and  in  heavy  ratio  the  sick  and 
dying  increase  also. 

"  It  would  seem  like  ignorance  and  arrogance  combined  for  any  physician  or 
school  of  physicians  to  claim  a  monopoly  in  the  practice  of  medicine,  when 
all  physicians  of  all  the  schools  of  medicine  combined  are  powerless  in  cur- 
ing but  a  fair  percentage  of  acute,  and  still  less  of  chronic,  diseases. 

"And  instead  of  doctors  opposing  new  discoveries,  condemning  new  systems 
of  practice,  they  should  welcome  them,  for  no  one  knows  better  than  the 
doctor  himself  how  powerless  he  frequently  is  to  cure,  or  even  aid,  in  the  sick 
room." 

Two  thousand  years  ago  Cato  wrote  of  physicians  precisely  as  we  do  to-day. 
" 


-. 

He  said:  "  If  they  attempt  to  treat  of  the  practice  in  any  other  language  than 
the  Greek,  they  are  sure  to  lose  credit,  there  being  all  the  less  confidence  felt 
by  our  people  in  that  which  so  nearly  concerns  their  welfare  if  it  becomes 


intelligible  to  them.  En  fact,  this  is  the  only  one  of  the  arts  in  which  the 
moment  he  declares  himself  an  adept  he  is  at  once  believed.  Besides,  there 
is  no  law  to  punish  the  ignorance  of  a  physician.  It  is  at  our  peril  they 
experimentalize,  the  only  person  that  can  kill  another  with  impunity." 

Pliny  speaks  of  Rome  trying,  then  condemning,  the  employment  of  physi- 
cians and  going  without  six  hundred  years. 

At  about  eight  years  of  age  I  had  a  tumble  and  fall  of  fifty  feet  from  the 
top  of  a  building;  the  shock  was  severe,  but  energy,  elasticity,  and  self-will 
set  me  on  my  feet  in  half  an  hour.  The  doctor  said  such  strength  was  unnat- 
ural, so  he  bled  me  nearly  to  death. 

At  about  twelve  years  of  age,  I  with  two  others  was  thrown  from  a  car- 
riage on  to  a  pile  of  ragged  rocks.  All  of  us  were  terribly  cut,  my  thigh 
broken,  skull  fractured,  etc.;  the  rocks  were  fearfully  drenched  with  blood. 
Three  doctors  came;  their  first  act  was  to  take  a  quart  of  blood  from  each 
of  us. 

At  the  age  of  nineteen  I  was  stricken  down  with  yellow  fever  at  St.  Jago, 
Cuba.  My  last  recollection  there  is  of  a  doctor  prodding  away  at  my  arm  with 
his  lancet.  Our  ship  left  with  the  assurance  of  burying  me  as  soon  as  free 
from  port.  The  iloctor  was  left  behind;  the  fresh  sea  breeze  cured  me.  That 


was  in  1841,  and  the  last  time  a  physician  has  been  employed  for  myself. 

'     in  Eai     ' 
3d  daughtei 
my  return  that  evening  I  found  her  senseless,  with  a  bag  of  ice  bound  upon  her 


In  1859  leaving  my  family  in  East  Boston  one  morning  to  go  to  niy  business 
in  the  city,  a  little  idolized  daughter  kissed  me  with  her  Good  bye,  papa.    On 


head.  A  kind  neighbor,  we  being  strangers  there,  had  called  in  his  family 
physician,  a  home  »pathist.  At  eleven  o'clock  that  night,  the  child  being  in 
convulsions,  another  neighbor  called  the  nearest  doctor,  who  happened  to  be 
of  the  old  style;  on  arrival  and  learning  who  had  previously  been  employed, 
he  simply  became  brutal  and  left.  He  did  not  neglect  to  send  his  bill.  The 
child  died  at  midnight  of  scarlatina. 

A  year  later  my  wife  sickened,  and  for  weeks  was  attended  by  a  physician 
of  my  early  acquaintance;  suddenly  he  stopped  calling,  and  was  absent  a 
week;  my  wife  at  once  came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  had  abandoned  her  as 
past  hope.  The  seventh  day  of  absence  our  physician  returned,  decidedly 
under  the  influence  of  liquor,  and  the  question  was  plainly  asked  why  he  had 
absented  himself. 

"  Well,  hum!  well,  the  fact  is,  I  believe  your  wife  has  consumption,  and 
I  can  do  her  no  good  !  "  Then,  after  a  moment's  hesitation,  he  continued: 
"  Damn  it,  Emerson,  we  doctors  don't  know  half  so  much  as  folks  think  we 
do;  we  guess  as  to  what  the  matter  is.  then  go  to  our  books  for  the  remedy; 
if  the  first  does  not  help,  we  try  another."  t 

Experience  lias  established  "the  fact,  that  discoveries  and  improvements 
almost  invariably  come  from  those  outside  of  any  regular  line  of  business, 
and  it  would  seem  to  be  a  crime,  besides  being  unconstitutional  and  unjust, 
to  make  a  law  that  would  give  any  school  of  medicine  a  monopoly  of  the 
business.  If,  however,  the  law  is  to  be  called  in  to  give  such  monopoly  it 
should  fix  the  price,  say,  at  twenty-five  cents  per  visit. 


126 


SNi 


127 


THE  AMBITIOUS  FISHERMAN. 


THE  BIBLE  IN  SCHOOLS  AND  A  GOD  IN  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

The  Bible  is  a  book  useful  for  the  student,  but  is  of  the  past  •  its  worship 
has  been  the  cause  of  oceans  of  bloodshed.  Aside  from  errors  of  translation, 
words  often  are  changed  in  their  meaning  by  change  of  locality,  so  that 
there  is  no  certainty  that  we  have  the  writer's  true  meaning  in  the  Bible 
stories  ;  but  we  can  readily  see  from  its  contradictory  statements  that  it  is 
merely  a  history  of  that  people,  and  through  its  tribal  conceit  all  others 
were  ignored.  Cain  feared  that  some  one  meeting  would  slay  him,  which 
could  not  have  been  the  case  had  there  been  none  to  meet,  and  the  very  form 
of  statement  proves  that  the  mark  would  be  understood.  Still  further  to  find  a 
wife  at  Nod,  there  must  have  been  people  there.  Its  nine  hundred  year  lives 
must  have  meant  dynasties.  Its  fish  story  most  likely  belonged  to  the  class 
of  myths  common  at  that  time  in  connection  with  the  stories  of  the  gods  and 
goddesses.  A  book  that  cannot  be  opened  at  random  and  read  in  society  is 
not  suitable  to  be  put  into  the  schools  to  be  read  by  children. 

It  is  but  a  few  years  since  George  Francis  Train  was  imprisoned  for  pub- 
lishing obscene  literature.  Unfortunately  for  the  complainant  lie  was  so  igno- 
rant of  the  Bible  contents  that  he  was  unaware  that  the  dirty  literature 
consisted  of  extracts  from  that  sacred  work.  The  arrest  became  a  boomerang. 
If  brought  to  trial,  the  character  of  the  contents  of  the  Bible  would  be 
ventilated;  so  that  Train  was  brought  into  court,  and  pronounced  insane, 
consequently  irresponsible,  so  discharged  ;  but  as  that  would  leave  him 
irresponsible  if  he  saw  fit  to  shoot  the  complainant,  he  was  the  next  day 
again  brought  into  court  and  pronounced  sane. 

Think  of  the  fool  Freeman  stabbing  his  five  year  old  daughter  to  the  heart 
in  this  State  and  age  through  his  insane  fanaticism  for  emulating  old  Abra- 
ham. 

Ideas  are  changing  rapidly.  Success  in  keeping  the  Bible  in  the  schools  or 
getting  a  God  in  the  Constitution  is  likely  to  result  something  like  the 
success  of  the  ambitious  fisherman  at  the  head  of  this  article. 


128 


SILK. 

Silk  consists  of  the  pale  yellow,  buff  colored,  or  white  fiber,  which 
the  silkworm  spins  around  about  itself  when  entering  the  chrysalis 
state.  Silkworms  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  mulberry-feed- 
ing worm,  from  the  cocoons  of  which  is  reeled  the  ordinary  raw  silk, 
and  the  wild  silkworms  which  feed  upon  certain  kinds  of  oak,  ailan- 
thus,  castor-oil  plant,  etc.  The  product  of  the  latter  specimens 
(amongst  which  the  Tussah-worm  is  found,  producing  the  Tussah- 
silk)  was  little  heard  of  in  this  country  and  Europe  until  recently, 
and  but  for  the  outbreak  of  the  silkworm  disease  in  Europe  would 
probably  have  remained  in  India  and  China,  although  it  had  been 
utilized  in  both  these  countries  for  many  centuries.  The  date  when 
the  use  of  silk  for  textile  purposes  was  first  discovered  is  not  exactly 
known.  Some  of  the  Chinese  historians  claim  that  it  was  about 
2700  years  B.  C.,  whereas  others  only  go  as  far  back  as  about  1703 
B.  C.,  or  the  reign  of  ].Ioang-ti,  the  third  of  the  Chinese  emperors. 
He,  the  legend  tells  us,  was  desirous  that  his  legitimate  wife  tii-lhHj- 
chi  should  contribute  to  the  happiness  of  his  people,  so  he  charged 
her  to  examine  the  silkworms  and  test  the.  practicability  of  using 
the  thread.  In  accordance  with  this  wish,  she  collected  insects  and 
feeding  them  in  a  specially  prepared  place  commenced  her  studies 
and  examinations,  discovering  not  only  the  means  of  raising  them, 
but  also  the  manner  of  reeling  the  silk  and  its  use  for  textile  pur- 
poses. It  is  claimed  that  even  to  the  present  day  the  empresses  of 
China  on  a  certain  day  go  through  the  ceremony  of  feeding  the  silk- 
worms, and  rendering  homage  to  Si-ling-chi  as  Goddess  of  Silk 
Worms. 

The  principal  countries  for  carrying  on  the  silkworm  culture  are 
Southern  Europe,  China,  Japan,  and  India.  In  our  country  silk 
culture,  is  only  in  its  infancy,  yet  it  is  rapidly  assuming  proportions 
of  importance. 

When  full  grown  the  worm  ceases  to  feed,  climbs  up  from  the 
feeding  tray  to  the  bush,  or  whatever  may  have  been  prepared  for 
it,  and  commences  to  form  itself  in  a  loose  envelopment  of  silken 
fibers,  gradually  enwrapping  itself  in  a  much  closer  covering  form- 
ing an  oval  ball  or  cocoon  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  generally 
requiring  from  four  to  five  days  in  its  construction. 

RAW  SILK  OR  REELED  SILK 

constitutes  the  raw  material  for  the  American  silk  manufacturer. 
When  imported  the  same  generally  comes  in  picul  bales  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty-three  and  a  third  pounds.  Such  as  come  from 
China  are  made  up  in  bundles  weighing  from  eight  to  twenty-five 
pounds  each  and  are  protected  at  the  corners  by  fioss  or  waste. 
The  Italian  silk  comes  in  bales  made  up  in  skeins.  Before  it  reaches 
the  loom  this  raw  silk  must  pass  several  manipulations  and  proc- 
esses. First  the  same  is  taken  to  the  sorting-room,  and  the  various 
sizes  of  thread,  or,  in  other  words,  the  different  degrees  of  fineness, 
are  assorted  each  by  itself.  The  next  process  is  the  transferring  of 
the  silk  from  the  skeins  (which  are  of  irregular  length)  to  the  bob- 
bins. A  parcel  of  skeins  enclosed  in  a  light  cotton  bag  is  soaked  in 


129 


water  having  a  temperature  of  110°  F.  for  a  few  hours  so  as  to 
soften  the  gum.  After  taking  these  bags  out  of  the  water  they  are 
submitted  for  from  5  to  10  minutes  to  the  action  of  a  hydro-extractor 
to  liberate  the  superfluous  water,  and  the  silk  with  its  gum  thus 
sufficiently  softened  is  ready  for  winding.  The  next  manipulation 
the  silk  thread  undergoes  is  cleaning. 

In  this  process  the  thread  is  simply  transferred  from  one  bobbin 
to  another  and  passes  during  the  transfer  through  the  cleaner, 
which  consists  of  two  sufficiently  close  parallel  plates  to  catch  any 
irregularity  upon  the  silk.  Chinese  silk  always  requires  cleaning, 
whereas  Italian  silk  does  not  usually. 

WILD  SILKS. 

The  most  important  of  them  is  Tussah,  and  is  principally  found 
in  India.  This  silk  has  until  lately  been  greatly  neglected,  but 
at  present  commences  to  attract  great  notice.  The  cocoons  are 
larger  than  those  of  the  Bombyx  mori,  have  the  shape  of  an  egg, 
and  are  of  a  silver-drab  color.  The  outside  silk  of  the  cocoon  is 
sliulitly  reddish,  and  consists  of  separate  fibers  of  different  lengths, 
while  the  remainder  of  the  cocoon  is  generally  unbroken  to  its  center. 
In  India  the  report  compiled  by  that  government  gives  particulars 
of  no  less  than  thirty-six  varieties  of  wild  silkworms  feeding  upon 
different  forest  trees  and  shrubs 


"SPUN  SILK." 

It  is  to  be  understood  that  the  raw  silk  of  commerce  is  spun  by 
the  worm  as  the  spider  spins  its  web,  but  in  reeling  this  there  is 
waste ;  then  there  are  cocoons  from  which  the  worm  has  eaten  its 
way  out,  of  course  spoiling  the  cocoon  for  reeling ;  then  much  of  the 
product  of  the  wild  worm  cannot  be  reeled.  All  such  silk  has  to  be 
carded  and  spun  substantially  the  same  as  cotton,  and  as  the  fiber 
is  short  it  has  to  be  twisted  hard  to  make  it  strong,  so  that  hose  or 
other  goods  made  of  spun  silk  have  not  the  soft  feeling  of  the  raw 
silk,  though  the  silk  itself  may  be  of  quite  as  good  quality. 


MOIRE  ANTIQUE  AND  WATERED  SILKS. 

For  these  the  silks  must  be  broad  and  of  substantial  make.  They 
are  first  wet  and  then  folded  with  particular  care  to  insure  the 
threads  of  the  fabric  lying  all  in  the  same  direction ;  they  are  then 
submitted  to  great  pressure.  By  this  pressure  the  air  is  slowly 
expelled,  and  in  escaping  draws  the  moisture  into  curious  waved 
lines,  which  leave  the  permanent  markings  called  watering.  Moire 
antique  silk  is  streaked  in  veins  like  the  veins  in  the  antique 
marbles.  Figured  silks  are  woven  in  Jfccquard  looms.  Very  heavy 
silks  are  often  made  so  by  dye-stuffs.  Honest  manufacturers  will 
say  that  two  dollars  per  yard  at  retaj!  should  purchase  the  bes,t 
dress  silks  that  can  be  made, 


3o 


MODERN  SILK  SPINNING  FRAME  AND  TWISTER  MADE  BY  THE 
W.  G.  &  A.  R.  MORRISON  CO.,  WILLIMANTIC,  CONN. 


^ 


,->  .3.:          .  .~  .... 

The  present  period  may  be  denominated,  as  the  MiTsic.il  Age.  Almost 
'every  family  of  orclinary'i^uJture^Jiasv  its^l^  in  many 

cases  both. 

To  develop  the  capabilities'of  these'Tl7[s(riim"cn(s  in  oichestial  effect, 
much  of  the  popular  music  of  the  day  is -arruneed  in  Duetsr^reciuiime  four 

'  ''••'-  .  <»„.--  -  '••'•:•  •  ~    -S-v^,  ••jj.-' 

hands  for  its  proper  execution,  of  course  necessitating  the  use  of  two  stools 
or  seats  for  the  players.  '•- Probably  there  are, fe'vvpersonli  of  ordinary  obser- 
vation and  expeiience,  \\lio  have  not  seen  a' chair  rilled  with  bound  volumes 
of  Music,  "  Webster's  Unabridged,"  or  other  material  to  supply  a  seat  for  the 
second  player. 

For  the  most  of  the  time  but  one  Stool  is  required  in  a  family,  so  that^O 
second  Stool  is  an  encumbrance,  except  for  the  short  time  it  is  needed. 

To  obviate  this  objection,  many  attempts  have  been  made  during  the 
pa^t  fifteen  years  to  produce  a  Stool  suitable  for  either  one  or  two  players! 
Numerous  patents  have  been  granted  for  such  devices,  but  these  generally 
have  been  conspicuous  as  to  their  double  nature,  and  very  inconvenient  either 
as  single  or  double  stools. 

The  p!an  herewith  illustrated  is  believed  to  be  the^long  sough! ;coi£ 
yenience  for  the  purpose  named, — insurpassable.  in  beauty  as V  single  Stool, 
or  in  convenience  for  teacher  and  pupil  while  giving  and  receiving  instruc^ 
stipn  in  musictor  the  execution  of  four  hand  pieces  b^Ji 


FLAX,  ITS  CULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURE. 

Early  in  the  present  century  almost  every  farmer  in  the  Eastern  States 
raised  flax,its  product  then  being  a  necessity  for  all.  The  apothecary  depended 
upon  its  seed  for  soothing  the  ailing  ;  the  painter  for  its  uuequaled  oil  for 
his  paints  ;  the  farmer  for  the  fiber  of  its  pachydermatous  stalks  for  his 
clothing  ;  his  wife  for  her  bedding,  laces,  embroideries,  etc.  ;  the  ship  owner 
and  sailor  for  sails  and  cordage.  To  prepare  the  flax  it  was  pulled  and  cured, 
then  in  bundles  submerged  in  water  until  the  woody  outside  rotted  or 
became  so  brittle  as  to  readily  separate  from  the  fiber  when  dry  and  beaten 
in  the  "  flax  breaker."  The  farmer  then  with  a  "  swingle,"  a  sort  of  two 
edged  heavy  wooden  sword,  in  his  right  hand,  seized  a  handful  of  the  broken 
stalks  in  his  left,  held  the  stalks  over  the  top  of  the  swingling  plank,  striking 
them  close  to  the  side  of  the  plank  with  the  edge  of  swingle.  The  swingling 
plank  was  thin  at  the  top,  made  of  hard  wood,  standing  about  three  feet 
above  the  floor,  to  which  it  was  firmly  secured.  The  repeated  blows  of  the 
swingle  caused  the  woody  shell  to  fly  off  in  minute  pieces  or  "  shives."  Every 
few  blows  the  fiber  would  be  drawn  through  the  teeth  of  a  "hatchel"  or 
comb  as  a  woman  clears  her  hair.  The  tow  trousers  of  the  Continental 
times  were  produced  from  the  coarse  refuse  combed  from  the  flax  while 
it  was  being  hatcheled.  This  hatchel  was  formed  by  placing  a  gross  of 
smooth  sharp  pointed  steel  spikes  firmly  in  a  square  base  secured  to  a 
bench,  the  spikes  projecting  vertically  upwards  six  inches  above  the 
base.  The  fiber  thus  prepared  was  taken  by  the  wife  and  wound  upon  the 
distaff  of  the  linen  spinning  wheel,  at  which  she  sat  and  produced  the 
thread  for  the  shoemaker,  tailor,  sailmaker,  and  other  artisans  too  numer- 
ous to  mention,  also  all  necessary  for  household  use.  The  little  flax 
spinning  wheel  was  a  very  different  affair  from  that  of  the  spinning  wheel 
for  wool,  as  may  be  seen  in  illustrations  on  opposite  page.  At  the  former  the 
woman  sat  and  operated  the  wheel  with  her  foot,  using  the  fingers  of  both 
hands  to  draw  the  thread,  the  spindle  being  of  the  flier  pattern  ;  while  with 
the  wool  spinning  wheel  she  stood  at  its  side,  turning  the  wheel  with  her 
right  hand  and  drawing  the  thread  from  the  roll  of  wool  with  her  left,  the 
twisting  being  done  on  the  end  of  the  plain  spindle. 

The  spinning  for  the  fabulous  laces,  linens,  edgings,  lawns,  etc.,  of  the 
earlier  times  was  done  substantially  in  the  manner  described  or  in  a  still 
more  primitive  way. 

Spinning  street  yarn  is  not  a  figment  of  the  imagination  ;  in  South  Amer- 
ica, near  the  equator,  the  writer  has  often  seen  the  native  women  walk- 
ing the  street,  talking,  and  spinning  on  the  way,  the  cotton  being  carried 
under  the  arm,  the  thread  being  drawn  by  the  dropping  of  the  bobbin  011 
which  it  was  wound  as  spun,  a  twirling  motion  being  given  to  the  bobbin  as 
it  was  dropped  ;  then  it  was  skillfully  caught  at  the  arm's  length,  without 
seeming  effort. 

Flax  is  raised  in  the  Northwestern  States  and  Canada,  but  mostly  for  its 
seed,  though  its  fiber  is  in  some  demand  for  manufacture  into  thread,  and  is 
beginning  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 

Early  in  the  century,  all  farmers'  wives  were  supposed  to  be  capable  of 
attending  to  all  of  the  duties  indicated  by  the  implements  shown  opposite, 


133 


134 


spinning  both  flax  and  wool,  carding  the  latter  from  the  fleece  for  the  spin- 
ning, after  which  going  through  a  series  of  preparatory  processes  such  as 
spooling,  reeling,  sizing,  warping,  drawing  in,  etc.,  etc.,  from  the  spinning 
wheel  to  the  loom,  *where  from  the  coarsest  to  the  most  delicate  fabric  for 
family  use  was  produced,  often  very  intricate  patterns  of  bed  coverings, 
carpets,  and  other  ornamental  designs. 

The  man  that  can  realize  the  multifarious  duties  accomplished  by  the 
wife  of  a  century  since  and  then  consider  her  sex  inferior  in  constructive 
or  mental  ability  to  that  of  his  own  must  be  conceited  indeed. 

A  half  century  since,  our  farm  houses  and  mills  contained  as  fair  women 
and  girls  as  could  be  desired,  dressed  perhaps  in  homespun,  but  their  nimble 
fingers,  in  their  leisure  moments,  were  ever  busy  making  edging,  embroidery, 
or  fancy  trimmings  for  their  underclothing  or  household  use  ;  in  their  place  we 
have  ladies,  outwardly  dressed  fine  but  with  ten  cent  under  vests.  The  wash- 
ings of  the  former  weekly  displayed  volumes  of  refinement,  of  the  latter 
sweat-stained  and  often  ragged  undervests  that  indicate  continued  use 
without  change.  The  tobacconist  ornaments  his  goods  with  beautiful  forms 
clad  in  diaphanous  and  delicately  trimmed  under  garments,  but  does  not 
seem  to  take  to  the  lady  and  ten  cent  undervest. 

The  woman  with  her  heelless  shoes,  white  stockings,  and  zephyr  step, 
had  feet  that  were  things  of  beauty,  while  the  lady  of  to-day,  with  her  high 
heels  and  distorted  feet  that  require  large  bay  windows  on  her  boots  to 
accommodate  her  abnormal  toe  joints  which  intimate  the  evolution  of  thumbs 
and  a  return  to  the  quadrumana  family,  is  certainly  less  attractive. 

If  the  continuation  of  the  robber  tariff,  which  has  so  benefited  the  rich, 
has  not  reduced  wages  to  the  standard  common  in  all  highly  protected 
countries,  it  is  solely  because  the  irrepressible  inventor  has  by  improved 
machinery  reduced  the  cost  of  manufacturing.  It  certainly  has  been  the 
cause  of  a  much  lower  grade  of  working  men  and  women  than  formerly,  but 
a  revolution  is  taking  place  in  the  status  of  woman  from  which  a  progression 
may  spring. 


JUTE  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURE. 

Jute  is  raised  in  India,  having,  while  growing,  something  the  appearance  of 
oats,  though  much  larger,  as  it  reaches  a  height  of  fifteen  feet  or  more,  but 
like  rushes  it  grows  in  water,  two  crops  each  year  ;  its  fiber,  the  reverse  of 
that  of  flax,  is  on  the  outside  of  the  stalk. 

The  ground  is  prepared  and  seeded,  then  flowed;  with  plenty  of  water,  the 
growth  is  very  rapid.  At  maturity  the  stalks  are  cut,  then,  like  flax,  are 
immersed  in  water  to  soften  the  fiber  ;  the  process  is  then  similar  to  that  of 
flax  ;  the  ends  are  cut  even  to  prepare  the  fiber  for  baling,  the  ends  cut  off 
being  known  as  "  jute  butts." 

There  are  various  places  of  its  manufacture  in  this  country,  one,  quite 
extensive,  at  Ludlow,  Mass.,  from  whence  my  information  has  been  obtained. 

The  machinery  used  is  similar  to  that  of  cotton  manufacture  but  coarser 
and  much  heavier.  The  product  of  the  Ludlow  mills  is  the  covering  matting 
used  by  furniture  dealers  for  their  furniture  in  transit. 


135 


"D 
O 


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o 


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CD 


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f36 


THE  ROLLER  PROCESS  OF  FLOUR  MAKING. 

Reyised  for  1891  by  The  Edward  P.  Allis  Company  ot 
Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  U.  S.,  Flour  Mill  Builders  and 
Furnishers. 

To  prepare  wheat  for  milling,  it  is  good  practice  to  run  it  through  a  dust- 
less  receiving  separator  to  free  the  grain  of  coarse  trash  like  straw-joints, 
corn,  oats,  etc.  ;  then  through  a  dustless  milling  separator  to  remove  finer 
trash,  like  cheat,  screenings,  oats,  sand,  and  seeds,  and  through  two  separate 
scouring  and  polishing  machines  to  remove  dust,  and  scour  oil'  smut,  the 
fuzz  on  the  ends  of  the  berry  and  as  much  of  the  outer  woody  bran  coat- 
ings as  may  be  easily  detachable.  The  most  complete  flour  mills  attach  dust 
collectors  to  the  exhaust  air  trunk  of  the  above  grain  cleaners  for  the  sake 
of  cleanliness.  To  remove  metallic  particles  the  wheat  should  be  passed 
through  an  automatic  magnetic  separator.  During  dry  winter  weather  the 
bran  of  the  wheat  often  becomes  brittle  and  consequently  easily  pulverized 
when  passed  through  the  rolls.  To  obviate  this,  a  wheat  heater  is  employed, 
using  steam  at  about  98  degrees  Fahrenheit,  as  a  heating  agent.  This  attracts 
the  latent  moisture  from  the  interior  of  the  berry  to  the  surface,  thus  tough- 
ening  it.  Some  varieties  of  wheat  require  steaming  in  place  of  heating,  and 
wheat  raised  by  irrigation  generally  requires  wetting  down  in  bulk  for  24  to 
48  hours  before  being  used. 

Briefly  speaking,  the  roller  system  has  for  its  object.  1st,  the  gradual 
reduction  of  wheat  into  middlings,  2d,  the  purification  of  the  middlings,  and 
3d,  the  gradual  reduction  of  the  middlings  into  flour. 

This  method  of  flour  making  is  divided  into  two  systems  popularly  known  as 
the  "  long  "  and  the  "  short "  system.  These  terms  apply  principally  to  the 
number  of  reductions  used  to  convert  the  wheat  into  middlings.  The  long 
system  is  used  in  the  larger  mills,  especially  those  doing  a  merchant  or 
shipping  business,  and  produces  a  maximum  amount  of  middlings,  and  for 
this  reason  is  the  more  profitable  system.  Not  less  than  five  reductions  on 
wheat  are  employed  in  the  long  system.  Each  reduction  is  technically 
known  as  a  "  break.*'  Each  break  is  made  on  a  pair  of  corrugated  or 
fluted  rolls.  The  corrugations  of  the  first  break  rolls  are  rather  coarse,  but 
they  are  finer  on  each  succeeding  break.  The  number  of  corrugations  on 
each  pair  of  break  rolls  varies  with  the  kind  and  condition  of  the  Avheat  and 
the  number  of  reductions  employed,  so  that  exact  information  on  this  point 
cannot  be  given  here.  One  roll  of  each  pair  of  break  rolls  has  a  speed  2£  or 
3  times  greater  than  its  mate.  After  each  reduction  of  the  wheat  on  the 
break  rolls  it  is  bolted  or  "  scalped  "  on  coarse  mesh  wire  or  silk  cloth  to 
separate  the  middlings  and  flour  from  the  broken  wheat  so  that  the  latter 
may  be  sent  to  the  succeeding  break  and  be  further  reduced.  These  scalpers 
are  of  a  revolving  hexagon  or  round  reel  form,  or  on  the  reciprocating  sieve 
design.  The  miller  in  charge  so  graduates  the  breaks  from  first  to  last  that 
the  bran  issues  after  the  last  break  (and  the  subsequent  scalping  operation) 
free  of  flour,  as  long  as  the  grain  is  in  good  milling  condition.  Should  it  be 


137 


damp  or  tough,  or  the  weather  be  murky,  a  bran  duster  is  necessary  to 
remove  all  remaining  traces  of  flour  from  the  bran.  The  middlings  and  flour 
derived  by  the  foregoing  process  is  collected  from  the  various  scalpers  and 
sent  to  a  grading  reel,  clothed  with  silk  cloth  of  varying  fineness.  This 
reel  separates  the  flour  from  the  middlings.  The  flour  is  bolted  on  round 
reel  flour  dressers  or  centrifugal  bolts  to  prepare  it  for  the  market  and  forms 
a  commercial  grade  known  as  "  bakers'  flour."  It  constitutes  about  50  to  70% 
of  the  entire  floury  product  when  made  from  winter  wheat,  or  about  20  to 
40%  when  made  from  spring  wheat.  The  middlings  are  divided  into  three 
or  four  grades  or  sizes  and  sent  to  middlings  purifiers,  which,  by  means  of 
reciprocating  sieves  and  a  graduated  air  suction,  remove  all  free  bran  par- 
ticles and  fiber.  Three  grades  of  middlings  are  formed  by  this  operation, 
viz.:  middlings  free  from  impurities,  middlings  containing  a  small  amount 
of  fine  adhering  bran  particles,  and  coarse  middlings  attached  to  germ  or 
bran.  A  tine  fiber  or  cellular  tissue  permeates  each  particle  of  middlings 
which  is  of  a  white  color  and  undistinguishable  from  flour  until  it  is  wet  or 
baked  into  bread,  when  it  imparts  a  dark  color.  To  remove  this  fiber  success- 
fully it  is  necessary  to  gradually  reduce  the  middlings  in  size,  by  successive 
passages  through  smooth  rolls,  separating  the  flour  derived  before  the  mid- 
dlings pass  to  the  following  reduction.  This  sizing  operation  also  liberates 
adhering  bran  and  germ  impurities.  The  various  grades  of  middlings  are 
at  first  reduced  separately  on  individual  pairs  of  rolls,  according  to  their 
size  and  quality,  but,  at  an  advanced  stage  in  the  process,  when  a  similarity 
in  size  and  quality  is  reached  they  may  be  mixed  and  worked  to  a  finish.  The 
flour  from  the  foregoing  operations  is  bolted  on  flour  dressers  and  is  known 
as  patent  flour,  and  commands  the  highest  price  on  account  of  its  pureness. 
Spring  wheat  produces  from  50  to  75%  of  patent  flour,  and  winter  wheat  15 
to  35%.  In  finishing  up,  a  small  percentage  of  flour  results,  varying  from 
3  to  10%  of  the  entire  flour  product,  which  is  too  dark  in  color  to  be  incor- 
porated with  the  other  grades.  This  forms  the  low  grade.  In  large  mills,  any 
or  all  of  the  above  three  grades  of  flour  may  be  subdivided  according  to 
quality  and  sold  as  separate  brands. 

In  the  short  system,  it  is,  as  its  name  implies,  a  curtailing  of  the  above 
process.  For  instance,  where  five  breaks  on  wheat  and  seven  or  more  crushes 
on  middlings  are  used  in  the  long  system,  only  three  breaks  on  wheat  and 
five  crushes  on  middlings  would  be  used  in  the  short  system.  It  is  claimed 
by  excellent  authority  that  owing  to  the  more  abrupt  method  of  reducing 
and  crushing  as  practiced  in  the  short  system,  a  smaller  percentage  of 
middlings  results  and  consequently  a  reduced  percentage  of  high  grade  and 
high-priced  flour.  Short  system  mills  are  usually  of  small  capacity,  ranging 
in  size  from  twenty-five  to  seventy-five  barrels  per  day,  and  usually  mix  all 
the  flour  to  form  one  straight  grade,  and  are  more  adapted  to  winter  wheat 
than  to  spring  wheat. 


138 


A  WORKING  FLOURING  MILL. 

According  to  the  Plans  of  The  Edward  P.  Allis  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

The  engraving  opposite  shows  a  perspective  view  of  a  working  flour  mill 
having  a  capacity  of  50  barrels  of  flour  in  24  hours.  This  engraving  and  the 
description  thereof  is  given  in  connection  with  the  adjoining  article  on  "  The 
Roller  Process  of  Flour  Making."  A  small  mill  is  selected  for  these  modest 
sized  pages  in  preference  to  one  of  large  capacity,  to  enable  us  to  show  the 
details  on  as  large  a  scale  as  possible. 

The  operation  of  the  mill  commences  by  putting  the  wheat,  as  it  comes 
from  wagons  or  cars,  into  the  hopper  scale  seen  in  the  right  hand  corner  of 
the  first  floor  in  the  engraving,  which  weighs  40  to  60  bushels  per  draft. 

From  the  scale  the  wheat  descends  to  the  bin  shown  in  the  basement 
directly  underneath,  which  will  hold  sufficient  grain  to  operate  the  mill  one 
day.  The  adjoining  elevator  serves  to  elevate  the  wheat,  as  needed,  to  the 
milling  separator  shown  on  the  second  floor.  Here  the  wheat  is  relieved  of 
all  foreign  particles  and  shrunken  grains  unfit  for  milling.  The  grain  is  now 
re-elevated  to  the  upper  one  of  the  two  adjoining  smutters  and  scourers,  and 
after  the  wheat  has  been  acted  upon  by  these  two  machines  it  is  stored  tem- 
porarily in  a  bin  on  the  second  floor,  not  shown  in  the  engraving,  where  it  is 
ready  for  passage  through  the  rolls  and  bolts  in  its  conversion  into  flour,  as 
described  in  detail  on  other  pages.  The  shrunken  wheat,  taken  out  by  the 
separator  is  spouted  to  a  screenings  grinder  placed  against  the  far  side  Avail 
and  is  converted  into  feed  for  horses  or  cattle.  The  dust  from  the  three  wheat 
cleaners  is  blown  into  Cyclone  dust  collectors,  those  conical  affairs  shown  near 
the  ceiling  of  the  second  floor,  which  separate  the  air  from  the  dust,  discharg- 
ing the  dust  at  the  bottom  and  the  air  at  the  top.  In  the  background  of  the 
second  floor  are  shown  the  various  flour  dressers,  centrifugal  finishers,  and 
middlings  purifiers.  On  the  first  floor  are  shown  the  four  double  roller 
machines  with  automatic  feeders,  each  machine  containing  two  pairs  of 
rolls,  each  pair  working  entirely  independent  of  the  other.  Three  pairs  of 
these  rolls  are  corrugated  for  the  purpose  of  gradually  reducing  the  floury 
part  of  the  Avheat  to  middlings,  while  the  remaining  five  pairs  are  smooth  to 
gradually  reduce  the  middlings,  after  purification,  to  flour.  Near  the  side 
wall  in  the  foreground  is  shown  a  flour  packer  with  its  flour  storage  bin  on 
the  floor  above.  In  the  rear  is  the  power  room,  containing  the  engine,  boiler, 
pumps,  and  heater.  A  bushel  of  60  Ib.  wheat  produces  38  to  44  Ibs.  of  flour,  6 
to  10  Ibs.  of  bran,  6  to  8  Ibs.  of  ship  stuff,  1  to  3  Ibs.  of  screenings,  and  % 
to  %  Ib.  invisible  loss  during  milling.  These  quantities  vary  with  the  kind 
and  condition  of  the  wheat,  the  condition  of  the  weather,  the  size,  kind,  and 
condition  of  the  mill,  and  the  skill  of  the  miller  in  charge.  From  6  to  14 
horse  power  per  barrel  per  hour  is  required  as  motive  power,  depending  on 
the  size  of  mill  and  the  proximity  of  power  to  the  machinery. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  flouring  mills  of  Minneapolis,  with,  names  of  own- 
ers and  capacity  of  each  per  day  :— 

Pillsbury  (A)  Mill,  7200  bbls.,  Pillsbury  Washburn  Flour  Mill  Co.;  Pillsbury 
(B)  Mill,  2500  bbls.,  Pillsbury  Washburn  Flour  Mill  Co. ;  Anchor  Mill,  1600 
bbls. ,  Pillsbury  Washburn  Flour  Mill  Co.  ;  Palisade  Mill,  2000  bbls. ,  Pills- 
bury  Washburn  Flour  Mill  Co.  ;  Lincoln  Mill,  1000  bbls.,  Pillsbury  Washburn 
Flour  Mill  Co.  ;  Washburn  (A)  Mill,  4200  bbls.,  Washburn-Crosby  Co.  ; 
Washburn  (B)  Mill,  1300  bbls.,  Washburn-Crosby  Co. ;  Washburn  (C)  Mill, 
3000  bbls.,  Washburn-Crosby  Co.  ;  Crown  Holler  Mill,  2100  bbls.,  Northwestern 
Consolidated  Mill  Co. ;  Columbia  Mill,  1600  bbls.,  Northwestern  Consolidated 
Mill  Co.  :  Northwestern  Mill,  1600  bbls.,  Northwestern  Consolidated  Mill  Co.  ; 
Galaxy  Mill,  1500  bbls.,  Northwestern  Consolidated  Mill  Co. ;  Zenith  Mill, 
1000  bbls.,  Northwestern  Consolidated  Mill  Co.  ;  Excelsior  Mill,  1100  bbls., 
Minneapolis  Flour  Mfg.  Co.  ;  St.  Anthony  Mill,  650  bbls.,  Minneapolis  Flour 
Mfg.  Co.  ;  Standard  Mill,  1700  bbls.,  Minneapolis  Flour  Mfg.  Co. ;  Humboldt 
Mill,  1150  bbls., Hinkle,  Greenleaf  &  Co. ;  Dakota  Mill,  350  bbls.,  H.  F.  Brown 
&  Co.  ;  Holly  Mill,  500  bbls.,  Holly  Mill  Co.  ;  Minneapolis  Mill,  1200  bbls., 
Crocker,  Fisk  &  Co.  ;  Cataract  Mill,  800  bbls.,  D.  R.  Barber  &  Son  ;  Phoenix 
Mill,  275  bbls.,  Stamwitz  &  Schober.  Total  38,325  bbls. 


139 


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140 


MARRIAGE,  DIVORCE,  NUDITY. 

YOUTHS'  PREPARATORY  EDUCATION  FOR  POLYGAMOUS  ACTS. 
ARABIAN  NIGHTS, 


Camaralzaman  was  proclaimed  king,  and  married' on  the 
same  day  with  the  greatest  magnificence ;  being  thoroughly 
satisfied  with  the  beauty,  wit,  and  affection  of  the  princess 
Haiatalnefous. 

The  two  queens  continued  to  live  together  in  friendship 
and  union,  and  were  each  well  contented  with  the  equality 
which  king  Camaralzaman  observed  in  his  conduct  towards 
them  in  sharing  his  bed  with  them  alternately. 

From  time  immemorial,  theoretically,  love  has  been  represented  as 
heavenly,  in  practice  almost  invariably  gross.  Death  in  any  form  for 
a  woman  before  dishonor.  Lucre  tia  has  been  the  model,  but  it  should 
be  borne  in  mind  that  the  other  side  of  that  story  has  never  been  told. 
From  the  earliest  history  down  to  Anthony  Comstock  the  clergy 
have  been  the  most  strenuous  promoters  of  such  ideas  and,  unless 
sadly  belied,  the  most  common  violators  of  them,  not  because  nat- 
urally worse  than  others  but  because  of  haying  leisure  and  oppor- 
tunity. The  wise  man  of  the  Bible  requiring  a  thousand  women, 
the  Lord  taking  his  share  of  captive  virgins,  Lot  and  his  buxom 
daughters,  Camaralzaman  and  his  two  wives,  and  the  classics 
describing  the  loves  of  the  gods  and  goddesses  are  not  reading  likely 
to  inculcate  monogamy  in  the  youthful  mind,  yet  society  as  de- 
scribed by  Rabelais  when  the  clergy  had  entire  control  was  far 
worse ,  humanity  is  better  off  with  less  of  that  control. 

The  marriage  laws  are  unequal  and  unjust,  often  causing  the  inno- 
cent to  suffer  for  the  fault  of  others.  The  "for  better  or  worse" 
is  a  device  of  evil  because  of  it  the  beautiful  bride  soon  becomes  the 
dowdy  wife ;  the  passionate  lover,  the  indifferent  husband. 

Marriage  by  equitable  contract  should  produce  equality  and  con- 
tinued effort  to  please*  Give  both  the  same  right  to  propose  such 


partnership.  Motherhood  is  a  natural  right,  its  desire  inherent 
from  infancy,  proved  by  the  craving  for  dolls.  This  right  is  often 
denied  to  the  best  through  lack  of  self-assertion.  Free  women 
from  her  bondage  of  conventionalism  and  long  petticoats,  encourage 
her  to  think  and  talk  of  something  besides  dress,  give  her  equal 
rights  with  man.  Protect  by  making  all  children  legitimate  and 
have  their  rights  secured,  but  allow  of  separation  on  breaking  of 
contract  by  either  party.  Parties  properly  mated  will  need  no  law, 
those  compelled  to  remain  together  often  would  be  better  apart. 

Nudity  is  a  matter  of  custom ;  the  innocent  mother  readily  exposes 
her  bosom  nursing  her  babe,  unconscious  of  evil.  The  fashionable 
lady  displays  both  ends  at  the  beach,  and  all  women  wearing  long 
skirts  frequently  make  a  liberal  show  of  underwear  walking  in  the 
mud,  windy  weather,  getting  into  car  seats,  etc. 

Why,  says  Mrs.  Grundy,  you  would  put  us  down  equal  with  the 
cattle !  My  dear  madam,  the  cattle  have  neither  lawyers  nor 
priests,  yet  their  sexual  relations  are  a  world  above  those  of  the 
human  animal.  Your  implication  is  an  insult  to  them.  Have  less 
conceit  and  more  self-examination. 


TWO  WOMEN. 

I  know  two  women  ;  and  one  is  chaste 

And  cold  as  the  snows  on  a  winter  waste; 

Stainless  ever  in  act  and  thought 

(As  a  man  born  dumb  in  speech  errs  not). 

But  she  has  malice  toward  her  kind— 

A  cruel  tongue  and  a  jealous  mind. 

Void  of  pity,  and  full  of  greed, 

She  judges  the  world  by  her  narrow  creed. 

A  brewer  of  quarrels,  a  breeder  of  hate, 

Yet  she  holds  the  key  to  "  Society's  "  gate. 

The  other  woman,  with  a  heart  of  flame, 
Went  mad  for  a  love  that  marred  her  name. 
And  out  of  the  grave  of  her  murdered  faith 
She  rose  like  a  soul  that  has  passed  thro'  death. 
Her  aim  is  noble,  her  pity  so  broad 
It  covers  the  world  like  the  mercy  of  God. 
A  healer  of  discord,  a  soother  of  woes, 
Peace  follows  her  footsteps  wherever  she  goes. 
The  worthier  life  of  the  two,  no  doubt ; 
And  yet  "  Society  "  locks  her  out. 
The  other  woman  for  me.  —Ella  Wheeler  Wilcox. 


WOMAN  SUFFRAGE. 

With  the  manifest  destiny  so  plainly  marked  upon  the  face  of  the  age  that 
woman  suffrage  is  bound  to  come,  it  seems  strange  to  seethe  ordinary  repub- 
lican seven  by  nine  rural  member  so  readily  join  the  Irish  statesman  in 
defeating  the  measure.  A  biped  with  ordinary  manhood  should  freely  grant 
such  equality  of  right,  and  certainly  the  American  woman  is  likely  to  vote 
as  intelligently  as  the  newly  manufactured  citizen  from  any  foreign  country. 

Politics  are  not  likely  to  be  reduced  in  quality  by  the  addition  of  a  more 
reputable  class  of  voters.  Massachusetts  is  not  doing  itself  credit  in  the 
matter. 


COTTON  MANUFACTURE. 


The  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  now  so  enormous  in  quantity  and  so  varied 
in  multiplicity  of  uses,  is  of  comparatively  recent  date.  The  fibre  was  first  intro- 
duced in  England  about  1640;  a  century  latter,  or  in  1741,  but  1,160.000  pounds 
were  used  there — a  quantity  that  would  but  partially  have  loaded  a  single  ship 
of  that  period,  or.  a  freight  train  of  to-day.  The  invention  of  the  spinning  frame, 
by  Ark wright,  in  1768-71;  the  spinning  jenny,  by  Haregrave,  about  the  same 
time,  and  the  combination  of  the  two  by  Crompton,  thus  forming  the  mule, 
gave  the  first  great  impetus  to  the  business,  which  was  enormously  increased 
by  Eli  Whitney's  invention  of  the  cotton  gin,  and  of  the  card  setting  machine 
by  Amos  Whittemore,  both  Massachusetts  men.  The  really  successful  power- 
loom  seems  to  have  been  invented  by  the  Key.  Edmund  Cartwright  of  England. 
Fear  that  siich  machinery  would  render  their  employment  unnecessary,  caused 
the  working  class  to  gather  in  mobs,  and  destroy  it,  so  that,  as  late  as  1813  it 
was  supposed  that  there  were  only  about  2400  power-looms  in  use  in  all 
England.  The  war  of  1812  with  that  country  made  it  more  necessary  to  manu- 
facture cotton  goods  in  this  country,  and  it  was  done  in  several  of  the  states,  but 
with  what  would  now  be  considered  a  ludicrous  division  of  labor,  as  the  spin- 
ning was  done  with  water  or  horse-power,  then  distributed  among  the  farmers' 
families,  and  there  woven  in  hand-looms.  Power-looms  were  tried  in  various 
places,  but  without  being  able  to  compete  with  hand-looms.  Probably  the  first 
mill  ever  constructed  for  taking  in  raw  cotton,  and  turning  it  out  as  finished 
cloth,  was  completed  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  in  1813.  This  had  1700  spindles,  and 
all  the  other  machinery  necessary  for  the  purpose  named.  The  enterprise 
proved  successful,  and  another  and  larger  mill,  having  3584  spindles,  was 
soon  added  to  the  first.  [See  Lowell  water-power  rate.]  From  such  begin- 
nings have  grown  the  immense  cotton  manufactures  of  the  country.  Six  million 
one  hundred  thousand  bales  of  cotton  were  raised  in  this  country  the  past  year. 
Spinning  is  the  heavy  work  of  the  business,  and  upon  the  spindle  is  based  the 
estimates  of  cost,  value,  capacity  and  power  required  for  the  mill.  Circum- 
stances in  each  case,  of  course,  affect  such  estimates.  Suppose  a  new  mill  to  be 
constructed  where  a  dam  and  canal  are  ready  to  take  the  water  for  power,  the 
cost  for  race,  wheel-pit,  mill  and  machinery  would  be  estimated,  under  favorable 
circumstances,  at  about  $14.50  per  spindle.  Sixteen  dollars  per  spindle  at  this 
time  should  fit  up  such  a  mill  with  machinery  of  the  most  perfect  kind.  If 
canal,  dam  and  boarding  houses  were  to  be  added,  the  cost  would  probably  be  $20 
per  spindle.  At  Fall  River,  where  steam  is  used  for  power,  the  estimate  at  this 
time  is  $17  per  spindle,  but  Fall  River  does  not  furnish  boarding  houses.  A 
mill  45  x  100  feet,  four  stories  and  attic,  would  require  one  floor  for  spindles. 


spindles  would  be  a  go_  .. 
thousand  might  be  used,  but  would  hardly  be  advisable,  unless  room  was  scarce 
for  the  power  at  command.  The  power  should  equal  two  h.  p.  for  each  one 
hundred  spinning  spindles  in  a  mill.  There  are  light  running  spindles  and 
machinery  that  could  be  driven  with  something  less  than  that  rate — others  that 


estimate  for  the  power  required  in  silk  mills.  Thirty-five  to  fifty  spindles  in 
cotton  mills  are  required  per  loom,  the  number  depending  upon  the  No.  of  yarn 
used  or  fineness  of  cloth  produced. 

The  census  for  1880  will  give  the  number  of  spindles  in  the  Southern  states  as 
714,078;  looms,  15,222,  or  about  forty-seven  spindles  per  loom,  which  would 
indicate  that  their  product  is  quite.fine  cloth,  or,  what  is  more  probable,  that 
many  of  the  spindles  are  employed  in  making  yarn  that  is  noj  woven  there. 


COTTON  MANUFACTURE. 

All  of  the  illustrations,  except  for  Picker,  were  kindly  furnished  by  the 
Lowell  Machine  Shop,  Lowell,  Mass. 

CHARLES  L.  HILDRETH,  SUPT. 

From  the  bale  the  cotton  goes  to  the  Pickers,  Opener,  Breaker,  and  Finish- 
er.   All  similar  in  appearance. 

PICKER. 


From  Finishing  Picker  in  "  laps  "  the  cotton  goes  to  Breaker  Card. 

CARD. 


Thence  in  slivers  from  sixty  to  a  hundred  cards  to  the  Doubter. 


i44 


DOUBLEE. 


Which  turns  it  into  laps  ;  these  are  taken  to  the  Finishing  Card  ;  this  is 
similar  to  the  Breaker  Card  in  appearance.  From  Finishing  Card  cotton  in 
slivers  goes  to  the  Railway  Head,  which  delivers  into  cans,  from  six  to  ten 
cards,  to  Railway  Head. 

RAILWAY  HEAD. 


From  Railway  Head  to  Drawing  Frame,  which  leaves  it  in  cans. 


From  Drawing  Frame  it  goes  to  the  Slubber,  which  turns  it  into  bobbins. 

SLUBBER. 


Thence  to  the  Intermediate  or  Fly  Frame. 


146 


FLY   FRAME. 


From  Intermediate  or  Fly  Frame  on  bobbins  to  the  Fine  Frame,  similar  to 
Fly  Frame  or  Slubber.  From  Fine  Frame  to  the  Ring  Spinning  Frame  and 
Mule.  The  Ring  Frame  makes  the  warp,  the  Mule  makes  filling,  the  filling 
going  direct  from  the  Mule  to  the  Loom.  In  general  appearance  the  Mule 
resembles  the  illustration  of  mule  in  woolen  manufactures  on  another  page. 

RING  SPINNING  FRAME. 


From  Spinning  Frame  the  warp  goes  to  the  Spooler. 


From  the  Spooler  to  the  Warper. 


From  the  Warper  to  the  Slasher 
Dresser. 


148 


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149 


From  Drawing-iii  to  Loom. 
LOOM. 


each  requires  special  machinery,  looms,  etc 


Ribbon,  Webbing  and  Tape  Loom. 

Manufactured  by  L.  J.  Knowles  &  Urother,  Worcestert  Mass. 


TESTS  MADE  AT  THE  MlLL..OP  EDWARD  O.  DAMON  DURING  THE  MONTH 
OP  SEPTEMBER,  1880. 

The  machinery  consisted  of  73  Tape  Looms,  carrying  2008  shuttles ;  2  Quillers 
of  36  spindles  each,  and  1  of  18  spindles;  2  Warp  Dressers;  1  2-ply  Warper;  1 
Yarn  Spooler ;  1  Tape  Heel ;  1  Yarn  Warper,  single ;  2  Tape  Spoolers ;  2  Tape 
Presses;  30  Counter  Shafts,  average  length,  six  feet. 

The  power  for  the  above  machinery  was  taken  from  below,  through  the  floor, 
on  to  a  short  main  shaft  about  ten  feet  in  length,  the  main  pulley  being  forty-one 
inches  in  diameter  and  about  eighteen  inches  face;  belt,  fourteen  inches  wide. 
One-ply.  From  this  shaft  the  power  was  transmitted  through  a  pair  of  bevel 
gears  (about  30-inch  diameter,  4-inch  face)  to  the  short  counter-shafts.  The 
power  scale  was  applied  to  the  main  driving  pulley,  and  examined  and  tested 
at  short  intervals,  to  see  that  it  was  working  smoothly  and  correctly.  Gen.  Tlieo. 
G.  Ellis,  of  Hartford,  made  a  very  thorough  examination  and  test  during  the 
month,  and  reported,  as  the  result  of  these  tests,  that  the  amount  of  power 
transmitted  to  the  machinery,  at  145  revolutions  of  the  main  shaft,  was  10.61  h.p. 
At  136  revolutions  of  this  main  shaft,  he  reports  the  approximate  power  as  9  h.p. 
The  tests  of  the  same  machinery,  leaving  the  dressers  off,  was  found  to  be  about 
2  h,  p.  less. 

n.  A.  FOSTER,  Supt. 

TESTS  MADE  AT  MILL  OF  NASHAWANNUCK  MF'G  Co.,  EASTHAMPTON,  MASS. 

[Elastic  Goods,  Suspenders  and  Ribbons.] 

The  machinery  consisted  of  149  Looms  (Knowles*  and  various  kinds),  15  Spoel- 
ers,  14  Warpers,  11  Quillers. 
Power  required  to  drive  all  the  above  machinery  to  speed,  23.2  h.  p. 

EDWARD  PAINTER,  Supt. 

TESTS  MADE  AT  MILL  OP  GLENDALE  ELASTIC  FABRIC  COMPANY, 

EASTHAMPTON,  MASS. 

The  machinery  consisted  of  100  Looms,  10  Spoolers,  12  Quillers,  775  Braiders. 
Power  required  to  drive  all  to  speed,  25.4  h.  p. 

E.  C.  KOENG,  Supt. 


Test  of  Turbine   Wheel  and  Power  Required  to 
drive  Machinery  in  Mill  at  Natick,  R,  I. 


To  ascertain  power  required  to  drive  machinery,  the  gate  was  opened  until 
designated  machines  ran  at  regulator  speed,  then  the  power  of  wheel  was  found, 
with  same  head  and  gate  opening.  The  turbine  replaced  breast  wheels,  and  the 
discharge  from  the  turbine  as  shown  by  the  old  water  mark  in  tail-race  35  feet  in 
width  was  8  inches  less  in  depth  than  from  breast  wheels. 
Test  of  Machinery,  March  14, 1874. 

The  first  test,  shafting  alone.  The  gate  3K  turns  open,  with  21  feet,  3J£  inches 
fall.  Wheel  making  77  revolutions  per  minute,  horse  power,  43. 

The  second  test,  all  the  shafting  and  457  Mason  Looms,  (print  goods,  64  sq., 
150  picks  per  minute.)  The  gate  5^  turns  open,  with  21  feet,  1>£  inches  fall. 
Revolutions  of  wheel  77,  horse  power,  88. 

The  third  test,  all  the  above  and  77  ring  spinning  frames,  of  9,856  Rabbeth 
spindles,  6750  revolutions  per  minute,  also  8  warpers,  8  spoolers  of  64  spindles 
each,  and  17  mules  with  10,364  spindles.  The  gate  9j£  turns  open,  with  20  feet, 
9  inches  fall.  Revolutions  of  wheel  77,  horse  power,  192. 

The  fourth  test,  all  the  machinery  in  the  mill,  or  in  addition  to  the  above,  1 
Kitson  opener,  2500  revolutions,  6  30-inch  Whitin's  tappers,  3  beaters,  each  2200 
revolutions,  70  30-inch  breaker  cards  with  125  revolutions  of  cylinders,  with  5 
Mason  Railway  heads,  2  doublers,  70  30-i  ,ch  finisher  cards  with  125  revolutions 
of  cylinders,  with  5  Lanphear  railway  heads,  10  drawing  frames  with  59  deliver, 
ies,  6  slubber  speeders  with  420  spindles,  554  revolutions  of  flyers,  12  fine  speed- 
ers,  1248  spindles,  770  revolutions  of  flyers.  The  gate  10%  open,  20  feei,  5>£ 
inches  fall.  Revolutions  of  wheel  76,  horse  power,  263.  Gate  opened  in  full  to 
get  power  of  wheel,  20}£  feet  fall,  291>£  horse-power. 


Nelson  Mill,  Winchendon,  Mass. 


Denims,  Sheetings,  and  Colored  Goods— 

H.  P. 

4  pickers,  64  cards,  7300  spindles,  2  drawing  frames  and  180  looms,  158.80 

All  the  above,  except  pickers,  130  10 

All  except  pickers  and  cards,  89.46 

Only  looms  running,  57  85 
Shafting, 


Monohansett  Mill,  Putnam,  Conn. 

Two  hundred  horse-power  drives  two  hundred  and  ninety  two  40-inch  wide 
looms  to  140  picks  per  minute,  5632  frame  spindles,  6768  mule  spindles  with  all 
the  other  necessary  machinery. 


Eagle  Mill,  Connecticut. 


This  is  to  certify  that  I  weighed  up  the  power  for  John  L.  Ross,  of  the  follow- 
Ing  machinery  and  shafting  at  his  mill,  in  Eagleville,  Conn.,  with  a  Dynamometer 
on  main  shaft,  and  the  power  developed  was  found  as  follows,  to  wit: 
Test  No.    1 — Run  the  shafting,  1  dresser,  1  spooler,  and  12  frames,  indicating 

27.64  h.p. 

Test  No.    2— shafting,!  dresser,  1  spooler,  15  spinning  frames.  30.81  " 

Test  No.    3—  1        «        1        <«       18  "  34.86  •• 

Test  No.    4—      "        1        "        1        «       18  «  34  86  «• 

Test  No.    5—      "        1        "        1        «        15  «  31.12  " 

Test  No.    6—      «•        1        "        1        «        12  •<  27.27  «* 

Test  No.    7—      "        1        "        1        "       12  "  27*27  «• 

Test  No.    8—      "        1        «        l        «       15  «  31.12  « 

Test  No.    9—      "        1        «        l        «       18  ««  34.86  «• 

Test  No.  10— All  of  shafting  connected  to  run  the  above  machinery,        10.89  •• 


152 
Experiments  at  Massachusetts  Cotton  Hills. 


LOWELL,  MASS.,  MARCH,  1872. 

Trial  of  power  required  to  drive  15  stretchers,  (3d  speeders)  52  spindles  each 
=780  spindles.  Speed  main  shaft  of  machine,  396  revolutions.  Speed  of  flyer, 
1121  revolutions.  Frames  driven  by  a  train  of  8  counter-shafts—  two  frames  by 
each,  except  the  last,  which  drives  one.  These  shafts  are  driven,  the  first  from 
the  main  line,  and  the  others  in  succession  from  each  other.  1st.  Machines  and 
shafting  required  8056  Ibs.  per  sec.=14.65  horse-power=537  Ibs.  or  .976  horse- 
power each=10.  3  Ibs.  per  spindle—  53.  24  spindles  per  horse-power.  2d.  Shaft- 
ing and  loose  pulleys,  2000  Ibs.  =3.64  horse-power.  3d.  Shafting  alone,  belts  off, 
732  lbs.=1.33  horse-power. 

Trial  of  power  to  drive  6  throstle  spinning  frames,  (warp)  ,  5  having  128  spindles 
each,  and  one  112  spindles,=752  spindles,  driven  by  a  train  of  6  counter-shafts,  the 
first  belted  from  the  main  line,  and  the  others  in  succession  from  each  other. 
This  being  an  odd  row  of  frames,  only  one  frame  is  belted  from  each  shaft. 
Spinning  .No.  20  yarn,  cylinder  running  750  revolutions,  and  flyers  4312  revolu- 
tions per  minute.  1st.  Shafting  and  loose  pulleys,  1150  lbs.=2.09  horse-power. 
2d.  Shafting  alone,  machine  belts  off,  767  lbs.=1.39  horse-power.  3d.  Frames 
and  shafting,  6900  lbs.=12.54  horse-power. 


Trial  of  power  required  for  112  looms,  weaving  36-inch  sheetings,  No.  20  yarn, 
60  threads  to  the  inch  each,  warp  and  filling.  Speed,  130  picks  per  minute. 
These  looms  are  placed  in  the  back  part  of  the  middle  portion  of  No.  1  mill  — 


. 

one-half  in  the  basement  and  half  in  the  room  above  —  being  belted  from  5  lines 
of  shafting  in  the  lower  room.  These  shafts  are  driven  in  succession,  one  from 
the  other,  the  first  from  the  m  tin  line.  Size  of  shafting,  2  3-16  inches,  except 
the  first  piece  in  each  line,  on  which  the  counter-pulleys  are  placed  ;  these  are  of 
several  different  sizes,  but  about  2  5  inch  on  an  average.  The  driving  pulleys  are 
12  inch  diameter,  and  the  loom  pulleys  14  inch.  1st.  112  looms  with  shafting 
lubricated  with  tallow.  Average  of  several  trials  :  8870  Ibs.  =16.  13  horse-power 
=79.20  Ibs.  per  loom=7.24  looms  per  horse-power.  2d.  The  same,  after  oiling 
the  journals  of  the  shafting  :  8492  lbs.=15.44  horse-power=75.82  Ibs.  per  lpom= 
7.24  looms  per  horse-power.  3d.  Trial  of  shafting  and  loose  pulleys,  lubricated 
with  tallow.  Average  of  several  trials  :  2876  lbs.=5.23  horse-power.  4th.  Same 
after  freshly  oiling  :  2245  lbs.=4.08  horse-power.  5th.  Shafting  alone,  belts  off: 
913  lbs.=2.40  horse-power. 

Trial  of  power  required  to  drive  8  Lowell  Machine  Shop  Mules,  624  spindles 
each,  with  Emerson's  Dynamometer.  Five  mules  were  running  on  No.  22  yarn, 
spindles  making  5500  revolutions  per  minute,  and  three  mules  on  No.  37  yarn, 
spindles  making  6230  revolutions  per  minute.  1st.  The  8  mules  including  shaft- 
ing. 12,250  lbs.=22.25  horse-power,=2.45  Ibs.  per  spindle,  =224  spindles  per 
horse-power.  2d.  Shafting  alone,  17.10  lbs.=3.11  horse-power,=14  per  cent,  of 
the  whole  power.  3d.  8  mules  without  shafting,  19.16  horse-power=211  Ibs. 
per  spiudle=;260  spindles  per  horse-power. 


Test  of  Machinery  at  the  Alpaca  Mill,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


Looms  made  by  George  Hatterly  &  Sons,  Keighley,  Yorkshire,  England. 
These  looms  were  supposed  to  require  but  one-tenth  of  a  horse-power  each  to 
drive  them ;  250  of  them  in  use  there.  Two  sets  of  four  each  were  tried,  each 
set  taking  exactly  the  same  power. 

II.  P. 

Four  looms  (plain,)  40-inch  reed  space,  180  picks  per  minute,  1.13 

Spinning  frame,  144  flyer  spindles,  2500  revolutions  per  minute,  2.60 

Lister  Comb,  18  inch  nip,  combing  long  wool,  .68 

Preparer  for  comb,  second  of  five,  fair  average  of  the  set,  .69 

Dandy  roving  frame,  24  spindles,  1300  revolutions  per  minute,  .78 

Six  spindle  way  box,  «68 

Six  spindle  finisher, »56 

Many  patents  have  been  taken  out  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  devices  supposed  to  produce  very 
light  running  spindles,  but  there  are  spinning  frames  in  this  vicinity  (with  unpatented  devices,)  128 
•pindles  each  that  run  lighter  than  any  frames  that  I  have  seen  elsewhere ;  these  are  driven  with  5-8 
of  an  inch  belt,  and  can  and  have  been  driven  with  beks  of  but  1-4  of  an  inch  in  width. 


153 

Test  of  Turbine  and  Power  Required  to  Drive 
Machinery. 


Clyde  Bleaehery,  River  Point,  R.  I. 

To  ascertain  power  required  to  drive  machinery,  the  gate  was  opened  until 
certain  machines  ran  at  speed,  afterwards  the  power  of  the  wheel  was  tested 
with  the  same  gate  opening,  head  and  speed. 

H.P. 
1st  Test.    Gate  open  2  1-2  turns,  15.47 

Driving  shafting  of  mill  and  small  pump. 

2d  Test     Gate  opened  6  turns,  53.18 

One  5  bole  water  mangle,  1  Scotch  starching  mangle,  2  boles,  1  spindle 
calendar,  5  boles,  1  3-bole  calendar,  1  5-bole  calendar  and  1  cloth 
winder. 

3d  Test.    Gate  opened  8  turns,  62.73 

All  the  machinery  in  the  bleaching  room,  viz :  3  washing  machines,  10 
feet  log,  2  washing  machines,  6  feet  log,  2  souring  machines,  4  feet 
log,  I  cheriiic  machine,  4  feet  log,  1  liming  machine,  4  feet  log,  and 
3  squeezers. 

4th  Test.     Gate  opened  in  full,  75.34 

All  the  above,  with  machinery  in  drying  room  additional.     The  latter 
is  1  drying  machine,  11  cylinders.  30x120  inches,  1  squeezer,  1  open- 
ing inan-rle,  2  shearers,  4  sets  knives  each,  and  1  Canroy  winder. 
The  15.47  h.  p.  required  to  drive  shafting  must  be  deducted  from  the  second, 
third  and  fourth  tests  to  get  the  power  required  to  drive  the  machinery  named. 


Memoranda  of  power  required  for  operating  certain  bleaching,  finishing  and 
dyeing  machines,  at  S.  H.  Greene  &  Sons'  Bleach  and  Print  Works,  Riverpoint, 
R.  I.,  tested  with  Emerson's  Lever  Dynamometer,  April  1874. 

H.P. 

Washing  Machine  with  2  boles— 21  inches  diameter,  10  feet  long  with 
squeezers  attached ;  consisting  of  2  boles — 21  inches  diameter,  12  inches 
long,  13.60 

Limer,  brown  sour,  chemic  and  white  sour  machines— 2  boles  each— 21 
inches  diameter,  4  feet  long,  each  required  3.01 

Water  mangle — 5  boles,  11.39 

Friction  mangle— 2  boles,  16.38 

Calendar — 5  boles,  7.53 

Calendar— 3  boles,  5.91 

Calendar— 4  boles,  (one  bole  being  a  4-inch  spindle,)  8.07 

Shearing  machines — 4  sets  knives,  9.98 

Burrows'  patent  dye  beck— 40  ps.,  3.86 

Washing  Machine,  Madder  Dye  House,  with  2  boles— 10  feet  long,  20 
inches  diameter,  with  squeezers — 2  boles,  12  inches  long,  attached  with  cloth 
loose  in  water  pit,  7.97 

Hot  water  machines— 2  boles,  in  dye  house, 

Canroy  Winder — for  printing  machines,  6.32 

Power  to  drive  shafting  and  spring  water  pumps  of  bleachery,  drying 

room  and   mangle,  and  finishing  rooms  for  white  work,  18.18 

All  the  above  were  trials  while  the  machines  were  at  work,  cloth  threaded  in. 
A  number  of  trials  were  made.     The  above  give  the  average  in  practical 
work. 

HENRY  L.  GBBKNE. 


154 
Tests  of  Various  Kinds  of  Machinery. 


During  the  past  ten  years  I  have  tested  the  power  required  to  drive  a  great 
variety  of  machinery,  out  have  kept  no  record  of  such  until  recently,  because 
such  tests  to  others  are  of  but  little  value  nnless  the  conditions  are  exactly  the 
same,  which  is  unlikely  to  be  the  case. 


DWIGHT   MF'G  CO.,  CHICOPEE,  MASS.    J.  W.  Cnmnock,  Agent,  Nov.  1878. 
MANUFACTURE  SHEETINGS  SHIKTINGS  AND  P.   K'S. 

Test  of  Lan  phear  frame,  128  Rabbeth  spindles. 

To  drive  empty  spindles,  required  1.06  horse  power. 

To  drive  spindle  and  bobbin,  without  connection,  1.14 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  required  1.30 
Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute, 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindle  per  minute,  7800 
Revolutions  of  front  roll, 

No.  of  yarn,  40 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  when  at  work,  336.5 

Number  of  spindles  per  horse  power,  98 

Another  Rabbeth  frame,  supposed  to  be  exactly  like  the  above  required  more 

power.    Spindles  per  horse  power,  92 

Lowell  frame,  202  light  long  spindles  No.  4  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  2.52  horse  power. 

Resolutions  of  drum  per  minute, 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7800 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  97 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches  5J£ 

Number  of  yarn, 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

To  drive  the  cylinder  and  spindles,  rolls  stopped,  required  1.96  horse  power. 

Lowell  frame  having  208  short  spindles  in  No.  4  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  31  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute, 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7800 

Revolutions  of  front  roll, 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5M 

No.  of  yarn, 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  525 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  63 

These  spindles  were  reduced  in  weight,  then  required  2.84  h.  p.  or  73.8  spin- 
dies  per  h.  p.  To  drive  the  cylinder  and  spindles,  the  rolls  being  stopped, 
required  2.2  horse  power. 

Lowell  frame,  (old)  208  long  spindles. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  54  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  1025 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7800 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  95 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbins  in  inches  5^ 

No.  of  yarn, 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

Whitin  frame,  128  long  spindles,  in  No.  1  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1-45  h«rse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute, 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  5040 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  82 


155 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5>£ 

No.  of  yarn,  14 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  375 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  88 

Another  frame,  same  row,  supposed  to  be  exactly  like  the  above,  carried  98 
spindles  per  horse  power. 

Biddeford  frame,  144  long  spindles,  No.  5  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.57  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  789 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  5523 
Revolutions  of  front  roll,  78 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5^ 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  359 
Spindles  per  horse  power,  73 

Biddeford  frame,  144  Pearl  spindles,  No.  5  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.91  horse  power. 

Kevolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  797 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7000 
Revolution  of  front  roll,  92 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5>£ 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  439 
Spindles  per  horse  power,  75 

Whitin  one  rail  frame,  128  Buttrick  &  Flanders'  spindles,  in  No.  1  mill. 
Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.16  horse  power. 

Kevolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  720 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  6720 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  100 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  6)£ 

No.  of  yarn,  14 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  307.5 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  107 

Another  frame  in  the  same  row  supposed  to  be  exactly  like  the  above,  required 
more  to  diive  it  only  carrying  94  spindles  per  horse  power. 

Biddeford  one  rail  frame,  144  Buttrick  spindles  in  No.  5  mill,  using  Pearl 
bobbins. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.77  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  825 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7300 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  98 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5)£ 

No.  of  yarn, 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  405 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  81 

Biddeford  two  rail  frame  of  144  Buttrick  spindles,  using  Pearl  bobbins. 
Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.68  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  825 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7300 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  98 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5}£ 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  385 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  85.5 

Lowell  Doubler,  doffing  64  cards.    Required,  4.28  horse  power. 

Howard  &  Bullock  Slasher,  16  inch  fans,  making  1200  revolutions  per  minute. 
Yarn  moving  35  yards  per  minute.  Required,  5  04  horse  power. 

Lowell  Machine  Shop  Looms,  12  on  36-inch  goods,  64  picks  per  inch.  11  on 
40-inch  uroods,  76  picks  per  inch,  145  picks  per  minute.  "Required,  4.08  h.  p.  or 
5.6  looms  per  horse  power. 

Lowell  Coarse  Speeders,  40  spindles,  .36  hank  roving.  Eight  and  half  inch 
space,  12-inch  travers.  1%  roll,  making  196  revolutions  per  minute.  Flyers, 
625  revolutions  per  minute.  Required,  1.41  h.  p.,  117  foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  or  283 
spindles  per  h.  p. 


156 


Intermediate,  56  spindles.  .90  hank  roving.  6^-inch  space.  9^-inch  travers. 
Front  roll,  1£  inches  in  diameter,  making  200  revolutions  per  minute.  Flyers 
940  revolutions  per  minute.  Required,  1.43  h.  p.,  340  foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  or  89.2 
spindles  per  horse  power. 

Fine,  72  spindles,  5-inch  space,  8^ -inch  travers,  2-83  haak  roving.  Diameter 
of  front  roll  IJ-inch,  making  140  revolutions  per  minute.  Flyers  1215  revolu- 
tions per  minute.  Required,  1.68  h.  p.,  783  foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  or  42  spindles  per 
horse  power, 

Two  Drawing  Frames,  3  to  1, 4  deliveries  each.  Roll  1%  inch  diameter,  making 
308  revolutions  per  minute.  Required,  1.09  horse  power. 

Two  Pawtucket  Spoolers,  80  spindles  each,  or  160  per  pair.  Revolutions  of 
cylinder  165  and  of  spindles  786  per  minute.  No.  of  yarn  22,  warp.  Required, 
.74  h.  p.  Spindles  per  horse  power,  217. 

Five  Howard  &  Bullock  Warpers  (English.)  Cylinder  making  45  revolutions 
per  minute.  Width  of  section,  54  inches.  Average  No.  of  threads  to  each 
warper,  350.  Required,  .83  h .  p.,  or  .16  h.  p.  per  warp er. 

CHICOPEE  MF'G  CO.,  CHICOPEK  FALLS,  MASS.    George  II.  Jones,  Agent,  Nov.  1878. 

MANUFACTURE    COTTON  FLANNELS,  QUILTS  AND  SHEETINGS. 

Test  of  frame  having  256  Sawyer  spindles,  in  a  mill  of  that  company. 
To  drive  the  empty  spindles,  required  1.26  horse  power. 

To  drive  bobbins  before  connection  with  yarn,  required 
Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  2.09 

Revolutions  <  f  drum  per  minute,  863 

Computed  revolutions  ol  spindle,  7612 

Revolutions  of  front  roll, 

No.  of  yarn,  25 

Length  of  travors  on  bobbin  in  inches, 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  when  at  work, 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

WARP  MILL,  HOLYOKE,  MASS.    J.  L.  Burllngame,  Agent,  Dee.  1878. 

MANUFACTURE  WARPS. 

Lowell  Frame,  160  Sawyer  spindles  (old  frame.) 

Mean  power  required  1.87  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum. 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  7166 

Revolutions  of  front  roll, 
No.  of  yarn, 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches, 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power,  85.2 

Another  in  same  mill;  New  Lowell  Frame,  160  Sawyer  spindles. 
Mean  power  required  1-74  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum, 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  7480 

Revolutions  of  front  roll, 
No.  of  yarn, 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5% 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power,  92.1 

UADLET  CO.,  HOLYOKE,  MASS.    William  Grover,  Agent,  Dee.  1878. 
MANUFACTURE  YARN,  THREAD  AND  TWINE. 

Whitin  Frame,  144  Buttrick  spindles,  ring  1£  inches. 

Mean  power  required  I-58  h<>rse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum, 
Revolutions  of  front  roll, 
Calculated  revolutions  of  spindle, 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5,4 

No.  of  yarn, 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindle  per  horse  power,  9l-* 


*57 

Whitin  Frame,  144  common  long  spindles,  ring  1#  inches. 

Mean  power  required  1.62  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum,  940 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  87 

Cal^alated  revolutions  of  spindles.  6043 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5# 

Footlbs.  per  spindle,  368 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  90 

Two  Whitin  Frames,  160  long  light  spindles  each,  or  320  spindles  per  pair. 

Mean  power  required  2.60  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum,  941 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  68 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  6761 

No.  of  yarn,  40 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  4>£ 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  268 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  123 

Whitin  Frame,  144  Sawyer  spindles,  ring  1>£  inches. 

Mean  power  required  1.30  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum,  926 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  78 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  7408 

No.  of  yarn,  30 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5>^ 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  298 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  111 

Whitin  9-inch  Slubber  of  72  spindles,  hank  roving  one-third. 

Mean  power  required  .59  horse  power. 
Revolutions  of  roll, 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  582 

Footlbs.  per  spindle,  268 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  123 

Whitin  Intermediate  Frame,  120  spindles,  hank  roving  4)£. 

Mean  power  required  .47  horse  power. 

One  and  one- eighth  inch  rolls     Revolutions,  96.5 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  850 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  130 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  254 

Whitin's  Jack  Roving  Frame,  144  spindles,  hank  roving  15. 

Mean  power  required  .48  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  roll,  7>£.    Diameter  of  same  in  inches,  \%, 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1086 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  300 

Whitin's  Drawing  Frame,  16  ends,  4  cans. 

Power  required  -58  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  roll,  280 

Fales  &  Jenks'  Frame,  272  Rabbeth  spindles,  ring  1%  inches. 

Mean  power  required  2.36  horse  power. 
Seven  inch  drum.     Revolutions, 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  100 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  6767 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5>£ 
No.  of  yarn, 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  115 

Another  Fales  &  Jenks*  Frame,  272  Rabbeth  spindles,  ring  1%  inches. 

Mean  power  required  2.15  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  725 
Revolutions  of  front  roll, 
Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles, 


No.  of  yarn,  30 

Ill-avers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5££ 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  261 

Spindles  per  horse  power,   ,  126 

Tales  &  Jenks'  1876,  Twister,  248  Rabbeth  spindles,  two  cylinders. 

Mean  power  required  4.80  horse  power, 

No.  of  yarn,  40—3  ply. 
No.  of  Traveler,  14.    2-inch  ring. 

Diameter  of  drum,  8  inches.    Revolutions  of  same,  750 

Threj  inch  roll.     Revolutions,  27% 

Diameter  of  whirl,  1  5-16  inch.    Revolutions  of  spindles,  4562 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  639 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  51.6 

Two  cylinders  in  the  same  frame  can  hardly  be  desirable. 

Fales  &  Jenks'  1872,  Single  Cylinder  Twister,  144  Rabbeth  spindles. 

Mean  power  required  1.74  horse  power. 
No.  of  yarn,  40—2  ply. 

No.  of  Traveler,  16 

Seven  inch  drum.    Revolutions,  823 

One  and  one-half  inch  roll.    Revolutions  of  spindle,  43 

One  and  one-sixteenth  whirl.    Revolutions  of  spindles,  5435 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  400 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  82.5 

Higgins'  Sons  &  Co.  Slubber,  60  spindlef. 

Revolutions  front  roll,  118| 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  676 

Required  1.02  horse  power. 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  58.6 

Higgins'  Sons  &  Co.  7-inch  intermediate  frame,  128  spindles,  hank  roving  3J£. 
Mean  power  required  1.58  horse  power. 

Diameter  of  roll  1£  inch.     Revolutions  128 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1118 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  408 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  81 

Higgins'  Sons  &  Co.  (English)  5)£  inch  Jack  Frame,  144  spindles,  hank  rov» 
ing  11. 

Mean  power  required  1.45  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  roll,  83.    Diameter  of  same  in  inches,  \% 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1400 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  333 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  99 

English  Twister,  286  Rabbeth  spindles,  1&  inch  ring. 

Mean  power  required  3.97  horse  power. 

No.  of  yarn,  36—2  ply. 

No.  of  Traveler,  15 

Eight  inch  drum.    Revolutions,  600 

Three  inch  roll.    Revolutions,  23.5 

One  and  one-fourth  inch  whirl.  Revolutions,                                3840 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  458 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  72 

Crighton  &  Son  (English)  Doubler,  16  ends,  Lap  187  pwt.  to  the  yard. 
Driving  pulley,  making  600  revolutions  per  minute.    Required,  .55  horse  power. 

Boyd's  (Glasgow)  Spooler  or  winding  machine,  50  spindles  or  drums.     One 
side  winding  from  three  bobbins ;  the  other  side  winding  from  three  cops. 
Driving  pulley  and  drums,  making  228  revolutions  per  minute. 
Mean  power  required  .15  horse  power. 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 


159 

Pair  of  Dobson  &  Barlow  (English)  Mules,  832  spindles  each. 
Ten  stretches  in  4  minutes,  25  seconds. 

Diameter  of  front  roll,  1  inch.    Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,  72 
.No.  of  yarn,  70.    Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  5663 

Maximum  force  required,  .     7.33  horse  power. 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  212.5 

Pair  of  Mason  Mules,  832  spindles  each. 
Ten  stretches  in  3  minutes,  55  seconds. 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  78 

No.  of  yarn,  70.     Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  6000 

Maximum  force  required,  4.40  horse  power. 

Spindles  per  horse  power  375 

French  Comber  made  by  Hethrington  &  Sons,  Manchester,  England. 
Making  62  strokes  per  minute.    Required,  .24  horse  power. 

Platt  Bros'  Jack  Frame,  144  spindles,  hank  roving. 

Mean  power  required  .73  horse  power. 

Roll  1}  inch  diameter.    Revolutions  of  same  61 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1181 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  167 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  198 

Kitson  Picker  (changed;  using  Whithead  &  Atherton's. 
"Whipper  beater. 

Diameter  of  roll,  9  inches.    Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,         S% 
Revolutions  of  24-inch  whipper,  1130 

Revolutions  of  16-inch  beaters,  1545 

Revolutions  of  fans,  2000  and  1500 

Yards  of  lap  per  minute,  6.86 

Maximum  force  required,  10.24  horse  power. 

Whitehead  &  Atherton's  Picker. 

Diameter  of  Rolls  9  inches.    Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,     8>£ 

Revolutions  of  24-inch  whipper,  1070 

Revolutions  of  16-inch  beater,  1380 

Revolutions  of  fans,  1900  and  1340 

Yards  of  lap  per  minute,  6.67 

Maximum  force  required,  9.35  horse  power* 

Kitson's  2d  Picker  or  Finisher. 

Diameter  of  rolls  9  inch.    Revolutions  of  same  per  minute, 

Revolutions  of  1st  beater,  16-inch,  1475 

Revolutions  of  2d  beater,  16-inch,  1410 
Revolutions  of  fans.  1430.    Yards  of  Lap,  5.5 

Maximum  force  required,  7.8  horse  power. 

Whitehead  &  Atherton's  2d  Picker  or  Finisher. 

Diameter  of  rolls,  9  inch.    Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,  7>£ 

Revolutions  of  1st  beater,  16-inch,  1410 

Revolutions  of  2d  beater,  16-inch,  1410 

Revolutions  of  fans,  1374 

Yards  of  lap  per  minute,  ^     5.9 

Maximum  force  required,  6.64  horse  power. 

The  Kitson  picker  had  a  six  inch  belt,  the  Whitehead  &  Atherton  a  four  inch ; 
by  timing  the  two  and  weighing  laps,  a  difference  of  more  than  ten  per  cent,  was 
found  in  favor  of  the  Kitson,  but  this  was  done  away  with  by  soaping  the  pulleys 
and  belt  of  the  Whitehead  &  Atherton  machine.  As  arranged,  for  doing  the 
8ame  amount  of  work,  each  required  the  same  power. 


i6o 


THE  EVOLUTION  OF  ONE  OF  EMERSON'S  PATENTS. 

We  print  herewith  an  article  from  the  Boston  Advertiser  of  Nov.,  1889, 
describing  a  business  that  originated  with  James  Emerson,  of  Willimansett, 
and  which  was  under  his  control  until  1860.  He  commenced  in  1852. 

The  windlass  was  so  radically  different  from  all  previous  devices  for  the 
purpose,  that  it  was  laughed  at  by  seafaring  men,  particularly  naval  officers, 
etc.  Four  years  of  persistent  effort  and  a  gift  to  an  impecunious  ship-owner 
gained  the  privilege  of  putting  one  on  a  ship.  The  war  through  the  impro- 
vised battle  ships  from  the  merchant  service  introduced  it  into  the  navy. 
Perhaps  some  of  the  readers  of  this  will  recollect  about  a  year  since  reading 
of  the  "Gov.  Ames,"  a  five  masted  schooner,  being  dismantled  on  the 
"  Georges  "  and  that  her  salvation  depended  on  her  windlass.  The  patterns 
for  that  windlass  were  made  by  Mr.  Emerson  or  from  his  plans.  A  2%  inch 
chain  weighs  15  tons  or  40  pounds  to  a  link,  the  two  chains  and  anchors  37 
tons  ;  the  windlass  has  to  sustain  not  only  that  weight  but  the  entire  strain 
the  two  chains  will  hold,  and  such  chains  often  part  and  let  vessels  go  ashore. 
Yet  after  nearly  40  years  of  continued  labor  upon  devices  for  ships,  mills, 
hydraulics,  dynamics  and  steam  heating  devices,  it  is  a  pleasant  thought  that 
of  the  numerous  lives  and  millions  of  property  often  dependent  upon  his 
judgment,  no  life  nor  serious  loss  of  property  has  ever  occurred. 

The  circular  of  Emerson,  Walker  &  Thompson,  of  11  Leadenhall  street, 
London,  Eng.,  of  1885,  claims  to  have  fitted  up  6000  vessels  with  the  wind- 
lass. 

A  little  more  than  12  years  ago  travelers  across  "  Red  Bridge,"  in  the 
eastern  suburbs  of  Providence,  noticed  a  small  wooden  building  erected  not 
far  from  the  bank  of  the  Seekonk  river.  A  modest  sign  over  the  door  told 
that  this  was  the  new  plant  of  the  American  Ship  Windlass  Co.  The  build- 
ing soon  became  too  small.  In  six  months  a  second  fully  as  large  as  the  first 
went  up  by  its  side.  The  next  year  there  was  another  enlargement  and  the 
next  year  still  another.  Thus,  year  by  year,  the  plant  has  grown,  until,  at 
the  present  time  the  value  of  the  land  and  buildings  of  the  American  Ship 
Windlass  Co.  is  fully  nine  times  that  of  the  original  plant.  Extensions  are 
still  in  progress,  for  the  business  is  still  increasing  rapidly,  and  to-day 
the  sound  of  the  hammer  is  heard  as  a  new  building  is  in  process  of  erection 
upon  the  site  of  the  old.  Its  windlasses  and  capstans  were  well  known,  while 
they  were  manufactured  under  the  old  regime.  As  long  ago  as  1856  the 
Massachusetts  Charitable  Mechanics'  Association*1  awarded  a  gold  medal  to 
the  Emerson  patent  windlass.  The  present  American  windlass  is  based  upon 
the  Emerson  patents. 

Since  1856  the  windlass  has  received  many  medals  and  other  awards  from 
fairs  and  expositions  and  has  always  taken  the  highest  award  or  prize  offered 
for  windlasses  whenever  exhibited.  More  than  20  years  after  the  Emerson 
windlass  received  the  gold  medal  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable  Mechanics' 
Association,  the  same  society  again  recognized  its  merits  in  a  similar  manner. 
A  gold  medal  was  also  awarded  it  by  the  World's  Industrial  and  Cotton 
Centennial  Exposition  held  at  New  Orleans  in  1884-5.  The  North,  Central, 
and  South  American  Exposition  of  1885-6  granted  to  it  the  first  degree  of 
merit.  The  only  award  given  for  windlasses  and  capstans  at  the  U.  S.  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  was  granted  to  the  American  Ship  Windlass  Co. 

The  best  proofs  of  the  complete  success  of  this  windlass  is  found  in  the  fact 
that  the  finest  steam  and  sailing  vessels  afloat  are  fitted  with  these  machines. 
The  U.  S.  government  has  repeatedly  recognized  their  merit.  The  new  steel 
U.  S.  cruisers,  the  Chicago,  Boston,  and  Atlanta  are  furnished  with  them, 
as  are  also  the  dispatch  boat  Dolphin,  the  Thetis.  Bear,  Baltimore,  Vesuvius, 
Yorktown,  and  Petrel ;  the  coast  survey  vessels  Hassler  and  Blake ;  the 
lighthouse  boats  Haze,  Dahlia,  and  Myrtle,  and  so  great  a  number  of  the  U.  S. 
revenue  cutters  that  to  enumerate  them  would  be  to  write  almost  a  com- 
plete list  of  these  vessels.  Steamers  of  the  Mallory,  Pacific  Mail,  Ward's, 
Ocean,  Clyde,  Morgan,  Old  Colony,  New  Brazil,  Cromwell.  Norwich,  Winsor, 
and  many  other  lines,  transatlantic  and  coastwise,  are  furnished  with  the 
"  American  "  windlasses,  which  have  always  given  the  fullest  satisfaction. 
At  present  at  least  95  per  cent,  of  the  windlasses  made  and  sold  in  the 
American  market  come  from  the  works  of  the  American  Ship  Windlass  Co. 


*The  same  Association  also  awarded  a  gold  medal  to  the  Emerson  Power  Scale,  an 
instrument  that  now  has  no  competitor. 


Ship's  Windlass. 


It  lias  often  happened,  when  low  results  have  compelled  me  to  report  unfavor- 
ably of  turbine  plans,  that  the  designers  have  intimated  that  if  I  had  experienced 
the  vicissitudes  of  an  inventor's  life,  more  leniency  would  be  shown.  The  Patent 
Office  Reports  will  show  that  quite  a  number  and  variety  of  patents  have  been 
granted  to  me,  and  the  records  of  the  office  will  show  a  still  larger  number  of 
apphcatijns  for  others,  some  of  which  were  rejected,  others  granted,  then  aban- 
doned. Two  causes  have  prevented  me  from  realizing  much  pecuniary  benefit 
from  patents.  First,  because  my  inventions  have  been  a  generation  before  the 
age.  Secondly,  because  my  plans  have  been  very  expensive  to  develop.  I  have 
never  cared  to  immortalize  myself  by  the  invention  of  a  mouse  trap,  pie  fork  or 
clothes  pin.  One  patent  I  have  ever  felt  ashamed  of;  it  was  taken  out  under  the 
following  circumstances.  A  lady  friend  as  a  joke  asked  me  to  get  up  a  device  to 
keep  her  husband's  mustache  out  of  his  coffee.  A  plan  was  readily  found,  con- 
sisting of  a  peculiarly  shaped  comb  with  guarders  and  nippers.  Two  young 
ladies  asked  to  have  a  patent  taken  out  and  assigned  to  them.  It  was  applied 
for.  The  model  proved  so  attractive  that  it  was  purloined,  and  the  commissioner 
had  to  send  for  another;  in  the  meantime,  the  man  for  whom  the  plan  was 
devised  took  his  comb  to  the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel,  N.  Y.,  and  exhibited  it;  in  less 
than  a  month  several  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  orders  were  received  from  fancy 
goods  dealers.  By  that  time  the  joke  had  become  stale  and  the  matter  was 
dropped  in  disgust,  though  I  believed  then,  and  continue  in  the  same  belief  now, 
that  more  money  could  have  been  made  from  that  than  from  any  other  patent 
granted  me.  It  is  not  my  purpose  to  go  into  a  general  history  of  my  inventions 
but  tuere  are  several,  now  very  popular  and  lucrative  devices,  patents  of  others, 
that  were  offered  to  leading  men  thirty  years  since  by  myself;  the  plans  were 
pro  11  tu-.iced  chimerical.  The  self  coupling  for  cars,  steam  brakes  and  heating 
cars  by  steam—  tlie  plans,  almost  identical  with  those  now  so  common,  were 
ur^ed  by  i»e  upon  the  managers  of  the  several  railroads  as  early  as  1850,  but  in 
vain.  My  experience  in  introducing  the  ship's  Windlass,  herewith  illustrated, 
will  be  sufficient  to  show  my  turbine  friends  that  I  have  known  something  of  an 
inventor's  troubles.  Readers  who  are  not  acquainted  with  such  matters,  may, 
by  looking  in  "  Webster's  Unabridged,"  see  an  illustration  of  a  ship's  windlass; 
such  as  was  in  use  on  all  merchant  vessels  of  any  size  forty  years  since.  Such 
windlasses  were  made  of  a  single  oak  log,  varying  in  length  irom  six  to  twenty-five 
feet,  according  to  the  size  ot  the  vessel;  three  or  four  turns  of  the  cable  would 
ba  wound  around  the  windlass,  the  inner  or  loose  end  of  cable  next  to  the  bitt; 
in  heaving  in,  the  chain,  like  a  nut  or  screw,  would  work  towards  the  middle  or 
pawl  bitt,  so  that  after  a  few  turns  the  cable  would  have  to  be  made  fast  forward 
of  the  windlass,  then  the  three  or  four  turns  of  the  chain  slipped  back  towards 
the  bitt.  The  cables  were  stowed  below  by  the  mainmast  in  order  to  have  a  long 
stretch  of  chain  back  of  the  windlass  to  help  hold  it  from  slipping  when  icy  or 
muddy.  Now,  by  considering  thaf  the  largest  chain  cables  are  made  of  round 
iron,  2A£  inches  in  diameter,  the  links  being  ei-jfht  inches  wide  and  twelve  in 
length— fifty  pounds  t  >  ea  -h  foot  in  length  of  ch  dn,  each  cable  five  hundred  and 
forty  feet  in  length  with  an  anchor  of  three  tons  in  weight  at  the  end— and  it  will 
readily  be  understood  that  a  crew  had  a  hard  job  to  handle  such  a  cable,  more 
particularly  in  deep  water;  besides,  it  was  often  impossible  to  get  an  anchor 
tvady  to  let  go  before  a  ship  would  bj  ashore,  for  it  was  always  necessary  to  haul 
up  sufficient  length  of  cable  from  the  chain  locker  to  reach  bottom  before  the 
anchor  co.ild  be  1  t  go;  for  to  drop  a  heavy  anchor  and  chain  in  ten  fa1  horns,  or 
sixty  feet  of  water  and  allow  it  to  bring  up  on  the  windlass,  would  endanger  the 
safety  of  cable,  windlass  or  bows  of  the  ship;  consequ .'inly,  sufficient  length  to 
reach  bottom  had  to  be  ranged  forward  of  the  windliss  as  a  preliminary  step, 
the  turns  of  the  cable  around  the  windlass  adding  much  to  the  labor.  ^  A  careless 
word  drew  my  thoughts  to  th.3  matter,  and  in  1850  some  of  the  plans  in  the  illus- 
trations were  presented  to  seafaring  friends,  and  by  them  very  coolly  received  : 
"  Wha:!  Trust  lives  and  such  immense  amounts  of  property  to  cast  iron  gears? 
might  as  well  have  a  glass  windlass.  How  are  you  agoing  to  handle  the  swivels 
and  shackles,  p'.aced  at  every  fifteen  fathoms  of  cable?  "  said  another.  A  capi- 
talist offered  to  assist  m^,  if  a  certain  old  sea  captain  approved  of  my  plans; 


^_  _      ^^ ^_  __^ f 

m  my  d— •  d  foois,°bnt  you  seem  to  be  the  biggest  one  of  the  lot.    What  1  do~you 


162 


164 

want  to  commit  murder  by  the  wholesale,  with  your  d cl  cast  iron  jimcrack? 

Why,  let  a  ship  anchor  in  a  sale,  and  ship  and  crew  would  go  to  h-11  together." 
My  capitalist  declined  to  go  into  the  business.  Finally,  one  was  found  willing  to 
help;  then  the  objection  was  raised  that  the  links  of  cables  varied  in  length 
so  much  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  handle  them  in  the  way  proposed.  My 
plans  were  modified,  and  a  device  designed  and  patented  for  poviat  ng  the  dim- 
culty ;  then  an  owner  was  fonnd  willing  to  furnish  his  ship  with  chains  of  a  bet- 
ter make — the  links  being  sufficiently  equal  in  length  to  work  on  the  grubs  or 
chain  wheels  illustrated.  This,  of  course,  rendered  all  of  the  trouble  and 
expense  of  the  special  plan  patented  useless.  A  windlass,  costing  some  eight 
hundred  dollars  was  constructed,  but  before  being  finished  the  ship  owner  had 
been  frightened  so  that  he  did  not  dare  risk  its  use ;  it  was  offered  as  a  gift  to 
Donald  McKay,  Paul  Curtis  and  other  leading  ship  builders  of  Boston,  New 
York  and  other  places.  One  day  while  listlessly  wandering  around,  hoping 
against  hope,  I  met  a  Captain  R.  B.  Forbes,  a  man  who  through  various  causes 
had  been  flattered  until  he  had  got  a  high  idea  of  the  value  of  his  own  opinion. 
Timidly  ap 


approaching  him  I  asked  if  he  would  be  so  kind  when  passing  by  as  t< 
take  a  look  at  my  windlass,  and  give  an  opinion  of  its  merits.  «»  What!  "  he 
said,  "  that  big  coffee  mill?  I  have  seen  it  and  can  give  my  opinion  now ;  which 
is,  that  it  is  worth  nearly  a  cent  per  pound  for  old  iron,  less  cost  of  breaking  it 
up  and  carting  it  to  the  foundry."  After  months  of  waiting  a  place  was  found 
for  it  on  a  large  ship  being  built  at  Kennebunk  Port,  Me.  ( Wm.  Lord,  Jr.)  When 
the  ship  was  ready  to  sail  the  captain  insisted  that  I  should  go  with  the  ship  to 
St.  John,  N.  B  ,  and  work  the  windlass.  The  tide  there  is  strong  and  the  ship 
had  to  be  moored  in  fifteen  fathoms  of  water;  we  arrived  an  hour  before  daylight; 
the  morning  dark  and  foggy;  the  port  captain  came  on  board  and  took  charge. 
Some  one  said:  "Captain,  we  have  a  patent  windlass  and  expect  to  moore 
quick."  "  The  windlass  ain't  worth  a  damn,"  was  the  reply — he  supposing  it 
to  be  ail  English  capstan  that  some  one  had  put  upon  a  few  thips.  A  steam  tug 
took  us  to  our  berth,  and  the  order  was  given  to  let  go  starboard  anchor.  In  less 
than  three  minutes  we  were  riding  with  forty-five  fathoms  of  chain  out;  the 
tug  towed  hard  to  port;  the  starboard  chain  was  eased  away  to  eighty  fathoms ; 
the  port  anchor  was  let  go,  and  in  twenty  minutes  we  were  safely  moored  and 
the  tug  called  alongside  for  the  captain  of  the  port,  who,  before  leaving,  held 
his  lantern  to  my  lace,  grunting  ont,  "  d — ned  yankee,  saved  me  half  a  day's 
time."  The  captaiu  of  the  ship  congratulated  me  as  being  sure  of  having  made 
my  fortune  by  the  invention.  But  prejudice  is  not  so  easily  overcome.  To  ask  a 
builder  or  owner  of  a  ship  to  use  one  of  my  windlasses,  was  certain  to  bring 
some  sneer  as  to  whether  I  proposed  to  send  an  engineer  or  machinist  with  it. 
Pilots  and  insurance  agents  were  strongly  opposed  to  it;  after  much  urging  one 
was  placed  upon  the  insurance  agent's  steamer  as  a  gift,  the  old  windlass  to  be 
replaced  if  mine  was  not  liked.  Impecunious  ship  builders,  who  found  it  hard 
to  get  the  old  windlass  upon  credit,  favored  mine,  and  were  ready  to  pay  for  it  in 
large  promises ,  and  it  was  really  through  such  that  it  gained  a  place.  In  time, 
the  better  builcbrs  would  listen,  but  were  still  shy;  an  engineer  was  necessary, 
was  the  cry;  besides,  if  they  lost  their  cables  it  was  generally  impossible  to 
replace  them  with  others  of  the  same  length  of  link.  This  continued  until  the 
convenience  of  the  windlass  had  become  so  apparent  that  commanders  of  ships 
began  to  importune  for  them.  In  the  mean  time,  one  had  been  placed  upon  the 
Pomona,  ship  of  athousaul  tons,  belonging  to  the  "Dramatic  Line,"  from  New 
York  to  Liverpo  >1.  As  those  ships  brought  lar<;e  numbers  of  immigrants,  I  had 
watched  her  proceedings  closely  because  of  what  had  been  said  about  tru-ting 
lives  and  propc'rty  to  the  strength  of  cast  iron  gears.  Suddenly  a  rumor  came 
that  th3  Pomona  had  been  lost,  and  that  four  hundred  passengers  had  gone  down 
in  her;  little  was  known,  only  that  she  had  been  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Ireland. 
It  was  two  or  three  weeks  before  particulars  were  received,  and  in  that  lime  it 
seems  as  though  I  never  slept.  Four  hundred  lives  were  more  of  a  responsibil- 
ity than  I  felt  capable  of  carrying  in  p?ace;  but  the  time  named  brought  relief. 
The  ship  struck  before  there  was  thought  of  danger.  It  may  as  well  be  stated 
here,  that  while  I  had  control  of  the  manufacture  of  the  windlass,  no  loss  ever 
occurred  through  its  use ;  on  the  contrary,  ships  were  often  saved  through  the 
immense  strain  that  could  be  brought  to  bear  on  the  cables  when  heaving  them 
off  shore.  In  only  a  single  instance  was  a  tooth  from  a  gear  broken,  and  that 
was  when  two  boat  crews  from  a  man-of-war  was  added  to  the  ship's  crew  for 
the  purpose  of  heaving  up  the  anchor,  while  it  was  a-foul  of  the  man-of-war's 
anchor;  both  were  hove  up  together.  The  merits  of  tne  windlass  had  become  so 
well  established  previous  to  I860,  that  I  had  furnished  that  and  other  devices  to 


the  Russian  and  Egyptian  governments;  had  had  orders  from  China,  Spain, 
Italy,  England,  Scotland,  and  throughout  this  country  wherever  ships  were 
built.  The  following  certificates  will  show  the  change  of  opinion. 

MASSACHUSETTS  CHARITABLE  MECHANIC  ASSOCIATION,  1858. 

Emerson's  Patent  Windlass,  worked  by  slow  or  fast  power  by  a  Capstan  on  the  forecastle.  This 
machine  can  perform  with  four  men,  the  work  usually  requiring  a  dozen,  and  is  a  valuable  element 
in  the  safety  of  life  and  property,  more  especially  in  these  days  of  "  ordinary  seamen."  To  this 
valuable  machine  the  Committee  award  a  Gold  Medal. 

R.  B.  FORBES,  ^ 

JOHN  8.  SLEEPER, 

BENJAMIN  L.  ALLEN,  >•  Committee. 


J9HN  H.  GLIDDON, 


ELIAS  E.  DAVIDSON, 


BOSTON,  April  10,  I860. 

This  will  certify  that  after  a  careful  inspection  of  Emerson's  Patent  Windlass,  together  with 
some  acquaintance  with  its  working  on  the  steamer  R.  B.  Forbes,  we  are  satisfied  that  it  is  superior 
to  any  modern  Patent  Windlass  that  we  have  seen.  It  has  great  power  and  can  apparently  be  used 
with  ease  and  safety. 

CHARLES  PEARSON,  > 

EBENEZEK  DAVIS,     ^Marine  Inspectors. 

RICHARD  BAKER,       f 


BOSTON  PILOTS. 


The  undersigned,  having  known  the  Emerson  Patent  Windlass  for  several  years,  believe  it  to  be 
superior  to  any  Windlass  in  use.  Its  great  power  or  speed  renders  it  peculiarly  applicable  for  get- 
ting under  way  in  heavy  weather,  or  where  there  is  but  little  room,  and  the  improved  lever  and 
screw  nippers  render  it  perfect  for  bringing  a  ship  to. 

JACOB  K.  LUNT,  SAMUEL  C.  MARTIN,  JOHN  T.  GARDNER. 

H.  A.  TEWKSBURY,  WM.  F.  TEWKSBURY,  JONATHAN  BRUCE  Jr. 

STEPHEN  BUHROWS,  WM.  CRISPIN,  P.  H.  CHANDLER, 

ALFRED  NASH.  W.  G.  BAILEY,  A.  F.  HAYDEN,  ROBERT  KELLY. 

BOSTON,  March  28,  I860. 

MR.  EMERSON:— Keccntly  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  I  had  many  chances  to  test  the  power  of 
your  patent  Windlass.  As  I  had  both  anchors  down  it  was  often  necessary  to  heave  up  to  clear  the 
chains,  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that  for  power  or  speed,  or  for  general  convenience,  your 
Windlass  is  far  superior  to  any  other  that  I  have  ever  seen.  JAMES  HALL, 

Master  of  Bark  Wm .  G.  Anderson. 


MR.  EMERSON:— I  readily  join  Captain  Hall  in  speaking  of  the  satisfactory  working  of  your 
patent  Windlass  on  board  the  Wm.  G.  Anderson,  I  can  say  also,  that  the  Windlass  put  by  you  on 
the  bark  Ethan  Allen,  has  been  very  severely  tested  (the  bark  having  parted  her  largest  chain)  and 
has  given  entire  satisfaction.  I  recommend  them  to  ship  owners  with  great  confidence. 

BOSTON,  March  28, 1860.  EDWARD  BOYNTON,  Owner. 

BUFFALO,  December  10th,  1867. 

CAPTAIN  JAMES  AVERELL.  DEAR  SIR:— I  have  used  the  Emerson  Windlass  purchased  of  you 
for  the  barque  Annie  Vought  of  Buffalo  (one  thousand  tons),  and  have  always  found  it  work  to  my 
entire  satisfaction.  For  strength,  compactness  and  convenience,  it  cannot  be  excelled.  Its  motions 
are  simple  and  positive,  hence  there  is  no  lost  motion;  it  does  away  entirely  with  the  old  tedious 
way  of  ranging  chain  before  letting  go  anchor.  With  the  Emerson  Windlass  the  chains  are  always 
ready  for  letting  go,  and  as  a  matter  of  great  importance,  can  never  get  foul  on  the  windlass,  which 
is  frequently  the  case  with  the  old  style  windlass.  Its  power  is  unlimited.  We  had  occasion  to  use 
our  best  bower  anchor  (-'5500  pounds),  with  65  fathoms  chain  ( 1  3-4  bar  link).  It  required  only  one 
man  to  let  go  anchor  and  veer  away  chain,  whereas,  with  the  old  style  windlass  it  would  require  the 
whole  crew.  Arid  in  heaving  up,  it  required  only  35  minutes  till  tlie  anchor  broke  ground,  then  half 
our  crew  (five  men)  were  sufficient  to  work  the  windlass,  leaving  the  others  free  to  work  the  yards, 
make  sail,  or  be  wherever  required.  It  is  superior  to  any  windlass  I  have  ever  seen  in  use,  and 


Commodore  Stringham  and  Gregory  were  very  friendly  and  aided  me  in  many 
ways  as  did  several  of  the  naval  constructors ;  with  others,  John  Lenthal,  chief  of 
the  bureau  of  construction  at  the  navy  department;  but  the  prejudice  was  too 
strong  to  allow  of  the  use  of  my  windlass  on  naval  vessels.  "  If  we  should  lose  a 
chain  in  some  out  of  the  \yay  port,  we  could  not  replace  it,  perhaps,  with  anything 
near  what  would  be  required."  So  I  went  to  work  and  got  up  a  plan  that  would 
take  any  sized  chain,  spending  much  time  and  money  in  doing  it ;  then  carried  it  to 


1 66 


the  naval  constructor  who  had  been  the  strongest  in  that  objection.  "  By  George ! 
that  in  simple,  I  didn't  think  it  could  be  done;  but,  after  all,  the  other  plan  is 
best;  a  chain  is  not  often  lost,"  was  his  comment.  Such  was  the  frivolous  treat- 
ment  experienced  for  years.  Owing  to  the  war,  many  merchant  vessels  having 
my  windlass  in  use  were  turned  into  naval  or  war  vessels.  The  following  cer- 
tificate will  show  how  the  windlass  answered  its  purpose : 

U.  S.  STEAMEB  SOUTH  CAROLINA,  OFF  GALVESTON,  Aug.  20,  1861. 

SfR: — In  accordance  with  instructions  from  Flagg  Officer  Mervine,  which  direct  me  to  inform  the 
Department  as  to  the  merits  of  the  "  Emerson  Windlass,"  now  in  use  on  board  this  vessel,  I  have 
the  honor  to  report  that  it  has  been  used  by  us  constantly  for  the  past  three  months,  and  that  our 
opportunities  for  judging  of  its  utility  have  been  amply  sufficient.  We  tind  itcertain  and  quick  in  its 
operations,  not  only  in  heaving  in,  but  also  in  veering;  it  is  strong  and  compact,  taking  up  less 
room  than  any  thing  of  the  kind  I  ever  saw.  In  fact,  it  reduces  the  tedious,  old  fashioned,  and  I  may 
say,  often  dangerous  way  of  handling  our  heavy  anchors  and  chain  cables,  to  the  simple  process  [in 
heaving  up]  of  walking  around  with  the  capstan,  the  chain  taking  care  of  itself  as  it  comes  in; 
while  in  veering,  a  small  uplug"  is  removed,  leaving  the  whole  control  of  the  heaviest  chain  in  the 
hands  of  one  man,  who  by  the  aid  of  a  "  lever"  on  a  friction  band,  manages  it  with  perfect  cast. 
Besides,  it  is  always  read  '.  I  have  been  lying  with  fifteen  fathoms  of  chain  out,  on  several  occasions, 
and  have,  without  giving  previous  notice  to  any  one,  been  under  weigh  and  steaming  along  at  the 
rate  of  four  knots,  in  five  minutes  after  the  order  was  given  to  man  the  capstan.  It  will  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  the  facility  thus  afforded  for  getting  underweigh  is  a  positive  saving  of  fuel  in  a 
blockading  steamer,  for  otherwise,  she  might  deem  necessary,  for  entire  efficiency,  to  keep  under- 
weigh almost  all  the  time.  Respectfully,  I  am  sir,  your  ob't  serv't, 

JAMES   ALDKN,   Command  g  U.  S.  Steamer  South  Carolina. 
Hon.  GIDEON  WELLES,  Secretary  U.   S.  Navy,  Washington,  D.  C. 


In  1858  there  was  no  chain  making  in  this  country,  our  cables  all  being  im- 
ported. The  following  circular  will  explain  itself.  The  lengths  named  were 
readily  adopted,  and  I  presume  still  continue  to  be  the  standard  lengths. 

To  CHAIN  MANUFACTURERS-  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN.  Gentlemen  /—Being 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  Windlasses  which  hold  the  chains  by  the  links 
instead  of  by  a  turn  around  the  windlass,  I  often  find  a  great  difference  in  the 
length  of  links  of  the  different  manufacturers'  chains.  This  seriously  affects  the 
working  of  the  windlass,  and  is  sometimes  very  inconvenient  in  replacing  a  lost 
chain.  As  this  kind  of  windlass  and  capstan  is  fast  taking  the  place  of  the 
wooden  windlass,  it  would  be  much  better  to  have  some  regular  length  of  link 
for  each  size  chain.  I  herewith  give  a  graduated  scale  of  lengths  for  different 
sizes,  which  is  very  near  the  same  as  the  scale  of  the  Messrs.  II.  Wood  &  Co.  of 
Liverpool  ;  it,  however,  is  a  little  more  even  than  theirs.  The  shackle  is  another 
cau^e  of  difficulty.  These  should  be  made  so  that  the  inside  of  them,  that  is 
from  the  inside  of  the  bolt  to  the  inside  of  the  other  end,  should  be  the  same 
length  as  the  inside  of  a  link,  and  then  the  shackle  link  in  the  end  of  the  chain 
which  the  bolt  of  the  shackle  goes  through,  should  be  long  enough  to  make  up 
for  the  butt  of  the  shackle.  There  should  be  a  long  link  at  one  end  only,  of  each 
piece  of  chain,  which  should  be  for  the  bolt  end  of  the  shackle.  There  should 
also  be  a  good  swivel  next  the  anchor  shackle  in  all  cases. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

Inches.       Stud  Link.       Length. 


1           ... 

1     116 
11-8                . 

5  7-8 
.        61-2 

1    3-16 
11-4. 

.    6  3-4 

7  1-8 

1    5-16 
13-8. 

7-16 

.    7  3-8 
7  3-4 
.    8  1-8 

1-2 

8  1-2 

9-16 
5-8      . 

.    8  7-8 
9  1-4 

11-16 

.    9  5-8 

13-4. 
1  13  16 
1    7-8 

.      10 
.  10  1-4 
10  1-2 

1  15-16        .        .        .        .  10  3-4 

2  ....      11  1-8 
21-8          ....  11  3-4 


BOSTON.  August,  1858. 


Inches 
1-2 

Short  Link.        Length 
2  3-8 

9-16 
5-8 
11-16 
3-4 

.    2  3-4 
3 
.    3  1-4 
3  1-2 

13-16 

7-8 

.    3  7-8 

4  1-8 

15-16 
1 
1     1-16 
1    1-8 

.    4  3-8 
4  5-8 
.    5 
5  3-8 

1    3-8 
1     1-4 

.    5  3-4 

6  1-8 

Our  views  correspond  with  the  above, 

FEARING,  THACHER  &  Co., 

WHITON,  BROWNE  &  WHEELWRIGHT, 

BAXTER  &  SUMNER, 

J.  NICKERSON  &  Co., 

J.  BAKER  &  Co., 

Imp'ters  of  Chain  Cables,  Anchors, Ac. 


167 

THE  AMERICAN  SHIP  WINDLASS  COMPANY. 

The  following  article  copied  from  the  Boston  Commercial  Bulletin  of  August 
21,  1878,  will  show  what  has  become  of  my  windlass:  "The  American  Ship 
Windlass  Company,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  seems  to  be  a  good  illustration  of  the 
results  which  are  achieved  at  the  present  day  by  division  of  labor,  and  by  the 
devotion  of  all  the  skill  and  capital  of  an  entire  establishment,  as  far  as  practica- 
ble, to  a  single  branch  of  manufacture.  The  productions  of  this  company,  com- 
prising  windlasses  for  every  size  and  class  of  vessels,  have  attained  a  marked 
degree  of  excellence,  and  at  our  Centennial  Exposition  they  received  the  only 
award  given  for  windlasses  and  capstans. 

The  American  Ship  Windlass  Company  was  established  in  1857  and  incorpor- 
ated in  1860,  and  up  to  the  present  time,  they  have  made  nearly  3000  windlasses. 
John  Roach  &  Son,  of  Chester,  Pa.,  use  their  windlasses  exclusively,  putting 
them  into  all  their  vessels.  Nearly  all  of  the  United  States  revenue  cutters  are 
now  provided  with  them. 

The  company  are  now  building  windlasses  for  vessels  which  are  being 
constructed  at  all  of  the  diiFerent  points  along  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  for 
the  steamers  "  Miantonoino,"  and  "  Puritan,"  which  John  Roach  &  Son  have 
now  in  process  of  construction  at  their  yard,  and  Wm.  Cramp  &  Sons,  of  Phila- 
delphia, are  putting  in  the  American  Company's  windlasses  upon  the  steamers 
which  they  have  built  for  the  Russian  Government. 

The  windlasses  of  the  American  Company  are  made  to  be  operated  either  by 
hand,  messenger  chains  or  steam,  and  six  different  kinds  of  windlasses  are  man- 
ufactured for  either  of  these  motors.  The  windlasses  are  also  made  in  eleven  dif- 
ferent sizes,  for  cables  varying  from  >£  inch  to  2>£  inches  in  size;  and  the 
company  are  consequently  able  to  provide  windlasses  for  the  smallest  yachts  as 
well  as  for  the  largest  ships.  Their  works  are  model  ones  and  are  supplied  with 
all  of  the  latest  and  most  improved  machinery  and  other  appliances,  including 
many  tools  specially  designed  and  constructed  for  the  company.  They  are  loca- 
ted on  East  River  Street,  near  the  Red  Bridge,  and  are  under  the  active 
management  of  Frank  S.  Manton,  agent,  and  George  Metcalf,  treasurer ;  and 
one  evidence  of  the  executive  ability  of  the  managers  is  the  perfect  system  which 
pervades  the  establishment  throughout. 

Hydraulic  Mortars  and  Cements. 

Certain  limestones,  which  contain  upward  of  10  per  cent,  silica,  possess  the 
property,  when  burned,  of  forming  a  cement  or  mortar  which  hardens  under 
water.  Such  limestone  is  called  hydraulic  lime,  and  the  mortar  is  called 
hydraulic  mortar.  This  stone,  before  burning,  consists  of  a  mixture  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime  and  silica,  or  a  silicate,  chiefly  a  silicate  of  alumina.  The  latter 
is  insoluble  in  hydrochloic  acid,  hence  remains  undissolved  when  the  stone 
is  treated  with  this  acid,  but  in  burning  this  silicate  is  fluxed  by  the  alka- 
line carbonates  and  becomes  soluble  in  acid,  the  carbonic  acid  being  expelled. 
When  common  lime  is  slacked  it  swells  enormously  and  develops  a  great  deal 
of  heat;  this  is  not  the  case  in  slacking  hydraulic  lime,  which  absorbs  water 
without  any  considerable  increase  of  temperature. 

If  ordinary  lime  be  mixed  with  a  suitable  quantity  of  silica  or  sand,  an  arti- 
ficial hydraulic  mortar  is  obtained,  to  which  we  apply  the  name  of  cement. 
These  cements  may  be  either  natural  or  artificial.  The  former  are  found  in  vol- 
canic regions,  having  been  produced  by  the  terrestrial  heat.  Pozzuolana,  found 
at  Pozzuoli,  near  Naples,  is  a  natural  cement  of  the  following  composition: 
Silica,  44-5;  alumina,  15-0;  lime,  8-8;  magnesia,  4-7;  oxide  of  iron,  12-0  (with 
oxide  of  titanium) ;  potash  and  soda,  5-5;  water,  9-3;  total,  100-8. 

The  quantity  of  lime,  is,  however,  so  small  that  it  requires  to  be  mixed  with 
ordinary  lime  to  form  hydraulic  mortar.  It  was  employed  in  combination  with 
an  equal  quantity  of  lime  in  building  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse. 

Artificial  cement,  also  called  "  Roman  cement,"  has  been  manufactured  in 
England  on  the  Thames  and  in  the  Isles  of  Wight  and  Sheppey,  since  1796.  It 
is  made  by  burning  the  calcareous  nodules  which  overlie  the  chalk  in  that 
country.  A  sample  analyzed  by  Michaelis  contained  :  lime.,  58*38 ;  magnesia,  5 ; 
silica,  28.83 ;  alumina,  6*40 ;  oxide  iron,  4.80.  When  mixed  with  water  it  hardens 
in  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  and  possesses  great  firmness  and  strength. 

Portland  cement  was  patented  in  England  by  Joseph  Aspdin  in  1824.  He 
took  the  limestone  of  Leeds,  pulverized  and  burned  it,  then  mixed  it  with  water 
and  an  equal  weight  of  clay  to  a  plastic  mass.  When  dry  this  was  broken  up 


1 68 

and  burned  again  until  all  the  carbonic  acid  was  expelled.  It  was  then  pulver- 
ized  and  ready  for  use.  Pasley  made  it  from  chalk  or  limestone  with  Medway 
river  clay,  which  contains  salt.  Pettenkofer  suggests  that  cement  is  improved 
by  soaking  the  clay  in  salt  water. 

Portland  cement  is  now  made,  says  Wagner,  by  making  bricks  of  an  intimate 
mixture  of  limestone  and  clay,  drying  them  in  the  air  and  burning  them  in  a  tall 
shaft  furnace  from  45  to  100  feet,  12  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  strong  grate  4  feet 
from  the  bottom.  It  is  charged  with  alternate  layers  of  coal  and  cement  stone. 
The  properties  of  the  cement  are  largely  dependent  on  the  temperature  em- 
ployed in  burning ;  a  white  heat  is  best,  but  if  the  temperature  is  too  high  it  will 
no  longer  unite  with  water,  and  may  even  be  melted  to  a  glass.  If  the  tempera- 
ture does  not  exceed  a  red  heat  it  unites  readily  with  water  and  gets  hot  like 
ordinary  lime,  but  possesses  very  little  strength.  The  color  changes  with  the 
burning  and  forms  a  criterion  for  judging  the  quality.  In  normal  condition  it 
forms  a  gray,  sharp  powder,  with  a  shade  of  green,  but  not  glassy. 

The  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  is  now  carried  on  in  every  part  of  the 
world  where  limestone  and'  clay  are  to  be  found.  In  order  to  obtain  a  good 
cement,  not  only  must  the  proper  heat  be  employed  in  burning,  bu*  the  proper 
proportion  of  clay,  usually  25  per  cent.,  must  be  used,  and  the  clay  must  have 
certain  properties,  such  as  a  large  proportion  of  silica,  must  be  very  finely 
divided,  and  must  be  very  intimately  mixed  with  the  limestone.  Analysis  of 
Portland  cement  from  various  sources  show  the  percentage  of  lime  to  vary  from 
55  to  62;  silica,  23  to  25;  alumina,  5  to  9;  oxide  of  iron,  2  to  6;  soda  and  potash, 
usually  less  than  1  per  cent. 

Horse  Power  and  other  Matters. 


When  Watt  began  to  introduce  his  steam-engines,  he  wished  to  be  able  to 
state  their  power  as  compared  with  that  of  horses,  which  were  then  generally 
employed  for  driving  mills.  He  accordingly  made  a  series  of  experiments, 
which  led  him  to  the  conclusion  that  the  average  power  of  a  horse  was  sufficient 
to  raise  about  33,000  Ibs.  one  foot  in  vertical  height  per  minute,  and  this  has  been 
adopted  in  England  and  this  country  as  the  general  measure  of  power. 

A  waterfall  has  one-horse  power  for  every  33,000  Ibs.  of  water  flowing  in  the 
stream  per  minute,  for  each  foot  of  fall.  To  compute  the  power  of  stream,  there- 
fore, multiply  the  area  of  its  cross  section  in  feet  by  the  velocity  in  feet  per  min- 
ute, and  we  have  the  number  of  cubic  feet  flowing  along  the  s:ream  per  minute. 
Multiply  this  by  62J,  the  number  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  foot  of  water,  and  this  by 
the  vertical  fall  in  feet,  and  we  have  the  foot-pounds  per  minute  of  the  fall;  divid- 
ing by  33,000,  gives  us  the  horse-power. 

For  example :  a  stream  flows  through  a  flume  10  feet  wide,  and  the  depth  of  the 
water  is  4  feet;  the  area  of  the  cross  section  will  be  40  feet.  The  velocity  is  150 
feet  per  minute— 40xl50=6000=the  cubic  feet  of  water  flowing  per  minute.  The 
fall  is  10  feet;  10x375, 000  =3, 750 ,000=the  foot-pounds  of  the  waterfall.  Divide 
3,750,000  by  33,000,  and  we  have  113.63  h.  p.,  as  the  power  of  the  fall. 

The  power  of  a  steum-engine  is  calculated  by  multiplying  together  the  area  of 
the  piston  in  inches,  the  mean  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch,  the  length  of 
the  stroke  in  feet,  and  ihe  number  of  strokes  per  minute,  and  dividing  by  33,000. 

Water-wheels  yield  from  50  to  91  per  cent,  of  the  water.  The  actual  power  of 
a  steam-engine  is  less  than  the  indicated  power,  owingto  a  loss  from  friction;  the 
amouat  of  this  loss  varies  witb  the  arrangement  of  the  engine  and  the  perfection 
of  the  workmanship. 

To  compute  the  number  of  teeth  in  a  pinion  to  have  any  given  velocity.  Multi- 
ply the  velocity  or  number  of  revolutions  of  the  driver  by  its  number  of  teeth  or 
its  diamet»r,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  desired  number  of  revolutions  of  the 
pinion  or  driven. 


teeth  in  the  driver,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  diameter  of  pinion. 

To  compute  the  number  of  revolutions  of  a  pinion  or  driven,  when  the  number 
of  revolutions  of  driver  and  the  diameter  or  the  number  of  teeth  of  driver  and 
driven  are  given.  Multiply  the  number  of  revolutions  of  driver  by  its  number  of 
teeth  or  its  diameter,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  teeth  or  the 
diameter  of  the  driven. 

To  ascertain  the  number  of  revolutions  of  a  driver,  when  the  revolutions  of 
driven  and  teeth  or  diameter  of  driver  and  driven  are  given.  Multiply  the  num- 
ber of  teeth  or  the  diameter  of  driven  by  its  revolutions,  and  divide  the  product 
by  the  number  of  teeth  or  the  diameter  of  the  driver. 


1 69 


WHAT  IS  POETRY? 

The  best  explanation  that  occurs  to  me  may  be  found  in  Paine's  Age  of  Rea- 
son; but  what  seems  poetry  to  one  may  seem  trash  to  another.  The  gloomy 
Puritan  liked  that  of  the  "  Hark  from  the  tombs"  order,  while  the  unper- 
verted  nature  admires  something  more  human. 

Popularity  has  much  to  do  with  the  average  taste  in  poetry  as  it  has  with 
dress. 

We  often  see  in  some  standard  print  an  essay,  say  by  Jonathan  Dubkins, 
bursting  with  admiration  for  the  versatility  of  Shakespeare's  works,  or  of  the 
intense  beauty  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost;  but  it  is  rare  to  find  a  copy  of  either 
that  seems  much  worn,  while  the  popular  seal  skin  cloak  or  an  imitation  may 
be  seen  upon  the  form  of  every  girl  or  woman  that  can  procure  it,  from  which 
fact  it  Avould  almost  seem  that  the  pretense  of  admiration  for  those  authors  is 
less  than  claimed,  and  that  the  purpose  of  such  essays  is  more  to  display  the 
greatness  of  the  Uubkinses  than  those  written  of. 

For  myself,  admiration  for  poetry  only  comes  as  it  touches  my  feelings,  and 
it  may  be  found  in  prose  as  well  as  in  verse;  much  of  the  book  of  Job  seems 
poetry  to  me.  I  would  sooner  be  the  author  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  than 
of  any  other  English  work,  because  I  believe  it  to  be  an  inspiration  from  a 
higher  source,  as  1  also  do  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

Ninety-nine  per  cent,  of  the  pretended  admiration  for  Shakespeare,  Tenny- 
son, and  many  other  popular  heroes,  may  justly  be  attributed  to  pure  flunky- 
ism.  It  is  true  that  many  popular  sayings  may  be  found  in  works  of  Shakes- 
peare, and  equally  true  that  the  same  may  be  found  in  works  written  two 
thousand  years  ago.  The  Comedy  of  Errors  is  taken  in  the  lump  from  Plau- 
tus  Comedies,  the  two  Dromios  being  added  to  bring  it  down  to  an  Englishman's 
idea  of  humor.  There  may  be  immense  invention  in  his  works,  but  such  have 
not  caught  my  attention. 

"  'Tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  so  wide  as  a  church  door  ;  but  'tis  enough, 
'twill  serve  :  ask  for  me  to-morrow,  arid  you  shall  find  me  a  grave  man," 
may  be  witty,  but  certainly  is  not  common  with  those  wounded  to  the  death, 
any  more  than  it  is  for  those  in  deep  sorrow,  as  were  Juliet  and  her  nurse,  to 
make  puns,  and  dirty  puns  at  that. 

The  author  of  a  dime  novel  would  scorn  the  conception  of  such  wretched 
stuff  as  makes  up  the  Taming  of  a  Shrew. 

Lavinia,  in  Titus  Andronicus,  is  certainly  a  marvelous  creation.  A  young 
lady  of  our  time  having  her  tongue  cut  out  and  hands  cut  off  would  feel  sick, 
to  say  the  least;  not  so  with  Shakespeare's  maiden,  "Good  uncle  Marcus,  see 
how  sivift  she  comes .'  " 

Shylock  has  been  a  butt  for  general  execration,  but  in  excuse  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  for  centuries  his  people  had,  through  superstitious 
prejudice,  been  treated  worse  than  the  dogs  of  the  street,  and  it  is  hardly  to 
be  wondered  at  that  he  turned  upon  one  of  his  oppressors.  The  sagacity  of 
Portia  was  not  phenomenal. 


LISLE  THREAD. 

Lisle  thread  proper  is  prepared  from  pure  cotton— the  finest  staple  that  can 
be  had,  the  best  quality  of  Sea  Island  being  generally  used.  However,  of  late 
years  it  has  been  found  by  observation  and  experience  that  the  softness  and 
pliability  necessary  to  the  easy  and  safe  working  of  this  yarn  or  thread  in 
hosiery  and  glove  frame,  as  well  as  in  the  machinery  making  fine  imitation 
laces  of  it,  are  best  secured  by  the  use  of  South  American  (Pernambuco)  cotton, 
the  latter  being  less  harsh,  softer,  more  elastic  and  regular  in  fiber,  as  well  as 
being  very  fine  in  quality.  The  peculiarity  of  this  thread,  says  the  Economist, 
is  its  hard  finish  and  the  peculiar  twist  or  manipulations  which  it  undergoes 
before  being  ready  for  use.  Each  thread  or  strnnd  passes  through  a  flame, 
which  divests  it  of  all  attaching  fiber.  This  thread  is  also  more  elastic  than 
the  finest  linen  thread  and  breaks  less.  Jt  also  gives  the  finished  article  a 
more  brilliant  appearance,  and  is  less  costly  than  the  latter.  It  derives  its 
name  from  Lisle,  a  town  in  France,  where  it  was  first  manufactured  to  a  large 
extent,  and,  like  many  of  the  industrial  arts,  was  originally  brought  from  the 
East.  It  is  now  not  only  extensively  produced  in  France,  Belgium,  and  in 


170 


other  portions  of  Continental  Europe,  but  in  Great  Britain  as  well,  and  is 
sometimes  called  "  Scotch  thread,"  when  made  in  that  country,  in  contra- 
distinction to  that  made  on  the  Continent.  It  is  not  only  used  largely  for 
gloves,  hosiery,  and  trimmings,  but  also  quite  extensively  in  the  manufacture 
of  imitation  laces,  embroideries,  etc.  We  believe  some  few  years  ago  a  suit 
was  before  the  United  States  court  of  this  district,  which  involved  the  ques- 
tion of  what  constituted  Lisle  thread  gloves,  and  was  decided  in  favor  of  the 
importer,  who  proved  that  Lisle  thread  proper  was  made  of  the  purest  and 
finest  cotton,  and  not  of  flax,  as  some  maintained  who  had  not  investigated 
the  subject  of  its  manufacture.  As  far  as  we  can  learn,  none  of  this  thread 
is  made  in  this  country,  although  we  understand  attempts  have  been  made  to 
manufacture  it,  but  from  the  cost  and  light  demand  prevailing  were  aban- 
doned. The  imports  of  it  are  also  light,  being  confined  chiefly  to  a  few  of  our 
hosiery  manufacturers. 

En  passant  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  state  that  all  the  dictionaries  fail  to  give 
a  definition  of  the  word  "  Lisle,"  which  is  not  in  reality  the  proper  word 
after  all,  but  a  corruption  of  L'Isle,  Ryssel,  in  the  French  Netherlands 
(called  the  island,  from  its  standing  in  a  kind  of  lake  formerly  ;  but  the  waters 
are  now  drained  off),  situated  in  east  longitude  3°,  latitude  50°  42",  on  the  river 
Deule,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Arras,  and  twelve  miles  from  Tournay.  Jt 
is  a  large,  populous  city,  the  capital  of  French  Flanders,  beautifully  built, 
and  was  once  strongly  fortified.  It  has  been  noted  for  its  silk  manufacture, 
and  fine  linen  or  cambric,  which  have  been  made  to  great  perfection  there,  as 
well  as  for  its  camlets,  which  are  much  admired. 


PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

Of  all  the  fallacies  that  ever  became  embedded  in  the  brain  of  an  intelligent 
people,  none  was  ever  greater  than  the  idea  that  high  protective  duties  will 
permanently  help  the  manufacturer  and  employee.  In  all  highly  protected 
countries,  wages  are  low  and  manufactures  primitive.  We  at  times  see  chil- 
dren phenomenally  precocious  in  growth  or  intellect,  but  such  usually  die 
young  or  shrink  below  the  average  ;  so  of  manufactures,  if  the  profits  are 
large,  home  competition  keeps  pace,  each  tries  to  produce  at  the  least  cost 
without  regard  to  real  quality  so  long  as  shoddy  can  be  made  to  appear  fair 
on  the  surface. 

Combinations  are  formed  by  which  the  lowest  class  of  help  can  be  brought 
in  to  compete  with  our  native  employees.  Through  this  combination  workmen 
are  transported  from  Bremen  or  Liverpool  to  Chicago,  for  ten  dollars.  Invent- 
ors, who  have  done  so  much  in  advancing  the  country's  prosperity,  have 
little  chance  comparatively  under  such  conditions.  Manufacturers  will  not 
bother  with  new  devices  while  their  profits  are  from  twenty-five  to  a  hundred 
per  cent.  Necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention.  Free  competition  is  pro- 
ductive of  efforts  to  excel  in  devices  that  enable  the  production  of  the  best 
goods  at  the  lowest  cost.  If  protection  is  right  for  the  manufacturer,  then 
the  employee  should  be  protected  by  a  high  duty  on  imported  labor. 


FIRE  ESCAPES. 

Constant  travel  with  its  concomitant  hotel  experience  has  brought  me 
into  proximity  with  many  styles  of  fire  escapes,  but  the  only  kind  I  believe 
to  be  reliable  are  the  balconies  or  towers  with  fixed  iron  stairways  ;  but  such 
stairways  should  never  be  placed  against  windows  through  which  the  fire 
from  the  inside  can  flash  out  upon  them.  I  think  where  there  are  adjoining 
buildings  of  the  same  height  it  will  always  be  well  to  have  stairs  from  the 
upper  stories  of  hotels  and  manufactories  lead  upwards  to  walks  leading 
along  the  roof  to  the  other  buildings  for  the  employees  to  escape  upon. 


TIDE  POWER. 

Tide  power  once  quite  common  in  this  country  when  land  and 
space  was  of  little  account  is  now  hardly  known  though  often  called 
to  mind  by  the  various  trade  papers. 

It  has  seemed  to  me  that  where  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tides  is 
considerable  large  tanks  as  weights  might  be  made  to  develop  con- 
venient power  for  light  manufacturing  purposes  at  little  expense  if 
properly  suspended. 

MEDDLING  WITH  THE  MAILS. 

I  think  up  to  the  time  of  Postmaster-General  Holt  the  mails  had  been  con- 
sidered sacred,  to  be  used  by  all  unquestioned.  Slavery  had  then  become  ram- 
pant and  a  demand  was  made  that  all  matter  inimical  to  that  barbarism  should 
be  searched  for  and  excluded  ;  a  subservient  North  yielded.  Since  then 
Anthony  Comstock  in  the  interest  of  a  hierarchy,  a  twin  barbarism,  has 
insisted  upon  deciding  what  shall  and  shall  not  be  excluded.  Suppose  some 
intelligent  person  should  insist,  as  well  might  be  done,  that  the  Bible,  Shakes- 
peare's works,  and  plenty  others  should  be  excluded.  There  could  only  be 
another  travesty  of  trial,  as  in  the  George  Francis  Train  case,  or  the  Bible 
and  many  popular  works  would  have  to  go.  Who  is  to  say  where  the  exclu- 
sion is  to  stop  ? 

The  better  way  is  to  follow  the  Creator,  serve  all  alike  and  allow  no  med- 
dling whatever  with  the  mails. 

Before  trying  to  purify  the  world  by  law,  first  purify  the  law,  so  that  it 
may  not  be  necessary  for  a  coterie  of  old  grannies  at  Washington,  four  years 
behind  their  work,  to  brood  over  the  decisions  of  Alfred  the  Great  or  Edward 
the  Little  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  John  Doe  or  Kichard  Koe  owns  a 
stray  jackass. 

Blot  out  all  laws  once  in  twenty  years,  re-enact  the  few  necessary,  then 
select  judges  from  the  most  intelligent  men  or  women,  never  from  lawyers. 
Make  the  law  conform  to  the  right;  faugh  !  law  and  plows  of  Edward's  time. 

CHOOSING  ALL  OFFICIALS  B¥  THE  PEOPLE. 

Members  of  Congress  are  chosen  and  paid  for  doing  certain  specific  duties. 
Why  are  they  allowed  to  spend  so  much  time  electioneering  for  themselves 
and  others,  and  what  business  have  they  to  meddle  with  appointments? 
What  right  has  a  president  or  other  official  to  appoint  to  an  important  office 
one  who  has  been  rejected  by  his  own  constituents?  We  have  ten  officials 
where  one  would  be  better,  and  nominally  the  highest  are  selected  because 
they  can  be  used  rather  than  for  their  ability— fourth  rate  men.  Who  can 
remember  who  was  governor  of  this  state  three  years  since  ? 

Why  not  elect  all  officials,  from  president  down,  directly  by  the  people, 
elect  yearly,  have  but  few,  and  make  those  responsible?  Have  it  understood 
that  such  officials  are  really  servants  instead  of  masters.  Eschew  lawyers 
generally,  take  business  men,  but  for  merit.  Allow  no  official  consecutive 
re-election,  high  or  low. 

UNDESIRABLE   NAMES   AND   FLUNKYISH 
TITLES. 

Owing  to  fanaticism,  predilection,  interested  motive,  or  lack  of  taste, 
parents  often  load  children  down  with  names  that  prove  an  incubus  through 
life  ;  as  such  children  become  legally  responsible  at  a  fixed  age,  why  not  at 
that  time  make  it  customary  for  children  to  select  names  to  suit  ?  Think  of 
being  loaded  down  with  Peleg,  Ichabod,  Nehemiah,  etc..  etc. 

Why  lias  the  publication  of  a  newspaper  become  so  low  a  business  that  the 
editor  now  prefers  to  be  called  colonel  rather  than  editor? 

Why  does  any  man  of  brains  desire  to  be  known  by  any  prefix  or  suffix  to 
his  name  ? 

Think  of  Mr.  Washington,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Esq.  or  Ph.D.,  Prof.  Benja- 
min Franklin,  Royal  Lightning  Catcher  to  her  Majesty,  etc.  It  would  seem 
that  the  smaller  the  mind  the  greater  the  desire  for  titles. 


172 


ADULTERATIONS  AND  SHORT  MEASURES. 

Adulteration  of  almost  every  commodity  sold  is  now  so  general  as  to 
hardly  cause  comment.  The  same  is  the  case  with  goods  sold  by  the  piece 
as  so  many  yards,  or  so  many  articles  in  packages. 

Why  not  make  a  law  to  confiscate  all  such  goods  wherever  found? 

THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 

As  I  have  never  desired  office  my  vote  has  invariably  been  cast  for  what  to 
me  has  seemed  to  be  for  the  best  result. 

I  voted  for  Fremont,  and  for  Lincoln  twice,  and  still  believe  that  the  latter 
was  the  best  man  ever  elected  to  the  presidency.  The  abolition  of  slavery 
was  caused  by  the  spontaneous  rising  of  the  masses  to  blot  out  an  institution 
of  such  barbarism.  Nominally  it  was  done  as  the  Republican  party,  but  men  of 
all  parties  united  for  that  purpose,  then  withdrew  as  it  was  accomplished  ;  it 
was  then  the  residuum  crystallized  into  the  real  Republican  party,  a  party  for 
power  and  plunder.  Its  carpet-bag  governments  were  the  reproach  of  the 
civilized  world. 

The  North  was  quite  as  much  to  blame  for  the  rebellion  as  was  the  South, 
and  the  settlement  should  have  been  magnanimous  and  universal,  instead  of 
which  the  small  minded  leaders  made  heroes  of  Jeff  Davis  and  others. 
Grant  was  nominated  for  president,  not  because  the  party  believed  him  a 
hero,  statesman,  or  republican,  but  because  the  leaders  expected  to  ride  into 
power  on  his  popularity.  And  here  it  may  be  stated  that  a  great  wrong  has 
been  done  to  the  earlier  generals  who  really  took  the  brunt  of  the  fighting,  in 
giving  so  much  credit  to  Grant  and  Sherman,  but  it  is  a  fact  worthy  of  notice 
that  their  greatest  eulogists  now  were  called  copper-heads  during  the  war. 
From  the  beginning  the  party  has  been  honey-combed  with  corruption  up  to 
the  present  time.  Its  carpet-bag  governments,  its  stealing  of  the  presidency, 
its  outrageous  pension  acts  for  selfish  influence,  its  gerrymandering  of  con- 
gressional districts,  its  favoring  of  monopolies,  its  numerous  commissions  for 
the  centralization  of  power,  the  giving  of  a  cabinet  office  as  a  reward  for  a 
corruption  fund,  its  unseating  of  members  and  admissions  of  unpeopled  states 
for  party  purpose  regardless  of  honor,  honesty,  or  the  country's  welfare,  show 
that  the  party  is  under  the  control  of  a  class  unworthy  of  respect.  The  selfish, 
downward  tendency  of  the  party  is  well  represented  by  its  known  men. 

Henry  Wilson  went  first  for  Henry  Wilson,  then  for  the  Republican  party, 
leaving  as  residuary  legatee  the  country.  George  D.  Robinson  goes  first  for 
George  D.  Robinson,  second  for  George  D.  Robinson,  and  as  residuary 
legatee,  George  D.  Robinson. 

May  the  shadow  of  the  Republican  party  become  less  and  a  better  take  its 
place. 

THE  NORTH  POLE. 

As  some  years  have  passed  since  any  expedition  has  been  sent  out  to  look 
for  that  long-sought  but  yet  unreached  place,  it  is  likely  some  ambitious  coun- 
try, institution,  or  person  will  soon  be  urging  the  matter  upon  the  notice  of 
the  public,  and  I  will  suggest  a  plan  that  to  me  has  long  seemed  practicable. 

It  is  to  construct  fifty  houses  of  light,  non-conducting  but  strong  material, 
to  be  sent  in  parts  in  ships,  as  far  north  as  possible,  to  be  put  together  on  the 
ice  and  placed  upon  runners.  The  ice  there  is  undoubtedly  rough,  but  boats 
with  few  hands,  and  those  in  feeble  condition,  have  been  moved  long  dis- 
tances. Sledges  for  the  transportation  of  coal,  food,  clothing,  bedding,  and  oil 
for  lights  should  be  provided  in  plenty,  with  plenty  of  men  to  handle  them. 
A  house  accompanied  by  the  sledges  should  be  started,  and  continue  north, 
then  return  to  repeat  the  operation.  Several  gangs  should  be  employed  so 
as  to  work  and  rest  alternately;  stations  twenty  miles  apart  would  insure 
relief  and  safety  and  give  confidence.  I  believe  road  engines  might  be  made 
to  do  the  leveling  of  rough  ice,  and  drawing  the  houses  and  sledges. 

Of  course  this  would  require  a  million  or  more  of  dollars,  but  there  are 
plenty  of  men  in  the  country  that  could  easily  furnish  all  the  necessary  cash 
and  not  inind  it,  or  the  country  could  easily  do  it.  If  younger,  such  a  job 
would  suit  me  to  a  dot.  Who  of  our  millionaires  will  undertake  it  instead 
of  endowing  some  college  Of  which  we  already  have  more  than  are  needed  ? 


EVOLUTION. 

Evolution  is  an  idea  as  old  as  history  and  was  well  considered  in 
Chambers'  "  Vestiges  of  Creation  "  long  before  Darwin  rode  the 
hobby.  That  man  evoluted  from  the  monkey  is  an  old  idea  and 
one  of  the  earliest  that  I  can  remember  to  have  heard  expressed, 
uttered  by  a  hard-shell  Baptist  minister  who  cobbled  shoes  week 
days  and  preached  Sundays  under  the  inspiration  of  rum  and 
molasses. 

"  The  survival  of  the  fittest,"  good  in  itself,  offers  no  proof  of 
evolution  though  it  may  of  progression. 

The  mollusk  of  the  earliest  times  is  the  mollusk  of  to-day.  The 
old  idea  that  man  contains  the  pith  of  every  previous  product  is 
perhaps  correct,  and  to  me  it  seems  reasonable  that  the  spirit  or 
germ  of  life  may  evolute  step  by  step  from  the  lowest  to  the  high- 
est, also  that  man  may  so  stultify  his  intellect  that  at  the  change 
called  death  his  spirit  will  naturally  gravitate  to  the  body  of  a  flea 
in  order  to  find  a  suitable  home.  As  for  physical  evolution  it  will 
be  time  to  believe  in  that  when  a  single  instance  in  proof  can  be 
offered. 

Progression  will  be  more  rapid  when  the  brawling  multitude 
that  think  but  little  yet  invariably  condemn  everything  out  of  the 
ordinary  rut,  think  more  and  object  only  from  conviction,  and 
less  credit  is  given  to  those  who  brood  upon  eggs  that  never  hatch. 
What  good  ever  came  from  the  brooding  of  an  old  monk  sitting 
in  a  dark  cell  or  cave,  or  a  dervish  sitting  upon  the  top  of  a  column  ? 
Thought,  like  steam  heat,  to  be  useful  requires  ventilation.  There 
are  plenty  who  thus  sit  and  brood,  look  profoundly  wise  and  think 
that  they  think. 

The  prefix  of  professor,  or  any  title  added  to  a  name,  is  more 
than  likely  to  be  the  reverse  of  a  guarantee  of  ability. 


DIET. 

As  it  was  a  rule  in  ancient  times  for  those  who  had  been  sick  to 
publicly  state  how  they  had  been  cured  that  others  might  benefit 
thereby,  I  will  state  how  for  nearly  a  half  century  I  have  lived  with- 
out being  sick. 

First,  my  diet  has  always  been  spare,  at  the  same  time  I  have 
invariably  eaten  anything  that  I  have  desired  and  at  any  time  with- 
out any  regard  to  regular  hours,  often  at  midnight  or  later  if  rest- 
less ;  a  piece  of  mince  pie  or  a  biscuit  well  buttered  soon  brings  sleep 
to  me.  Very  little  meat,  pork  never,  raised  bread  is  an  abomina- 
tion to  me.  Hot  biscuit,  hot  doughnuts,  pies  of  all  kinds,  puddings, 
strawberry  short  cakes,  buckwheats,  fruit,  and  a  few  of  the  ordi- 
nary vegetables  constitute  my  ordinary  meals,  with  hot  tea  or 
coffee,  no  liquor,  beer,  or  tobacco  in  any  form. 

Think  of  firing  a  boiler  three  times  a  day  instead  of  as  required. 


174 


Notes  on  Water  Plow,  &c. 


NOTE  FIRST. 

"Water,  like  all  otner  bodies  when  in  motion,  dislikes  to  change  the  direction  of 
that  motion  and  this  resistance  to  change  increases  with  the  square  of  its  velocity. 
For  instance,  to  turn  a  quarter  circle  in  a  pipe  which  is  bent  on  a  circle  of  tt-n 
times  its  own  diameter,  requires  additional  force  or  "head";  when  the  water 
moves  but  one  foot  per  second;  this  additional  head  is  but  the  one-thousandth  of 
a  foot,  but  at  a  velocity  often  feet  per  second  the  resistance  is  one-tenth  of  a  foot 
la-ad  (100  times  as  much),  this  is  an  easier  bend  than  is  generally  found  in  mill 
work ;  when  the  circle  is  2$  times  the  diameter  of  the  pipe  this  resistance  is  double ; 
and  here  begins  the  heavier  resistance,  for  from  this  to  turning  a  square  cornei 
it  has  increased  to  16  times  that  first  noted ;  and  as  will  be  easily  seen,  in  the  case 
of  short  turns  with  high  velocity,  destroys  much  of  its  power. 

One  of  the  commonest  and  easiest  turns  which  we  see  given  to  water  is  in  the 
scroll  of  an  ordinary  wooden  wheel.  Supposing  this  scroll  to  be  72  inches  in  diam- 
eter with  a  12-in.  h  spout  leading  to  it ;  that  is,  the  diameter  of  the  scroll  is  6  times 
that  of  the  spout  and  the  velocity  of  water  25  feet  per  second (=10  feet  head).  To 
maintain  this  velocity  requires  an  additional  head  of  2$  feet,  but  as  this  loss  is 
hidden  by  the  reduced  velocity  of  the  water  caused  by  its  impact  on  the  buckets, 
and  also  rapidly  grows  less  with  its  reduced  velocity  as  shown  in  the  first  part  of 
the  note,  it  is  very  generally  ignored  and  sometimes  denied  altogether. 
NOTE  SECOND. 

As  a  corollary  of  note  1st  we  see  that  as  an  abrupt  change  of  direction  requires 
power  to  overcome,  the  less  we  have  of  it  in  the  chutes  which  admit  water  to  the 
wheel,  the  better,  as  any  force  expended  h  -re  is  so  much  taken  from  the  amount 
which  can  reach  the  wheel;  while  changing  the  direction  of  the  water  by  the 
form  of  the  wheel  itself,  is  applying  this  force  where  it  does  its  work. 
NOTE  THIRD. 

Loss  of  head  from  insufficient  conduit.  Water  wheel  builders  lay  great  stress  on 
this  and  generally  give  rather  exaggerated  views.  The  error  is  on  the  safe  side, 
and  when  practicable  it  is  well  to  follow  their  suggestions.  It  sometimes  becomes 
necessary,  however,  to  use  trunks  for  supplying  wheels  which  from  original  con- 
struction or  want  of  room  have  less  size  than  would  be  desired.  It  therefore 
becomes  necessary  to  know  what  this  loss  is.  Here  comes  the  mooted  question, 
whether  this  loss  is  that  due  to  the  head  necessary  to  produce  the  required  veloc- 
ity or  only  that  necessary  to  maintain  this  velocity  in  the  conduit.  Without  enter- 
ing into  the  argumi-nts  on  the  subject,  some  of  which  are  rather  more  curious 
than  useful,  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  but  little  if  any  loss  is  found  to  exist,  except 
that  due  to  the  frictional  resistance  of  the  conduit,  and  this  is  measurable. 

The  following  table,  abridged  from  "  Beardman's  Manual  of  Hydrology," 
covers  most  of  the  cases  required  in  ordinary  practice. 

Table  of  slope  or  fall  in  feet,  and  cubic  feet  discharged  by  pipe  running  full. 


Slope 
1  foot  in  528. 


Slope 
1  foot  in  264. 


Slope 
1  foot  in  150. 


Slope 
1  foot  in  66. 


<y 
O,  • 

§£ 

+->  6 

g2 

*»5 

•g  o 

^j  ^ 

t5  <u 

o^ 

jT1  * 

C;  "5 

V    3 

<2  s 

o  ^ 

J  s» 

«M    "S 

&  s 

PN  2 

C  d 

««  d 

d  fl 

^  d 

.2-3 

**"  a 

fl.2 

*^  a 

"sl 

'£,3 

|1 

J.1 

2*a 

£  a 

|i 

>»a 

.2  '3 

^  a 

S'S 
02'^ 

gl 

2  ^ 

o  « 

|s 

f>    04 

^  j-i 
°a 

^1 

3| 

^  g 
fc>  a 

d  s-, 

°ft 

12 

130 

102 

196 

155 

243 

192 

392 

310 

•   18 

160 

282 

226 

399 

300 

528 

452 

798 

24 

184 

580 

261 

820 

345 

1.085 

522 

1.640 

30 

206 

1.013 

292 

1.432 

386 

1.895 

584 

2.864 

36 

226 

1.598 

319 

2.259 

423 

2.989 

638 

4.518 

42 

244 

2.350 

345 

3.321 

457 

4.395 

690 

6.642 

48 

261 

3.281 

369 

4.637 

488 

6.137 

738 

9.274 

54 

276 

4.403 

391 

6.223 

518 

8.237 

782 

12.446 

60 

291 

5.731 

412 

8.100 

546 

10.720 

824 

16.200 

From  this  table  the  mill  owner  can  find  what  he  can  do  with  different  sized 
conduits;  making  these  square  instead  of  round  would  be  an  ample  allowance  in 
size  for  roughness  or  irregularity  of  construction. 

G.  W.  PEARSONS,  C,  E. 


175 


Oh  ho !  My  lord  Jupiter,  Jupiter"  I 
Oh  my  hatchet,  my  hatchet, 
"my  hatchet  I 


\Vorship  of  the  Cross. 


Oh  Virgin  Mother,  ask  your  dear 
"  son  to  intercede  for  us  and  bear 
our- sins,  it  saves  us  so  much   tro 
uble,  but  caution  him  to  be  careful. 
You  remember  that  after  making 
the  earth  he  thought  it  was  flat, 
had  ends  and  that  the  eastern 
contineht  waaaU  there  jvps  of  it. 


Oh,  thou  great  and 
fearful  God,  hold  not 
thy  peace  but  do  as  I, 
request,  Psalms  CIX, 
your  holy  word. 

Amen., 


Wonderful   things  in  the  Bible  I  see. 

This  is  the  dearest,  that  Jesus  loves  ' 

&«U.     So  glad  she  finds  a/^~ 

lover!  But  how  about' 

Jesus?      Can     it   be] 

pleasant    for   him  to 

fhelterallof  thehypo. 

crites,   thieves,    inur- 

.  dere.rs    and  sour  old 

maids  that  propose  to 

rest  i«  ^ 


176 

Card  Setting  Macmne. 

Manufactured  by  Samuel  W.  Kent%  Worcester*  Mass. 


This  machine  holds  the  leather  used  for  the  base  of  card  clothing,  feeds  and 
cuts  the  wire,  bends  it  for  the  teeth,  pierces  the  holes,  places  the  teeth  therein, 
then  clinches  them  tightly.  Few  machines  so  perfectly  demonstrate  the  pos- 
sibilities of  mechanical  movements  as  does  this;  but,  as  an  invention,  there 
are  many  others  far  superior,  for  the  card  machine  is  a  combination  of  several 
separate" devices.  Aside  from  the  device  for  cutting  and  bei  ding  the  wire  for 
the  teeth,  the  other  movements  are  mostly  of  a  feed  charactc  ,  but  the  adjust- 
ments are  so  numerous  that  a  mind  of  great  organizing,  rath  r  than  inventive 
ability,  was  required  to  bring  them  into  harmonious  operatioi .  Amos  Whitte- 
morc,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  obtained  the  patent  for  the  mac  ine,  but  Eleazar 
Smith,  01  Walpole,  Mass.,  claimed  to  be  the  inventor.  It  is  difficult,  however, 
to  obtain  much  information  about  its  early  history,  though  it  has  had  an  immense 
influence  upon  the  textile  manufacture.  Mr.  Kent  has  been  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  machine  for  nearly  a  half  century.  He  informs  me  that 
when  he  commenced,  a  separate  machine,  worked  by  hand  [here  illustrated]. 


was  useu  to  make  the  teeth,  from  which  it  would  seem  that  the  complete  ma 
chine  was  many  years  in  working  its  way  into  general  use. 


177 


Noble's  Wool  Comb. 

Manufactured  by  John  Crossley  &  /Sons,  Halifax,  England. 


"Woolen  Manufacture. 

The  production  of  wool  and  manufacture  of  woolen  goods  constitute  an  old, 
perhaps  the  oldest,  industry  carried  on  among  us.  The  fabled  search  by  Jason 
for  the  golden  fleece  of  Colchis  typifies  the  esteem  of  the  ancients  for  wool. 
Wherever  we  turn,  in  sacred  or  profane  history,  we  find  the  lamb  the  symbol  for 
tenderness,  and  wool,  the  cherished  product  of  the  sheep,  always  highly  prized 
by  man.  Wild  sheep  are  found  everywhere,  but  all  domestic  breeds  are  derived 
from  the  Asiatic  variety,  which  was  developed  from  the  argah,  or  big  horn  of 
Siberia.  Originally,  all  were  covered  with  long  hair,  and  wool  beneath;  the  hair 
has  been  bred  out,  but  appears  when  the  animal  is  neglected.  The  merino  is 
the  most  valuable  of  all,  dating  back  some  two  thousand  years.  The  word 
shows  in  its  own  structure  the  choice  nature  of  this  sheep.  The  Spanish  noun 
ineans  judge  or  inspector  of  the  transhumance  (pasture-changing)  flocks.  Me- 
rino, the  adjective,  means  wandering  or  the  pasture-changing  and  best  chosen 
flocks.  Thus,  the  word  brings  down  the  process  by  which  the  flocks  were 


78 


selected,  and  also  by  which  they  were  managed  and  developed.  It  is  the  treas- 
ury of  fine  fibre  for  all  varieties,  and  was  introduced  here  in  1801-12.  The  Saxon, 
the  finest  variety,  is  too  delicate  for  common  use.  Merino  furnishes  the  best 


generally  from  South  America,  East  India  and  the  Mediterranean.  The  great 
pastoral  districts  for  the  merino  and  its  crossing  are  now  Australiasia,  River  La 
Plata  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  These  lands  produced  last  year  nearly  600,000,- 
000  pounds  in  the  grease,  or  288,000,000  of  pure  wool.  California  produces 
largely  for  us,  rather  more  than  50,000,000  grease  pounds.  The  manufacture 
falls  into  two  great  divisions.  First,  woolens,  which  are  carded  and  generally 
felted;  second,  worsteds,  named  from  a  village  near  Norwich,  Eng.,  which  are 
combed,  the  lustre  of  the  wool  preserved,  and  are  finished  without  fulling. 

Christopher  Columbus  was  the  son  of  a  wool  comber.  But  it  is  probable  that 
the  combing  of  wool  at  that  time  was  but  a  simple  process  of  carding  or  getting 
the  wool  ready  for  twisting  into  yarn  upon  the  rude  hand  machines  of  that  day. 
It  has  been  the  work  of  later  }'ears  to  perfect  the  art  of  wool  combing  or  the 
separating  of  the  long  worsted  fibres  or  hairs  of  the  wool  from  the  short  down, 
or  noils,  as  the  combing  waste  is  now  called.  The  wool  of  commerce  is  now 
divided  into  three  distinct  classes — clothing  wools,  worsted  or  combing  wools 
and  coarse  or  carpet  wools. 

In  order  to  fully  understand  the  difference  between  the  ordinary  old-fashioned 
woolen  goods  and  the  more  modern  worsted  fabrics,  turn  for  a  moment  to  the 
yarn  from  which  each  is  woven.  Place  a  bit  of  ordinary  woolen  yarn  under  a 
microscope,  after  untwisting  it.  You  observe  that  the  yarn  was  made  up  of 
numerous  minute  fibres,  running  in  every  direction,  interlaced,  hooked  and 
curled  together  in  such  a  snarl  that  it  would  not  be  possible  to  tell  in  what 
direction  a  majority  of  the  fibres  run.  Give  a  little  twist  to  the  snarl  and  it  is 
ordinary  yarn  again.  Put  a  bit  of  worsted  yarn  under  the  glass,  after  taking 
out  the  twist  in  the  same  manner  as  before.  You  now  observe  that  the  hairs  or 
fibres  all  run  in  the  same  direction;  that  they  are  all  nearly  straight  or  much 
more  so  than  those  of  the  ordinary  yarn;  that  each  fibre  presents,  instead  of 
a  downy  appearance,  almost  a  transparent  lustre. 

Until  within  a  few  years  the  separating  of  the  worsted  fibres  from  the  short 
wool  or  noils  was  all  done  by  hand,  and  a  very  tedious  and  unsatisfactory  pro- 
cess it  was;  but  by  the  more  recent  invention  of  very  curious  and  almost  life- 
like machines,  an  illustration  of  one  of  which  may  be  seen  at  the  head  of  this 
article,  this  separation  or  combiner  has  reached  such  a  stage  of  perfection  as 
to  have  greatly  increased  the  demand  for  and  consumption  of  goods  made 
of  wool.  The  prices  of  goods  of  the  finest  texture  and  most  beautiful  lustre  have 
been  reduced  to  within  the  reach  of  people  of  moderate  means. 

ORDINARY  WOOLEN  MANUFACTURING 

Is  carried  on  in  mills  with  machinery  classed  as  "  sets,"  the  cost  of  which  at 
this  time  are  about  $8,000  each.  A  mill  building  60  x  160  feet,  with  four  stories 
and  an  attic,  gives  room  for  ten  "  sets,"  though  this  does  not  include  room  for 
sorting,  washing,  drying,  dyeing,  picking,  and  boiler  for  heating.  Such  a  mill 
driven  by  water-power  would  cost  somewhere  about  $150,000,  or  $15,000  per  set, 
varying  somewhat,  according  to  the  conditions,  cost  of  land,  dam,  &c. 

Sets  are  based  upon  the  number  of  cards  used.  These  cards  are  of  various 
lengths,  but  those  of  48-inch  are  used  most  now. 

MACHINES  NECESSARY  TO  MAKE   UP  A   SET   OF  WOOLEN   MACHINERY. 

Wool  and  Waste  Duster  answer  for  six  sets. 

Wool  Mixing  Picker  answers  for  six  sets. 

Cards— three  per  set :  first  and  second  Breaker  and  Finisher. 

Mule— four  hundred  spindles  per  set. 

Spoolers— two  per  set. 

Dresser,  Reel  and  Beamer  answer  for  six  sets. 

Looms— five  broad  or  ten  narrow  per  set. 

Fulling  Mill— two  per  set. 

Washer  answers  for  eight  sets. 

Hydro  Extractor  answers  for  six  sets. 


179 


Gig — two  per  set. 
Shears  answers  for  four  sets. 
Brush  answers  for  four  sets. 
Press  answers  for  six  sets. 

The  manufacture  is  conducted  in  the  following  manner :  The  wool  must  be 
sorted  with  reference  to  weight,  softness,  fineness,  strength,  color  and  cleanness. 
Wools  of  the  best  kind  are  separated  into  sorts,  technically  called  picklocks, 
prime,  choice  and  super.  The  first  named  is  the  most  superior,  and  the  others 

Wool  and  Waste  Duster. 

Manufactured  by  Davis  &  furber,  North  Andover,  Mass. 


follow  in  the  order  of  their  gradation  to  the  last,  which  is  the  most  inferior  in 
quality.  Inferior  wools  are  sorted  into  doivnrights,  seconds,  abb,  livery  and  short 
coarse.  Seconds  is  wool  grown  on  the  throat  and  breast,  and  livery,  that  grown 
about  the  belly  of  the  animal.  Abb  is  tin  inferior  kind  of  seconds,  and  short 
coarse  is  also  derived  from  the  breast.  This  operation  is  performed  by  hand 
and  by  skilled  sorters.  It  is  then  scoured  with  a  weak  aqueous  solution  of  alkali, 
then  thoroughly  rinsed  in  pure  water  and  dried.  It  then  goes  to  the  dye-vats 
and  is  colored  or  "dyed  in  the  wool"  ;  then  oiled,  to  prevent  matting  or  felting; 
then  goes  to  the  Picker,  which  prepares  it  for  carding. 

Wool  carding  by  machinery  was  first  accomplished  at  West  Riding,  Yorkshire, 
England,  about  1787.  John  and  Arthur  Scholfield,  from  that  vicinity,  came  to 
this  country  in  1793  and,  a  year  later,  commenced  to  card  wool  by  machinery  in 
a  mill  at  Byfiekl,  near  Newburyport,  Mass.  At  that  time,  and,  in  fact,  for  many 
years  later,  each  farmer  in  the  New  England  States  kept  a  sufficient  number  of 
sheep  to  supply  his  family  with  clothing,  and  a  spinning-wheel  and  loom  were  to 
be  found  in  each  family;  indeed,  were  often  a  part  of  the  outfit  of  daughters, 
when  they  were  married,  instead  of  the  piano,  now  required.  There  are  many 
now  living  that  can  well  remember  the  process  of  carding  wool  by  hand,  and  from 
that  the  practice  of  sending  the  family  supply  of  wool  to  the  carding  mills,  where 
it  was  carded,  and  left  in  rolls  about  two  feet  in  length  to  be  spun  upon  the  old 
spinning-wheels  by  the  farmers' wives,  daughters,  or  the  "  hired  girl."  In  th« 


i8o 


Wool  Mixing-  Picker. 

Manufactured  by  Davis  &  JFurber%  North  Andover,  Jfasv 


earlier  years  of  machine  carding,  the  machines  were  very  crude — merely  strips  of 
card  clothing  nailed  upon  flat  surfaces  beneath  a  single  large  cylinder.  Such 
cards,  however,  Avere  equal  to  the  spinning- wheels  j  but  the  production  of  the 
spinning-jenny  necessitated  continuous  rolls.  For  a  time  the  short  rolls  were 
pieced  by  children  as  they  were  spun,  the  rolls  being  carried  on  the  left  and 
joined  by  the  right  hand— an  operation  that  wore  the  skin  from  the  fingers,  and 
often  caused  the  blood  to  flow  therefrom.  A  piecer  commonly  supplied  twenty 
spindles,  so  that  three  were  required  for  each  machine  of  sixty  spindles.  The 
"  Finisher  Card  "  is  the  outcome  of  the  persistent  efforts  made  to  do  away  with 
the  really  crude,  expensive  and  inefficient  system  of  piecing.  Many  patents  have 
been  granted'for  different  plans,  and  numerous  prejudices  have  had  to  be  over- 
come in  order  to  accomplish  the  purpose. 

The  covering  of  card  cylinders,  known  as  "  card  clothing,"  consists  of  wire 
teeth,  of  suitable  form,  set  in  a  base  of  leather  or  its  equivalent,  made  in  many 
degrees  of  fineness,  so  as  to  meet  the  wants  of  carders  of  every  variety  of  wool. 
The  first  breaker  card  has  clothing  made  with  coarse  wire ;  the  second  breaker 
has  finer;  the  finisher  card  the  finest.  From  this  card,  the  wool  is  delivered  in 
numerous  continuous  soft  cord-like  rolls  ready  for  spinning.  The  wool  is  weighed 
out  and  spread  upon  a  feed-apron  to  the  first  breaker  card.  The  licker-in  presents 
it  to  the  main  cylinder,  where  it  is  worked  by  various  devices;  then,  by  what  is 
called  the  Apperly  feed,  it  is  taken  to  the  second  breaker,  and  from  that  to  the 
Finisher  Card. 

From  the  finisher  card,  the  wool  goes  to  the  Mule.  The  illustration  following 
the  Card  represents  a  Self-acting  Mule,  a  machine  that  would  have  been  looked 
upon  with  wonder  a  century  since,  and  certainly  with  reason,  if  compared  with 
the  spinning- wheel  of  that  period.  A  brief  extract  from  the  builders'  circular 
will  give  their  claims  for  the  special  merits  of  their  mule  : 

"This  mule  has  a  low  carriage,  an  improved  acceleration  speed  motion  for 
spindles  for  spinning'  warp  or  other  yarn  requiring  much  twist,  and  is  adapted 
for  spinning  all  kinds  of  stock,  and  grades  of  yarn.  It  has  a  patent  adjustable 
draft  scroll,  which  can  be  so  changed  in  a  few  minutes  as  to  adapt  it  for  giving 
any  desired  motion  to  the  carriage  when  running  out,  whether  for  long  draft  or 
for  twisting  yarn  without  drawing  at  all,  whereby  much  time  aad  labor  are  saved 
that  would  be  required  to  change  scrolls." 

Messrs.  Johnson  &  Bassett  make  mule  building  a  specialty.  Their  mules 
usually  have  four  hundred  spindles  each,  or  enough  for  a  set  each. 

From  the  mule,  the  yarn  is  taken  to  the  Spooler,  which  is  used  for  transferring 
the  yarn  from  the  bobbins  on  to  jack  or  dresser  spools  for  forming  wool  warps 
and  also  for  doubling  two  or  more  threads  together,  the  twist  being  put  in  on 


182 


Dead  Spindle  Spooler  and  Bobbin  Stand. 

Manufactured,  by  Davis  &  Furber,  North  Andovert  Mass. 


the  jack.    A  Dresser,  Keel  and  Beamer  are  next  required,  in  order  to  get  the 
yarn  on  beams  for  weaving. 

Dresser,  Reel  and  Beamer. 

Manufactured  by  Davis  &  Furber,  North  Andover,  Mass. 


1 84 

Twenty-five  Harness,  Open  Shed,  Fancy  Loom. 

Manufactured  by  L.  J.  Knowles  &  Brother ;  Worcester,  Mass. 


From  the  loom,  the  fabric  goes  to  the  Fulling  Mill,  where  it  is  fulled.    It  then 

Rotary  Fulling  Mill. 

Manufactured  by  R.  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  Orange,  Mass. 


goes   to    the    Washer,    whore    it  is    soaped,    scoured    and    rinsed.      It    then 


Cloth  Washer. 

Manufactured  by  R.  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  Orange ,  Mass. 


goes  to  the  Hydro-Extractor,  and  is  dried.    This  machine  is  also  used  in  the 
preliminary  operation  of  drying  the  wool  after  it  is  scoured  and  dyed. 

Hydro-Extractor. 

Manufactured  by  the  Cleveland  Machine  Co.,  Worcester,  Mass. 


i86 


From  the  hydro-extractor,  it  goes  to  the  Gig,  in  which  the  nap  is  raised  with 
teasels,  the  natural  hooks  of  which  many  attempts  have  boon  made  to  equal  by 
mechanical  substitutes;  but,  up  to  this  time,  without  success.  In  this  gig  the 

Quadruple  Acting  Gig. 

Manufactured  by  Parks  &  Woolson,  Springfield,  Vt. 


cloth  is  acted  upon  at  four  different  points  while  passing  through  the  machine. 
If  a  lustre  like  broadcloth  is  desired,  the  cloth  is  boiled  or  steamed  to  lay  the 
fibre  of  the  nap.  From  the  gig,  the  cloth  goes  to  the  Shearing  Machine,  which 
has  revolving  blades  working  against  one  that  is  stationary,  or  a  "  ledger  blade." 

Shearing  Machine.  Brushing  Machine. 

Manufactured  by  Parks  &  Woolson,  Springfield,  Vt. 


DOUBLE-ACTING. 


In  this  machine  the  nap  is  made  even  by  shearing  it.  From  the  shearing  machine, 
the  fabric  is  sent  to  the  Brushing  Machine.  From  the  brushing  machine,  it  is 
sent  to  the  Press,  where  it  is  passed  between  hot  rolls  to  lay  the  nap. 


Press. 

Manufactured  by  Ilarwood  &  Quincy,  Boston*  Mass. 


This  Kotary  Press  leaves  no  press  folds,  nor  does  it  require  press  plates  or 
papers. 


WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  May  21,  1881. 
JAMES  DUGDALE,  LOWELL,  MASS. 

Dear  Sir:  I  think  you  have  been  engaged  for  a  number  of  years  in  the 
manufacture  of  worsted  yarn,  and  that  formerly  you  combed  the  wool  by  hand 
on  instruments  or  device's  substantially  the  same  as  the  old  hatchel  used  for 
combing  flax,  and  that  yon  now  comb  by  machinery  or  machine  combs.  That 
the  inventive  and  liberal  patent  system  may  be  compared  with  that  of  the  con- 
servative or  older  method,  will  you  be  so  kind  as  to  state  the  difference  in  cost 
and  efficiency  of  the  two  plans,  and  oblige, 

Yours  truly,  JAMES  EMERSON. 


LOWELL,  MASS.,  May  25,  1881. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  WILLIMANSETT,  MASS. 

Dear  Sir :  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  21st  inst.,  I  have  to  say — The  price  paid 
for  combing  wool  by  hand  was  governed  by  the  quality  and  length  of  staple.  In 
1863-64,  the  price  paid  in  Lowell  was  17  cents  per  pound  for  medium  quality. 
A  good  workman  was  able  to  comb  onlv  from  ten  to  twejve  pounds  per  day — 
about  twelve  slivers  weighing  one  pound.  The  first  eost-of  the  Improved  Wool 
Combing  Machinery  is  very  high ;  consequently,  repairs  are  very  expensive. 
Still,  the  average  cost  is  about  live  cents  per  pound,  with  the  advantage  of  the 
sliver  weighing  from  twelve  to  sixteen  pounds.  I  shall  be  pleased  to  hear  from 
you  again. 

Respectfully  yours,  JAMES  DUGDALE. 


i88 


Germania  Mills,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


Test  of  machinery  with  Emerson's  Portable  Dynamometer.      Tables  prepared 
by  A.  M.  Swain. 

WEAVE   ROOM. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  MACHINERY. 

TIME. 

W'GHT. 

SPEED. 

H.  P. 

A.  M. 

6.20 

52 

190 

2.99 

Shaft  136  feet  long,  150  revolutions.    21 
Broad  Crompton  Looms  driven  from  the 
line.    An  average  of  10  looms  were  prob- 
ably   in    operation.      Counted    them  in 

6.30 
6.45 
7. 
7.15 

55 
55 
50 
60 

182 
192 
190 
190 

3.03 
3.19 
2.87 
3.45 

rapid  succession  over  and  over   again. 

7.30 

53 

190 

3.05 

The  least  number  in  operation  was  5  at 
one  time.    The  most  was  15  ;  9,  10  and  11 

745 

8. 

54 
60 

190 

188 

3.10 
3.41 

was  the  usual  count. 

8.15 

55 

188 

3.13 

Goods,  heavy  doeskin  and  cassimeres, 
76  inches  wide,  56  picks  to  the  inch,  26 

8.45 
9. 

50 
60 

192 
192 

2.90 
3.49 

ounces  to  the  yard,  in  a  portion  of  the 
Looms. 

9.15 
9.30 

60 

86 

192 
192 

3.49 

5. 

April  12,  1873. 

1030 
10.35 

80 
60 

190 
192 

4.60 
3.49 

10.36 

65 

193 

3.80 

11.40 

15 

192 

.87 

12.15 

651 

188 

2.90 

TESTS   IN  PICKING  AND  DRYING  ROOMS. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  MACHINERY. 

TIME. 

W'GHT. 

SPEED. 

H.P. 

2  Fans,  8  vanes  each. 

P.  M. 

12.15 

80  11  g. 

180 

4.36 

2  Fans,  8  vanes,  2  Fans,  5  vanes, 

122.  V 

180 

6.68 

4  Fans,  1  Sargent's  Burr  Picker, 

1.30 

230" 

181 

12.61 

4  Fans,  1  Sargent's  Burr  Picker, 

1.45 

222 

180 

12.11 

4  F;ins,  1  Sargent's  Burr  Picker, 

2. 

230 

180 

12.54 

4  Fans,  1  Burr,  1  Kellosg  Picker, 

2.05 

Belt 

Slipped 

1  Sargent's  Burr,  2  Kellogg  Pickers, 
1  Sargent's  Burr.  2  Kellogg  Pickers, 
4  Fans,  1  Burr,  2  Kellogg, 

2.30 
2.45 
3. 

180 
]80 
290 

179 
179 

178 

9.76 
9.76 
15.64 

4  Fans,  1  Burr,  2  Kellogg, 

3.15 

295 

178 

15.91 

4  Fans,  1  Burr, 

3.45 

231 

178 

12.4« 

1  Burr, 

4. 

125 

180 

6.81 

1  Burr,  4  Fans 

4.15 

235 

179 

12.74 

1  Burr,  4  Fans, 

4.25 

234 

180 

12.76 

2  Kellogg  Pickers, 
1  Kellogg  Picker,  large, 
1  Kellourg  Picker,  small, 

5. 
5.05 
5.10 

65 
40 
30 

182 
181 
181 

3.58 
2.19 
1.64 

Counter  Shaft  and  loose  Pulleys  for 

above  machinery. 

25 

180 

1.36 

April  9,  1873. 

198 

Steam  Engine. 


New,  made  by  Brown  of  Fitchburg,  Mass.  18-inch  cylinder,  42-inch  stroke, 
rated  75  horse-power  with  60  pounds  of  steam ;  tested  by  Prony  brake,  steam 
pressure  ranging  from  65  to  70  pounds  during  the  trial;  the  power  varied  from 
60  to  65  h.  p.  according  to  pressure. 


Putnam  Machine  Co.  Engine. 


3-feet  stroke,  guaranteed  to  give  60  h.  p.   wit] 


an  engine  is  to  take  it  from  shaft, 


Compound  Engine. 


Steam  working  first  in  a  6-inch  cylinder,  from  that  into  one  of  12  inches,  20  h. 
p.  was  claimed;  dynamometer  on  shaft  showed  7.  Then  it  was  found  that  the 
most  of  the  force  was  used  in  working  the  engine. 


Power  Required  to  Drive  Woolen  Machinery. 

THE  POWER  required  to  drive  sets  of  woolen  machinery  depends  upon  the 
quality  of  goods  and  number  of  sets  in  a  mill;  the  more  sets  the  less  power  in 
proportion  is  required.  I  have  tested  the  power  used  at  many  mills,  but  a  few 
cases  will  show  th«  general  average. 

VASSELBORO  WOOLEN  MILLS,  VASSELBORO,  ME.  22-set  mill,  light  cassi- 
ineres;  required,  135  horse-power. 

WM.  WALKER  &  Co.,  LOWELL,  MASS.  4-set  mill,  flannels;  required  or  used, 
30  horse- power. 

JAMES  O.  INMAN,  PASCOAG,  R.  I.  Heavy  doeskin,  pant  goods,  4  sets;  used, 
40  horse-power. 

BEEBE,  WEBBER  &  Co.,  HOLYOKE,  MASS.  Pant  goods,  eight  sets;  64  horse- 
power. 


Power  Required  to  Drive  Elevators. 


These  elevators  were  in  Boston  stores,  the  belts  when  not  at  work  running  on 
loose  pulleys.  To  operate  the  nrst  kind  tried,  without  load,  when  running  at  the 
common  speed,  1.89  horse  power.  With  a  load  of  1  06  pounds,  3.92  horse  power. 

The  second  was  a  Tuft's  elevator,  running  at  the  same  speed  as  the  first,  with- 
out load,  2.46  horse  power.  With  a  load  of  1004  pounds,  required  5.29  horse 
power. 


Hydro-Extractor. 


Extractors  start  hard  unless  started  very  slowly,  but  lose  their  resistance 
instantly;  three-fourths  of  a  horse  powei  would  be  a  liberal  average  for  such  as 
I  have  tested,  though  from  one  to  two  horse  power  may  be  expended  for  a 
moment,  if  started  hastily. 


i  go 

CONSTANTINO  THE  FIRST  CHRISTIAN  EMPEROR. 

The  Lord's  Day  or  Sunday,  as  its  name  implies,  was  the  pagans' 
day  for  the  worship  of  their  god,  the  sun,  and  every  idea  or 
ceremony  of  the  Christian  religion,  except  its  thirst  for  blood,  is 
paganism  disguised  by  chaqge  of  name. 


Sun  Worshipers. 


Constantine  as  Sun  Worshiper. 


The  good  Constantino  presiding  at  the  council  of  Nioe,  A.  D.  336. 


istantine  as  the  mur 
irer  of  bis  son  Crisp 
is,  A.  D.  326. 


His  slaughtered  victims,  Maximum,  Bassianus,  SiOpate 
LicinJus  and  others. 


,  Fausta  !  pray  don't  m*kea  fuss,  th 
good  Constantine,  your  noble  husband 


has  mildly  deoreed'lhat  you  shall  be 


in  your  bath,  so  please  come 
on  *n.d  be  boil«d.» 


''Absolve  you,  oh,  of  course," 

Dh,  Sop,  ji*st  absolve  me  and  oblige,         gay8  h^  Christian    reverence, 
yours  truly,  Coii."  K-  <«  Yours  were  mere  peccadillos, 

*-««**.,<**<«,•  J8fc  hut  holy  grease  is  expen^^e,  80 

you  must  endow  a  few  church- 
Let  us  roast  doubters 
furnish  our  Mary  with  a 
k     y  new  petticoat   dyed 
with  the  blood  of  th 
ose  who  dispute  our 
word.  Amen.' 


PAPER  MANUFACTURE. 


Like  the  ordinary  historian,  I  might  draw  upon  my  imagination  for  my  facts, 
and  give  time  and  place  where  the  first  idea  of  paper  was  conceived,  but  the 
reader  will  be  quite  as  well  informed  if  the  truth  is  given  instead;  and  that  is, 
that  I  do  not  know  anything  about  it.  It  is  evident,  however,  that  it  must  have 
been  centuries  upon  centuries  ago.  Writing  would  necessitate  paper  or  a  sub- 
stitute. Writing,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  must  have  been  understood  before 
the  commencement  of  history,  for,  without  writing,  there  could  have  been  no 
record.  A  mark  was  placed  upon  Cain  for  the  purpose  of  warning  those  he 
might  meet  that  he  was  not  to  be  molested.  The  statement  plainly  implies  that 
such  mark  or  writing  was  generally  understood,  or  it  would  have  been  useless  ; 
and  it  furnishes  a  plausible  pretext  for  the  Irish  historian's  genealogical  tree 
springing  from  an  Irish  root,  with  Adam  placed  high  among  the  branches,  and 
the  statement  that  the  Irish  had  a  written  language  at  the  time  of  Adam,  all  of 
which  may  be  true ;  but  if  Old  Israel  was  the  son  of  an  Irish  emigrant,  it  would 
be  an  interesting  study  for  the  scientist  to  trace  out  the  cause  of  such  a  radical 
change  in  the  form  of  the  nose.  Evidence  bearing  upon  that  point  might  be 
difficult  to  find:  but  such  would  hardly  be  the  case  about  paper,  for  the  word  is 
derived  from  that  of  papyrus,  and  papyrus  was  paper  essentially  the  same  as 
the  paper  of  to-day,  though  crude  and  coarse,  perhaps,  in  comparison  with  the 
best  now  made  :  the  interior  part  of  a  reed  or  flag  indigenous  to  Egypt,  and 
places  where  papyrus  was  known. 

Its  preparation  for  use  was  similar  to  that  of  paper.  The  part  of  the  reed  to 
be  used  was  selected;  it  was  then  sized  or  glued,  then  subjected  to  heavy 
pressure.  Sheets  of  any  size  desired  could  be  made,  as  is  proved  by  the  fact 
that  it  was  carried  or  kept  in  rolls.  Vellum,  often  mentioned  in  connection  with 
the  early  manuscript  copies  of  Scripture  and  the  printing  of  the  first  books,  was 
white,  finely  prepared  calf-skin.  The  object  of  this  article,  however,  is  more  for 
the  purpose  of  briefly  describing  the  manufacture  of  paper  now  than  to  treat  of 
its  use  in  the  past. 

Until  within  a  generation  past,  paper,  or  the  finer  qualities  of  paper,  has  been 
produced  from  rags,  and  the  pulp  lias  been  worked  into  sheets  by  hand.  Forms 
or  sieves  of  the  size  of  sheets  required  were  used  to  take  up  the  pulp;  as  the 
water  drained  out,  the  sheet  formed,  and  when  dried  it  was  pressed.  John  Ames, 
of  Springfield,  Mass.,  now  living,  invented  the  cylinder  paper  machine,  which  is 
still  in  use  in  some  mills  where  a  cheap  grade  of  paper  is  made.  The  Fourdri- 
nicr  improvement  has  since  been  added. 

Paper  is  in  such  demand  now  that  constant  investigation  is  going  on  for  the 
purpose  of  discovering  new  fibre  suitable  for  the  purpose.  Many  kinds  of  stock 
are  now  used:  rags,  ground  wood  pulp,  wood  pulp  chemically  prepared,  waste 
of  many  kinds,  old  rope,  hemp,  manila,  fishing  lines,  jute,  jute  butts,  straw,  etc. 
Clay  of  various  kinds  is  used,  but  by  a  neighboring  manufacturer  the  individual 
does  not  do  so. 


192 


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193 

Bleach  Boiler. 

Manufactured  by  D.  F.   Coghlin,  Jlolyoke,  Mass. 


e  can  get  rid  of  some  of  his  conceit,  lie  will  also 
arn.    The  manufacture  is  conducted  as  follows  : 


in,  uii    euge  01  me  scyuie  uemg  u  om  ner.     w  iiii 
handfuls  of  rags  in  various  directions,  until  the 


Gould's  Improved  Beating  Engine. 

Manufactured  by  Holyoke  Machine  Co.y  IIolyoket  Mass, 


194 


Rag  Engine. 

Manufactured  by  Ilolyoke  Machine  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


horizontal  boiler,  var}ring  from  five  to  eight  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  feet  in  length.  Lime  is  put  in" with  the  rags.  The  boiler  is  rotated 
slowly  for  twelve  hours,  steam  being  introduced  through  the  hollow  journals; 
the  pressure  of  steam  being  kept  up  to  sixty  pounds  during  the  whole  time. 
This  is  4oue  to  soften  and  aid  in  the  disintegration  of  the  rags.  From  the  bleach 
boiler,  the  rags  are  dumped  into  large  boxes  on  trucks,  in  which  they  are  taken 
to  the  Washers,  almost  identical  in  their  operation  and  appearance  with  the 
rag  engine  above.  Indeed,  in  many  mills  the  washing  and  beating  are  done  in 


195 


the  paper  the  desired  tint.  The  mass  is  kept  in  the  beaters  until  it  is  reduced  to 
the  condition  required— usually  about  six  hours.  Then  it  is  discharged  into  the 
"Stuff  Chest"  below. 

For  a  long  time — perhaps  a  century,  more  or  less — there  has  been  little  change 
in  the  general  character  of  the  beating  engine,  except  increase  in  size.  Recently, 
attempts  at  improvement  have  been  made,  and  no\y  the  Gould  Engines  are  gain- 
ing favor  from  their  increased  productiveness,  saving  of  labor  and  even  quality 
of  pulp. 

Gould  Beating  Engine. 

Manufactured  by  Uolyoke  Machine  Co.,  Holyoke%  Mass. 


A  charge  for  the  engine  is  about  60  barrels,  which  is  prepared  for  paper 
machines  in  about  three  hours.  The  centrifugal  force  keeps  the  pulp  in  constant 
motion,  rendering  stirring  by  hand  unnecessary. 

Experiments  made  for  the  Messrs.  Stanwood,  Tower  &  Co.,  at  their  paper  mill 


pounds  of  excellent  paper  was  weighed  off,  while  there  was  a  perceptible  gain  of 
pulp  in  stuff-chest  at  the  close..  Four  40-inch  engines  of  the  ordinary  style  in 
the  same  mill  beating  the  same  stock  were  then  tested ;  with  rolls  hard  down  it 
required  109.64  horse-power  to  drive  them  to  a  speed  of  160  revolutions  per  min- 
ute ;  this  included  shafting  from  wheels  to  the  engines. 


196 


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Sheet  Super  Calender. 

Manufactured  by  Ifolyoke  Machine   Co.,  Jlolyoke^  Mass. 


These  packs  are  then  taken  to  the  Drying  Loft,  separated  into  sheets,  which 
are  hung  evenly  upon  poles  to  dry,  the  loft  being  kept  hot  by  steam.  When 
dried,  the  sheets  are  sent  to  the  finishing  room,  and  are  passed  between  rolls 
under  great  pressure.  The  process  is  called  calendering,  the  Sheet  Calender 
being  used. 

Ordinary  paper  for  writing  or  commercial  purpose  is  cut  into  sheets  known  as 
Flat  Cap,  14xl7£;  Foolscap,  13x16;  Letter,  10x16;  Note,  8  x  10  inches.  These 
sheets  are  counted  into  reams  of  480  sheets  each,  folded,  then  trimmed  in  the 
Trimming  Press.  See  cut,  next  page. 


198 

Trimming  Press,  or  Paper  Cutter. 


Hydraulic  Press. 

Manufactured  by  the  Uolyoke  Machine  Co.,  Holyoke,Mass. 


It  is  then  subjected  in  packages  to  a  pressure  of  several  hundred  tons  to 
Hydraulic  Press. 


199 


Lever  Plater. 

Manufactured  by  Holyoke  Machine  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


After  pressing,  the  packages  are  boxed,  ready  for  delivery. 

A  finer  grade  of  paper,  used  for  wedding  or  fancy  cards,  and  various  purposes, 
is  calendered  in  the  sheet  calender ;  then  placed  between  metal  plates,  and  passed 
between  the  rolls  of  the  Lever  Plater;  then  cut  into  sheets  the  size  required,  and 
boxed  for  shipment. 

Book  paper,  often  quite  fine  and  nice,  is  of  a  somewhat  inferior  grade— often, 
if  not  generally,  made  of  mixed  stock  :  rags  and  wood  pulp,  sized  with  resin  size 
in  the  beating  engine,  instead  of  with  animal  size  in  the  paper  machine. 

The  process  in  the  paper  machine  at  the  commencement  is  the  same  as  before 
described,  but  instead  of  being  divided  into  sheets,  it  goes  in  the  web  through 
the  stack  of  Chilled  Rolls,  J,  near  the  right  end  of  the  machine,  which  give 
what  is  called  "machine  finish."  It  is  reeled  or  rolled,  as  represented  on  the 
Rolls,  K.  If  a  finer  finish  is  desired",  it  is  super-calendered.  (See  cut  on  next 
page.)  It  is  then  divided  into  sheets,  the  size  required,  by  rotating  cutters. 

Newspaper  is  made  of  a  cheaper  grade  of  stock :  ra^s,  ground  wood  pulp, 
straw,  waste  of  various  kinds,  etc. 

Cheap  wrapping  paper  is  also  made  of  straw,  or  something  cheaper. 

The  best  manila  paper  is  made  of  jute,  jute  butts,  old  rope,  hemp,  manila, 
fishing  lines,  etc. 


2  CO 


Web  Super  Calender. 

Manufactured  by  ITolyoke  Machine  Co.,  ITolyoket  Mass, 


Fine  tissue  paper  is  also  made  of  jute,  but  the  process  of  beating  requires 
twenty-four  instead  of  six  hours  in  order  to  disintegrate  the  stock  more  slowly, 
leave  the  fibre  longer,  and  the  product  more  tenacious. 

The  cost  of  a  paper  mill  of  course  depends  upon  circumstances  to  a  certain 
extent.  The  rough  estimate  of  cost  for  a  one-ton  fine  paper  mill  would  be  $75,000 
to  $100,000;  larger  capacity,  in  proportion.  [A  ton  mil]  means  one  capable  of 
producing  a  ton  of  paper  per  day.] 


201 


Whiting  Paper  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass.,  No.  1  Mill. 

4-Ton  Mill,  Fine  Writing  Paper. 

Following  machinery  driven  by  the  main  wheel,  which  by  test  gave  180  h.  p. 

2  1250  pound  washing  engines. 

2  1200  pound  beating  engire  J 

2  800  pound  beating  engines. 

2  6  inch  Littlefield  pumps. 

1  Andrews  pump. 

4  rag  dusters ;  2  rag  boilers. 

1  Elevator,  2  boiler  pumps,  1  engine  lathe,  1  sheet  calendar,  5  rolls,  1  small 

pump,  1  circular  saw  for  box  work. 
Finishing  room  Avheel,  42.92  h.  p. 

Drives  6  5-roll  calendars,  2  platers.  5  ruling  machines,  3  trimming  presses,  1 
elevator,  1  grind  stone. 

These  two  wheels  ^lo  the  work  named,  but  20  horse-power  additional  would  be 
acceptable  on  large  wheel. 

Test  by  Emerson's  Dynamometer. 

Experiment  upon  an  800  pound  paper  engine  for  rag  stock ;  furnished  with  800 
pounds  of  bleached  stock  in  the  evening  of  March  26,  1875,  at  the  Housatonic 
Mill  of  the  Smith  Paper  Co.  at  Lee,  Mass.  The  roll  was  46  inches  long  by  40 
inches  diameter  Experiment  began  with  a  stock  nearly  finished,  which  was 
finished,  discharged  and  the  engine  replenished. 


Time. 

P.  M. 

Rev.  of 

Roll. 

Rev.  of 
Dynamom. 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

7.00 
7.30 
7.35 
7.45 
*9.30 
*9.35 

118 
124 
124 
124 
124 
124 

284 
294 
300 
288 
274 
274 

165 
131 
135 

131 
184 
184 

14.20 
13.45 
1227 
13.17     • 
15.27 
15.27 

*Roll  down  and  stock  half  finished. 


Experiments  upon  a  300  pound  paper  engine  for  rag  stock  :  furnished  with  300 
pounds  of  bleached  stock  on  the  afternoon  of  March  24,  1875.  at  the  Housatonic 
Mill  of  the  Smith  Paper  Co.,  at  Lee,  Mass.  The  Roll  was  33  inches  long  by  28 
inches  in  diameter. 


Time. 

P.  M. 

Rev.  of 
Roll. 

Rev.  of 
Dynamom'r 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

3.50 

131 

230 

28 

1.95 

4.00 

131 

230 

63 

4.39 

4.15 

143 

250 

57 

4.31 

4.20 

149 

260 

73 

5.75 

4.25 

152 

270 

49 

4.00 

5.00 

166 

291 

93 

8.20 

5.05 

150 

264 

93 

7.44 

5.30 

146 

257 

94 

7.31 

6.00 

143 

250 

95 

7.19 

6.45 

149 

260 

104 

8.19 

7.00 

144 

252 

107 

8.17 

7.30 

149 

260 

118 

9.26 

8.00 

126 

220 

119 

7.93 

8.15 

133 

233 

122 

8.61 

8.30 

146 

255 

119 

9.19 

8.45 

149 

261 

105 

8.30 

9.00 

123 

215 

105 

6.84 

9.15 

137 

240 

104 

7.56 

9.30 

150 

264 

101 

8.08 

9.45 

137 

240 

101 

7.34 

10.15 

132 

232 

100 

7.03 

10.30 

137 

240 

26 

1.89 

2O2 


This  machine  is  ordinarily  run  with  a  speed  that  will  deliver  the  paper  at  the 
rate  of  90  feet  per  minute  ;  but  during  these  experiments  it  delivered  61  feet  per 
minute  the  first  experiment  and  78  feet  per  minute  during  the  last  experiment. 

Time. 

F.  M. 

Rev.  of 
Dynamom'r 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

H.  Power  of 
Pump. 

Table 
Power. 

4.00 

4.20 

200 
230 

101 
104 

6.12 
7.26 

2.78 
'     3.56 

8.90 
10.82 

The  main  line  of  shafting  makes  108  revolutions  per  minute  when  90  feet  of 
paper  is  delivered  per  minute.  From  this  main  line  the  agitator,  the  water 
pump  and  the  shaker  at  the  head  of  the  machine  are  driven  a-id  are  not  included 
in  the  test  by  the  Dynamometer ;  but  are  calculated  from  the  speed  and  width  of 
belts  by  which  they  are  driven,  on  the  theory  that  a  belt  1  inch  wide,  running 
1000  feet  per  minute  is  a  horse-power. 

H.P. 

The  Shaker  belt  moves  600  feet  and  is  3  inches  wide,  equals  1800,  1.80 

The  Agitator  belt  moves  329  feet  and  is  4  inches  wide,  equals  1316.          1.32 
The  Pump  belt  moves  251  feet  and  is  6  inches  wide,  equals  1506,  1.50 

4.12 

But  as  this  pump  is  single  acting,  only  acting  during  one-half  of  the  revolu- 
tion, I  have  called  it  two-thirds  of  the  apparent  power  equals  1.00  h.  p.,  and 
deduct  %  a  h.  p.,  then  leaving  4.12  h.  p.  for  the  paper  moving  90  feet  per  minute. 
Then  by  simple  proportion  of  78  to  96  witb  paper  moving  78  feet  por  minute 
equals  3,56  horse  power;  with  paper  moving  61  feet  per  minute  equals  2.78  horse 
power. 

[Copy.]  L.  M.  WRIGHT,  C.  E. 


Holyoke  Paper  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


tney  wouiu  not  run  to  speeu;  alter  running  so  icr  some  years,  tne  Beaters  wer 
altered  or  put  into  better  condition,  so  that  the  wheel  now  gives  a  large  surplu 
of  power.  Mill  makes  fine  writing  paper. 


Test  of  a  72-Inch  Wheel  and  Machinery,  Pitch- 
burg1,  Mass? 


These  experiments  were  made  to  determine  power  required  to  drive  Beating. 
engines,  36-inch  rolls,  paper  and  rag  stock.  Before  testing  the  wheel,  the  speed 
of  the  main  shaft  was  taken  under  different  conditions  to  ascertain  the  power 
required  to  drive  machinery  at  the  following  speeds,  the  water  in  the  pond  being 
one  inch  below  the  lowest  part  of  the  crest  of  the  dam. 

IST  TRIAL.— 3  Engines  beating,  1  washing,  and  all  machinery  attached.  Speed 
of  main  shaft,  120  revolutions  per  minute,  49  h.  p. 

2p  TRIAL.— 2  Engines  beating,  2  washing,  all  machinery  attached.  Speed  of 
main  shaft,  146  revolutions  per  minute,  49  h.  p. 

3D  TRIAL.— 2  Engines  beating,  2  washing  duster  thrown  off.  Speed  of  main 
shaft,  160  revolutions  per  minute,  48.3  h.  p. 

During  the  above  trials  the  head  was  about  14  feet.  The  dynamometer  was 
then  applied  to  the  end  of  main  shaft,  and  the  power  of  the  wheel,  at  nearly 
same  speed,  obtained. 

With  the  flush-boards  off,  leaving  13  feet  head,  under  which  the  wheel  was 
designed  to  give  60  horse-power,  its  power  would  have  been  43.16. 

No  attempt  was  made  to  measure  the  water,  it  simply  took  the  whole  river. 

Capacity  of  Beater  450  pounds. 


203 


Paper  and  Shoemaking  Machinery. 

Report  of  a  test  to  determine  the  power  required  to  run  one  of  the  Rag 
JSngines  at  Bacon's  Paper  Mill,  in  North  Lawrence,  Massachusetts. 

LOWELL,  December  16, 1870 


Number 
of 
Test. 

CONDITION  OF  THE  ENGINE. 

Revolutions 
of  Roll 
per  minute. 

Horce-Power 
indicated 
by  Dynamometer. 

1 

137 

2.5 

2 

Paper  being  put  in  .......... 

149 

7  26 

3 

141 

3.36 

4 

153 

4. 

5 

145 

403 

6 

«i 

147 

4.41 

7 

i 

144 

4.57 

8 

i 

145 

5.19 

9 

i 

153 

5.2 

10 

i           <t 

148 

4.71 

11 

149 

5.08 

12 

147 

5.02 

13 

«            «i 

149 

5.08 

14 

Brushing  the  paper  

149 

3.9 

While  the  paper  was  being  put  in,  the  power  indicated  gradually  rose  from  2.5 
horse-power  to*7. 26  horse-power.  It  stood  at  7.26  horse-power  for  about  three 
minutes,  after  which  it  gradually  fell  to  3.36  horse-power.  From  test  4  to  test  8, 
the  roll  was  gradually  set  down  harder  and  harder.  At  test  No.  7,  the  roll  was 
down  as  hard  as  is  usual  in  making  paper.  At  test  No.  8,  the  roll  was  down 
harder  than  is  common. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
(Signed,)  CHANNING  WHITAKER, 

Mechanical  Engineer. 


Report  of  a  test  to  determine  the  power  required  to  drive  Shoemaking  Machin- 
ery, at  the  State  Prison,  in  Charlestown,  Massachusetts. 

LOWELL,  July  13th,  1871. 
Rodney  S.  Tay,  Esq.,  Treasurer  Tucker  MfgCo.,  Boston  : 

DEAR  SIR  : — On  the  13th  inst.,  I  made  a  test  with  Emerson's  small  Dyna- 
mometer, of  the  power  required  to  drive  Mr.  Blanchard's  Shoemaking  Machinery 
at  the  State  Prison,  in  Charlestown.  In  Mr.  Blanchard's  lower  room  there  are, 
besides  the  counter-shafting,  12  sewing  machines,  2  peggers,  2  skivers.  1  heel 
trimmer,  1  bottom  roller,  1  buffer,  1  roller,  1  splitter.  All  of  the  machinery  is 
not  in  use  at  any  one  time.  But  making  such  allowance  for  this  fact  as  seems  to 
be  fair,  there  is  required  for  driving  the  machinery  and  counter-shafting  in  this 
room,  4.9  horse-power.  In  Mr.  Blanchard's  upper  room,  there  are,  besides  the 
counter-shafting,  2  brushes  and  4  buffers.  There  is  required,  for  driving  the 
machinery  and  counter-shaftiner  in  this  room,  2.3  horse-power.  Making  a  total 
of  7.2  horse-power  used  by  Mr.  Blanchard. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

CHANNING  WHITAKER, 

(Signed,)  Mechanical  Engineer. 

*I  tested  an  ordinary  450  pound  Beater  In  same  mill  that  took  something  over  13  horse  power. 

J.  E. 


204 

[Prom  American  Engineer.] 

A  Man  of  Courage. 

We  publish  elsewhere  a  communication  from  Mr.  James  Emerson  giving 
some  further  facts  in  regard  to  warming  of  railway  cars.  Mr.  Emerson  has 
given  the  last  five  years  of  his  life  to  this  work,  and  so  far,  as  we  believe,  he  is 
the  only  man  who  has  made  extended  experiments  in  heating  by  steam.  He 
is  well  known  as  an  hydraulic  engineer.  What  he  accomplished  in  that  depart- 
ment of  engineering  is  well  told  by  a  writer  in  the  December,  1885,  number  of 
the  Milling  Engineer.  The  writer  says  :— 

It  will  be  sixteen  years  on  April  1st  next,  since  James  Emerson,  an  inventor, 
of  Lowell,  Mass.,  issued  a  small,  one-page  circular,  saying  that  he  had  purchased 
of  the  Swain  Turbine  Company  their  testing  flume,  built  for  the  purpose  of 
privately  testing  their  own  water-wheels,  and  that  he  was  about  to  open  a 
series  of  public  competitive  tests.  It  marked  the  commencement  of  an  era  of 
wonderful  progress  in  turbines. 

Mr.  Emerson  was  a  man  of  irreproachable  integrity.  He  could  not  be 
bribed.  He  was  too  independent  to  be  held  as  the  tool  of  any  one.  He  was 
fearless  in  his  criticisms,  and  many  a  poor  miller  who  had  been  defrauded  by 
some  unprincipled  water-wheel  agent,  rejoiced  to  find  that  at  last  a  man  had 
arisen  who  know  and  was  not  afraid  to  publish  the  truth.  When  he  attacked  a 
certain  water-wheel  builder,  who  circulated  most  elegant  pamphlets,  and  who 
loudly  claimed  that  his  wheel  was  the  best  in  the  country,  and  that  it  had  an 
efficiency  of  90  per  cent  ,  although  in  reality  it  was  worthless, — when  Mr. 
Emerson  drove  him  out  of  hydraulics  into  the  patent  medicine  business,  the 
whole  fraternity  of  water-wheel  users  rejoiced.  When  he  stated  that  the 
wheels  of  several  loud  talking,  ignorant  men  had  so  passed  out  of  use  that 
they  were  more  likely  to  be  found  at  the  junk-shop  than  anywhere  else,  and  of 
a  certain  inventor,  who  claimed  his  wheel  gave  135  per  cent.,  that  he  had  no 
doubt  of  his  sincerity,  but  he  had  much  doubt  of  his  intelligence,  there  was 
great  popular  sympathy  with  a  man  who  could  so  fearlessly  say  what  he  thought. 
The  influence  of  his  tests  was  marvelous.  Nine-tenths  of  the  water-wheels 
brought  to  him  that  first  year  only  gave  three-fourths  of  the  power  which  their 
builders  claimed  and  represented  that  they  would  give.  At  the  present  time 
all  the  leading  water-wheels  honestly  give  the  power  they  claim,  and  the 
reason  is  because  Mr.  Emerson  taught  builders  to  estimate  power  correctly. 
Then  nearly  all  the  leading  firms  claimed  and  published  that  their  turbines 
possessed  the  same  economy  of  water  at  every  stage  of  gate.  None  of  them 
claim  it  now. 

The  influence  of  these  tests  was  beneficial  to  every  honest  builder.  The  first 
wheel  tested  by  the  Stilwell  &  Bierce  Manufacturing  Co.  only  gave  68  percent., 
although  they  honestly  believed  it  could  be  relied  upon  to  give  85.  When  they  dis- 
covered the  truth  they  commenced  experimenting  and  improving  their  wheels 
until  they  gained  records  of  over  90  per  cent.  A  similar  improvement  was 
made  by  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  T.  H.  Risdon  &  Co.,  the  Holyoke  Machine  Co., 
find  many  others.  The  effect  of  his  tests,  in  the  introduction  of  the  best 
forms  of  water-wheels,  was  also  remarkable.  The  attachment  of  a  plate  to  a 
cylinder  gate  to  raise  and  lower  with  the  gate  and  to  form  the  top  of  the 
stationary  water  course  was  then  used  by  no  builder  of  prominence.  Now 
every  firm  building  a  cylinder  gate  wheel  uses  it  to  obtain  good  results  at  the 
part  gate.  He  was  the  first  to  establish  the  fact  that  the  discharge  of  water 
through  a  wheel  of  a  given  diameter  could  be  increased  to  double  the  amount 
then  customary,  without  injuring  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel,  and  now  there  is 
hardly  a  prominent  builder  in  the  country  who  is  not  making  use  of  that  dis- 
covery. 

I  have  not  written  this  article  as  an  eulogy  of  James  Emerson,  but  because 
his  name  is  inseparably  linked  to  the  recent  progress  of  water-wheel  science. 
Like  every  other  prominent  man,  he  was  not  perfect.  The  time  had  come 
when  a  better  water-wheel,  and  more  accurate  information  about  the  weakness 
and  excellencies  of  the  various  systems  in  use,  was  demanded.  Mr.  Francis' 
valuable  formuke,  upon  which  the  whole  system  depended,  were  a  locked-up 
mystery  of  little  benefit  to  the  majority  of  water-wheel  builders.  Location, 
experience,  and  remarkable  fitness  to  the  requirements  of  that  special  work 
made  !Ur.  Emerson  the  means  of  creating  such  an  improvement  in  a  certain 
class  of  machines  as  few  men  have  ever  accomplished. 


205 


Water  Wheels. 

In  treating  of  water-power,  means  for  its  utilization  is  an  important  feat- 
ure to  be  considered.  As  a  motor,  running  or  falling  water  was  used  back 
in  the  earliest  ages  of  which  we  have  authentic  history ;  and  the  various 
devices  employed  for  transmitting  its  power  were  hardly  more  crude  than 
many  that  are  patented  for  the  same  purpose  at  the  present  time.  Volumes 
would  be  required  to  illustrate  and  describe  the  multitudinous  plans  that 
have  been  devised,  but  a  very  few  pages  would  suffice  for  describing  the 
principles  of  all.  Our  country  is  lavishly  supplied  with  this  natural  motive 
power;  and,  as  might  be  expected  from  a  race  so  energetic,  many  devices 
have  been  produced  for  utilizing  it  advantageously.  I  have  before  me  the 
copy  of  a  patent  granted  to  Benjamin  Tyler,  grandfather  of  John  Tyler,  of 
the  well  known  Tyler  wheel,  which  reads  as  follows : — 
By  the  President,  THO.  JEFFERSON. 

JAMES  MADDISON,  Secretary  of  State. 
City  of  Washington— To  wit: 

I  DO  HEREBY  CERTIFY,  that  the  foregoing  Letters  Patent  were  delivered  to  me 
on  the  twelfth  clay  of  March  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
four  to  be  examined;  that  I  have  examined  the  same  and  find  them  conformable  to  law, 
and  I  do  hereby  return  the  same  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  within  fifteen  days  from  the 
date  aforesaid,  to  wit:— on  this  nineteenth  day  of  March  in  the  year  aforesaid. 
LEVI  LINCOLN,  Atty-Gen.  of  the  United  States. 

THE  SCHEDULE  referred  to  in  these  Letters  Patent  and  making  a  part  of 
the  same,  containing  a  description  in  the  words  of  the  said  Benjamin  Tyler 
himself,  of  the  Wry  Fly,  which  may  be  applied  by  wind  or  water  to  various 
machines,  viz. :  Grist  mills,  Hulling  mills,  Spinning  mills,  Fulling  mills, 
Paper  mills,  and  to  the  use  of  Furnaces,  etc. 

The  Wry  Fly  is  a  wheel  which,  built  upon  the  lower  end  of  a  perpendicular 
shaft  in  a  circular  form,  resembling  that  of  a  tub.  It  is  made  fast  by  the 
insertion  of  two  or  more  short  cones,  which,  passing  through  the  shaft, 
extends  to  the  outer  side  of  the  wheel.  The  outside  of  the  wheel  is  made  of 
plank,  jointed  and  fitted  to  each  other,  doweled  at  top  and  bottom,  and 
hooped  by  three  bands  of  iron,  so  as  to  make  it  water-tight ;  the  top  must 
be  about  one-fifth  par 3  larger  than  the  bottom  in  order  to  drive  the  hoops, 
but  this  proportion  may  be  varied,  or  even  reversed,  according  to  the 
situation  of  place,  proportion  of  the  wheel,  and  quantity  of  water.  The 
buckets  are  made  of  winding  timber,  and  placed  inside  of  the  wheel,  made 
fast  by  strong  wooden  pins  drove  in  an  oblique  direction ;  they  are  fitted 
to  the  inside  of  the  tub,  or  wheel,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  an  acute 
angle  from  the  wheel,  the  inner  edge  of  the  bucket  inclining  towards  the 
water,  which  is  poured  upon  the  top,  or  upper  end  of  it,  about  twelve  and 
a  half  degrees ;  instead  of  their  standing  perpendicular  with  the  shaft  of 
the  wheel  they  are  placed  in  the  form  of  a  screw,  the  lower  ends  inclining 
towards  the  water,  and  against  the  course  of  the  stream,  after  the  rate  of 
forty-five  degrees ;  this  however  may  be  likewise  varied,  according  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  place,  quantity  of  water,  and  size  of  the  wheel ;  over 
this  wheel,  and  exactly  fitted  to  the  top  of  it,  is  a  cup,  or  short  cylinder, 
made  fast  and  immovable  by  timbers  connected  with  other  parts  of  the 
building.  Said  Wry  Fly  may  be  used  with  or  without  said  cylinder. 

BENJAMIN  TYLER. 
P.  HENDERSON,  )  ,,r.. 

SAMUEL  HITCHCOCK,     /  Witnesses. 

From  the  description  of  the  Wry  Fly  it  will  be  seen  that,  except  the  chutes, 
it  contained  the  principal  features  of  the  modern  turbine,  the  merits  of 
which  are  due  to  many  minds ;  while  still  greater  skill  is  required  to  bring 
it  to  that  state  of  perfection  it  is  undoubtedly  destined  to  attain.  The 
increasing  importance  of  the  manufacturing  interest  necessitated  the 
improvement  of  devices  for  utilizing  to  the  greatest  possible  extent  the 
water-power  of  the  country.  An  article  suggested  by  the  change  of  wheels 
at  Lowell,  Mass.,  is  here  quoted  from  the  Courier  of  that  city  published  in 
1871. 

"  The  removal  of  the  last  in  the  city  (except  two  or  three  on  the  Concord 
River)  of  the  old-fashioned  and  unwieldy  breast-wheels  suggests  to  us  that 
a  chapter  of  information  on  the  hydraulic  motors  now  in  use  here,  and 
the  history  of  their  improvement  and  adoption,  may  prove  of  interest 


Devices  of  the  Past. 


207 


ing  removed  from  the  mills  of  the  Lawrence  and  Prescott  companies  are  fair 
examples.  These,  generally  known  as  "  breast-wheels,"  are  dependent  fo  their 
useful  effect  simply  upon  the  weight  of  the  water,  admitted  to  the  buckets  near 
the  top,  and  retained  as  long  as  possible,  or  until  nearly  at  the  bottom  of  the 
wheel,  where  its  force  is  spent  and  it  is  discharged.  These  wheels  have  in 
Lowell  been  constructed  of  wood,  and  o;  great  size,  varying  in  diameter  from  13 
to  30  feet,  and  usually  about  12  feet  long.  Wheels  of  this  class  are  still  in  use  to 
a  great  extent,  and  in  rare  instances  reach  the  enormous  size  of  70  feet  in  diame- 
ter. From  the  starting  of  the  first  mill  (Merrimack)  in  1823,  up  to  the  year  1845, 
when  the  number  of  spindles  was  about  one-half  that  present  running,  the  breast- 
wheels  alone  were  in  use,  and  were  considered  the  most  perfect  in  all  respects 
of  the  kinds  generally  known.  But  although  held  in  such  high  estimation,  they 
were  very  extravagant  in  the  use  of  water ;  for  although  the  proportion  of  the 
useful  effect  given  by  the  wheel  to  the  power  expended  sometimes  reached  as 
high  as  75  per  cent. ,  the  average  performance  fell  far  below  this  point,  being  only 
about  60  per  cent.  And  the  importance  of  overcoming  this  radical  defect  becom- 
ing more  and  more  obvious,  improvements  were  gradually  devised  which 
resulted  finally  in  the  invention  of  a  class  of  wheels  known  as  turbines. 

The  word  turbine  is  derived  from  the  Latin  turbo,  which  means  among  other 
things,  a  top ;  and  also,  the  whirlinir  or  spinning  motion  of  a  top.  The  name, 
though  sometimes  given  a  wider  range  of  meaning,  is  properly  applied  to  a 
re-action  wheel  with  vertical  axis.  The  wheel  itself  is  a  French  invention,  dat- 
ing back  to  1830,  or  thereabouts ;  and  it  was  introduced  into  this  country  several 
years  later  by  an  eminent  engineer  of  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  Ellwood  Morris,  who 
built  and  put  in  operation  two  of  these  wheels,  and  published  the  results  of  his 
experiments  upon  them  about  the  year  1843.  The  advantages  of  the  turbine 
vyere  found  to  be  mainly  these ;  a  greater  economy  in  the  use  of  water;  adapta- 
tion to  any  fall;  greater  velocity,  compactness  and  durability,  and  that  it  was 
not  obstructed  by  backwater.  Since  Mr.  Morris'  experiments  there  have 
appeared  before  the  public  almost  innumerable  varieties  of  turbines,  each  inven- 
tor claiming  for  his  wheel  some  advantage  over  all  its  predecessors ;  and  up  to 
the  present  time  several  hundred  patents  nave  been  granted  in  this  country  alone 
for  modifications  and  alleged  improvements  of  the  turbine  as  first  invented. 
Many  of  these  wheels  are  quite  popular,  and  are  in  use  in  small  establishments 
all  over  the  country ;  but  being  roughly  and  cheaply  made,  none  of  them  have 
yet  been  found  to  compare  with  the  original  Fourneyron  turbine  as  improved  by 
the  inventions  of  Uriah  A.  Boyden,  whose  name  is  familiar  to  every  one  who  is 
at  all  acquainted  with  the  history  of  our  city. 

In  1844  Mr.  Boyden  designed  a  75  horse-power  turbine  for  the  Appleton  Com- 
pany's Picker-house,  introducing,  as  has  been  said,  several  changes  of  his  own 
devising.  This  wheel  was  tested  immediately  after  its  completion,  and  found  to 
give  a  useful  effect  of  78  per  cent,  of  the  power  of  the  water.  Encouraged  by 
this  success,  Mr.  Boyden  proceeded  in  1846  with  the  construction,  for  the  same 
company,  of  three  more  turbines  of  190  horse-power  each,  which  upon  being 
similarly  tested  gave  the  remarkable  result  of  a  useful  effect  of  88  per  cent.  In 
experiments  since  that  time  results  have  been  obtained  as  high  as  92  per  cent. ; 
but  it  is  considered  that  a  fair  average  for  these  wheels  is  about  75  per  cent, 
against  60  for  the  breast-wheels  as  above  stated.  From  the  date  of  the  Apple- 
ton  Company's  adoption  of  turbines,  they  have  come  rapidly  into  use;  being 
substituted  for  the  clumsy  affairs  first  used  as  fast  as  the  latter  became  unser- 
viceable from  wear  and  decay. 

One  of  the  advantages  of  the  turbine,  as  already  stated,  lies  in  the  fact  of  its 
occupying  so  much  less  space,  in  proportion  to  the  power,  than  any  other  wheels. 
And  this  will  be  more  fully  realized  when  it  is  considered  that  there  are  in  actual 
use  for  manufacturing  purposes  turbines  of  only  6  inches  diameter  ;  and  though 
these,  it  must  be  owned,  are  rare,  those  of  10  and  12  inches  are  not  unfrequently 
met  with ;  usually  operating,  however,  in  localities  where  the  amount  of  water 
is  limited,  while  the  fall  is  considerable.  Of  the  70  powerful  turbines  in  use  in 
the  mills  of  Lowell,  the  smallest  has  a  diameter  of  5*,  and^the  largest  of  11  feet, 
and  the  capacity  of  a  single  wheel  reaches,  in  several  cases,  675  horse  power. 


208 


209 

The  whole  power  given  by  the  fall  of  the  Merrimack  at  Lowell,  of  33  feet,  is 
estimated  at  about  10,000  horse-power,  the  entire  amount  of  which  is  already 
leased  to  the  corporations.  In  addition  to  this,  there  are  in  the  mills  31  steam- 
engines,  furnishing  5000  horse-power  additional;  and  besides  tbese  sources  there 
are  the  three  falls  of  Concord  River,  the  power  of  which  we  have  no  means  of 
estimating. 


*Fourneyron  Wheel. 


[Extract  from  a  Treatise  on  the  power  of  water,  by  Joseph  Glynn.] 

M.  Fourneyron,  who  began  his  experiments  in  1823,  erected  his  first  turbine  in 
1827,  at  Pont  sur  1'Ognon,  in  France.  The  result  far  exceeded  his  expectations, 
but  he  had  much  prejudice  to  contend  with,  and  it  was  not  until  1834  that  he  con- 
structed another,  in  Franche  Comte  at  the  iron-works  of  M.  Caron,  to  blow  a 
furnace.  It  was  of  7  or  8  horse-power,  and  worked  at  times  with  a  fall  of  only 
9  inches.  Its  performance  was  so  satisfactory  that  the  same  proprietor  had  after- 
wards another  of  50  horse-power  erected,  to  replace  2  water-wheels,  which 
together,  were  equal  to  30  horse- power. 

The  fall  of  water  was  4  feet  3  inches,  and  the  useful  effect,  varied  with  the 
head  and  the  immersion  of  the  turbine,  65  to  80  per  cent. 

Several  others  were  now  erected :  2  for  falls  of  7  feet ;  1  at  Inval,  near  Gisors, 
for  a  fall  of  6  feet  6  inches,  the  power  being  nearly  40-horse,  on  the  river  Epte, 
expending  35  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second,  the  useful  effect  being  71  per  cent, 
of  the  force  employed. 

One  with  a  fall  of  63  feet  gave  75  per  cent. ;  and  when  it  had  the  full  head  or 
column  for  which  it  was  constructed — namely,  79  feet — its  useful  effect  is  said  to 
have  reached  87  per  cent,  of  the  power  expended. 

Another,  with  126  feet,  gave  81  per  cent.;  and  1  with  144  feet  fall,  gave  80 per 
cent. 

At  the  instance  of  M.  Arago,  a  commission  of  inquiry  was  instituted  by  the 
Government  of  France,  for  examining  the  turbine  of  Inval,  near  Paris,  the  total 
fall  of  water  being  6  feet  6  inches,  as  has  been  before  mentioned.  By  putting  a 
dam  in  the  river,  below  the  turbine,  so  as  to  raise  the  tail  water,  and  diminish  the 
head  to  3  feet  9  inches,  the  effect  was  still  equal  to  70  per  cent. ;  with  the  head 
diminished  to  2  feet,  the  effect  was  64  per  cent. ;  and  when  the  head  was  reduced 
to  10  inches,  it  gave  58  per  cent,  of  the  power  expended,  notwithstanding  the 
great  immersion  of  the  machine. 

In  the  year  1837,  M.  Fourneyron  erected  a  turbine  at  St.  Blasier  (St.  Blaise,) 
in  the  Black  Forest  of  Baden,  for  a  fall  or  column  of  water  of  72  feet  (22  metres) . 
The  wheel  is  made  of  cast-iron,  with  wrought-iron  buckets ;  it  is  about  20  inches 
in  diameter,  and  weighs  about  105  pounds ;  it  is  said  to  be  equal  to  56  horse- 
power, and  to  give  an  useful  effect  equal  to  70  or  75  per  cent,  of  the  water  power 
employed.  It  drives  a  spinning-mill  belonging  to  M.  d'Eichtal.  A  second  tur- 
bine, at  the  same  establishment,  is  worked  by  a  column  of  water  of  108  metres, 
or  354  feet  high,  which  is  brought  into  the  machine  by  cast-iron  pipes  of  38 
inches  diameter  of  the  local  measure,  or  about  16>£  inches  English.  The  diame- 
ter of  the  water-wheel  is  14)£,  or  about  13  inches  English,  and  it  is  said  to  expend 
a  cubic  foot  of  water  per  second ;  probably  the  expenditure  may  be  somewhat 
more  than  this. 

The  width  of  the  water-wheel  across  the  pier  is  .225,  or  less  than  a  quarter  of 
in  inch.  It  makes  from  2200  to  2300  revolutions  per  minute;  and  on  the  end  of 

*The  Fourneyron  wheel  receives  the  water  from  the  inside,  discharging  it  outwards.  The  gate,  a 
thin  hoop  somewhat  deeper  than  the  wheel,  is  placed  between  the  chutes  and  wheel,  and  is  opened 
by  being  raised  With  such  an  arrangement,  economical  part  gate  results  are  impossible  ;  and  M. 
Fourneyron  and  many  others  have  made  the  wheel  with  divisions  in  the  buckets  as  shown  in  the 
MacAdam  plan.  The  "quarter  turn"  of  the  Holyoke  Machine  Co.  is  the  invention  of  Mr.  Boyden. 
MacAdam  places  the  wheel  at  the  small  end  of  a  vertical  cone-shaped  tube.  Valentine  and  others 
have  placed  it  in  scroll  and  various  kinds  of  curbs.  It  has  been  constructed  so  as  to  receive  the 
water  from  below  by  many  parties.  It  has  been  made  with  register  gate  inside  of  chutes,  between 
chutes  and  wheel,  and  in  one  case  in  my  experience,  with  two  register  gates,  one  inside  of  chutes,  the 
other  outside  of  wheel.  It  has  been  made  with  short  straight  chutes,  also  long  curved  ones.  It  has 
been  suspended  by  the  upper  end  of  its  shaft  in  various  ways,  instead  of  resting  upon  a  step.  It 
has  been  made  of  iron  in  the  coarsest  and  cheapest  style,  and  of  bronze  at  an  enormous  cost.  It  has 
proved  as  variable  in  useful  effect  as  any  of  the  other  kinds  of  turbines. 


2IO 


The  Boyden  turbine  is  highly  recommended  by  its  builder,  and  is  much 
admired  by  the  corporation  superintendent,  in  kids,  whose  responsibility  is 
remote;  but  the  practical  manufacturer,  who  has  his  own  bills  to  pay,  lets  it 
severely  alone.  As  may  be  seen  by  the  diagrams,  wheels  constructed  upon  any 
of  the  popular  plans  represented  in  this  work,  may  be  made  far  superior  in 
every  respect,  at  one  half  its  cost.  Its  continued  use  is  owing  solely  to  the  low 
state  of  intelligence  in  milling  engineering.  It  is  idle  to  expect  perfection  or 
any  constant  efficiency  in  turbines  until  purchasers  become  sufficiently  awake 
to  their  own  interests  to  be  willing  to  pay  a  fair  price,  and  then  to  insist  upon 
knowing  exactly  what  the  very  wheel  that  is  to  be  purchased  will  do  before 
accepting  it.  The  same  quality  of  workmanship  will  make  any  other  kind  of 
turbine  as  durable  as  the  Boyden. 


211 

the  spindle  »r  upright  shaft  of  the  turbine  is  a  bevelled  pinion,  of  19  teeth,  work- 
inj?  into  tw«  wheels,  on  the  right  and  left,  each  of  which  has  300  teeth.  These  give 
motion  to  the  machinery  of  the  factory,  and  drive  8,000  water  spindles,  roving 
frames,  carding  engines,  cleansers  and  other  accessories.  The  useful  effect  is 
reported  to  be  from  80  to  85  per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  water-power.  The  water 
as  filtered  at  the  reservoir  before  it  enters  the  conduit  pipes ;  and  it  is  important 
to  notice  this,  since  the  apertures  of  discharge  in  the  wheel  are  so  small  as  to  be 
easily  obstructed  or  choked. 

The  water  enters  the  buckets  in  the  direction  of  the  tangent  to  the  last  element 
of  the  guide-curves,  which  is  a  tangent  to  the  first, element  of  the  curved  buck- 
ets. The  water  ought  to  press  steadily  against  the  curved  buckets,  entering 
them  without  shock  or  impulse,  and  quitting  them  without  velocity,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  greatest  useful  effect;  oiherwise  a  portion  of  the  water's  power  must 
be  wasted  or  expended,  without  producing  useful  effect  on  the  wheel. 

It  is  difficult  to  imagine  that  a  machine  so  small  as  this  can  give  motion  to  the 
works  of  a  cotton  mill  on  so  large  a  scale.  Professor  Huhlmann  says,  that  wh<-n 


•eally 
as  it  appeared. 


The  Jonval  Turbine 


[From  J.  E*  Stevenson's  Circular.} 
By  referring  to  our  certificate  on  another  page,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  impossi- 


ments  Here  inserted,  it  will  be  noticed  tnat  the  efficiency  01  the  Jonval  turbine 
depends  not  upon  the  name  "  Jonval,"  neither  upon  the  simple  fact  that  one 
wheel  is  placed  above  another— as  from  6  Jonvals  tested,  but  ONE  gave  90.77  per 
cent.,  that  being  the  one  made  by  us;  wherea*  one  other  gave  only  50.34  per 
cent.,  the  lowest  of  all  tested.  And  why  this  difference?  Simply  because  one 
builder  knew  what  he  was  doing,  and  the  other  did  not.  There  are  many  partit  s, 
purporting  to  manufacture  the  Jonval  turbine,  who  state  in  their  circulars  that 
"  at  a  trial  of  turbine  wheels,  at  Fairmount  Water  Works,  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1859  and  1860,  the  Jonval  wheel  gave  the  highest  percentage  of  all  tested;" 
and  they  would  have  the  public  believe  that  with  their  rough,  unfinished  cast- 
ings, guide  and  bucket  curves,  of  whatever  form  they  may  happen  to  be,  they 
give  this  wonderful  result,  when  none  of  them  possess  more  than  one  feature  of 
the  Jonval  turbine;  and  these  experiments  show  that  a  "Jonval,"  made  by  a 
man  of  experience,  and  tested  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  gave  the 
poorest  result  of  all,  simply  because  he  failed  in  the  application  of  the  principles 
embodied  in  its  construction. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  the  experiments  at  the  Fairmount  Water  Works,  at 
Philadelphia,  in  1859  and  1860,  as  taken"  from  the  report  of  the  Chief  Engineer. 
The  table  explains  itself. 


At  a  trial  of  -water  wheels,  at  Fairmount  Works,  by  order  of  the  Select  and  Common  Council  of 
the  City  of  Philadelphia,  a  Jonval  turbine,  made  by  "  J.  E.  Stevenson,"  of  Paterson,  New  Jersey, 
was  tested  March  9th,  1860,  and  produced  a  co-efficient  of  useful  effect  of  .8777  per  cent,  under  the 
following  circumstance  :  925  pounds  were  raised  25  feet  by  70.25  cubic  feet  of  water  under  a  head 
and  fall  of  6  feet.  To  this  must  be  added  the  friction  of  the  transmitting  machinery,  estimated  at 
3  per  cent.,  making  a  total  useful  effect  of  .9077  of  the  power  employed. 

O.  H.  P.  PARKER, 

Chairman  of  the  Water  Com. 
(SEAL  OF  CITY.) 

HENRY  P.  M.  BIRKINBINE, 

Chief  Engineer. 

In  attestation  of  the  above  signatures  of  O.  H.  P.  Parker  and  Henry  P.  M.  Birkinbine,  I  set  my 
hand  and  affix  the  seal  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  this,  3rd  day  of  April,  1860. 

ALEXANDER  HENRY, 

Mayor  of  Philadelphia. 


212 


Jonval  Wheels,  with  Variations. 


CURTIS.  DELPHOS 


CASE. 


VANDEWATER-BURNHAM. 


Table  of  Experiments. 


NAME  OF  WHEEL. 

Kind  of 
Wheel. 

Per  cent, 
of  effect. 

3  per  ct. 
added 
for 
friction. 

Where  Built. 

Stevenson's  2nd  wheel  
Geyeliu's  2nd  wheel  
Andrews  &  Kalbach's  3rd 

Jonval.. 
Jonval.  . 

.8777 
.8210 

8197 

.9077 
.8510 

8497 

Paterson,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Collins'  2nd  wheel  
Andrews  &  Kalbach's  2nd 
wheel  
Smith's  Parker's  4th  trial...  . 
Smith's  Parker's  3rd  trial  ... 
Stevenson's  1st  wheel  
Blake  
Tyler  

Jonval.. 

Spiral... 
Spiral... 
Spiral... 
Jonval.. 
Scroll... 
Scroll  .  . 

.7672 

.7591 
.7569 
.7467 
.7335 
.7169 
7123 

.7972 

.7891 
.7869 
.7767 
7635 
.7469 
7423 

Troy,  N.  Y. 

Bernville,  Pa. 
Reading,  Pa. 
Reading,  Pa. 
Paterson,  N.  J. 
East  Pepperell,  Mass. 
West  Lebanon  N  II 

Geyelin's  1st  wheel  
Smith's  Parker's  2nd  wheel., 
l^lerchant's  Goodwin  

Jonval.  . 
Spiral... 
Scroll 

.6799 
.6726 
6412 

.7099 
.7026 
6712 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Reading,  Pa. 
Guilford  N.  Y. 

Mason's  Smith  
Andrew's  1st  wheel  
Rich  
Littlepage  

Scroll... 
Spiral.  .  . 
Scroll... 
Spiral.  .  . 
Scroll... 

.6324 
.6205 
.6132 
.5415 
.5359 

.6624 
.6505 
,6432 
.5715 
.5659 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Bernville,  Pa. 
Salmon  River,  N.  Y. 
Austin,  Texas. 
Worcester,  Mass. 

Collins'  1st  wheel  

Jonval  .  . 

.4734 

.5034 

Troy,  N.  Y. 

Turbine  builders  may  object  to  my  classification  of  the  various  wheels  repre- 
sented  upon  the  opposite  page ;  but  because  M.  Jonval  defined  certain  lines  for  a 
turbine,  he  no  more  proved  that  those  lines  covered  the  principle  than  he  would 
have  proved  that  the  only  place  to  walk  upon  a  street  is  exactly  three  feet  from 
its  centre  on  a  line  parallel  therewith,  had  he  defined  such  a  line.  The  wheel 
itself  was  common  and  known  as  the  Tub  wheel.  Two  wheels  made  upon 
the  Wry-Fly  specification,  placed  one  above  the  other,  would  have  covered  the 
plan  of  M.  Jonval;  placing  a  fixed  wheel  above  the  wheel  proper  would 
have  little  originality  unless  done  before  any  other  builder  had  made  an  applica- 
tion of  chutes  to  turbines.  The  experiments  of  D.  P.  Blackstone,  show  plainly 
that  the  vertical  part  of  the  buckets  of  the  Vandewater-Burnham  wheel,  repre- 
sented with  the  others,  is  of  little  practical  utility;  indeed,  the  vertical  part  of 
such  buckets  have  often  been  proved  to  be  decidedly  injurious.  Wheels  con- 
structed  in  that  way,  however,  render  it  more  convenient  to  apply  the  water 
economically  at  part  gate.  Many  plans  for  gates  have  been  tried  with  the 
Jonval,  but  none  that  has  not  in  some  way  proved  objectionable.  Many  have 
been  made  without  any  gate,  simply  letting  the  water  on  from  the  head  gate  of 
flume.  Geyelin  of  Philadelphia  has  a  telescopic  tube  below  the  wheel,  the  bot- 
tom thereof  being  lowered  to  the  apron  beneath,  in  order  to  stop  the  water. 
Wicket  gates  have  also  been  tried  in  a  tube  below  the  wheel,  but  both  plans 
cause  an  extravagant  use  of  water,  unless  the  wheel  runs  at  whole  gate.  "  Out- 
side register  gates  "  are  the  most  common ;  these  also  render  it  impossible  to 
economize  water  at  part  gate.  The  inside  register,  like  that  of  Gates  Curtis  is 
far  better  in  that  way,  but  like  the  other  register  gates  itVorks  hard.  Down- 
ward discharge  wheels  were  objected  to  because  they  were  supposed  to  press 
heavily  upon  the  step ;  such  an  idea  could  only  have  gained  a  place  through 
very  superficial  reasoning,  for  if  75  or  80  per  cent,  of  the  weight  of  the  water 
forced  the  wheel  ahead,  the  balance  of  the  weight  could  only  press  down  upon 
the  step,  whether  downward,  central  or  outward  discharge, 


214 


Perpetual  Motion. 


For  ages  past  the  above  idea  has  been  the  constant  dream  of  a  certain  class  of 
minds,  and  is  as  prevalent  to-day  as  in  the  past.  To  save  such  minds  from  the 
trouble  of  re-inventing  for  the  thousandth  time  the  same  old  wornout  devices,  a 
few  of  the  most  common  are  here  sufficiently  illustrated  to  show  those  engaged 
in  such  efforts  that  their  plans  are  old.  It  is  rather  singular  that  such  hydraulic 
geniuses  almost  invariably  select  the  poorest  kind  of  wheels  to  be  combined,  in 
order  to  get  175  per  cent,  from  a  double  use  of  the  water.  The  plan  of  Mr. 
Jones  only  contemplated  increased  capacity  for  diameter  and  part  gate  economy, 
but  his  plans  have  long  been  abandoned  by  more  intelligent  builders. 


Little  Giant. 


George  H.  Jones,  Auburn,  N.  Y. 


"Our  wheel  discharges  its  water  inward,  downward  and  outward,  and  dis. 
charges  as  much  inward  as  any  central  discharge  wheel  of  same  diameter ;  as 
much  outward  as  a  Fourneyron,  and  downward  as  much  as  any  Jonval,  &c.,  &c." 

There  is  not  the  slightest  reason  to  doubt  the  abilitv  of  such  devices  to  discharge 
an  abundance  of  water,  but  years  of  experience  and  demonstrations  by  decisive 
tests  prove  beyond  chance  for  dispute  that  all  double  arrangements  ai  e  less 
effective  than  simple  single  turbines.  Various  kinds  have  been  tested  and  inva- 
riably with  the  same  results ;  the  sinsrle  wheel  has  proved  the  best  in  every  way. 
The  Leffel  turbine  has  been  continued  in  its  original  form  simply  because  all  the 
claims  hinge  upon  the  use  of  the  double  wheel,  and  to  give  up  tnat  would  invali- 
date  the  whole  patent. 


215 
Double  "Wheels. 


DEVICE  BROUGHT  PROM  MEX- 
ICO. Barker  Mill  discharging 
into  a  Fourneyron  wheel;  con- 
nected  by  gears  same  as  Wyn- 
koop ;  small  gear  on  rim  of  the 
funnel. 


Same  device  used  in  a  tanning 
mill.    See  Weisbach. 


The  Plan  Represented  below  has  caused  the  Expenditure 
of  much  Time  and  Money. 


The  plan  consists  simply  of  placing  several  Jonval  wheels  in  a  tube,  one  above 
another,  each  pair  rotating  in  opposite  directions.  H.  Twitchell  of  Pulaski,  N. 
Y.,  furnished  a  set  for  trial,  three  wheels;  the  upper  one  stationary,  acting  as 
chutes ;  the  two  beneath  rotating  in  opposite  directions,  being  connected  together 
by  pears,  hollow  and  solid  shaft,  arranged  the  same  as  those  connecting  Wynkoop 
wheels.  First  test  was  with  upper  wheel,  lower  wheel  removed. 


Test  of  upper  wheel  with  lower              Test  of  the  two  wheels  connected 
wheel  removed.                                            by  gears. 

Head. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Head. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

18.59 

6.96 

353.04 

.5615 

18.49 

4.9T 

325.12 

.4486 

2l6 
Xu   3D.   "WTTlsriCOOIF'S 

Double  Power  Water  Wheel 


Patented  January  30,  1866* 


In  this  improvement  we  have  a  device  for  combining  wheels  driven  by  the 
force  of  running  water,  and  also  by  the  weight  of  the  fluid,  both  acting  in  the 
same  direction,  and  the  latter  using  the  water  which  has  already  given  power 
to  the  former. 

Fig.  1  shows  the  external  appearance  of  the  case  of  the  wheel,  and  Fig.  2 
the  two  motors  with  their  gearing.  The  stream  is  received  at  A,  Fig.  1,  and, 
by  the  spiral  form  of  the  case,  is  forced  to  receive  a  rotary  motion  as  in  the 
common  Turbine.  This  water  acts  directly  on  the  buckets,  B,  Fig.  2,  which 
radiate  from  the  center.  They  are  connected  to  a  hollow  shaft,  which  carries 
the  large  bevel  gear,  C,  gearing  into  the  pinion,  D,  on  the  horizontal  shaft. 

Passing  through  the  inside  of  this  main  shaft  is  the  shaft,  E,  to  which  the 
scroll  wheel,  F,  is  secured  at  the  bottom,  and  a  bevel  gear,  smaller  than  C,  at 
the  top.  This  gear  meshes  with  the  pinion,  G,  on  the  horizontal  shaft.  After 
the  water,  by  its  rotary  force,  has  done  its  work  on  B,  it  falls  and  operates  F, 
giving  it  twice  the  speed  of  B.  By  this  combination  we  claim  that  this  device 
has  twice  the  power  of  an  ordinary  wheel  with  the  same  weight  and  force  of 
water.  It  has  been  tested  by  practical  men  with  even  greater  results.  There 
is  now  one  of  these  wheels  in  successful  operation  in  the  machine  shop  of 
Messrs.  CLAPP  &  HAMBLIN'S,  of  this  City,  who  have  the  exclusive  right 
for  the  manufacture  of  the  same  in  this  State,  and  the  public  are  invited  to 
call  and  test  it  for  themselves.  The  proprietors,  L.  D.  Wynkoop  and  S.  P. 
Stone,  are  now  prepared  to  negotiate  with  any  responsible  parties  for  the 
right  to  manufacture  the  same  in  any  State  of  the  Union.  In  offering  this  to 
the  public,  we  are  aware  that  the  cry  of  humbug  will  be  made,  but  we  guaran- 
tee all  we  claim  for  it,  and  we  wish  no  one  to  engage  in  it  until  he  is  satisfied 
that  what  we  claim  is  tikie.  Any  inquiries  addressed  to  the  proprietors,  at 
Owosso,  Mich.,  will  be  promptly  attended  to. 

L.  D.  WYNKOOP. 
S.  P.  STONE. 

We  the  undersigned  have  seen  the  Wynkoop  Wheel  in  operation  and  be- 
lieve it  to  be  all  the  inventor  claims  for  it. 

J.  B.  BAKNES,  Mayor,  JAMES  W.  STEDMAN, 

A.  BARTLETT,  City  Marshal,  P.  M.  ROWELL, 

E.  D.  GREGORY,  J.  H.  CHAMPION, 

C.  W.  CLAPP  &  CO.,  EDWARD  SMITH,  Machinist, 

D.  R.  STONE,  A.  J.  PATTERSON, 
N.  McBAIN,                                              C.  A.  BALDWIN, 
GREEN  &  LEE,  Editors  "  Press,"       E.  SALSBURY, 
DANIEL  LYON,                                       H.  S.  GALUSHE, 
WILLIAM  FLETCHER,  C.  OSBURN. 


CERTIFICATE: 

the  experiments  performed  with  the  Wyjikoop  Wheel  in  the 
Foundry  of  Messrs.  Clapp  &  Hamblin  of  this  city,  I  find  it  to  utilize  more  than 
175  per  cent,  of  the  absolute  weight  of  water  used;  probably  nearer  200. 
This  I  regard  as  no  violation  of  the  principle  laid  down  in  our  natural  philos- 
ophy, viz:  that  no  wheel  can  be  invented  which  will  utilize  100  per  cent.,  as 
the  wheel  in  question  is  not  a  single  one,  but  such  a  combination  of  wheels, 
as  can  not  fail  to  give  a  vast  increase  of  power. 

I.  C.  COCHRAN,  Principal  of  Owosso  Union  School. 
HENRY  GOULD,  Millwright,  Owosso  City. 


217 

WYNKOOP'S 


DOUBLE 


EFFICIENCY  CLAIMED  IN  TABLES. 


EFFICIENCY  OBTAINED  BY  TEST. 


Head  in 
feet. 

Horse 
Power, 

Cubic  ft. 
Disch'd. 

Percent- 
age. 

Head  in 
feet. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 
Disch'd 

Percent- 
age. 

15 

36.18 

944 

135 

15.12 

36.51 

2318.23 

.5513 

The  debut  of  this  wheel  furnished  ample  proof  th;it  "  Perpetual  Motion"  the- 
cries  take  as  readily  with  those  ranking  with  the  learned,  as  with  those  having 
little  knowledge  of  books.  Several  College  Professors,  (one  at  the  head  of  a 
State  Board  of  Education,)  endorsed  the  claims  of  Mr.  Wynkoop,  furnished 
means  to  develop  the  merits  of  his  device,  and  were  present  at  its  test  and 
quietus. 


218 


The  Economy  Water  Wheel. 


COMPLETE  AND    READY  FOR  SETTING  UP. 

We  offer  a  challenge  of  $1000  to  the  country  to  pro- 
duce  a  Turbine  Water  Wheel  of  same  diameter  and  under 
same  fall  that  will  furnish  one-half  as  much  power  as  our 
wheel. 

Fulton,  Myers  &  Co., 

SOLE  MANUFACTURERS, 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 


The  Great  Compound  I.-X.-L.— 
Turbine  Water  Wheels. 


JOSEPH  HOUGH,  Sole  Patentee, 

BUCKINGHAM  P.  O.,  BUCKS  Co.,  PA. 


WM.  B.  SMITH, 
LKWELLBJT  FRIES, 
BAMVBL  DEHAVEX, 


JOHN  C.  VANDERGRIFT, 
JAMES  M.  VANDBKGRIFT, 
Eu  DOAN. 


My  father  was  a  practical  miller  and  a 
thorough  millwright;  he  contended  that 
there  was  no  water  wheel  then  in  existence 
that  utilized  but  a  little  over  half  the  power 
of  the  water  that  passed  over,  under,  or 
through  any  water  wheel  in  use  ;  and  how  to 
utilize  this  lost  power  was  a  difficult  prob- 
lem to  an  inventive  mind  to  solve  ;  neverthe- 
less, perseverance  and  a  determination  to 
conquer  all  obstacles  in  the  way,  J  finally 
invented  and  completely  overcame  this  great 
difficulty,  the  utilizing  of  this  otherwise  lost 
power  of  water.  I  will  give  a  complete 
description  of  the  construction  and  action  ol 
the  water  on  my  Double  liight  and  Left 
Reacting  Turbine  Water  Wheels  The  one- 
half  diameter  of  their  dze  OTO  Mocked  or 
filled  up  in  the  centre,  Jo  cause  u..  water  by 
a  tapering  centre,  a  suitable  height  above  the 
chutes,  to  spread  all  around  from  the  inlets 
above,  striking  every  buchct  at  the  same 
time,  at  the  farthest  part  from  the  wheel's 
centre,  at  the  point  of  the  vhrel  where  the 
water  exerts  the  greatest  fom  and  power. 
The  chutes  and  also  the  buckets  of  both 
water  wheels  are  straight  blades,  set  at  an 
angle  of  45  degrees,  that  the  current  of  water 
from  the  chutes  above  may  strike  the  buckets 
of  the  upper  wheel  squarely  at  right  angles, 
and  as  these  buckets  recede  fror.i  the  force  of 
the  current,  the  water  escapes  off  these 
blades  with  still  greater  force  by  adding  the 
second  wheel  of  the  same  cvrncnsiors  imme- 
diately under  the  first,  .vjth  blades  set  also  at 
45  degrees  in  an  opposite  direction  to  again 
receive  this  otherwise  lost  force  of  the  cur- 
rent of  water,  turning  said  wheel  to  the  left 
hand.  This  is  the  important  feature  in  my 
great  improvement  on  all  single  turbines,  by 
utilizing  this  otherwise  lost  force,  utilizing 
the  water  twice  over. 

Smith's  Upper   Spring   Valley  Mils. 

This  is  to  certify,  that  the  undersigned, 
millers  and  millwrights  of  Buckingham,  were 
present  at  the  testing  trial  of  J.  Hough's 
Grca'  Compound  I.-X.-L.  Double  Right  and 
Left  Reacting  Turbine  Water  Wheels,  and  we 
are  free  to  say,  they  far  exceeded  our  most 
sanguine  expectations  by  doing  one-third 
more  work  with  the  same  amount  of  water  as 
it  takes  for  the  old  ordinary  single  turbine 
water  wheel.  This  we  were  eye  witnesses  to. 


219 


Efficiency  of  Turbines. 


In  reporting  the  efficiency  of  the  many  water  wheels  brought  to  be  tested  dur- 
ing the  past  ten  years,  it  has  been  a  very  difficult  matter  to  suit  all  that  have 
been  interested,  yet  no  builder  has  ever  expressed  a  doubt  that  any  other  builder 
has  ever  received  a  less  favorable  report  than  he  deserved ;  but  in  their  own  par- 
ticular  case  something  a  little  more  favorable  should  have  been  said,  or  some- 
thing unfavorable  left  unsaid.  Thousands  have  asked  my  advice  in  turbine 
matters,  and  many  hundreds,  if  not  thousands  of  turbines  hare  been  selected 
upon  the  advice  given ;  yet  not  a  single  complaint  has  ever  been  made  that  the 
wheel  recommended  proved  unworthy  of  the  recommendation,  nor  in  the  ten 
years,  has  a  wheel  that  I  have  reported  poor,  proved  by  practical  use  to  be  pood. 
Time  will  determine  whether  my  opinions,  statements  and  reports  relative  to 
turbine  matters  have  been  well  founded,  and  to  that  decision  I  am  willing  to 
trust. 

In  making  up  the  following  reports,  my  purpose  has  been  more  to  aid  builders 
in  selecting  the  best  plans  than  to  sell  wheels  constructed  upon  any  of  those 
now  existing;  to  do  so,  requires  a  knowledge  of  the  lowest  as  well  as  of  the 
highest  results  obtained  by  test  of  each,  and  such  are  given. 

The  extreme  variations  in  the  results  obtained  from  every  kind  tested,  should 
convince  purchasers  that  there  is  no  certain  way  of  procuring  a  good  turbine 
otherwise  than  by  testing,  before  acceptance,  as  they  would  do  if  purchasing  a 
horse. 

The  wheel  of  B.  J.  Barber  might  properly  have  been  placed  in  the  group  with 
the  Wynkoop  and  others  of  that  class— not  that  Mr.  Barber  believed  in  perpet- 
ual motion  or  175  per  cent,  wheels ;  but  he  believed  that  an  um-xpended  force 
remained  in  the  water  discharged  by  any  single  turbine,  and  that  that  force 
could  be  utilized  by  adding  a  second  wheel  below  the  first,  His  plan,  however, 
carried  out  as  shown,  simply  produces  the  ordinary  downward  discharge  wheel. 
Mr.  Barber  erred  in  using  the  cejitral  discharge  at  all,  for  much  better  results  are 
possible  with  the  plain  downward  discharge  than  can  be  obtained  from  the  cen- 
tral, or  his  combination. 

The  other  wheels  with  double  discharge,  reported  in  the  following  pages,  such 
as  the  Swain,  Leffel,  Eclipse,  Angell,  Walsh  and  others,  were  so  constructed, 
under  the  expectation  of  obtaining  increased  capacity  for  a  given  diameter, 
but  a  comparison  with  the  capacity  of  recent  plans  will  show  that  such  expecta- 
tions were  not  well  founded. 


22O 


A.  M.  Swain,  North  Chelmsford,  Mass. 


SWAIN    TURBINE. 


ins 


about  starting  the  testing  system.    Quite  a  number  oi 
size  from  18  to  42  inches  in  diameter  have  been  tested. 


Test  of  a  21-inch. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Uev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

?er 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

17.91 

300 

281 

25.55 

936.55 

.8072 

Part  Gate.  

18.25 

275 

282.5 

23  54 

864  94 

7902 

ii 

18  34 

230 

280  5 

19  55 

742  22 

7611 

<« 

18.44 

165 

241.5 

12.08 

562.20 

.6175 

221 


222 


C.  B.  Walsh's  Double  Turbine,  Waupaca,  Wis 


Test  of  a  35-inch  wheel. 


Test  of  a  13-iuch  wheel. 


Head.  |   Rev. 

H.  P. 

Cub.ft.(P,rCt, 

Head. 

Rev, 

H.  P. 

Cub  ft. 

Per  Ct. 

17.97 

166 

61.19 

2298 

.784 

18.18 

368.5 

9.49 

508 

.544 

18.09 

154.5 

56.18 

1980 

.830 

18.28 

410 

9.93 

443 

.649 

18.22 

151.5 

44.76 

1564 

,833 

18.37 

377 

8.00 

355 

.650 

18.33 

156.5 

35.56 

1291 

.800 

18.41 

394 

8.09 

346 

.672 

18.49 

151 

24.02 

935 

.735 

18,51 

420 

6.36 

275 

.661 

1857 

154.5 

17.55 

755 

.663 

18.52 

409 

6,20 

271 

.656 

18.68 

152 

10.36 

5-23 

.562 

18.56 

410 

5.59 

257 

.618 

Wetmore  Wheel,  Upham  Machine  Co.,  Qlaremont,  N.  H. 


Test  of  a  36-inch,  Sept,  17, 1873. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

17.94 
17.98 
18.09 
18.18 
18.28 

810 
650 
450 
320 
150 

146 
143.5 
151 
141 
143,5 

63.76 
42.40 

30.88 
20.51 

9.78 

1913.68 
1794  63 
1441.34 
1201.11 
946.76 

.8291 
.6959 
.6270 
.4975 
.2970 

Part  Gate,  

«       « 

«       «             

Test  of  an  18-inch,  Sept.  29,  1876. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.69 
18.71 
18.79 

18.82 

150  . 
120 
75 
60 

303 
307 
305 
292.5 

13.77 
11.16 
6.93 
5.31 

501.32 
423.66 
304.45 
262.16 

.7781 
.7454 
.6414 
.5699 

Part  Gate,  

"             

Same  wheel,  buckets  having  been  chipped. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.71 

150 

320.6. 

14.57 

507.41 

.8125 

18.87 

80 

304 

7.46 

323.50 

.6632 

18.90 

55 

313.5 

5.22 

26318 

.5577 

Test  of  a  24-inch,  Oct.  2,  1876. 


18.34 
18.58 
18.66 

350 
185 
135 

228 
230 
229.5 

24.18 
12.89 
9.35 

960.21 
582.25 
483.83 

.7270 
.6300 
.5611 

Second  test  of  same,  buckets  having  been  chipped. 

Whole  Gate  

18.30 
18.49 
18.67 

360 
225 
100 

249.5 
234.5 
237.6 

27.21 
15.98 
7.20 

963.51 
671.85 
424.49 

.8170 
.6810 
.4810 

Test  of  a  48-inch,  Oct.  5, 1876. 


10.15 

1350 

83.5 

51.23 

3713.65 

.7195 

Part  Gate,  

11.06 

1100 

80.5 

40.25 

3201.64 

.6018 

« 

10.63 

700 

83 

26.41 

2354.21 

.5588 

«•          

11.02 

400 

82 

14.90 

1827.39 

.3834 

223 
Perry  Turbine. 


Perry  &  Taylor,  Bridgton,  Maine. 


Downward  discharge,  with  inside  register  gate.  Messrs.  Perry  &  Taylor  hare 
provided  themselves  with  apparauls  for  testing  their  wheels  before  delivery,  and 
guarantee  the  results  furnished  at  each  sale. 


Sept.  1,  1877. 

Head. 

Rev'n 
Per  Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

13.12 

271 

6.15 

300.65 

.8288 

13  12 

247  3 

6  18 

302  70 

.8223 

«         « 

13  12 

274 

6.22 

300.65 

.8382 

"          "       

13.13 

303.7 

6.21 

299.29 

.8382 

Part  Gate,  

13.22 
13  31 

261 

248  5 

4.74 
3  38 

246.85 
191  31 

.7703 
.7039 

.;          u 

13.33 

280.5 

3.18 

184.13 

.6871 

SECOND  WHEEL. 


WJ 

lole  G 

ate,  

11.80 
11.78 
11.77 
11.76 
11.74 
11.73 

162.5 
158 
154 
151 
145.7 
141.5 

19.94 
20.11 
20.30 

20.59 
20.53 
20.58 

1086.89 
1093.57 
1090.23 
1100.25 
1110.30 
1115.34 

.8246 
.8280 
.8390 
.8440 
.8354 
.8343 

Pa 

ct  Gat 

12.13 
11.98 
12.06 
12.23 
12.36 
12.42 

150 
164 
150.5 
151.5 
148 
139 

10.52 
11.18 
11.97 
8.60 
6.39 
4.73 

709.16 
762.55 
*  780.61 
628.50 
525.33 
464.96 

.6486 
.6492 
.6589 
.5887 
.5221 
.4341 

224 

O.  G.  Mullikin,  Lansing,  Iowa. 


Test  of  wheel,  28  inches  in  diameter, 
the  buckets  extending  to  edge  of  the 
crown  plate,   and  filling  bore  of  curb. 
(The  first  test  in  all  of  the  tables  is  at 
whole  crate;    the  others  at  part  gate.) 
The  following  results  were  obtained. 

Buckets  cut  to  line  3,  third  test. 

Head. 

Rev. 

H.P. 

Cub.  ft. 

Per'tge 

1802 
18.22 
18.32 

18.46 
18.62 

18.48 

135.5 
136.5 
138.5 
136 
132 
133 

63.71 
62.04 
56.65 
43.27 
30.60 
19.64 

2389 
2276 
2075 
1671 
1319 
969 

.7837 
.7919 
.7891 
.7442 
.6594 
.5809 

Head. 

Rev. 

H.P. 

Cub.  ft. 

Per'tge 

18.54 
18.55 
18.59 
18.65 
18.73 
18.83 
18.96 

178.5 
188 
189.3 
182.5 
183.5 
181.8 
186 

30.32 
29.64 
28.65 
24  72 
20.69 
14.71 
9,90 

108X39 
1038  32 
960.35 
818.23 
689.91 
513.39 
358.68 

.7950 
.8141 
.8492 
.8569 
.8470 
.8049 
.7702 

30-inch  wheel,  buckets  online  1. 

Head. 

Rev. 

H.P. 

Cub.  ft.  Per'tge 

18.65 
18.65 
18.70 

18.77 
18.84 

194.5 
199.2 
196.5 
190.5 
193 

32.71 
28.97 
25.42 
19.48 
15.35 

1188 
1081 
965 
811 
799 

.7824 
.7621 
.7740 
.6772 
.5399 

~~The~~next   trial    was    with    a  44-inch 
wheel,  with  buckets  of  different  curve 
or  pitch  from  those  of  the  28-inch. 

Buckets  chipped  to  line  2,  re-tested. 

Head. 

Rev. 

II.  P. 

Cub.  ft. 

Jer'tge 

Head. 

Rev. 

H.P. 

Cub.  ft. 

Per'tge 

18  16 

18  27 
18.37 

18.48 
18  67 

125 
127 
121.5 
120 
125 

48.PO 
40.41 
33.13 
23.45 
11.36 

1904 
1735 
1504 
1187 
764 

.7157 
.6754 
.6353 
.5660 
.4125 

18.74 
18.58 
18.70 
18.77 

205 
200 
199 
202 

37.27 
26.36 
15.82 
10.55 

1218 
982 
699 
549 

.8646 
.7649 
.6405 
.4941 

The  b 
line  mai 
Head. 

uckets  were  then    cut  away  to 
ked  2,  and  again  tested. 

Buckets  of  28-inch  chipped  to  line  2,  and 
again  tested. 

Rev. 

H.P. 

Cub.  ft. 

Per'tge 

Head 

Rev. 

H.P. 

Cub.  ft.  Per'tge 

18.06 
18.07 
1817 
18.29 
18.44 
18.58 

133.5 
137.5 
131.5 
135.5 
136.3 
137.5 

63.71 
60.93 
53.79 
44.33 
30.47 
20.00 

2435 
2326 
2048 
1759 
1370 
1021 

.7670 
.7676 
,7652 
.7295 
.6490 
.5594 

18  48 
18.50 
18.53 
18  60 
18.68 
|    18.80 

171 
179 
178 
175 
172.5 
179 

30.70 
29.29 
28.31 
24.59 
17.66 
10.57 

1189.57 
1184.49 
1074.58 
934-59 
729.08 
498.86 

.7393 
.7077 
.7489 
.7489 
.6865 
.5967 

225 

Collins'  Wheel. 


Manufactured  by  J.  P.  Collins  &  Co.,  Norwich.  Conn. 


[FROM  MT  FOURTH  ANNUAL  RBPORT.] 

Is  local  in  reputation  and  only  made  to  order.  A  24-inch,  bra«s  bucket,  nicely 
finished  wheel  in  a  curb  similar  to  the  above  was  sent  to  me  to  be  tested.  The 
sender  stated  that  $900,  had  been  paid  for  it  and  that  Mr.  Collins  had  sold  it  as 
the  very  best  he  could  make.  Mr.  Collins  was  notified  of  the  matter  wiih  the 
time  fixed  for  the  trial.  Two  days  in  advance  he  put  in  an  appearance,  very 
plea-antly  remarking:  "  1 acknowledge  the  right  of  every  purchaser  to  ascertain 
by  actual  trial  the  value  of  any  wheel  purchased  ;"  he  further  stated,  that  he 
had  brought  his  overalls  i'n  order  to  put  the  wheel  in  order  if  it  was  not  in  good 
condition.  Indeed,  he  was  very  genial,  and  one  may  judge  of  my  surprise  the 
next  morning  when  just  as  the  wheel  was  deposited  at  my  flume,  Mr.  Col- 
lins, accompanied  by  sheriff,  three  or  four  appraisers,  and  other  appurtenances  of 
the  law,  stepped  in  with  a  writ  of  replevin  and  demanded  the  wheel.  As  I  knew 
the  purchaser  had  offered  to  sell  it  for  a  third  of  its  price,  I  thought  it  an  excel- 
lent sale,  and,  of  course,  made  no  unnecessary  objections,  but  recalled  to  Mr. 
Collins  his  acknowled  Cement  of  th^  right  of  purchaser,  to  ascertain  the  value  of 
wheel  pu  chased;  and  was  met  with  the  statement  that  that  particular  wheel  was 
not  his  present  wheel  at  all;  that  he  did  not  make  such  nov?;  that  he  had  no 
objection  to  his  regular  wheel  being  tested,  &c.,  &c.  Now,  at  the  Philadelphia 
test,  1860,  Mr.  Collins  produced  the  wheel  that  gave  the  lowest  result  of  all,  or 
about  47  per  cent.,  as  reported  there,  and  as  the  wheel  sent  here  was  made  some- 
where  about  two  years  since,  it  becomes  a  rather  interesting  point  to  ascertain 
when  he  commenced  to  make  good  wheels. 


226 
.American  Turoine. 


227 

MANUPAOTUBKD  BY 

Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio. 


Test  of  a  36-inch  Dayton  wheel,  Nov.  20, 1872. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

-Per- 
cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

19.00 

750 

144 

49  09 

1780  14 

768 

Part  Gate,  

19.11 

615 

140  3 

39  22 

1350  02 

804 

19  21 

500 

139  7 

31  44 

1123  75 

77ft 

<«      « 

19.30 

350 

146.5 

23.31 

888.29 

.719 

November  13, 1873,  36-inch  wheel. 


18.36 

600 

137  5 

37  50 

1440  20 

7501 

«           <! 

18  46 

450 

148 

30  27 

1174.  Q9 

7J/M1 

"           "          

18.66 

290 

137.5 

18.12 

790.83 

.6496 

June  11, 1873,  48-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate,  
'art  Gate,  

18.10 
18.18 

1530 
1320 

107.7 
109 

99.86 
87  20 

3514.90 
3068  46 

.8314 

8280 

18  41 

1130 

109  5 

74  99 

2647  48 

814.Q 

«   i« 

18  60 

880 

108  2 

57  71 

2200  89 

7467 

<«   « 

1886 

640 

108.7 

42.16 

1772^46 

.6964 

Test  of  48-inch,  January  29,  1874. 


Whole  Gate,  

17.65 
17.66 
17.76 
18.16 

1320 
1100 
960 
500 

107.8 
110.3 
104 
106 

8624 
73.53 
60.51 
32.12 

3418.11 
3010.79 
2594.01 
1690.47 

.7598 
.7316 
.6948 
.5548 

Part  Gate  ,  

«      «i 

«      « 

September  29,  1873,  42-inch  right  hand. 

Whole  Gate  

17.93 

17.98 
18.30 
18.45 

1200 
990 
650 
440 

112.5 
118.5 
120 
119.5 

61.36 
53.32 
35.45 
23.90 

2569.85 
2218-55 
1452.72 
1213.58 

.7095 
.7094 
.7065 
.5666 

Part  Gate,  

"      "     

October  1,  1873  ,  42-inch,  left  hand. 

Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate           

17.90 
18.00 
18.13 
18.43 

1100 
980 
820 
420 

118 
120 
121 
116.5 

59.00 
53.45 
45.10 
22.24 

2536.02 
2275.17 
1918.04 
1160.60 

.6882 
.6946 
.6884 
.5479 

«        •« 

November  11,  1873.  25-inch  wheel. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.23 
18.30 
18.39 
18.60 

300 
260 
220 
110 

212 
207 
205 
208 

28.91 
24.46 
20.16 
10.40 

1158.24 
983.53 
880.49 
555.69 

.7244 
.7185 
.6565 
.5323 

<i      <« 

November  12,  1873.  20-inch  wheel. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.85 
18.55 
18.63 
18.77 

130 
110 

90 
50 

253.5 
243 
244 
225.5 

14.97 
12.15 
9.98 
5.13 

606.54 
528,55 
448.93 
285.15 

.6938 
.6536 
.6313 
.5072 

Part  Gate  

«      .< 

44      "     

228 


Rotary  Engine,  or  Water  Wheel. 

John  Lucas,  Hastings,  Minn. 

A  slight  examination  of  this  device  renders  it  obvious 
that  it  will  utilize  the  full  power  of  the  water  used, 
less  loss  from  friction  and  leakage.  In  case  E  the  IMstou 
wheel  B,  works  in  bearings  in  the  case,  on  shaft  A. 
Wheel  and  shaft  are  slotted  through  the  center ;  in  this 
slot  hangs  on  its  pivot  C,  the  Piston  D,  which  oscillates 
in  line  with  shaft  A,  as  the  Piston  wheel  is  rotated  by 
the  passing  water  or  steam.  Used  as  a  water  wheel  it 
does  not  need  packing,  consequently  seems  likely  to 
prove  durable,  particularly  as  it  does  best  when  run- 
ning very  slow.  In  testing  one,  12  inches  in  diameter 
at  my  flume  under  18  feet  head,  it  was  found  that  the 
percentage  increased  rapidly  as  the  speed  decreased; 
the  screw  for  tightening  the  brake  was  s.o  coarse  that 
the  speed  could  not  be  got  below  126  revolutions  per 
minute  without  stopping  it;  at  that  speed  it  gave  87 
per  cent.  For  driving  sewing  machines,  church  organs, 
printing  presses  and  other  light  machinery  where  a 
high  head  is  available  it  seems  to  be  the  best  device  yet 
produced,  as,  unlike  the  turbine,  it  requires  but  a  small 
supply  or  discharge  pipe,  it  is  noiseless,  runs  slow  and 
utilizes  the  full  power  of  the  water  used  whether  work- 
ing at  the  maximum  or  minimum  of  its  capacity.  It 
may  be  placed  upon  the  shaft  of  the  sewing  machine 
and  driven  by  a  supply  through  a  small,  flexible  pipe 
connected  to  the  sink  faucet,  or  other  convenient  place. 
One  the  size  of  the  illustration  herewith  would  be 
abundant  in  capacity  under  the  ordinary  city  pressure. 


\M 


229 


Success  Turbine,  S.  M.  Smith,  York,  Pa. 

Downward  discharge.  Only  one  wheel  tested,that 
tested  several  times ;  first  as  it  came  to  the  flume,  then 
it  was  taken  to  machine  shop,  put  in  proper  condi- 
tion and  a»ain  tested. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

18.22 
18.32 
18.43 
18.56 

330 
300 
240 
175 

197 
198 
204.5 
193.7 

29.55 
27.00 
22.61 
15.41 

1137 
1022 

877 
662 

.7564 
.7647 
.7419 
.6653 

Second  Test  of  £ame. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

18.30 
18.35 
18.55 
18.64 

340 
315 

220 
160 

19&5 
203.7 
202.5 
202.5 

30.67 
29.16 
20  25 
14.72 

1095 
1025 
742 
593 

.8119 
.8198 
.7800 
.7064 

Bellinger  Turbine,  O.  J.  Bellinger,  York,  Pa. 


Central  Discharge. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18  21 

370 

193 

32.45 

1343.25 

.7034 

Part  Gate,  

18.24 

340 

187.5 

28.97 

1196.20 

.7042 

it      >< 

18.40 

250 

190 

21.59 

948.11 

.6577 

"      "     

18.58 

160 

193.5 

14.07 

678.43 

.5784 

Delphos  Turbine,  Delphos,  Ohio. 


Test  of  a  24-mch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

18.38 
18.43 
18.60 
18.76 

280 
205 
115 
55 

248. 
2465 
248*5 
204 

21.04 
15.31 
8.65 
3.40 

786.52 
696.78 
540.57 
373.06 

.7726 
.6329 
.4567 

.2582 

Another  24-inch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.38 

275 

246.6 

20.55 

806.70 

.7350 

18.42 

235 

238 

16.94 

750.58 

.6498 

18.47 

170 

246.5 

12.69 

654.01 

.5570 

"       "        

18.56 

95 

247 

7.11 

505.31 

.4025 

Test  of  a  36-inch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.18 

700 

175 

55.68 

2069.54 

.7856 

Part  Gate  

18.25 

510 

173.5 

40.22 

1785.56 

.6552 

18.38 

320 

176 

25.60 

1483.77 

.4983 

«      «c 

18.54 

120 

173 

9.24 

1041.36 

.2540 

230 


National  Water  Wheel  Co.,  Bristol,  Conn. 

J.  T.  CASE  WHEEL. 


Made  with  sixteen  chutes,  in  groups  of  four 
each,  as  shown  in  cut.  Thin  outside  register 
pate,  so  arranged  that  four,  eight,  twelve,  or  the 
whole  sixteen  may  be  closed  as  desired,  in  order 
to  utilize  one-fourth,  one-half,  three-fourths  or 
the  whole  discharge  advantageously.  The  wheel 
has  central  and  downward  discharge,  and  is 
claimed  to  bj  like  the  iSwain,  but  in  reality  has 
little  resemblance  to  that  wheel.  The  Company 
have  had  about  a  dozen  different  wheels  tested 
at  my  flume;  the  results  may  be  found  below 
and  on  next  page.  The  "  part  gates "  revolu- 
tions are  those  that  gave  the  highest  results. 
Test  of  30-inch,  Aug.  19, 1872. 


Head. 

Weight. 

R<  v.per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Pet- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.35 

500 

133 

30.23 

1477.64 

.610 

18.61 

265 

153 

18.43 

900.34 

.583 

18.78 

150 

154.5 

10.53 

588.99 

.505 

4  chutes  opened  

18.19 

65 

141 

4.16 

336.80 

.377 

Test  of  20-inch,  August  22,  1872. 


18.63 

187.5 

237.2 

20.78 

773.98 

.763 

4  chutes  opened,  
8  chutes  opened     ..... 

1903 
18  88 

30 

95 

249 
247 

3.39 
10.36 

215.68 
492.99 

.438 
.590 

12  chutes  opened,  

18.80 

160 

237.5 

17.67 

700.59 

.712 

Another  20-inch,  in  same  curb,  but  with  different  shaped  buckets. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.63 
1907 
18.86 

18.70 

180 
275 
80 
130 

249 
242.5 

248.5 
252 

20.37 
3.03 
9.04 
14.89 

765.59 
218.16 
424.76 
610.48 

.758 
.386 
.599 
,692 

4  chutes  opened,  

12  chutes  opened,  

Another  20-inch,  different  from  the  others,  same  curb. 

18.61 

18.81 
18.95 
19.12 

155 
110 
75 
25 

342.5 
254.5 
247 
242.5 

17.08 
12.42 
8.34 
2.75 

700.80 
545.32 
386.29 
199.21 

.695 
.642 
.604 
.383 

12  chutes  opened  

4  chutes  opened,  

Another  wheel  in  same  curb,  but  with  compound  register  gate. 

18.91 
19.05 
19.13 
19.23 

140 
70 
40 
20 

247.5 
249 
248 
197.5 

15.75 
7.92 
4.31 

1.79 

616.96 
373.37 
257.32 
150.85 

.716 
.591 
.464 
.327 

4  chutes  opened,  

Test  of  a  24-inch  wh-el  in  shape  like  the  Houston,  Sept,  27,  1872. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.84 

180 

175 

14.31 

843.14 

.477 

Part  Gate,  

18.91 

135 

186.5 

11.44 

699.47 

.456 

18.99 

95 

178.5 

7.71 

544.45 

.395 

Head  Reduced,  Whole  Gate, 

12.43 

100 

655.1 

7.52 

647.55 

.495 

Another  of  the  same  kind  and  shape. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.79 
12.25 

160 
110 

195 
139.5 

14.18 
6.97 

832.16 
665.39 

.480 
.453 

Head  Reduced,  Whole  Gate, 

Test  of  a  40-inch,  January  21st,  1873. 

17.76 
18.40 
18.85 
19.26 

630 
450 
245 
65 

163.5 
158 
158 
156 

48.30 
32.31 
17.59 
4.61 

1974.81 
1510.78 
1031.50 
618.24 

.729 
.616 
.479 
.205 

12  chutes  opened,  
8  chutes  opened  
4  chutes  opened,  

23r 
J.  T.  CASE  WHEEL 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 
per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  l  .  .  . 

17.85 

600 

174 

47.42 

1.046 

2088.74 

.689 

2... 

17.82 

620 

178 

50.16 

1.050 

2050.56 

.726 

"          3... 

17.78 

650 

168.5 

49.78 

1054 

2061.36 

.719 

"          4... 

17.75 

675 

165 

50.62 

1.057 

2070.32 

.729 

5... 

17.73 

700 

162.5 

51.70 

1.064 

2092.16 

.737 

"         6... 

17.70 

725 

160 

52.72 

1.070 

2110.10 

.747 

7... 

17.69 

750 

157 

53.52 

1.074 

2122.10 

.754 

«          8... 

17.67 

775 

15* 

54.60 

1.080 

2140.06 

.764 

«          9... 

17.63 

800 

153 

55.63 

1.084 

2152.08 

.776 

1         10.  .. 

17.62 

825 

150 

56.25 

1.088 

2163.51 

.781 

11... 

17.62 

850 

146 

56.41 

1.088 

2163.51 

.783 

<        12... 

17.61 

875 

144 

57.27 

1.090 

2170.14 

.793 

«         13... 

17.60 

900 

142 

55.09 

1.096 

2188.26 

.774 

<         14.  .. 

17.58 

925 

132 

55.50 

1.100 

2200.36 

.759 

'        15... 

17.58 

950 

123 

5311 

1.104 

2212.48 

.722 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate.17.  .  . 

12.15 

650 

111 

32.79 

.972 

1825.86 

.782 

18... 

12.14 

625 

117 

33.24 

.970 

1819.74 

,796 

«        19... 

12.15 

600 

118.5 

32.32 

.968 

1814.02 

.776 

"        20... 

12.17 

575 

122.5 

32.01 

.965 

1805.47 

.771 

"        21... 

12.15 

615 

117 

32.71 

.969 

1816.97 

.784 

"        22... 

12.14 

635 

115 

33.19 

.972 

1825.86 

.792 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,24... 

6.74 

350 

84 

13.36 

.802 

1361.90 

.770 

"       25.  .  . 

6.71 

360 

80.8 

13.22 

.803 

1364.51 

.765 

26... 

6.70 

370 

77.5 

18.00 

.805 

1369.84 

.749 

"        27... 

6.73 

340 

86 

13.29 

.801 

1359.39 

.769 

28... 

6.75 

330 

87 

13.05 

.800 

1356.78 

.754 

Part  Gate, 

12  p  tsopn,30... 

17.84 

800 

132.6 

48.22 

.944 

1743.95 

.820 

8     '       '      31... 

1804 

400 

134 

24.36 

.730 

1173.98 

.609 

8     '       '      32... 

1841 

350 

142 

22.48 

.712 

1129.28 

.560 

8     '        '33... 

18.32 

500 

120 

27.27 

.749 

1221.74 

.646 

*  !     '        '34... 

1894 

150 

139 

9.48 

.512 

670.49 

.395 

Test  of  50  inch,  Aug.  1873. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

16.39 

1500 

114 

103  63 

4627  66 

7242 

16  37 

1600 

111 

107  63 

4721  55 

7381 

«i 

16  37 

1700 

105  6 

108  80 

4801  70 

7356 

« 

16  35 

1800 

101  5 

110  72 

4836  17 

7422 

ti 

16  34 

1900 

97 

111  70 

4840  00 

7486 

"             

16.35 

2000 

92 

111.50 

4874^55 

.7415 

At  Unionville,  Conn.,  Platner  &  Porter  Mfg  Co.,  I  tested  the  power  of  one  of 
the  latest  style  National  wheels;  it  was  far  below  its  tabled  rate  for  power,  and 
so  extraordinarily  extravagant  in  the  use  of  water  that  it  was  immediately 
removed  to  make  room  for  one  of  a  better  kind. 


232 

Angell  Wheel,  Providence,  R,  I. 

Double  discharge,  gates  similar  to  Leffel,  though  each  alternate  piece  forming 
tide  of  chutes  is  stationary,  as  represented  in  the  diagram.  Buckets  bolted  to 
hub  oi  wheel,  and  often  shear  off. 


TEST  OP  A  36-INCH  WHEET.. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

Min. 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

May,  1873,  Whole  Gate,.  .  .  . 
%Gate,  

17.96 
18.12 

880 
790 

147.3 
143 

58.92 
51.35 

2328.86 
2052.24 

.7451 
.7305 

1  ."  :::::::::•:•.:::::•• 

18.29 
18  47 

650 
475 

145.5 
140 

42.99 
30  22 

1760.51 
1362  77 

.7063 
6366 

£  ••  ...........::::::::: 

18.48 

370 

142 

23.85 

1179.99 

.5786 

A  30-INCH  WHEEL  SENT  TO  BE   TESTED. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Nov.  3,  Whole  Gate,  

18.27 

520 

184 

43.50 

1475.36 

.8539 

%  Gate,  

18  31 

490 

184 

40.98 

1398  86 

.8465 

3£    ••     . 

18  46 

380 

182.5 

31.69 

1094.11 

.8114 

%  «   ...!..!!...:...... 

18.54 

270 

187 

22  95 

902.17 

.7260 

7-16"     

18.65 

190 

1845 

14.25 

677.38 

.5968 

On  report  of  results,  a  wheel  of  the  same  size  and  made  in  same  lot  was  sold 
to  Otto  Troost,  of  Winona,  Minn.,  sent  to  me  to  be  tested  for  verification. 
Results  are  here  given. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Dec.  15,  Whole  Gate  

18.40 
18.43 

18.42 
18.47 

520 
500 
480 
550 

176.6 

180.6 
186.5 
167 

41.74 
41.04 
40.66 
41.11 

1583.40 
1575.21 
1564.21 
1616.24 

.7579 
.7479 
.7465 
.7285 

«<      t 
« 

Of  course  the  wheel  was  rejected ;  then  the  wheel  tested,  Nov.  3,  was  repur. 
chased  by  the  Angell  Company,  and  returned  to  fill  the  order.  It  was  placed  in 
the  flume,  and  found  to  run  so  hard,  that  I  at  once  refused  to  test  it  until  put  m 
order ;  it  was  taken  out  and  reset  some  five  or  six  times,  but  could  never  be  got 
in  condition  to  run,  so  that  it  would  not  require  thirty  or  forty  pounds  to  start  it, 
where  ten  should  have  done  so,  and  the  wheel  was  returned  to  the  shop  for 
Inspection. 


233 


January  14, 1874,  a  48  inch  wheel  was  sold  conditionally  to  take  the  place  of  a 
Lefiel,  where  at  least  80  per  cent,  average  useful  effect  was  required ;  it  was  sent 
to  be  tested,  and  gave  the  following  results : 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent  . 

Whole  Gate,  

17.62 
17.88 
18.02 
18.21 
18.42 
18.46 

1450 
1180 
1000 
750 
500 
450 

108 
108.2 
105.4 
108 
102 
108.2 

94.90 
77.38 
63.88 
49.09 
30.90 
29.50 

3802.70 
3158.79 
2765.80 
2271.58 
1698.00 
1709  18 

.7667 
.7249 
.6780 
.6279 
.5228 
.4947 

Part  Gate,  

« 

« 

« 

TEST  OP  A  40-INCH  WHEEL,  AT  PITCHBURG,  MASS.,  JULY  2,  1872. 


Head  in 

Feet. 

Weir. 

Rev.  per 
Minute. 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 
Discharg'd 

Percent- 
age. 

21.80 
21.63 
20.99 

Tabled  rat 

10.85 
11.18 
14.00 

e,  same  hea 

240 
215 
156 

i,     280 

260 
310 
510 

28.36 
30.29 
36.16 
about 
103 

1757.47 
1837.70 
2555.08 
about 
2800 

.3999 
.4034 
.3502 

.9000 

Flenniken  Brothers,  Rockford,  111. 


Test  of  a  20-inch  wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.37 

110 

342 

17  10 

605.44 

.8083 

Part  Gate  

18.49 

90 

315 

12.88 

524.43 

.7025 

<i 

18.53 

60 

321 

8  75 

448.92 

.5566 

ii 

18  63 

35 

351 

5  58 

362  70 

.4368 

"         

18.72 

20 

280 

2.54 

278.14 

.2244 

Gardiner  Cox,  Ellsworth,  N.  Y. 

Furnished  a  wheel  that  he  called  double ;  it  consisted  of  a  hub,  with  a  Jonval 
wheel  around  its  lower  end,  the  buckets  above  being  continued  by  sheet  iron 
spirals  to  the  top  of  the  hub,  forming  a  twelve  threaded  screw,  the  pitch  being 
twelve  degrees  from  line  of  rotation, 


234 


T.  H.  Risdon  &  Co.,  Mount  Holly,  N.  J. 


Mr.  Bisdon  seems  to  have  a  passion  for 
the  turbine  business,  and  has  continued  to 
experiment  for  many  years  to  an  almost 
unlimited  extent;  his  first  experiment  at 
my  flume  was  in  1871,  with  a  30-inch  Vande- 
water  wheel  in  a  curb  here  represented. 
It  gave  a  useful  effect  of  .7714  per  cent. 
He  then  tried  a  36-inch  of  the  same  kind, 
which  gave  .7871  per  cent.  His  next 
effort  was  with  a  wheel  of  his  own  de- 
signing; (see  next  page,  Fig.  2;)  but  in  a 
curb  similar  to  that  used  by  the  National 
Water  Wheel  Co.,  of  Bristol,  Conn.  The 
test  is  given  in  full  in  the  second  table 
below.  As  maybe  soon, the  part  gates 
were  not  proportionally  good,  while  the 
rim  of  the  curb  was  so  nearly  divided  by 
the  ports  that  it  was  too  fragile  for  du  i  a- 
bility,  consequently  it  was  abandoned  and 
a  new  one,  represented  by  cut  B  was  con- 
structed; in  that,  the  following  results 
were  obtained  by  the  test  of  a  43-inch 
wheel. 


Head.            Weight. 

Rev.permin. 

H.  Power. 

Cubic  feet. 

Percentage. 

17.91                1200 

151 

82.36 

2664.03 

.9132 

17.93                 1200 

148 

80.72 

2676.91 

.8897 

17.92                 1200 

148.3 

80.89 

2680.14 

.8910 

17.90                 1250 

144.5 

82.10 

2689.82 

.9021 

17.98                  1150 

146.5 

76.58 

2469.92 

.9121 

18.00                  1200 

137.5 

75.00 

2495.13 

-8834 

18.17                  1000 

147 

66.82 

2258.84 

.8613 

18.29                    850 

150 

57.95 

2012.62 

.8331 

18.30                    700 

138.6 

44.10 

-1686.07 

.7559 

18.43                   650 

148 

43.72 

1686.07 

.7459 

No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1  . 

18.25 

700 

163.5 

52.02 

1.193 

1749.33 

.863 

«             2. 

18.25 

750 

151.5 

51.65 

1.201 

1766.64 

.850 

<            3. 

18.28 

705 

162.5 

52.07 

1.196 

1755.81 

.859 

«            4. 

18.28 

710 

162 

52.28 

1.196 

1755.81 

.863 

'             5. 

18.30 

715 

160 

52.00 

1.199 

1762.29 

.854 

4             6. 

18.32 

720 

159.6 

52.20 

1.199 

1762.29 

.856 

*            7. 

18.34 

725 

158.6 

52.26 

1.200 

1764.47 

.854 

'            8. 

18.33 

730 

157.6 

52.29 

1.201 

1766.64 

.865 

'             9. 

18.32 

735 

156.5 

52.29 

1.202 

1768.81 

.854 

*           10. 

18.32 

740 

155.5 

52.30 

1.201 

1766.64 

.866 

1          11. 

18.34 

745 

155 

52.48 

1.202 

1768.81 

.857 

'           12. 

18.32 

750 

153 

52.16 

1.203 

1770.98 

.832 

13. 

18.34 

760 

149.5 

51.65 

1.203 

1770.98 

.842 

<          14. 

18.34 

690 

167 

52.37 

1.199 

1762.29 

.858 

«           15. 

18.34 

680 

169 

52.24 

1.198 

1760.13 

.857 

'           16. 

18.35 

670 

171.5 

52.22 

1.197 

1757.97 

.858 

IPt.  closed,  18. 

18.51 

560 

154 

39.20 

1.047 

1442.53 

.779 

"         19. 

18.51 

645 

158 

39.14 

1.045 

1438.45 

.778 

2  Pts.  closed  .21. 

18.85 

190 

162 

13.99 

.723 

831.05 

.473 

WholeGate,22.   . 

18.37 

745 

154.6 

52.35 

1.200 

1764.47 

.865 

235 


T.  H.  Eisdon  &  Co.,  Mount  Holly,  N.  J. 


RISDON'S    WHEEL. 

Of  the  many  Risdon  wheels  tested  by  me,  quite  a  number  of  them  have  ranged 
along  in  the  seventies  in  percentage,  but  through  some  slight  change  after  a  first 
trial  every  wheel  tested,  (except  two  or  three  of  the  20-inch  size)  has  b  en  made 
to  return  a  useful  effect  of  over  eighty  per  cent,  before  delivery  to  purchaser, 
quite  a  number  from  eighty-five  to  ninety,  and  a  few  even  higher  than  ninety. 
Fk-ure  3  represents  the  curb  Mr.  Risdon  now  considers  the  best,  but  he  also  fur- 
nishes wheels  in  the  register  gate  curb,  represented  at  the  head  of  the  opposite 
Page. 


Test  of  a  20-inch. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.58 

175 

295  5 

15.67 

640.26 

.7131 

Part  Gate,  

18.62 

165 

300 

15.00 

593.93 

.7175 

«.      « 

18.67 

165 

272.5 

13.62 

540.42 

.7143 

C(          <( 

18.68 

140 

308 

13.06 

532.32 

.6936 

236 

Tyler's  New  Scroll  Wheel. 


Scroll  wheels  are  passing  away,  still  there  are  many  places  yet  where  they  may 
be  advantageously  used ;  of  the  many  plans  devised  for  this  class  of  wheels, 
John  Tyler  of  (Jlaremont,  N.  H.,  has  undoubtedly  produced  the  very  best,  and 
decidedly  so. 

Test  of  a  30-inch,  Sept.  19, 1873. 


Whole  Gate. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 

feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.30 

385 

189 

33  07 

1208  65 

.7917 

Part  Gate,  

18.32 

330 

196.5 

29.78 

1121  64 

.7674 

18  41 

200 

187 

17  00 

900  47 

5433 

14 

18.50 

60 

192 

5  24 

718  35 

.2088 

"               

18.54 

17.5 

183 

1.46 

680.58 

.0612 

Wheel  reset  and  made  to  run  easier,  then  re-tested,  Sept.  23,  1873. 


Whole  Gate,  

1848 

390 

191 

33.86 

1188.49 

.8164 

Part  Gate    . 

18  55 

330 

195  5 

29  33 

1097  36 

7630 

18  62 

250 

191 

21  71 

954  50 

6469 

M 

18.65 

200 

197  5 

17  95 

892  28 

5713 

(| 

18  72 

100 

185 

8  41 

730  75 

3256 

This  wheel  was  kept  as  a  sample  wheel;  its  gate  raises  13i  inches;  the  open- 
ing  to  scroll  being  13|xl2,  while  the  openings  in  wheel  equalled  218  square 
inches ;  raising  the  gate  three  inches  caused  a  discharge  of  one-half  that  could 
p:iss  through  the  Avheel  at  whole  gate.  February  1st,  1877,  the  buckets  of  this 
wheel  were  slightly  chipped  on  the  edge,  then  it  was  sent  to  me  to  be  tested,  but 
without  :my  intimation  that  it  was  the  same  previously  tried.  The  weather  was 
bad  at  the  time  and  it  stood  exposed  for  two  weeks ;  was  then  set  and  tested 
with  the  ordinary  care. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Gate  opened  13$  inches  
"            "       9  inches  
11       8  inches,  
"           "       7  inches  

18.47 

18.52 
18.59 
18.65 

360 
300 

150 

202.2 
204 
201.5 
193.3 

33.08 
27.81 
20.61 
13.17 

1179.66 
1074.91 
927.18 
795.14 

.8050 
.7407 
.6421 
.4709 

237 

Tyler's  Flume  "Wheel  and  Curb. 


John  Tyler,  Claremont,  N.  H. 

This  curb  has  an  inside  register  gate,  one  side  of  each  chute  being  cast  in 
chute  rim ;  the  other  part  is  bolted  to  the  register  hoop  or  gate.  The  wheel  is 
the  same  whether  used  in  scroll  or  flume  curb. 


Test  of  30-inch  Flume  wheel. 


April  20,  1876. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

H.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

18.43 

375 

168.6 

28.72 

1245.64 

.6618 

Part  Gate,  

18.44 

360 

169.2 

27.68 

1207.50 

.6677 

18.65 

185 

167.5 

14.08 

722.18 

.5530 

Buckets  were  chipped  back.    Re-tested  April  21. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.65 

375 

202 

34.43 

1226.55 

.7970 

Part  Gate,  

18.62 

325 

196,5 

29.01 

1094.45 

.7531 

18.84 

190 

202 

17.45 

755.40 

.6487 

Buckets  chipped  back  more  and  gate  opening  enlarged.      Again  tested  April  22 


18.60 

325 

215 

31.76 

1037.38 

.8709 

18.67 

275 

212.5 

26.56 

914.01 

.8234 

M 

18.76 

220 

213.5 

21.35 

76449 

.7880 

«( 

18  85 

160 

215 

15.63 

602.53 

.7280 

M 

18  93 

105 

213.5 

10.18 

465.71 

.6109 

tt 

19.01 

60 

197 

5.37 

334.25 

.4471 

Chipping  the  buckets  threw  the  wheel  out  of  balance  so  that  it  was  returned 
to  builders,  where  it  was  balanced  by  drilling  holes  on  heavy  side  and  filling 
them  with  wood ;  the  wheel  was  smoothed  up  generally,  then  sent  to  Centennial 
test,  then  sent  to  me  for  re-test;  on  trying  it  again  it  was  found  that  some  change 


2  33 


had  been  made  that  rendered  it  almost  impossible  to  control  it  with  brake.    Re- 
tested  Feb.  13, 1877. 


llead. 

Weight. 

lie  v.  per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

IS/  S 

375 

221 

37.67 

1318.42 

.8242 

The  wheel  was  taken  to  machine  shop,  altered  and  re-tested  four  times,  but 

without  material  change  in  results. 
Oct.  13,  1877,  tested  42-inch  Tyler  Flume  wheel. 

Whole  Gate, |    18.10  T~1000~Tl46        |    66.36     |  2619.73  |    .7409 

Taken  to  machine  shop  and  alterations  made,  then  re-tested. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.01 

1025 

146.5 

68.24 

258661 

.7750 

Part  Gate  

18.15 

800 

152 

55  27 

2181.25 

.7391 

18  25 

725 

144 

47  45 

1917  22 

7181 

«i      « 

18.27 

750 

130.5 

44.48 

1843.14 

.6992 

A.  N.  Wolf's  Turbine. 


Manufactured  by  Barber  &  Sons,  Allentown.  Pa. 


The  first  Wolf  wheels  sent  to  be  tested  gave  exceeding  good  results  and  were 
reported  accordingly,  which  caused  manufacturers  to  order  others;  as  these 
were  sent  to  be  tested  they  were  found  to  be  not  only  less  efficient,  but  also  not 
well  made.  The  48-inch  wheel  reported  on  next  page  was  ordered  for  the  Newton 
&  Rauiage  Paper  Co.  of  Holyoke ;  it  was  so  poorly  made  that  while  handling  it  in 
order  to  lower  it  into  testing  flume  it  came  apart  and  the  wheel  dropped  to  the 
bottom;  it  was  sent  to  machine  shop  and  put  into  much  better  condition  than 
when  first  received.  The  edges  of  the  buckets  were  left  by  the  builders  square, 
varying  in  thickness  from  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch;  these  were  par- 
tially rounded,  then  the  wheel  was  tested,  giving  the  results  reported.  Mr. 
Wolf  took  the  wheel  out  and  chipped  the  buckets  to  an  edge,  made  it  run  easier 
then  had  it  tested  again,  obtaining  the  results  reported  of  second  48-inch  wheel. 
In  examining  the  wheel  and  curb  I  found  the  casting  to  be  so  thin  as  to  be  hardly 
safe  for  the  pressure  of  the  24  feet  head  for  which  it  was  ordered;  the  crown 
plate  or  cover  was  five  feet  in  diameter.  Mr.  Barber  insisted  that  it  was  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  but  on  drilling  through,  it  was  found  to  be 
but  three-eighths ;  it  was  rejected. 


239 


Test  of  24-inch.     Multiply  revolutions  of  wheel  by  10  tr  get  speed  for  comput 
ing  power. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.21 

425 

255.3 

32.87 

1134-57 

.8436 

18.29 

400 

240 

29.09 

1002.07 

8416 

1841 

325 

247  5 

24  37 

853  76 

8202 

<«      ««              . 

18.55 
18.69 

250 
150 

249 
234.5 

18.86 
10.65 

673.63 
445.86 

.8003 
.6777 

Test  of  a  second  24-inch.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.45 

420 

255 

32.45 

1166.27 

.7997 

Part  Gate,  

18  50 

350 

252 

26.72 

1004  33 

7626 

««       «< 

18.55 

300 

250 

22.72 

884.27 

.7374 

«       «< 

18  73 

175 

251  5 

1333 

628  87 

6001 

<4            4« 

18.83 

80 

248 

6.01 

445.39 

.3018 

Test  of  a  third  24-inch.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Whole  Gate  

18.23 

280 

253.5 

32.26 

1164.28 

.807g 

18  32 

220 

262  2 

26  22 

1001  40 

7578 

44       <« 

18.41 

190 

261.5 

22  53 

891  93 

7275 

<4             « 

18.47 

150 

262.5 

17.89 

755.83 

.6796 

Test  of  a  fourth  24-inch. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.20 

300 

245 

33.40 

1183.46 

.8206 

Part  Gate,  

18.24 

270 

243 

29.82 

1093.77 

.7910 

18.38 

220 

241 

24  10 

922  11 

7700 

«       « 

18  45 

170 

251  3 

19  41 

791  52 

7033 

(4              <« 

18.70 

75 

235.5 

8.92 

470.67 

.5376 

Test  of  a  30-inch.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Whole  Gate,  

17.86 

500 

183.5 

41.70 

1547,74 

.8000 

Part  Gate  

18.01 

435 

182.5 

36.08 

1325.98 

.8011 

44            « 

18  06 

400 

180  5 

32  81 

1233  06 

7814 

((            it 

1843 

230 

1825 

19.07 

819.71 

.6850 

Test  of  a  36-inch.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Part  Gate,  

18.02 

825 

161.5 

60.25 

22  <8.75 

7699 

it      «« 

18.12 

700 

160 

50  91 

1958  80 

7594 

44          « 

18  27 

550 

149 

37  25 

1507  43 

7161 

M           44 

18.49 

300 

157.2 

21.42 

983.49 

.6228  . 

Test  of  a  18-inch.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Part  Gate,  

18.50 

160 

287 

13.91 

517.71 

.7702 

(4           44 

18.55 

135 

291.5 

11  92 

454  00 

7506 

(4           <4 

18  59 

105 

267 

9  30 

357  42 

7425 

4<            « 

18.61 

80 

315 

7.63 

338.38 

.642C 

Test  of  a  48-inch. 


Sent  to  machine  shop  for  alterations. 
by  20. 


Multiply  revolutions 


Whole  Gate,  

17.47 

1525 

90 

83.18 

3618.81 

.6982 

Part  Gate,  

17.65 

1000 

121 

73.33 

3110.36 

.7088 

18.01 

600 

111.5 

40.54 

2127.43 

.5615 

Test  of  the  48  a  second  time.    Rejected  by  intended  purchaser. 


Whole  Gate,  

17  60 

1300 

117 

92  18 

3640.50 

.7630 

Part  Gate,  

17.7i 

il50 

117 

81  54 

3263.49 

.7482 

17  80 

1050 

118 

75  09 

2953  76 

7562 

•«   « 

17  94 

875 

117  3 

62  20 

2566  52 

7165 

S     it 

18.17 

700 

1143 

48.49 

2112.31 

.6701 

Test  of  a  54-inch.    Rejected  by  intended  purchaser.     Multiply  revolutions  by  20 


Whole  Gate,  

17.24 

1700 

112.6 

iieioi 

4841.07 

.7373 

Part  Gate  

17.42 

1600 

106.3 

103.07 

4201.41 

,7469 

17.73 

1000 

112 

67.87 

3107.58 

.6686 

240 


Clark  &  Chapman,  Turner's  Falls,  Mass. 

COLEMAN  WHEEL. 


Have  had  several  of  the  kind  tested,  and  the  results  given  herewith,  obtained 
from  the  test  of  a  30-inch,  represent  the  general  characteristics  of  the  wheel. 


March  31,  1874. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.45 

425 

176.8 

34.15 

1297.40 

.7584 

18.57 

370 

173 

29.09 

1144.55 

.7935 

«       <i 

18.71 

S30 

174.5 

26.18 

963  24 

.7687 

"       ««       

18.66 

175 

171.5 

13.63 

687,60 

.5696 

Wm.  F.  Mosser  &  Co.,  Allentown,  Pa. 


Two  36-inch  wheels.     Results  below.     First  wheel  had  chutes  and  gate  simi- 
lar to  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple  curb;  wheels  downward  discharge. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent, 

Whole  Gate,  

17.80 

770 

155.5 

54.32 

2148.20 

.7545 

Part  Gate,  

17.87 

680 

156.5 

48.37 

1866.51 

.7708 

*7.96 
18.10 

580 
460 

157.5 
156 

41.52 

32  62 

1611.01 
1331  37 

.7610 
7195 

"             

18.21 
18.10 

300 
220 

169 
157.5 

23.00 
15.41 

1047.20 

802.86 

.6709 
.5624 

Test  of  Second  Wheel,  Inside  Register  Gate. 


Whole  Gate  

18  04 

725 

176.5 

58.44 

2175.31 

.7879 

Part  Gate  

18.10 

650 

164  6 

48.64 

1916  99 

.7415 

18.21 

520 

164.5 

38.88 

1591.18 

.7100 

« 

18.34 

375 

163.5 

27.84 

1294.82 

.6202 

"             

18.45 

245 

165 

18.40 

1008.06 

.5234 

"Excelsior,"  Roland,  Benedict  &  Co.,  Reading,  Pa. 


Test  of  a  42-inch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.48 

460 

149  5 

31  26 

1136  34 

.7880 

Part  Gate,  

18.52 

300 

158  6 

21  62 

1055  49 

.6003 

<t 

18  64 

160 

160 

11  60 

910  64 

3692 

« 

18.72 

50 

164 

3.12 

785.78 

.1123 

242 
B.  J.  BARBER,  BALLSTON  SPA,   N.  Y. 


[From  my  Report  of  1871.] 


Test  of  a  30  inch. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 

Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate    1 

18.80 

380 

198.5 

34.28 

1.081 

1279.46 

.756 

«*            2 

18  84 

390 

1963 

34.80 

1.085 

1286.49 

.760 

18.87 

400 

195 

35.45 

1.089 

1293.53 

.768 

u            4  

18.88 

410 

191.5 

35.69 

1.091 

1297.07 

.783 

ii             5*  i 

18.60 

400 

192 

34.91 

1.083 

1282.98 

.778 

•*        6  .'!!!! 

18.60 

410 

189 

35.25 

1.088 

1291.77 

.778 

7  ..... 

18.60 

420 

186.5 

35.63 

1.090 

1295.30 

.783 

18.60 

430 

181.5 

35.47 

1.092 

1299.15 

.777 

"        9'.  !'.'.'. 

18.61 

440 

LSI 

36.20 

1.096 

1305.90 

.788 

"          10.  .... 

18.60 

450 

177 

36.18 

1.098 

1309.44 

.788 

11  

18.59 

445 

178 

36.04 

1.096 

1305.90 

.785 

12.  

18.58 

435 

181.5 

35.89 

1.094 

1302.30 

.785 

"          13  

18.60 

425 

185 

35.73 

1.092 

1299.15 

.775 

"          14  

18.61 

415 

188.5 

35.66 

1.088 

1291.77 

.787 

"           15  

18.61 

405 

191.5 

35.25 

1.085 

1286.49 

.779 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  16  

12.32 

315 

136 

19.47 

.962 

1074.49 

.778 

"          17  

12.32 

320 

131.5 

19.10 

.964 

1078.83 

.760 

18  ...... 

12.31 

330 

128.5 

19.27 

.968 

1085.51 

.763 

"          19  

12.31 

310 

137.5 

19.37 

.962 

1074.49 

.775 

"          20  

12.32 

305 

139 

19.27 

.960 

1072.15 

.772 

Unreliable,    21  

12.32 

287.5 

154.3 

20.22 

.956 

1065.49 

.816 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  22  

8.91 

200 

128 

11.63 

.844 

884.00 

.781 

"          23  

8.85 

225 

114.5 

12.01 

.855 

901.38 

.797 

24  

8.85 

250 

103 

11.71 

.866 

918.85 

.762 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  25  

6.79 

135 

119.5 

7.33 

.766 

763.82 

.748 

"          26.  .... 

6.77 

140 

117.5 

7.75 

.769 

768.35 

.769 

"          27  

6.77 

150 

111.5 

7.60 

.775 

777.41 

.764 

Part  Gate,      28  

12.57 

225 

154.5 

15.80 

.856 

90J.97 

.736 

"             29  

12.77 

150 

154.8 

10.55 

.739 

723.45 

.604 

•'              30  ..... 

13.02 

95 

150 

6.47 

.587 

528.59 

.497 

"              31  ..... 

12.52 

25 

161 

1.81 

.445 

350.58 

.217 

HOLYOKB,  MASS.,  September  30, 1872. 


JAMES  EMERSON. 


243 
Humphrey  Turbine. 


Manufactured  by  the  Humphrey  Machine  Co.,  Keene,  N.  H. 

Of  all  the  turbine  builders  extant,  perhaps  excepting  J.  P.  Collins  of  Norwich, 
Ct.,  there  is  no  other  probably  that  can  be  named,  so  immensely  scientific  and  so 
boiling  over  with  theories  as  is  Mr.  Humphrey.  The  tests  below  will  aid  the 
reader  to  judge  whether  such  theories  are  practically  beneficial.  In  placing  the 
21-inch  wheel  reported  below,  a  Collins'  brass  bucket  wheel  was  removed,  and 
advantageously  so,  I  believe,  it  was  admitted.  The  Humphrey  wheel  has  down- 
ward and  outward  discharge,  register  gate.  Tests  of  three  of  the  wheels 
for  Rawitser  &  Brother,  Stafford  Springs,  Conn.,  Nov.  1878.  These  wheels 
were  manufactured,  fitted  for  their  positions,  set  by  the  Humphrey  Machine  Co., 
and  have  been  in  use  but  a  few  months.  A  weir  was  constructed  for  each  ol 
the  wheels.  These  weirs  were  of  less  capacity  than  desirable,  but  if  there  were 
any  errors  in  measurements  through  this  lack  of  capacity,  such  errors  would  be 
entirely  in  favor  of  the  wheels.  Each  wheel  was  thoroughly  cleaned,  previous 
to  its  test. 

Test  of  42-inch  wheel,  Nov.  13, 1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

.Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per- 
centage 

Whole  Gate  

5.00 

375 

68 

7.72 

1.005 

1167.34 

.7000 

5  00 

400 

64 

7  75 

1  000 

1167  34 

7020 

Part  Gate,  

5.30 

225 

62.5 

4  26 

.755 

766  65 

.555 

5.45 

325 

65 

6.40 

.870 

944.59 

.6582 

Test  of  24-inch  wheel,  Nov.  15, 1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per- 
centage 

Whole  Gate  

29.00 

135 

520 

13.09 

1.028 

589.98 

.4051 

ii 

29.00 

150 

310 

14.09 

1.030 

591.60 

.4348 

ii 

29.00 

175 

291 

15.43 

1.032 

593.26 

.4748 

« 

29.00 

200 

265 

16  06 

1.077 

629  84 

.4655 

Part  Gate,  

29.50 

150 

293 

13  31 

.921 

497.26 

.4803 

29.50 

115 

270 

9.41 

.750 

269.86 

.4566 

Test  of  21-inch  wheel,  Nov.  17, 1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per- 
centage 

Whole  Gate  

47.00 

350 

379 

40.20 

1.300 

824.72 

.5491 

47  00 

300 

403 

36  63 

1  290 

815  49 

5060 

i 

47  00 

275 

424 

35  33 

1.284 

800.42 

.4972 

< 

47.00 

250 

435 

32  95 

1.272 

798.99 

.4646 

( 

47  00 

225 

455 

31  02 

1.242 

773  00 

.4520 

< 

47.00 

200 

462.5 

28  03 

1.230 

762  76 

.4139 

Part  Gate       

47  00 

125 

446  6 

16  91 

994 

554  55 

.3434 

47.00 

85 

416.6 

10.73 

.852 

444.61 

.2718 

In  the  mill  where  the  24-inch  wheel  is  used  the  main  line  of  shafting  is  designed 
to  run  100  revolutions  per  minute;  the  gears  connecting  the  wheel  are  one  to 
three,  consequently  Mr.  Humphrey  prepared  the  wheel  to  run  300  revolutions 
per  minute  under  32  feet  head. 

The  main  shaft  in  mill  where  the  21  inch  wheel  is  used  is  arranged  in  connec- 
tion with  the  machinery  used  to  run  at  160  revolutions  per  minute.  This  shaft  is 
connected  to  the  wheel  by  gears,  one  to  three,  consequently,  the  wheel  was  pre- 
pared to  run  at  a  velocity  of  480  revolutions  per  minute.  It  will  be  seen,  how- 
ever, by  the  tests,  that  Mr.  Humphrey  was  very  wild  in  his  calculations  for 
speed. 

Mr.  Humphrey  took  a  very  active  interest  in  the  hydrodynamic  experiments 
made  by  the  Holyoke  Water  Power  Co.,  and  promised  distinctly,  several  times, 
to  furnish  one  of  his  wheels  for  trial,  but  failed  to  do  so. 


244 
Stilwell  &  Bierce  Manufacturing  Co., 

DAYTON,  OHIO. 


This  turbine  to  be  properly  classed  must  be  placed  with  the  |;  Hercules  "  under 
the  head  of  the  New  Departure,  established  by  the  production  of  that  wheel. 

As  may  be  seen  by  the.  cuts,  the  Victor  turbine  is  very  simple  in  construction, 
having  but  few  pieces,  and  those  unlikely  to  get  out  of  order;  its  inside  register 
gale,  so  far  as  my  experience  goes,  works  with  rapidity  and  ease,  its  long,  pecu- 
liarly shaped  buckets  may  be  Trained  or  cast  into  the  rims  of  the  wheel,  as  may 
be  deemed  advisable.  Its  capacity  for  its  diameter,  to  be  fully  realized,  must  be 
compared  with  that  of  other  turbines  that  were  popular  but  a  few  years  since, 
when  Swain,  Houston  and  Leffel  &  Co.,  each  claimed  to  construct  wheels  of 
greater  capacity  for  their  diameter  than  those  of  any  other  make,  and  in  suppor 


245 
Victor  Turbine. 


246 


of  their  claims,  published  tables  at  least  folly  up  to  the  capacity  of  their  wheels, 
the  tables  of  Swain  and  Houston  being  computed  upon  a  gupposd  useful  effect 
of  80  per  cent,  of  the  water  used;  those  of  the  Leffel  at  88.  Under  18  feet  head, 
the  Swain,  15^  inch,  is  tabled  to  give  13)£  h.  p.;  the  Houston,  15  inch,  8>£  ;  and 
the  Leffel,  15>^  inch,  11.1  h.  p. ;  while  the  Victor,  15  inch,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
test  herewith  annexed,  under  18.34  head,  actually  gave  29.36  h.  p.,  and  a  useful 
effect  of  .8808  per  cent. 

There  can  be  no  question  but  what  the  Victor,  with  the  exception  of  the  Her- 
cules,  has  taken  a  position  in  advance  of  all  other  turbines — not  because  the  same 
efficiency  of  useful  effect  may  not  be  obtained  by  other  wheels,  but  because  at 
the  same  cost  no  other  wheel  can  be  made  to  transmit  the  same  amount  of  power. 
Instead  of  acting  the  part  of  Mrs.  Partington  in  opposing  the  inevitable,  it  will 
be  well  f  jr  turbine  builders  to  accept  the  fact  and  strive  to  do  still  better,  for  the 
turbine  is  a  long  way  from  being  the  perfect  engioe  it  may  be  made.  The  tests 
will  show  that  Mr.  Stilwell  has  steadily  improved,  showing  conclusively  that  the 
wild  variations  of  other  builders  are  owing  to  the  lack  of  settled  plans.  At  part 
gate  the  Victor  is  about  as  good  as  the  average,  but  it  would  be  well  for  Mr.  Stil- 
well to  try  a  thinner  shell  next  his  wheel  so  that  the  gate  opening  may  be  as  near 
as  possible  to  the  wheel.  The  suggestion  will  be  best  understood  by  observing  the 
filling  of  a  bottle,  or  what  is  better,  the  filling  of  a  canal  through  a  small  head 
gate,  where  the  river  may  be  several  feet  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  canal ; 
yet  the  power  due  that  difference  is  used  up  by  passing  through  the  small  head 
gate,  or  in  the  inertia  of  the  water  in  the  canal,  so.  that  the  part  gate  efficiency 
of  a  wheel  must  be  somewhat  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  chamber  inside 
of  the  gate. 

Test  of  a  25-inch  wheel,  July  25, 1877. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,.  .. 
Part  Gate,  
«       «« 

18.07 
18.04 
18.13 

625 
600 
500 

200 
198 

208 

56.81 
54.00 
47.27 

2214.55 
2208.44 
1964,67 

.7533 
.7192 
.7042 

Test  of  a  20-inch  wheel,  July  26, 1877. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions* 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate,  
ft        « 

"        " 

18.33 
18.41 
18.43 
7.97 

500 
425 
390 
75 

246 
269 
246 
246 

37.27 
34.64 

29.07 
5.59 

1387.27 
1284.30 
1145.59 
757.93 

.7777 
.7774 
.7305 
.4911 

Test  of  a  20-inch  wheel,  Feb.  21,  1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions, 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate  .  .  . 
Part  Gate  
«        «< 

"        " 
"        " 

18.01 
18.08 
18.28 
18.40 
18.58 

480 
415 
310 
240 
100 

266.5 
265 
266 
263 
271.5 

38.76 
33.32 
24.98 
19.12 
8.33 

1362.39 
1242.03 
1014.03 

870.79 
602.23 

.8363 
.7853 
.7134 
.6310 
.3941 

Test  of  a  15-inch  wheel,  March  26,  1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,.  .. 
Part  Gate  
«        «« 

"        " 

18.34 
18.10 
18.39 
18.74 

300 
300 
160 
100 

323 
321.5 
326.5 
320 

29.36 
29.22 
15.83 
9.09 

974 
970 
755 
492 

.8705 
.8808 
.6035 
.5220 

247 


Test  of  a  25-inch  wheel,  Oct.  28, 1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,.... 
Part  Gate  
t.        <t 

«        « 

17.96 
17.93 
18.00 
18.25 
18.37 

700 
650 
450 
350 
175 

209 
208 
200 
205 
211.5 

68.62 
61  45 
40.90 
32.61 
1681 

2356.54 
2237.00 
1792.69 
1567.18 
1180.27 

.8584 
.8112 
.6710 
.6036 
.4098 

Test  of  a  30-inch  wheel,  Oct.  29,  1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,  .  .  . 
Part  Gate  

11.65 
11.78 
11.92 
11.83 
12.10 

800 
675 
600    • 
450 
300 

144.5 
136.5 
142.5 
145 
144.5 

52.54 
41.88 
38.87 
29.65 
19.70 

2751.87 
2456.38 
2335.58 
1996.36 
1621.84 

.8676 
.7663 
.7392 
.6648 
.5316 

Eclipse  Double  Turbine,  Manufactured  by  the  same  Co. 


Test  of  a  30-inch  Eclipse  wheel. 


Head. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 

feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

1879 

184.5 

asss 

1.53 

.7628 

18.93 

170 

31.66 

1214 

.7280 

19.10 

173.5 

24.44 

1026 

.6497 

19.10 

165 

18.00 

862 

.5786 

19.18 

166.6 

12.11 

699 

.4779 

Waldo  Whitney,  Leominster,  Mass. 

"Wheel  downward,  and  central  discharge,  similar  to  the  Swain,  but  with  fewer 
buckets.  Inside  register  gate,  the  chutes  and  outer  rim,  R,  being  stationary; 
the  thin  hoop  or  gate  T,  rotating  sufficiently  to  open  or  close  the  ports.  After 
my  report  of  the  test  at  the  top  of  next  page,  Mr  Whitney  sent  three  other 
wheels  for  verification,  that  he  had  sold  with  guarantee  that  they  should  be  as 
good  as  the  one  reported,  and  he  undoubtedly  believed  them  to  be  so  until 
tested. 

First  wheel  reported,  tested  January  10, 1873. 


249 
WALDO  WHITNEY,  LEOMINSTER,  MASS. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 
per 
\1  inute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

.    Cubic 
Feel  . 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

18.48 

400 

195 

35.45 

.765 

1283.41 

.791 

2... 

1S.48 

410 

192 

35.78 

.768 

1291.09 

.793 

"          3... 

18.47 

420 

188.5 

36.99 

.771 

1298.77 

.794 

"          4... 

18.46 

430 

186 

36.35 

.775 

1309.03 

.796 

"          5... 

18.46 

440 

184 

36.80 

.777 

1311  61 

.804 

"          6... 

18.50 

450 

181 

37.00 

.779 

1316.77 

.803 

7... 

18.50 

460 

178 

37.21 

.781 

1321.93 

.805 

«          8... 

18.50 

470 

175.5 

37.49 

.784 

1332.23 

.805 

"          9... 

18.51 

480 

173 

37.74 

.786 

1337.39 

.807 

"        10... 

18.50 

490 

171 

38.09 

.790 

1347.76 

.806 

"        11... 

18.49 

500 

168 

38.18 

.792 

1352.96 

.807 

"        12... 

18.49 

510 

166 

38.48 

.793 

1355.76 

.812 

13... 

18.48 

520 

163 

38.52 

.796 

1371.19 

.804 

"        14... 

18.47 

530 

162 

39.00 

.800 

1373.78 

.813 

"        15... 

18.48 

540 

159.5 

39.15 

.802 

1379.00 

.813 

"        16... 

18.46 

550 

155 

38.75 

.804 

1383.22 

.803 

"        17... 

18.45 

560 

149 

37.92 

.806 

1388.44 

.783 

Head  Reduced, 

Whole  Gate,  19... 

12.67 

350 

131 

20.84 

.706 

1137.50 

.765 

"        20... 

12.63 

370 

123 

20.68 

.710 

1159.69 

.747 

"        21... 

12.61 

390 

116 

20.56 

.718 

1166.53 

.740 

"        22... 

12.62 

360 

128 

20.94 

.709 

1157.22 

.759 

23.  .  . 

12.63 

340 

133 

20.55 

.702 

1139.94 

.755 

"        24.  .  . 

12.64 

330 

137 

20.55 

.699 

1120.31 

.768 

26... 

12.65 

320 

141 

20.61 

.695 

1110.51 

.772 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,27  .. 

6.81 

150 

111.5 

7.60 

.654 

785.43 

.752 

"        28... 

6.77 

160 

105 

7.61 

.558 

792.53 

.750 

'        29... 

6.75 

170 

99 

7.65 

.564 

807.72 

.742 

1        30.  .. 

6.72 

180 

98.5 

8.06 

.567 

814.66 

.779 

1         31... 

6.70 

190 

88 

7.60 

.573 

825.68 

.727 

1        32.  .. 

6.66 

200 

86.6 

7.83 

.580 

841.31 

.739 

Part  Gate, 

y*      34... 

18.51 

450 

163 

33.34 

.731 

1197.48 

.796 

&           35... 

18.74 

390 

162 

28.72 

.660 

1024.16 

.792 

%           36... 

19.20 

200 

157 

14.27 

.500 

666.34 

.590 

%           37.  .. 

19.45 

50 

211 

4.79 

.378 

460.83 

.282 

K           58... 

19.45 

50 

142 

3.22 

.310 

342.70 

.255 

Whole  Gate. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cub.  ft. 

Per 
Cent. 

2d  wheel,  June  25,  1873,  .  .  . 

18.40 
18.39 
18.39 

450 
480 
500 

174 

163 
154.5 

35.59 
35.56 
35.11 

1345 
1374 
1389 

.762 
.746 

.728 

3d  wheel.  July  17,  1873,  

18.24 
18.22 
18.22 

450 
480 

440 

166.5 
158.5 
169 

34.51 
34.58 
33.80 

1342 
1370 
1332 

.747 
.734 
.738 

4th  wheel,  Aug.  16,  1873,  .  .  . 

17.91 
17.90 
17.88 

400 
450 
480 

184.3 
168 
161 

33.51 
34.36 
35.11 

1317 
1348 
1371 

.753 

.755 
.759 

250 

HOLYOKE    MACHINE    CO., 
Holyoke,  Mass. 


251 


252 


253 


Holyoke  Machine  Company,  Holyoke,  Mass, 


3gl 

THE  HERCULES. 


pages  < 


In  March,  1876,  several  of  the  above  named  wheels,  24  inches  in  diameter, 
each  differing  somewhat  from  the  others,  were  brought  to  Holyoke  to  be  tested. 
All  gave  remarkable  results :  one,  87  per  cent,  useful  effect,  and  a  power  so 
extraordinary  that  the  wheel  was  taken  up  and  examined.  A  few  changes  were 
made,  then  it  was  reset  and  again  tested,  when  the  following  results  were 
obtained : 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate,    

18.02 

217 

70.58 

2478.60 

.8361 

18.04 

206 

70  52 

2466.04 

8386 

Part  Gate,    

18.06 

214 

70.03 

2391.04 

.8579 

18.17 

214.5 

6435 

2167  29 

8644 

«        tt 

18.23 

213.5 

64.05 

2083.25 

8922 

«        «« 

18.26 

212 

57.81 

1944.50 

.8612 

«        « 

18.34 

210 

53  45 

1820  13 

8470 

««           cc 

18.38 

209.5 

48.56 

1690.89 

.8267 

«         « 

18.57 

211 

32.12 

1250.50 

.7291 

As  high  useful  effect  at  whole  gate  had  been  obtained  by  several  builders,  but 
no  such  average  at  all  stages  of  gate  opening.  In  capacity,  however,  the  Her- 
cules  took  a  stand  so  entirely  above  that  of  any  turbine  ever  before  produced, 
that  it  seemed  a  good  starting  point  for  bringing  all  builders  into  harmony  for 
their  own  and  the  public  good.  I  immediately  opened  a  correspondence  with 
the  best  builders  of  the  country,  urging  the  abandonment  of  inferior  wheels  and 
the  advantage  of  uniting  upon  the  plans  of  the  Hercules,  paying  the  patentees  a 
small  royalty,  and  each  builder  striving  to  excel.  The  idea  was  favorably 
received.  In  the  meantime  the  patentees  hastily  disposed  of  their  right  to  build 
for  the  Western  States.  This,  of  course,  ended  the  chance  for. a  union  of  build- 
ers. The  contract,  however,  was  soon  canceled;  then  the  patentees  offered  the 
Holyoke  Machine  Company  certain  exclusive  rights  in  their  patent.  I  opposed 
the  negotiations,  because  I  believed  then,  and  continue  to  believe,  that  it  would 
be  better  for  all  to  have  a  union  of  the  best  builders,  instead  of  a  continuance  of 
the  ruinous  competition  of  the  past  upon  inferior  plans,  which  only  serves  to 
hinder  the  perfection  of  the  best.  Turbine  building  is  not  sufficiently  under- 
stood to  allow  of  its  being  considered  a  science ;  it  is  simply  "  cut  and  try."  I 
know  of  no  builder  that  with  certainty  can  make  two  turbines  that  will  give  the 
same  results,  even  made  from  the  same  pattern.  Until  that  can  be  done,  the 
manufacturing  interest  must  suffer,  unless  manufacturers  use  the  greatest 
care  in  the  selection  of  turbines.  What  is  almost  invariably  needed,  is  a  wheel 
that  will  economize  water  at  any  stage  of  gate  opening,  so  that  either  the  abund- 
ance of  the  spring  and  fall  months,  or  the  scarcer  quantity  of  summer,  may  be 
utilized  in  full.  To  do  this,  turbine  builders  must  be  able  to  produce  turbines 
that  will  give  their  best  percentage  at  either  one-half,  five-eighths,  three-fourths, 
seven-eighths,  or  whole  gate,  as  may  best  adapt  each  for  the  place  where  it  is  to 
be  used.  Such  a  wheel  should  be  good  at  any  stage  of  gate  opening,  and  when 
such  can  bo  produced  with  certainty,  then  turbine  building  may  properly  be 
considered  a  science  and  not  before,  for  such  wheels  are  possible.  Our  rivers 
and  streams  arc  all  extremely  variable  in  supply  of  water — that  of  the  sum- 
mer months  often  being  less  than  one-fourth  of  what  it  is  for  the  rest  of  the 
year;  and  three-fourths  of  the  larger  quantity  is  almost  invariably  allowed  to 
run  to  waste,  because  wheels  of  sufficient  capacity  to  utilize  the  maximum 
have  generally  proved  to  be  incapable  of  transmitting  any  power  from  the  use 
of  the  minimum  supply.  ^ 

I  have  tested  about  eighty  of  these  wheels,  and,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  dia- 
grams, the  variations  have  been  great,  and  there  are  no  good  reasons  for  believing 


254 

that  they  will  be  less  so  in  the  future.  Many  of  them  arc  sent  to  purchasers 
without  flanges  on  gate.  In  such  case,  in  iny  opinion,  the  Victor  would  be 
preferable.  That  the  company  desire  to  do  an  honorable  business,  may  be  seen 
by  the  following  extract,  taken  from  second  edition  of  this  work  : 

"  From  our  experience  we  are  satisfied  the  interest  of  the  purchaser  requires 
that  wheels  should  be  tested  before  acceptance,  and  hereafter  we  shall  furnish 
tested  wheels  when  desired  to  do  so;  and  if  a  purchaser  desires  to  have  his 
wheel  tested  after  it  is  set  in  his  mill,  we  will  make  the  test  there,  if  the  pur- 
chaser will  pay  the  extra  expense  incurred  thereby.  And  we  believe  the  safest 
and  most  economical  way  to  furnish  mills  with  power,  is  to  first  ascertain  exactly 
what  is  required,  and  we  will  send  an  engineer  at  the  expense  of  the  purchaser, 
to  any  mill,  who  will  consult  with  the  proprietor,  make  examinations,  using  suit- 
able instruments  when  deemed  necessary,  ascertain  the  quantity  of  water  avail- 
able, etc.,  etc.,  and  then  furnish  wheels  that  we  will  guarantee  to  do  the  work  in 
an  economical  manner  and  to  give  the  maximum  of  power  promised  by  us ;  but 
it  must  be  plainly  understood  that  we  do  not  promise  to  furnish  a  given  amount 
of  power  with  a  less  quantity  of  water  than  fixed  upon  at  the  time  of  making 
the  examination,  or  that  our  wheel  or  wheels  will  run  the  mill  if  additional 
machinery  is  added. 

"November  20,  1875." 

The  constant  variations  of  the  wheels,  and  a  lack  of  appreciation  of  purchas- 
ers, caused  an  abandonment  of  the  the  plan  suggested  in  the  card,  and  now  the 
wheels  are  sent  away  without  any  knowledge  of  their  efficiency. 


"HOLYOKE  MACHINE  COMPANY. 


D.  P.  Blackstone's  Wheel,  Berlin,  Wis. 


The  Blackstone  wheel  has  been  tested  in  the  Elmer  curb  represented  above; 
in  the  Leffel;  also,  the  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple. 

Test  of  a  40-inch,  in  Elmer  curb. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Uev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

17.60 

925 

158 

66.73 

2416.89 

.8313 

Part  Gate,  

17.69 

800 

157 

57.57 

2184  17 

.7895 

17  88 

520 

156 

36  87 

1744  10 

6435 

i< 

18.20 

240 

156.5 

17.07 

1261.62 

.3940 

Another  40-inch,  in  Leflfbl  curb. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17  75 

1000 

172 

78  18 

3143  27 

7424 

Part  Gate,  ,  .... 

17.87 

900 

170 

69  54 

2734  01 

7543 

18  05 

750 

168 

57  27 

2299  64 

7310 

<« 

18.29 

450 

175 

35.79 

1621.44 

.6394 

255 

CHASE  WHEELS,  FURNISHED  BY  THE    ORANGE  TURBINE  CO., 
ORANGE,   MASS. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev.  per 

Horse 

42-inch  "Wheel. 

Minute. 

Power. 

Whole  Gate,   1  

15.17 

500 

194 

44.09 

«            2  

15.17 

700 

161.5 

51.17 

«             3        

15.17 

750 

158 

53.86 

<«             4  

15.17 

800 

149 

54.18 

«             6  

15.17 

850 

143 

55.25 

«             6  

15.17 

900 

135 

55.22 

"             7  

15.17 

950 

128 

55.27 

"             8  

15.17 

1050 

116 

55.36 

"             9  

15.17 

1100 

104 

52.00 

54-inch  Wheel. 

Whole  Gate  11        

1500 

500 

148 

3363 

«           12.   

15.00 

600 

141 

38.38 

«           13  

15.00 

700 

138 

43.91 

<           14  

1500 

1000 

117 

53.20 

«           15  

15.00 

1000 

1206 

64.82 

«           16  

15.00 

1050 

118 

56.32 

«           17  

15  00 

1100 

117 

58.50 

«           18  

15.00 

1200 

112 

61.09 

«           19  

15  00 

1500 

100 

68.18 

«            20  

15.00 

1800 

90 

73.63 

'           21 

1500 

2000 

82 

74.55 

The  54-inch  wheels  were  tabled  and  were  geared  to  run  at  138  revolutions  per 
minute,  to  give  112  horsepower;  actual  results  obtained,  43.91,  while  the  per- 
centage of  useful  effect  from  the  water  u-ed  could  not  have  exceeded  25  per 
cent.,  but  at  82  revolutions  it  might  have  reached  35  or  40. 

The  water  in  the  race  below  the  mill  was  30  inches  average  depth,  29  feet  in 
width,  its  velocity  being  so  great  as  to  cause  it  to  break  white,  the  fall  being  at 
least  one  foot  in  a  hundred. 


256 


TESTS   OF   A  36-INCH   AND   OF  A  48^INCH   TUTTLE   WHEEL   AT 
SMITH  &  MEADER'S  MILL,  WATERVILLE,  ME. 


36-inch. 

Rev. 

per 
Minute. 

Weight 
in 
Pounds. 

Horse 
Power. 

Head 
in 
Feet. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet 
Disch'd. 

Per 

Cent. 

No.  of  Test. 

Whole  Gate,!.... 

190.8 
162.6 

425 
600 

36.86 
44.32 

16.85 
15.84 

1.438 
1.450 

2746.83 
2779.65 

.4479 

.5326 

"         12.  '.  '. 

161 

615 

45.01 

15.79 

1.446 

2768.70 

.6572 

Part  Gate,  13.  .. 

175 

325 

25.82* 

16.58 

1.250 

2-J27.83 

.3698 

"          14... 

168 

130 

9.93 

17.22 

.963 

1489.98 

.2066 

48-inch. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

148.4 

900 

60.71 

14.53 

1.634 

4135.02 

.5243 

8... 

140 

1000 

63.63 

14.47 

1.630 

4145.97 

.5612 

"           9... 

138.5 

1025 

64.53 

14.45 

1.630 

4145.97 

.5831 

"          10.  .  . 

137 

1050 

65.38 

14.48 

1.632 

4149.62 

.5625 

"          11... 

130 

1100 

65.00 

14.48 

1.630 

4145.97 

.572 

"          12... 

125 

1150 

66.38 

14.48 

1.632 

4149.62 

.67.* 

yz  Gate,       13.  .  . 

161 

425 

31.11 

15.73 

1.312 

2992.99 

.349 

TESTS  OF  A  42-INCH  TYLER,  AND  A  42-INCH  REYNOLDS  WHEEL, 
AT  VASSALBORO'  WOOLEN  MILLS,  VASSALBORO',  ME. 


Tyler. 

Rev. 

per 
Minute. 

Weight 
in 
Pounds. 

Horse 
Power. 

Head 
in 

Feet. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet 
Disch'd. 

Per 
Cent. 

No.  of  Test. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

168.6 

700 

53.65 

27.21 

1.264 

2609.50 

.3999 

"           2... 

164.4 

750 

56.05 

27.21 

1.282 

2664.84 

.4089 

"           3.  .  . 

160.8 

800 

58.47 

27.21 

1.282 

2664.84 

.4266 

"           4... 

144.6 

1100 

72.30 

27.21 

1.297 

2776.10 

.5063 

Reynolds. 

Part   Gate,  1.  .  . 

139 

800 

50.54 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.3918 

"           2... 

168.5 

750 

57.44 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4453 

3... 

172.5 

775 

57.74 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4477 

"           4... 

173.5 

800 

63.09 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4892 

"           5... 

161 

850 

62.20 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4823 

"            6... 

149.6 

900 

61  20 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4745 

Whole  Gate,  7... 

166 

1000 

75.45 

28 

1.297 

2776.10 

.4683 

"           8... 

161.6 

1100 

80.80 

28 

1.297 

2776.10 

.5015 

This  certifies,  that  qn  the  8th  and  9th  of  this  month  I  tested  two  42-inch 
water-wheels  at  the  vassalboro'  Woolen  Mills,  Vassalboro',  Me.,  George 
Wilkins,  Agent. 

The  first  was  called  a  Tyler  wheel,  though  not  made  or  furnished  by  Mr. 
Tyler.  Regulator  speed  of  wheel  170  revolutions  per  minute.  The  test  proved 
that  it  was  run  at  a  velocity  much  too  high  to  utilize  its  greatest  effectiveness. 

Second  wheel,  a  "  Reynolds."  Testing  first  with  gate  open  the  same  as 

ed  to  it, 


when  running  all  the  machinery  attached 

opened  in  full  ;  with  1100  pounds  on  the  scale  beam  the  wheel  ran  very  un- 


, six  tests  ;  then  the  gate  was 
beam  the  wheel  ran  very  un- 
steadily, so  much  so  that  it  was  considered  useless  to  try  it  with  more  weight. 

Weir  10  feet  in  length,  sectional  area  approaching  weir  25  feet  in  width, 
depth  below  crest  2.6  feet. 

15,  1872.  JAMES  EMERSON. 


257 

Boyden  Turbinec 


In  the  purchase  of  this  turbine,  more  ignorance  is  displayed  than  a  well-wisher 
of  his  race  likes  to  acknowledge  lies  dormant  in  the  average  business  man  of 
the  times;  in  purchasing  any  other  kind  of  turbine  the  purchaser  almost  inva- 
riably makes  inquiries  in  order  to  get  the  best;  the  Boyden  seeker  makes  no 
inquiries  except,  perhaps,  as  to  capacity  and  cost,  supposing  all  to  be  alike  as  to 
efficiency, whether  made  by  an  expert  mechanic  or  the  veriest  botch.  There  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  but  what  at  whole  gate  an  outward  discharge  wheel  may  be 
made  to  give  a  high  useful  effect,  but  every  intelligent  turbine  builder  knows 
that  of  all  wheels  the  outward  discharge  is  the  most  difficult  to  get  just  right; 
also,  that  good  part  gate  results  are  impossible  with  such  discharge.  There  are 
vague  rumors  of  remarkable  results  obtained  by  Mr.  Eoyden,  as  there  arc  oi 
the  Humphrey  and  every  other  turbine,  but  such  results  arc  rarely  confirmed 
when  the  wheels  are  tested  by  competent  disinterested  engineers.  Of  four  Boy- 
den wheels  tested  in  a  Connecticut  mill,  three  were  found  to  be  giving  46  per 
cent,  useful  effect,  the  fourth  gave  47.  At  Unionville,  Conn.,  Platner  &  Porter 
Mf  'g  Co.,  a  test  of  one  gave  61  per  cent.  The  wheel  was  built  by  the  Ames  Mfg 
Co.,  of  Chicopee,  and  is  named  in  a  recent  circular  of  that  Company  in  commen- 
dation of  that  stylo  of  turbine.  A  nice  brass  bucket  wheel,  made  by  the  same 
Company  in  1871,  72  inches  in  diameter,  51  openings,  each  7*26  inches  in  height, 
1 '-  inches  in  width,  rated  to  discharge  6360  cubic  feet  of  water  under  24  feet 
head,  at  98  revolutions  per  minute,  and  to  fdve  217  horse  power,  was  tested  at 
the  Dwight  No.  7  mill,  Chicopee,  Mass.,  Nov.  6,  1878.  The  tests  at  its  geared 
speed  are  {riven  below  : 


Head  in 
Feet. 

Weight, 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,  .  .  . 
Part  Gate,  
«        « 

22.1 
2320 
23.50 

3730 
2000 
1000 

97 
98 
96.4 

219.2 
118.78 
58.43 

7141,70 
5446.80 
4341.98 

.7353 
.4977 
.3031 

258 


From  the  time  of  the  Philadelphia  turbine  tests  in  1859-60,  up  to  the  present, 
Mr.  Risdon  has  continued  an  almost  unbroken  series  of  experiments  for  the  pur- 
pose of  perfecting  the  turbine;  yet  the  lines  above  show  decided  variations  in 
useful  effect.  If  such  is  the  case  with  wheels  constructed  by  one  so  skillful,  how 
must  it  be  with  those  turned  out  by  machine  companys  merely  as  a  business,  with- 
out other  supervision  than  that  of  the  ordinary  foreman?  The  54-inch,  repre- 
sented above,  was  put  together  by  the  Holyoke~Machine  Co  ,  though  Mr.  Risdon 
furnished  plans  and  core-boxes  for  forming  the  buckets.  Many  more  of  the  Hoi- 
yoke  made  wheels  were  tested  than  those  made  wholly  by  Mr.  Risdon.  As  a 
general  thing  the  wheels,  when  first  tested,  were  rather  low  in  efficiency ;  but,  after 
making  alterations  suggested  by  such  tests,  the  results  were  often  very  high  at 
whole  gate,  and  the  tests  proved  conclusively  that  purchasers  who  accept  untested 
turbines,  generally  do  so  at  a  loss  of  from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  of  what  they 
might  have  with  more  care. 


259 
THOMPSON   &  HOLCOMB  WHEEL. 

This  certifies  that  a  Water  Wheel,  30  inches  in  diameter,  made  of  cast  iron, 
fly-trap  gates— downward  discharge,— in  form  somewhat  like  the  Houston, 
Rnqwn  as  the  Thompson  Turbine,  was  sent  to  the  Holyoke  Testing  Flume  by 
A.  P.  Holcomb  of  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y.,  to  be  tested.  The  figures  showing  the 
results  obtained  by  me,  may  be  found  below.  During  the  test,  the  scale  beam 
was  attached  to  the  brake  at  a  point,  which,  if  revolving,  would  describe  a 
circle  fifteen  feet  in  circumference,  consequently  the  revolutions  of  the  wheel 
must  be  multiplied  by  fifteen  to  obtain  the  correct  speed. 

Length  of  Weir, 6  feet. 

Temperature  of  Water, 32o  Fah. 

Weight  of  Water,  per  cubic  foot, 62.375. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  18  feet  head, 13.10  cubic  feet. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  12  feet  head, 11.10  cubic  feet. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  6  feet  head, 9.10  cubic  feet. 

A  second  trial  of  the  same  wheel  to  ascertain  the  effect  of  short  extensions 
added  to  the  outer  end  of  chutes,  for  the  purpose  of  rounding  or  flaring  them 
when  open.  These  extensions  prevented  the  gates  from  being  opened  quite 
as  wide  as  without  them,  consequently  less  water  was  discharged.  The  partial 
gate  at  first  trial  gave  best  percentage,  but  owing  to  a  breakage  of  the  gates 
by  the  ice  at  the  second  trial,  no  part  gate  tests  could  be  taken. 

The  wlieel  run  very  steady,  was  easily  regulated,  and  from  its  high  speed  is 
a  favorite  with  those  who  have  it  in  use;  its  gates,  like  the  Leffel  and  all  of 
that  class,  would  be  likely  to  become  leaky. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight 

Kev.  per 

Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate    2 

18.44 

390 

220.5 

89.09 

1.226 

1547.76 

.725 

s  

18.45 

400 

220 

4o!oo 

1.243 

1579.39 

.726 

18.42 

410 

221 

41.18 

J.954 

1599.95 

.741 

"            5 

18.40 

420 

218 

41.62 

1.262 

1614.97 

.748 

"            <>.  .  . 

18.39 

480 

215 

42.02 

1.260 

1611.20 

.762 

18.38 

440 

211 

42.20 

1.258 

1607.4H 

.756 

"             8 

18.38 

450 

207.4 

42.44 

1.261 

1613.09 

.757 

"            9 

18  35 

460 

903 

42.42 

1  260 

Kill.  20 

.759 

10  

18.26 

450 

205.3 

41.99 

1.260 

1611.20 

.765 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  in  

12.19 

260 

183 

21.62 

1.080 

1285.96 

.730 

14  

12.18 

270 

178 

21.84 

1.082 

1289.47 

786 

**          1  *> 

12  18 

280 

172 

21  89 

1  085 

1294.75 

734 

"          16  

12!l8 

290 

170 

22i40 

1.089 

1300.01 

.745 

"           17 

12.17 

300 

161.5 

21.95 

1.091 

1305.30 

.731 

••       ML,.:.  .  . 

12.17 

310 

156.7 

22.08 

1.091 

1S05.80 

.736 

it             ]l(  

12.18 

285 

169.5 

21.9B 

1.087 

1298.27 

.7X5 

«•       20  !  1  '.  '.  '. 

12.18 

295 

164 

21.99 

1.088 

1800.03 

.731 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  28  

6.60 

ISO 

139 

8.34 

.87S 

940.26 

.711 

"           24  

6.59 

135 

116 

8.21 

.878 

948.28 

.695 

23  

6.58 

140 

13:1.5 

8.43 

.876 

945.08 

.717 

"           26  

6.58 

145 

128 

8.43 

.877 

846.68 

.700 

July  12th. 

Test  of  the  same  wheel 

before   extensions 

were  added. 

Whole  Gate,  28  

18.10 

460 

206 

43.07 

1.174 

1713.41 

.T37 

29    .... 

6.41 

160 

103  5 

T  53 

.800 

974.86 

689 

Part  Gate,      SO  

18.25 

400 

203' 

36'.60 

1.040 

1433.27 

.742 

•*              31  

18.38 

395 

208 

30.70 

.988 

1280.52 

.722 

*•               32       ... 

18.44 

250 

207 

23.86 

.818 

1004.54 

.673 

**               33    ... 

18.50 

200 

207.5 

jg'gg 

!720 

880.88 

.(51 

««               34  

6.60 

125 

102 

g^26 

*669 

747.68 

.678 

HOLYOKE*  MASS.,  December  18, 1872 


JAMES  EMERSON. 


260 


Rodney  Hunt  Machine  CoM 


THIS  certifies  that  a  WATER  WHEEL,  thirty  inches  in  diameter, 
made  of  cast  iron,  central  and  downward  discharge,  known  as  the 
Hunt  Double  Action  Turbine  was  sent  to  the  HOLYOKE  TESTING 
FLUME  by  the  Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  of  Orange,  Mass.,  to 
be  tested.  The  date  of  each  test  and  the  figures  showing  the  exact 
results  obtained  by  me,  may  be  found  on  the  following  pages.  Dur- 
ing the  test  the  scale  beam  was  attached  to  the  brake  at  a  point, 
which,  if  revolving,  would  describe  a  circle  fifteen  feet  in  circum- 
ference, consequently  the  revolutions  of  the  wheel  must  be  multiplied 
by  fifteen  to  obtain  the  correct  speed.  Data  for  one  minute : 

Length  of  Weir, 6  feet. 

Temperature  of  Water, 40°  Fah. 

Weight  of  Water,  per  cubic  foot 62.373. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  18  feet  head,  .  .  .  14.20  cubic  feet. 
Correction  for  Leakage,  12  feet  head,  .  .  12.20  cubic  feet. 
Correction  for  Leakage,  6  feet  head,  .  .  .  10.20  cubic  feet. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight 

Rev. 

per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate, 

18.34 
18.36 

650 
525 

125.5 
177.5 

37.08 
42.36 

1.192 
1.179 

1473.94 
1460.17 

T7245 

.8388 

12.   . 

18.35 

540 

171 

41.06 

1.180 

1461.99 

.8187 

13.   . 

18.35 

560 

168.5 

42.12 

1.184 

1469.30 

.8275 

14. 

18.34 

560 

166 

42.25 

1.187 

1474.80 

.8260 

15. 

18.34 

530 

176.6 

42.52 

1.181 

1463.82 

.8385 

16. 

18.35 

520 

180.5 

42.66 

1.178 

1458.34 

.8433 

17. 

18.36 

510 

183 

42.42 

1.173 

1449.23 

.8426 

18. 

18.36 

600 

185 

42.04 

1.170 

1443.77 

.8409 

Part  Gate,  19. 

20. 

18.37 

475 

190 

41.02 

1.158 

1422.00 

.8306 

"            21. 

18.38 

490 

186 

41.42 

1.160 

1425.62 

.8374 

41            22. 

1836 

600 

183 

41.59 

1.163 

1427.43 

.8395 

23. 

18.42 

440 

182.7 

3664 

1.123 

J359.02 

.7722 

"            24. 

'  18.40 

450 

185.5 

37.94 

1.125 

1362.62 

.8065 

"            25. 

18.40 

4GO 

176.6 

36.92 

1.128 

1368.59 

.7756 

26. 

18.61 

250 

179 

20.34 

.932 

1030.04 

.5613 

"            27. 

18.60 

235 

185 

19.76 

.927 

1022.66 

.5495 

28. 

18.86 

75 

176.2 

6.01 

.727 

710.89 

.2376 

Head  Reduced 

"            30. 

12.24 

250 

173.3 

19.69 

.983 

1117.88 

.7630 

"            31. 

12.20 

275 

165 

20.62 

.995 

1138.16 

.7856 

"            32. 

12.19 

300 

157.5 

21.47 

1.007 

1158.55 

.804 

33. 

12.17 

320 

151 

21.96 

1.018 

1187.33 

.804 

34. 

12.15 

340 

145 

22.41 

1.027 

1192.77 

.8199 

1            35. 

12.13 

350 

141.5 

22.51 

1.032 

1201.37 

.817 

36. 

12.13 

360 

137 

22.41 

1.036 

1208.27 

.8089 

«            37. 

12.13 

370 

134.5 

22.62 

1.037 

1209.99 

.8172 

4            38. 

12.13 

380 

129 

22.28 

1.037 

1209.99 

.803 

39. 

12.13 

390 

124 

21.98 

1.040 

1215.17 

.788$ 

261 


Hunt's  Double  Action  Turbine  Wheel. 


The  cut  at  the  left  represents  the  Hunt  curb,  with  the  downward  and  outward 
discharge  wheel  which  gave  the  results  reported  in  the  second  table,  below;  the 
other  cut  represents  the  wheel  generally  used  by  the  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  (the 
Swain) ;  and  the  one  giving  the  results  reported  in  the  first  table  below,  also, 
those  upon  the  opposite  page. 


Test  of  a  48-inch  Hunt-Swain  wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

11.71 

1500 

83 

56.59 

3454.74 

.757 

Part  Gate,.  

11.89 

1275 

86.5 

50.13 

3252  31 

684 

12.30 

850 

85.5 

33.03 

2713.01 

.524 

it      « 

12.61 

200 

87.7 

7.97 

1617.18 

.254 

Test  of  a  Hunt-Flint  wheel,  downward  and  outward  discharge ;    see  bottom  of 
buckets  in  curb  above. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.31 

675 

176.3 

54.09 

1732.10 

•9050 

Part  Gate  

18.31 

575 

176.5 

46.13 

1672.72 

.7992 

18.33 

500 

175 

39.77 

1564.08 

.7361 

"      ««         

18.53 

200 

175 

15.71 

1067.10 

.4215 

Test  of  a  Hunt  wheel,  downward  discharge,  in  the  same  curb  as  the  one  above. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
Mm. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18  28 

665 

180 

54  40 

1800  73 

8789 

Part  Gate,  

18  32 

525 

178 

42  47 

1681  87 

.7314 

18  40 

395 

178 

31  95 

1435  63 

6432 

«      « 

18  49 

270 

181 

22  21 

1245  48 

5184 

<«      (i 

18.63 

150 

188 

12.81 

870.44 

.4082 

262 

Gates  Curtis,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y, 


CURTIS  TURBINE. 


This  wheel  is  diagonal  ID.  shape,  like  the  Houston,  but  has  an  Inside  Register 
gate. 

Test  of  a  47-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate, 
Part  Gate, 

M 

Head. 

W'ht. 

Bev. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

P  C. 

17.71 

17.98 
18.07 
18.17 
18.32 
1832 

1150 
1000 
850 
570 
450 
400 

115 
115.5 
111.5 
1165 
107 
114 

80.15 
70.00 
67.44 
40.24 
29.58 
27.63 

3041.00 
2648.24 

ZW,  s:; 
1846.92 
1470.12 
1441.54 

.788 
.778 
.717 
.635 
.582 
.554 

Mr.  Curtis  also  makes  the  wheel  with  open 
chutes,  omitting  ^ate,  allowing  the  wheel  to 
run  at  full  gate  at  all  times,  regulating  speed 
by  head  in  forebay,  using  a  wicket  gate 
between  flume  and  forebay.  A  25-inch  made 
in  that  way,  tested  at  my  flume  gave  the 
following  results 


Head. 

W'ht. 

Rev. 

H.P 

33.33 

Cubic 
Feet 

1095.93 

P.O. 

/  no!  e  Gate, 

Vhole  Gate, 
chutes  stopped, 
chutes  stopped, 

Vhole  Gate, 
.'art  Gate, 

18.21 

500 

220 

.8842 

Same  wheel  in  another  set  of  chutes. 

1820 
1829 
18.37 

465 

400 
300 

223.2 
213 
214 

31.45 

25.81 
19.75 

1099.41 
957.63 
816.29 

8322 
.7801 
.6973 

Same  wheel  tested  in  a  curb  with  gate. 

18.40 
18.42 
18.51 
18.60 
18.68 

415 
360 
290 
215 
165 

224.5 
211.3 
209.5 
213 
199.2 

28.23 
23.05 
18.41 
1387 
9.96 

1017.27 
886.22 
751.00 
615.70 
491.65 

.7984 
.7510 
.7012 
.6413 
.6742 

263 


Humming  Bird  Wheels. 

48-inch  wheels  t  sent  by  Willis  Read,  Dctnbury,  Conn. 

Through  some  peculiarity  of  construction,  which,  without  illustration,  is  inde. 
scribable,  these  wheels  keep  up  a  constant  humming  sound  while  running;  hence 
their  name.  Mr.  Read  was  promptly  on  hand  with  his  wheel,  which  was  tested 
Sept.  6.  From  information  obtained  by  the  test,  he  took  a  new  departure  and 
constructed  another  wheel,  which  was  tested  Oct.  15.  The  results  of  each  may 
be  found  below.  The  workmanship  of  the  wheels  would  hardly  cause  manu- 
facturers to  look  for  machinery  in  Danbury. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.95 
18.02 

1550 

750 

000 
103 

000 

46.81 

2187.30 

000 
.6287 

«t          {< 

18  02 

775 

102 

47.91 

2211.71 

.6366 

«           « 

18.00 

800 

100.5 

48.72 

2218.70 

.6473 

u             « 

18  00 

825 

98.2 

49,60 

2232.70 

.6533 

«            « 

17  98 

850 

97.5 

50.22 

2246.73 

.6581 

<{            <« 

17.98 

875 

96 

50.90 

2260.77 

.6629 

«            « 

17  97 

900 

95 

51.81 

2271.33 

.6720 

«            « 

17.95 

925 

93.5 

52.42 

2306.62 

.6702 

<{            « 

17.94 

950 

90 

51.82 

2338.53 

.6537 

Part  Gate.        .    .    .    •    . 

18.40 

425 

98.3 

24.03 

1210.67 

.5734 

18.41 

400 

100 

24.24 

1196.08 

.5828 

«( 

18.45 

400 

92 

22.30 

1089.69 

5872 

18.41 

420 

96.7 

24.78 

1255.49 

.5670 

18,40 

500 

91.5 

27.72 

1269.56 

.6283 

18  34 

600 

88.5 

32.18 

1398.88 

.6640 

18.32 

600 

91 

33.09 

1472.63 

.6493 

18  18 

700 

96 

40.72 

1827.76 

.6488 

18.16 

750 

93.2 

42.36 

1887.49 

.6541 

18.13 

775 

93.5 

43.94 

1944.34 

.6598 

18.22 

650 

95 

37.42 

1732.81 

.6275 

Tested  October  15. 


Whole  Gate.    ,    .    .    .     . 

17.81 
17  85 

1600 
800 

000 
107.5 

000 
52.12 

2642.89 
2474.90 

000 
.6246 

«          « 

17.85 

850 

103 

53.06 

2485.76 

.6331 

«          «< 

17.84 

900 

95.8 

52.25 

2551.18 

.6078 

«          (i 

17  83 

825 

106 

53  00 

2503.88 

.6286 

<          «i 

17.83 

850 

103.3 

53.21 

2514.77 

.6283 

<          « 

17.85 

875 

99.6 

52.78 

2554.83 

.6127 

Pa  t  Gate  

1806 

700 

97.3 

41.27 

2042.38 

.5923 

18.02 

675 

100.3 

41.03 

2035.56 

.5922 

18.04 

650 

102.6 

40  41 

2035.56 

.5826 

18.20 

500 

104.2 

31,57 

1683.73 

.5454 

18.18 

525 

103.2 

32.83 

1680.51 

.5689 

18  32 

400 

95.6 

23.17 

1328.28 

'  .5041 

18.34 

350 

103 

21.90 

1301.28 

.4847 

18.57 

200 

93.5 

11.94 

908.29 

.3760 

18.44 

250 

105 

11.59 

1079.87 

.3081 

18.06 

650 

106 

41.75 

1981.13 

.6192 

18  20 

500 

106.8 

32.36 

1651.78 

.5699 

18.35 

350 

106 

22.48 

1277.42 

.5078 

Whole  Gate  

17.84 

850 

107.5 

55.38 

2532.96 

.6489 

264 


HOUSTON  WHEEL 

This  certifies,  that  a  Water  Wheel  60  inches  in  diameter,  made  of 
cast  iron,  cast  whole,  Register  gate,  known  as  the  Houston  Water 
Wheel,  was  sent  to  the  Holyoke  Testing  Flume  by  O.  E.  Merrill  & 
Co.,  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  to  be  tested. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 
per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Gent. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

18.00 

1500 

112 

101.80 

1.555 

3660.33 

.817 

2... 

17.96 

1600 

106 

102.78 

1.545 

3625.01 

.835 

3... 

18.22 

1650 

106.6 

106.60 

1.554 

3056.85 

.848 

4... 

18.07 

1700 

103.6 

106.72 

1.569 

3710  12 

.842 

5... 

18.08 

1725 

102 

10660 

1.572 

3720.80 

.838 

6... 

18.06 

1620 

111 

108.95 

1.565 

3695.88 

.8635 

7... 

18.04 

1630 

109 

107.68 

1.566 

3699.44 

.8535 

8... 

18.04 

1640 

110 

109.33 

1.565 

3695.88 

.8675 

9... 

18.04 

1660 

108 

108.65 

1.570 

3713.66 

.858 

10... 

18.04 

1610 

113 

110.25 

1.560 

3678.12 

.880 

Part  Gate,   12... 

18.05 

1400 

113 

95.88 

1.520 

3536.99 

.797 

"           13.  .  . 

18.10 

1240 

117 

87.92 

1.484 

3411.39 

.721 

"            14... 

18.20 

1040 

119 

75.01 

1.400 

3123.62 

.556 

"           15... 

18.40 

800 

109 

52.85 

1.300 

2828.82 

.688 

"            16.  .  . 

18.58 

675 

110 

38.33 

1.126 

2240.12 

.53^ 

17.. 

18.70 

275 

112 

18.66 

.960 

1749.84 

.302 

Second  Day, 

Flaring 

Extensi 

ons  to 

chutes 

off. 

Whole  Gate,28... 

17.95 

1550 

109 

102.39 

1.535 

3689.72 

.818 

29... 

17.95 

1590 

105 

101.18 

1.537 

3596.78 

.829 

30... 

17.97 

1535 

113 

105.12 

1.525 

3554.54 

.8716 

31... 

17.97 

1515 

111 

101.31 

1.525 

3554.54 

.840 

Part  Gate,   33... 

18.02 

1300 

116 

91.39 

1.490 

3362.90 

.798 

34... 

18.15 

1140 

115 

79.45 

1.400 

3123.62 

.741 

"            35... 

18.25 

1000 

110 

66.67 

1.315 

2840.26 

.680 

«            36... 

18.48 

800 

103 

49.94 

1.146 

2301.59 

.621 

"            37... 

18.62 

500 

105 

31.81 

1.030 

1952.16 

.463 

38... 

18.91 

200 

102 

12.36 

.850 

1445.74 

.240 

Previous  to  the  trial  of  this  wheel  it  had  been  frozen  solid  in  ice  at 
the  bottom  of  the  flume  for  two  weeks ;  to  clear  it,  crowbars,  blocks 
of  wood,  axes  and  other  implements  were  used,  some  of  which  en- 
tered the  wheel  with  a  crash  when  it  first  started,  probably  throwing 
it  out  of  center,  for  it  required  the  strength  of  two  men  applied  to 
the  rim  of  the  brake  (six  feet  in  diameter)  to  turn  the  wheel  when 
the  gate  was  closed. 


265 
E.   L  SMALL,  URBANA.  OHIO. 

1?he  results  obtained  may  be  found  below.  The  peculiarity  of  the  wheel 
consists  in  its  gates  and  buckets,  the  gates  being  simply  large  faucets.  The 
buckets  are  like  shallow  boxes, —  Mr.  Small  believing  angles  better  than 


surves  for  surfaces. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 

Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

1839 

480 

181.6 

39.62 

1.148 

1658.40 

.688 

"           3!  '. 
4  .  o 

18.40 
18.29 
18.29 
1828 

540 
570 
580 
535 

170 
149 
147 
169 

41.72 

38.61 
38.75 
41  09 

1.147 
1.147 
1.147 
1  148 

1656.28 
1656.28 
1656.28 
1658.40 

.75J5 
.675 
.677 
.720 

•«            S  .  . 
**            «.  . 

Head  Reduced. 

Gates  Reversed. 
Whole  Gate  10.  .     .  . 

18.28 
1848 

18.28 

1195 

540 
,545 
550 

225 

169 
165 
165 

156 

41.48 
40.88 
41.25 

1596 

1.148 
1.148 
1.148 

**      916 

1658.40 
1658.40 
1638.40 

118855 

.724 
.714 
.718 

.595 

«*          11  

**           12.  .... 

12.03 
12.03 

310 
320 

136 
134.5 

19.34 
19.56 

.962 
.962 

1276.38 
1276.38 

.667 
.674 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,  14  
"           15       .. 

6.53 
655 

165 
155 

100 
105 

7.50 
7.40 

.776 
769 

984.87 
91544 

.688 
.654 

3-4  Gate,        17  
"                18       ... 

18.52 
18  51 

330 
325 

170 
174 

25.50 
2570 

.936 
937 

1227.15 
122909 

.594 
599 

19  

1-2  Gate,        21  

18.52 
]8.72 

340 
150 

170 
170.2 

26.27 
11.60 

.941 
.721 

1235.35 
840.00 

.56M 
.391 

22  
4GatesclVd,24  

18.60 
18.51 

180 
270 

171 
170 

13.68 
20.86 

.718 
.840 

828.45 
1043.90 

.471 
.572 

266 


J.  W.  UPHAM,  WORCESTER,  MASS. 

Mr.  Upham  has  been  in  the  Water  Wheel  business  for  many  years,  and  Is 
known  for  his  sterling  integrity.  The  wheel  he  now  builds  is  one  similar  to 
the  Houston  Wheel  inverted.  It  has  a  register  gate  that  works  very  easily,  as 
it  is  on  the  inside  at  the  top  and  small.  The  figures  below  were  obtained  from 
trials  at  my  Lowell  Flume.  The  two  last  sets  of  figures  are  given  to  show  the 
•peed  at  which  it  may  be  run,  and  produce  good  power. 

J.  K. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 

Minute. 

Hone 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 

Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1  

15.43 

250 

238.5 

27.10 

.965 

1259.88 

.737 

««           2  

15.45 

285 

201.5 

2610 

945 

1221  02 

.732 

«•             3  

1546 

310 

193.5 

2727 

937 

1IJ05  49 

.774 

'*            4    .... 

15465 

330 

1795 

2692 

932 

119596 

770 

15.42 

275 

216.5 

27.06 

.952 

1234.58 

.752 

"            «    . 

1542 

290 

2005 

27  09 

944 

121908 

769 

15.42 

300 

198 

27.00 

.940 

1211.36 

.765 

**           8 

15.425 

310 

193.5 

27.27 

936 

1203  <J6 

.777 

"            9.  ... 
"          10  
"          11  

Tests  of  another  wheel 
of  the  same  kind. 

Whole  Gate  13  

15.42 
15.43 
15.39 

1560 

320 
330 
300 

100 

186.5 
176.5 

198 

800 

27.13 
•4J.47 

27.00 

1818 

.932 
.928 
.940 

1117 

1195.96 
1188.30 
1211.36 

181908 

.778 
.764 
.766 

.473 

"          14  

16.49 

250 

170 

25.76 

1.014 

1175.01 

.7502 

B.  G.  Libby,  Medford,  Mass. 


The  wheel,  illustrated  in  the  Upham  report  above,  was  designed  by  Mr.  Libby, 
who  has  recently  applied  the  water  to  the  same  kind  of  wheel,  but  through 
chutes  similar  to  those  of  the  Hercules.  A  25-inch  wheel  so  arranged  was 
tested  by  me,  Aug.  5, 1878,  giving  the  following  results : 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per  min. 

Horse  Power 

Cubic  feet. 

Per  Cent. 

18.23 
18.35 
18.38 
18.48 

350 
250 
200 
100 

298 
288.5 
293 
309.5 

47.40 
33.92 
26.63 
14.06 

2101.35 
1847.54 
1688.39 
1393.52 

.6552 
.5297 
.4543 
.2890 

N.  F.  BURNHAM,  YORK,  PENN. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

18.09 

750 

156 

53.18 

1.308 

1994.62 

.7824 

2... 

18.12 

800 

151 

54.91 

1.309 

1996.77 

.787 

3... 

18.10 

810 

150 

55.22 

1.311 

2001.27 

.808 

4... 

18.10 

820 

148 

55.16 

1.812 

2003.63 

.807 

5... 

18.10 

830 

147 

55.46 

1.313 

2005.78 

.81o 

6... 

18.09 

840 

143.5 

52.26 

1.316 

2012.66 

.761 

2  chutes  stopped 
with  blocks,    7... 

18.30 

680 

146.4 

45.25 

1.200 

1755.97 

.747 

3  chutes  stopped 
with  blocks,    8... 

18.30 

615 

146.4 

40.93 

1.147 

1642.74 

.722 

4  chutes  stopped 

with  blocks,    9... 

18.22 

500 

147.2 

33.47 

1.062 

1464.92 

.666 

6  chutes  stopped 

with  blocks,  10..  . 

18.49 

365 

147 

24.39 

.919 

1180.30 

.679 

Whole  Gate,  11... 

18.11 

830 

146.4 

55.23 

1327 

2037.41 

.794 

Part  Gate,    12... 

18.20 

680 

147.4 

45.56 

1.226 

1812.58 

.733 

Without  bl'ks,  13... 

18.25 

615 

145 

40.53 

1.178 

1708.50 

.689 

Whole  Gate,  14... 

18.29 

500 

146 

33.18 

1.082 

1505.95 

.639 

"          15... 

18.37 

365 

146 

24.35 

.959 

1252.11 

.667 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,  17... 

12.14 

450 

137 

28.02 

1.120 

1586.21 

.772 

18... 

12.16 

475 

133.5 

28.82 

1.127 

1600.95 

.778 

1           19... 

12.13 

500 

1285 

29.21 

1.134 

1615.71 

.773 

20.. 

12.13 

525 

123.5 

29.47 

1.139 

1626.29 

.792 

21... 

12.11 

550 

117 

29.25 

1.143 

1634.77 

.784 

4           22... 

12.09 

575 

115 

30.05 

1.161 

1651.76 

.798 

268 
Patent  Curbs. 


Designed  to  Economize  Water  at  Part  Gate. 


Tin?,  by  W.  S.  Davis,  War. 
ner,  N.  II.,  has  16  chutes  or 
gates  that  open  successively, 
two  at  a  time,  tested  May, 
1871.  Wheel  a  rough  imita- 
tion of  the  Swain. 

16  chutes  open,  pcrc'tge,  .6346. 
14  chutes  open,perc'tgc,  .4765. 
10  chutes  open,  perc'tge,  .3955. 
6  chutes  open,  perc'tge,  .2968. 


J.  T.  Case,  Bristol,  Conn. 


National  Water  Wheel  Company. 
See  Report  of  Tests  for  that  Company. 


John  L.  Stowe,  Newark, 
New  Jersey. 


Test  of  a  24-inch,  April,  1878. 


Head. 

W'ht. 

Rev. 

H.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per- 

Cent 

18.26 
18.40 
18.55 

425 
345 
235 

217.5 
216 
211 

2801 
22.58 
15.02 

1005.1  2 
854.33 
607.23 

.8075 
.7599 
.7054 

The  Davis  and  Case  chutes  are  closed 
at  their  outer  ends,  while  the  Stowe 
plan  closes  them  at  their  inner  end. 


270 


List  of  "Wheels  Tested. 


Those  having  a  star  placed  before  name  are  specially  reported, 

*AMEBICAN,  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio.  The  best  of  the  early 
wheels. 

*ANGELL,  Providence,  R.  I.  Double  discharge,  central  and  down.  Buckets 
cast  separate,  then  bolted  to  hub,  very  apt  to  shear  off.  Fly  trap  gates,  very 
leaky;  is  steadier,  gives  more  power  and  higher  useful  effect  with  central  dis- 
charge stopped. 

ARBOWSMITH,  Lockport,  N.  Y.  Central  discharge  with  sheets  of  steel 
extending  the  inner  edge  of  buckets  until  they  met  like  the  sides  of  a  wedge 
upon  the  supposition  t^iat  at  part  gate  the  pressure  of  water  would  regulate  the 
op  -ning,  and  produce  high  percentage  at  any  stage  of  gate.  The  plan  was  a  fail- 
ure. Highest  useful  effect,  68  per  cent. 
*BURNHAM,  York,  Pa.  Downward  discharge.  Outside  register  gate. 

*BOYDEN  FOUBNEYBON.  Made  at  Chicopee,  Ilolyoke  and  other  places.  Out 
ward  discharge.  Poor  at  part  gate  and  of  small  capacity  for  diameter.  Useful 
eflect  of  those  I  have  tested  has  varied  from  46  to  85  per  cent. 

BUZZELL,  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.  Scroll.  Downward  discharge.  So  arranged 
that  proportionally  it  gives  good  part  gate  results.  Highest  percentage,  56  per 
cent. 

BASTION,  Canton,  N.  Y.  Similar  to  the  Curtis,  but  I  think  not  manufactured 
now.  Tested  one  with  wicket  gate  in  draft  tube  below  the  wheel,  which  proved 
the  plan  to  be  bad.  With  register  gate,  highest  useful  effect,  70  per  cent. 

BEE,  Lancaster,  Mass.  Downward  discharge.  Babbitted  in  the  upper  bear- 
ing,  and  became  bound  while  being  tested,  so  that  58  per  cent.,  the  highest 
result  obtain-  d,  was  no  indication  of  what  the  wheel  would  have  done  if  it  had 
been  in  a  proper  condition. 

BBYANT  BBO'S.,  Westchesterfield,  Mass.  Downward  discharge.  Gave  65  per 
cent. 

BBYSON  TUBBETT,  Miles  Greenwood,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Down  and  central. 
75  per  cent.  Not  manufactured  now. 

BLAKE,  Pepperell,  Mass.    Scroll.    Obsolete.    50  per  cent. 

*BABBEB,  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.    79.29  per  cent. 

*BLACKSTONE,  in  Elmer,  Leffel  and  American  curbs.    See  special  reports. 

BODINE  JONVAL,  Mount  Morris,  N.  Y .    If  made  at  all.    76  per  cent. 

*BOLLINGBB,  York,  Pa.    Central  discharge.    70  per  cent. 

*Cox,  Ellsworth,  N.  Y.    Double,  downward  discharge.    70  per  cent. 

*CASE,  National  Water  Wheel  Co.,  Bristol,  Conn.    See  special  report, 

*CHASE,  Orange,  Mass.    See  report. 

CUSHMAN,  Hartford,  Conn.    Scroll.    50  per  cent.    Discharge  up  and  down, 

*COLEMAN,  Turner's  Falls. 

*CVBTIS,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 


COOK,  Lake  Village,  N.  H.  Has  had  several  kinds  tested,  but  builds  upon  a 
different  plan  now.  Highest  useful  effect  of  those  tried,  .7752  per  cent. 

CHAPMAN,  Clark  &  Chapman,  Turner's  Falls,  Mass,  Highest  efficiency ,52  per 
cent. 

*ECLIPSE,  Stilwell  &  Bierce  Manf 'g  Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

GROW,  Dubuque,  Iowa.    69  per  cent. 

GILLESPIE,  Turner's  Falls,  Mass.  Two  wheels  upon  horizontal  shaft.  Four- 
neyron  wheels.  54  per  cent. 

GREEN,  Juda,  Wis.    50  per  cent. 

GEYLINE,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Joiival  wheels.  Telescopic  gate  below  wheels. 
56  per  cent. 

HOLMAN,  Adams,  N.  Y.    47  per  cent. 

HUMMING  BIRD,  Willis  Read,  Danbury,  Conn.  Two.  One  central,  one  down- 
ward  discharge.  62  per  cent. 

^HOUSTON,  Beloit,  Wis.  Has  had  many  wheels  tested.  Useful  effect,  ranging 
from  .774  to  .9006  per  cent.  Gate  works  very  hard,  and  is  poor  at  part  gate. 

*HERCULES,  Holyoke,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

*HOLYOKE  MACHINE  Co.,  Holy oke,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

*HUNT,  Orange,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

*HUMPHREY,  Humphrey  Machine  Co.,  Keene,  N.  H. 

KINDLEBERGER,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.    .6246  per  cent. 

KNOWLTON,  Saccarappa,  Maine.    59  per  cent.    Abandoned. 

LEAVITT,  Lebanon,  N.  H.    .637  per  cent. 

LUTHER,  Iowa.    Scroll.    70  per  cent. 

*LEFFEL,  Springfield,  Ohio.  Have  tested  many  of  them.  Useful  effect  varied 
from  40  to  79  per  cent. 

*LUCAS,  Hastings,  Minn.    See  special  report. 

*LIBBY,  Medford,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

LESNER,  Fultonville,  N.  Y.  Central  discharge.  Central  discharge  wheels  are 
behind  the  age. 

*MULLIKIN,  Lansing,  Iowa.  See  special  report.  The  wheel  is  very  poorly 
made. 

*MOSSER,  Allentown,  Penn.    See  special  report. 

MALLERY,  Dryden,  N.  Y.    .769  per  cent. 

^NATIONAL,  Josiah  Buzzby,  Crosswicks,  N.  J.  .676  per  cent.  Complicated 
gates. 

*NATIONAL,  Bristol,  Conn.    See  special  report  of  the  Case  wheel. 

*PERRY,  Bridgton,  Maine.    See  special  report. 

PLATT,  New  Brighton,  Pa.  Two  wheels  upon  a  horizontal  shaft.  .585  per 
cent. 

RANEY,  New  Castle,  Penn.  Became  bound  in  its  stuffing  box  while  being 
tested,  so  that  the  test  was  no  indication  of  what  it  would  have  done  if  it  had 
been  well  constructed.  Useful  effec1,  per  test,  .667  per  cent.' 

*RISDON,  Mt.  Holly,  New  Jersey.    See  special  report. 

REYNOLDS,  Oswego,  N.  Y.    Scroll.    50  per  cent. 

REASER,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Flutter  wheel  placed  on  end  between  plates; 
would  not  run  its  own  weight  to  speed. 

SHERWOOD,  Independence,  Iowa.  A  Fourneyron,  63  per  cent,,  and  a  down- 
ward discharge.  .761  per  cent. 

*SWAIN,  North  Chelmsford,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

*SMITH,  York,  Pa.    See  special  report. 


27? 

STEVENSON,  New  York  City.  Two  Jonval  wheels  placed  together,  one  dis- 
charging downward  the  other  upwards,  the  upper  discharge  passing  into  a  dome 
"  or  vacuum,"  then  downward  in  an  annular  tube,  as  shown  in  the  Fulton  & 
Myers'  plan,  which  is  illustrated  in  the  group  of  perpetual  motion  inventions. 

*SMALL,  Urbana,  Ohio.    See  report. 

STETSON,  Fitchburg,  Mass.  Central  and  downward  discharge,  register  gates, 
not  manufactured  now.  .793  per  cent. 

*STOWE,  Newark,  New  Jersey. 

STAPLES,  Boston,  Mass.  Central  discharge,  three  divisions,  with  a  cylinder 
gate  raised  by  a  screw  similar  to  that  of  the  Hercules ;  the  object  of  the  three 
divisions  of  the  wheel  was  to  gain  high  part  gate  results,  as  it  was  supposed  that 
either  division  would  give  as  high  results  as  the  whole  combined.  Highest 
results  obtained,  77  per  cent. 

TRULLINGER,  Oswego,  Oregon.  Discharge  down  and  up  into  a  vacuum  like 
Stevenson's.  70  per  cent. 

TYLER,  Claremont,  N.  H.  Old  scroll,  useful  effect  ranged  from  50  to  67  per 
cent. 

*TYLER.    New  scroll  and  flume  wheels.    See  special  reports. 

TELLER,  Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.  Wheel  in  divisions  like  the  Staples  and  for  the 
same  purpose.  Useful  effect,  .645  per  cent. 

TERRY,  Terryvillc,  Ct.  Boyden  or  Fourneyron  with  two  register  gates,  one 
inside  of  chutes,  the  other  outside.  58  per  cent,  Abandoned. 

*TOTTLE,  Waterville,  Maine.    58  per  cent. 

TICE,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He-invention  of  the  old  Schiele  wheel,  illustrations  of 
it  may  be  found  in  Wiesbach's  or  almost  any  other  work  treating  of  turbines 
twenty  years  since. 

*THOMPSON,  Springfield,  Mo.,  and  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y. 

*TWITCHELL,  Pulaski,  N.  Y.    See  under  the  head  of  Perpetual  Motion. 

UPHAM,  Worcester,  Mass.  Central  discharge,  tried  in  scroll,  also  in  flume 
curb.  72  in  scroll.  68  per  cent,  in  flume  curb.  Abandoned. 

*UPHAM  &  LIBBY.    See  special  report. 

*VICTOR,  Stihvell  &  Bierce  Manfg  Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

VANDEWATER,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Downward  discharge,  cylinder  gate.  .778 
per  cent.  Wheel  struck  bad  in  curb  while  being  tested. 

WATSON  JONVAL,  Paterson,  N.  J.    Old.    49  per  cent. 

*WALSH,  Waupaca,  Wis. 

*WHITNEY,  Leominster,  Mass.  Old  plan  in  flume  and  scroll  curbs  abandoned. 
Percentage  of  scroll,  old  wheel,  40  per  cent.  Flume,  72.  For  new  plan,  see 
special  report. 

WAGNER,  Chicago,  111.     Foolishly  complicated  in  discharge  and  limited 
capacity.    Highest  useful  effect,  .738  per  cent. 

WHEELER,  Berlin,  Mass.  Central  and  downward  discharge;  but  did  best 
every  way  with  central  discharge  stopped  with  blocks.  Discharged  the  same 
quantity  of  water  after  blocking  central  discharge.  .745  per  cent.  Not  manu- 
factured now. 

*WYNKOOP.    See  special  report. 

*WETMORE,  Claremont,  N.  H.    See  special  report. 

*WOLF,  Allentown,  Pa.     In  taking  one  of  the  make  apart,  a  few  days  since, 


objectionable  in  turbine  building.    See  special  report  for  efficiency, 


273 

THE  UNITED  RAILWAYS 
SAFETY 

CAR  HEATING  COMPANY, 


The  purpose  of  this  combination  is  to  obtain  and  control  the 
most  perfect  devices  for  the  safety,  comfort,  and  convenience 
of  the  traveling  public,  and  employees  of  the  roads,  also  con- 
venience and  economy  for  the  companies. 


HORACE  H.  STEVENS,  President.  C.  H.  COLE,  Treasurer. 

DIRECTORS : 

N.  J.  RUST,  President  of  Lincoln  National  Bank,  Boston. 
O.  J.  LEWIS,  Director  of  Lincoln  Bank,  Boston. 
OAKES  A.  AMES,  Director  of  Easton  National  Bank  and  Lincoln  Bank, 

Boston. 
HORACE  H.  STEVENS,  Director  of  Globe  National  Bank,  Boston,  and 

Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  R.  R. 
GEORGE  H.  BALL,  President  of  the  Norwich  &  Worcester  R.  R., 

Director  of  Globe  National  Bank,  Boston,  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois 

R.  R.,  Rutland  R.  R,,  and  Peterborough  R.  R. 
JOHN  MULLIGAN,  President  C.  R.  R.  R.  Company. 


JAMES  EMERSON, 

The  Mechanical  Engineer. 
May  2,  1892. 


274 

Emerson's  New  System  of  Car  Heating. 

My  attention  was  called  to  the  subject  of  car  heating  early  in 
1854.  On  fast  day  of  that  year  I  wrote  to  the  editor  of  the  Scientific 
American,  suggesting  a  plan  of  placing  a  small  boiler  in  each  car, 
connecting  it  with  the  locomotive  boiler  and  a  system  of  piping  for 
warming  the  cars  and  operating  the  brakes.  A  written  reply  was 
returned  in  which  it  was  stated  that  George  Stephenson  tried  to 
warm  trains  from  his  locomotive  but  failed.  Numerous  inventions 
then  in  hand  prevented  me  from  proceeding  in  that  at  that  time. 
Still  the  subject  was  kept  in  mind,  and  the  almost  yearly  announce- 
ments of  futile  attempts  to  heat  cars  from  the  engine  were  care- 
fully considered,  resulting  in  the  belief  that  the  locomotive  boiler 
could  not  furnish  steam  for  the  purpose. 

A  boiler  in  the  baggage  car  was  suggested.  In  1881  Mr.  Mulli- 
gan, superintendent  of  the  Connecticut  River  road,  offered  me  a 
train  to  experiment  with.  A  small  boiler  was  placed  in  the 
baggage  car,  the  steam  from  which  warmed  three  cars.  The  ca- 
pacity of  the  boiler  proved  the  practicability  of  taking  the 
necessary  quantity  of  steam  from  the  locomotive  boiler,  and  a 
change  to  that  was  immediately  made. 

Mr.  George  A.  Houston  was  sent  by  the  managers  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  £  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  Co.,  to  examine  and  report 
upon  the  merits  of  the  various  systems.  The  substance  of  his 
report  is  here  given : 

BELOIT,  Wis.,  March  30, 1887. 
MB.  W.  B.  STRONG,  Pres.  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  R.  R.  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir : — Referring  to  the  matter  of  warming  cars,  I  have  examined 
several  systems  now  in  use  and  being  introduced  for  warming  by  steam, 
viz. :  The  MARTIN,  the  SEWALL,  the  EMERSON,  and  the  GOLD.  The  C.  R. 
R.  R.  Co.  placed  a  train  at  my  disposal  to  test  the  quantity  of  steam  used  for 
heating,  this  test  made  with  four  cars  and  during  twelve  hours.  From 
this  result,  I  am  satisfied  that  cars  can  be  warmed  during  a  northern 
winter  with  an  average  of  not  to  exceed  three-fourths  horse-power  of  steam 
per  car.  This  test  was  made  with. the  EMERSON  system,  and  I  recommend 
the  EMERSON  system  as  the  best. 

Mr.  Houston's  report  was  accepted,  and  train  fitted  up. 

Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company. 

Topeka,  Awj.  7,  1888. 
James  Emerson,  Esq. 

Dear  Sir:—  Your  letter  to  Mr  Hilton  was  handed  me,  by  h  itn  yesterday. 
In  reply  to  same  I  will  say  that  I  continued  to  use  the.  cars  you  fitted  tip 
until  late  in  the  spring.  They  gave  entire  satisfaction,  did  not  nave  any 
trouble  ivith  them,  whatever.  J  think  all -cars  fitted  up  should  have  coils 
put  under  the  seats,  as  they  can  be  heated  so  mack  quicker  and  kept  more 
comfortable.  lam,  yours  very  respectfully, 

Samuel  Slack, 

Conductor  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  R.  R. 

There  are  hardly  any  of  the  devices  for  car  heating  known  that  have 
not  been  tried  upon  the  C.  R.  road,  yet  now  in  the  eleventh  year  my 
devices  are  preferred  to  those  of  any  and  all  others,  and  the  expe- 
rienced ubiquitous  drummer  in  cold  weather  often  expresses  sat- 
isfaction to  get  into  the  pleasantly  heated  and  ventilated  cars  of 
that  road. 

I  think  that  I  may  justly  claim  to  be  the  first  to  produce  a  success- 
ful system  for  heating  cars  from  the  locomotive,  and  the  only  one 
that  has  produced  a  complete  system  for  ordinary  use  and  emer- 
gencies. My  plans  are  now  turned  over  to  the  United  Railways 
Company,  JAMES  EMERSON. 


275 

CAR  HEATING  BY  STEAM  FROM  THE  LOCO- 
MOTIVE. 

Undoubtedly  the  method  of  the  future,  because  the  simplest, 
safest,  cheapest,  most  comfortable,  and  convenient ;  but  to  obtain 
the  advantages  named  above,  common  sense  must  be  used  in  fitting 
up  the  cars  for  the  heating. 

In  no  way  can  a  car  or  room  be  so  pleasantly  heated  as  by  having 
a  steam  chamber  beneath  and  the  floor  perforated  with  minute  open- 
ings throughout  its  entire  surface,  but  as  that  is  not  conveniently 
practicable  the  next  best  plan  is  to  distribute  the  heat  in  small 
pipes  over  as  much  of  the  floor  space  as  is  practicable,  and  a  liberal 
supply  of  the  pipe  should  be  placed  at  the  ends  of  the  car  near  the 
doors. 

All  who  have  traveled  in  cars  where  the  Martin  system  is  in  use 
know  how  the  feet  and  legs  suffer  through  the  intense  heat  from 
those  large  pipes ;  if  there  is  any  possible  danger  of  scalding  passen- 
gers by  steam  escaping  from  broken  pipes  it  rests  entirely  in  the 
use  of  large  pipes,  for  with  pipe  sufficient  for  the  purpose  the  steam 
cannot  escape  fast  enough  to  create  heat. 

Steam  has  no  heat  unless  compressed,  and  a  car  has  too  many 
openings  to  allow  of  compression  unless  through  the  use  of  pipes 
that  no  competent  master  mechanic  would  allow  to  be  used  after  a 
moment's  consideration. 

For  thirty  years,  experience  has  proved  one  and  one-fourth  inch 
pipe  best  for  car  heating  by  hot  water,  and  the  caliber  of  that  pipe 
is  reduced  by  the  use  of  "  double  thick  "  to  about  the  same  as  that 
of  the  ordinary  inch  pipe,  consequently  the  two-inch  pipe  carrying 
four  times  the  steam  contained  in  the  one-inch,  the  danger  from 
scalding  is  increased  four  to  one,  while  its  heating  capacity  is  but 
two  to  one. 

The  average  maximum  heat  that  can  be  produced  by  the  hot  water 
system  throughout  a  car  is  168°,  while  the  average  from  steam 
is  at  least  one-third  greater,  consequently,  as  the  inch  pipe  is  four- 
fifths  the  heating  capacity  of  the  inch  and  a  fourth,  the  inch  pipe 
with  steam  must  exceed  the  one  and  one-fourth  inch  pipe  for  heat- 
ing with  hot  water,  leaving  no  excuse  whatever  for  increasing  the 
danger  through  the  unnecessary  use  of  two-inch  pipe ;  besides  the 
space  for  piping  a  car  is  limited,  so  the  smaller  the  pipe  the  better 
for  the  space. 

The  various  supply  pipes  in  use-  are  at  the  best  but  make-shifts 
and  used  at  serious  loss  of  steam.  The  proper  place  for  such  pipe 
seems  to  be  through  the  buffers,  then  in  direct  line  between  the 
floor  timbers  of  the  car  as  shown,  free  from  all  abrupt  turns,  also 
out  of  the  way  of  repairs  below,  yet  leaving  it  in  the  most  accessi- 
ble condition  for  repair  that  is  possible. 

The  piping  of  cars  piped  and  coupled  as  in  this  system  cannot 
freeze  up  as  is  so  common  with  the  other  systems  of  piping,  for 
there  are  no  depressions  for  the  condensation  to  lodge  in. 


276 


277 
TO  RAILROAD  MANAGERS. 

Gentlemen,  why  not  save  and  utilize  your  Hot  Water  Heaters  ? 

The  system  of  piping  found  best  for  such  after  thirty  years'  expe- 
rience is  far  better  adapted  for  rapid  and  economical  car  heating 
than  the  system  of  piping  employed  by  Sewall,  Martin,  or  Gold,  and 
at  small  expense  may  easily  be  so  arranged  that  steam  from  the 
locomotive  may  be  substituted  for  the  hot  water  circulation  or  the 
hot  water  circulation  restored  at  will. 

The  change  either  way  is  easily  made,  without  attracting  atten- 
tion, while  the  train  is  running. 

No  trap  of  any  kind  is  needed,  for  the  temperature  is  controlled 
inside  of  car  at  any  time  when  in  use. 

When  heating  from  locomotive  the  fire  is  drawn  from  heater  and 
water  from  the  pipes. 

Half  an  hour  before  stopping  car  for  night  or  long  detachment 
from  locomotive,  open  all  valves  and  blow  all  condensation  from 
pipes  by  hot  steam  from  locomotive. 

Leave  all  valves  open  until  steam  again  enters  pipes  for  heating. 

A  few  minutes  before  arriving  at  a  place  where  a  car  is  to  be  set 
off  and  kept  warm,  fill  pipes  with  water  from  the  tender,  start  the 
fire  in  heater,  and  the  hot  water  circulation  is  at  once  restored. 

This  was  done  at  first  by  taking  hot  water  from  the  lower  part 
of  boiler  along  through  the  steam  supply  pipe  A,  but  that  water 
was  so  expanded  by  its  intense  heat  that  it  required  an  auxiliary 
tank  above  the  heater  to  supply  the  shrinkage  invariably  following 
the  filling  in  that  way. 

Then  an  injector  placed  in  a  pipe  taken  from  the  tender  as  shown 
at  B  was  tried  and  proved  perfect,  as  the  steam  forcing  the  water 
heated  it  to  a  desirable  temperature  for  instant  use,  so  that  a  Pull- 
man or  excursion  car  may  use  steam  or  the  hot  water  system  at 
will.  As  the  plan  has  been  in  use  two  years  it  is  past  the  exper- 
imental stage. 

All  who  ride  much  in  cars  fitted  with  hot  water  heaters  know  how 
uncomfortable  such  cars  are  in  the  spring  and  fall.  This  is  entirely 
remedied  by  changing  them  so  as  to  use  steam,  so  that  any  sudden 
change  of  temperature  may  be  met  at  once  whether  of  heat  or  cold, 
which  is  impossible  with  any  of  the  other  plans. 

An  auxiliary  heater  is  necessary  on  all  roads, 

A  car  from  a  Connecticut  Kiver  Railroad  train  is  daily  taken  from 
Windsor,  Vt.,  to  White  River  Junction  by  a  Central  Vt.  train.  That 
car  stands  at  the  Junction  over  night  without  heat,  then  in  the 
morning  it  is  hitched  to  a  freight  train  to  take  early  passengers  over 
the  road  fourteen  miles,  before  steam  for  heat  can  be  obtained. 
Sometimes  an  attempt  is  made  to  start  a  fire  in  a  stove,  for  the 
writer  early  in  the  winter,  during  a  snow  storm,  saw  the  conductor 
after  collecting  tickets  strike  a  match  and  stick  it  into  the  stove ; 
but  the  match  soon  went  out,  and  he  did  the  same,  leaving  us  to 
enjoy  the  winter  weather  in  full. 

Properly  fitted  cars  may  be  set  off  with  sleeping  passengers  to 
wait  for  morning  or  to  be  hitched  to  freight  or  branch  trains,  or  as 
stop  over  excursion  trains,  without  requiring  stationary  steam  heat- 
ing facilities  or  any  special  arrangements  whatever. 


278 

SAFETY  AUXILIARY  CAR  HEATER. 

An  illustration  of  this  heater  may  be  seen  upon  the  opposite  page, 
made  with  double  shells  of  quarter  inch  steel  plates  of  such  height  as 
to  do  away  with  the  necessity  for  separate  expansion  tank  and  numer- 
ous connecting  joints  which,  accidentally  ruptured  by  derailment, 
collision,  or  other  causes,  allow  the  burning  coals  to  be  thrown  around 
the  car. 

In  this  heater  there  is  no  coil  to  be  burst  by  freezing  or  burned  out, 
as  is  so  commonly  the  case  with  the  Baker  heaters. 

As  the  hot  water  circulation  is  only  designed  to  be  used  in  emer- 
gencies, such  as  the  absence  or  disability  of  the  locomotive,  stop-over 
sleeping,  or  excursion  cars  set  off  to  be  hitched  to  freight  or  branch 
road  trains,  the  heater  is  so  arranged  that  the  fire  may  be  instantly 
dumped  and  the  burning  coals  removed  from  the  car  as  the  steam  from 
the  locomotive  drives  the  water  from  the  heater  and  circulating  pipes. 

Where  cars  are  already  fitted  for  hot  water  heating,  the  heaters 
may  be  retained,  but  they  are  not  so  convenient,  effective,  safe,  or 
economical  as  the  one  illustrated. 

Cars  properly  piped  with  this  system  should  never  have  the  ventila- 
tors closed,  and  with  very  little  care  the  temperature  in  the  car  need 
never  vary  over  two  degrees.  There  should  be  a  thermometer  at  or 
near  each  end  of  the  car. 

The  usual  drip  is  under  the  middle  of  the  car,  but  that  may  be  closed 
when  nearing  a  station,  another  opened  above  the  heater,  and  the  train 
may  stand  in  the  station  an  hour  without  wetting  the  floor. 

The  same  process  may  be  followed  where  a  car  is  to  be  set  off  and 
kept  warm  by  hot  water  circulation,  thus  saving  the  condensation  for 
refilling  the  heater. 

Any  car  fit  to  be  used  can  be  kept  properly  warmed  and  well 
ventilated  by  the  use  of  three-fourths  of  a  h.  p.  of  steam  in  sharp  winter 
weather  by  the  use  of  this  system. 


A  STRANGE  SYSTEM  FOR  CAR  HEATING. 

Of  all  the  many  wild  plans  for  car  heating  developed  by  the  demand 
for  a  safe  substitute  for  the  deadly  stove,  no  other  plan  can  be  named 
so  dangerous,  extravagant,  inconvenient,  and  uncomfortable  as  the 
continuation  of  the  hot  water  circulation,  if  the  water  is  to  be  heated 
by  steam  from  the  locomotive. 

In  no  way  can  steam  be  so  rapidly  condensed  as  by  discharging  into 
water.  Then  night  and  day,  while  at  rest,  the  heat  must  be  kept  up  by 
stationary  boilers  so  that  at  least  five  times  the  steam  necessary  to  heat 
direct  is  required  to  heat  by  such  hot  water  circulation,  which  is  the 
worst  of  all  systems  for  meeting  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  liable 
at  all  times  in  extreme  cold  weather  to  freeze  up  or  be  unable  to  keep 
the. cars  warm. 

Then  if  a  pipe  bursts  the  whole  boiler  pressure  is  behind  the  barrel  of 
boiling  water  ready,  in  the  old  war  style  of  repelling  boarders,  for  boil- 
ing the  passengers.  The  danger  is  so  obvious  that  a  jury  would  hardly 
excuse  a  manager  on  the  plea  that  "  he  didn't  think  it  was  loaded." 


279 


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282 


Emerson's  Drawbar  Scale. 


COMPOUND  STEAM  ENGINES. 

That  there  have  been  great  improvements  made  in  obtaining  power  from 
steam  during  the  past  third  of  a  century  there  can  be  no  question,  but  there 
fairly  may  be  as  to  whether  such  improvements  are  in  any  way  due  to  the 
use  of  compound  engines. 

For  many  years  there  was  quite  as  strong  belief  in  double  turbines,  but 
positive  tests  proved  the  fallacy  of  such  beliefs  ;  and  the  tests  that  I  have 
been  able  to  make  of  compound  engines  have  not  shown  gain  for  that  method 
of  construction.  Twenty  years  since  the  test  of  a  compound  proved  it  to  be 
giving  far  less  than  expected,  and  the  test  of  a  Westinghouse  compound  a 
few  months  since  proved  it  to  be  less  economical  than  a  simple  Buckeye  and 
much  less  satisfactory  in  its  daily  operation. 

The  marine  engine,  with  its  short  cylinders,  producing  rapid  rotary  motion, 
may  in  that  way  obtain  advantage,  but  it  may  fairly  be  questioned  whether 
its  increased  economy  is  not  owing  more  to  the  use  of  high  pressure  steam 
than  to  triple  expansion. 

Recently  numerous  papers  have  published  articles  relative  to  the  won- 
derful efficiency  of  the  Pel  ton  water  wheel  and  that  some  great  English  engi- 
neer had  selected  that  wheel  in  preference  to  that  of  any  other  to  be  used  at 
Niagara  Falls  in  the  new  plans  now  under  way  there,— which  may  all  be  true, 
but  as  that  wheel  is  simply  the  old  Flutter  wheel  slightly  modified  in  form, 
its  efficiency  can  hardly  exceed  70  per  cent,  in  useful  effect,  yet  under  a  head 
of  several  hundred  feet  it  may  produce  an  astonishing  amount  of  power  to 
those  not  acquainted  with  such  matters.  So  of  steam  engines  working  under 
a  pressure  of  160  pounds  instead  of  the  40 
pounds  of  thirty  years  since.  The  locomotive 
is  generally  considered  an  extravagant  type 
of  engine,  but  that  idea  is  founded  upon  the 
lack  of  knowledge  of  the  enormous  amount 
of  work  the  locomotive  performs.  The  White 
Mountain  train,  running  during  the  summer 
on  the  C.  R.  R.  R.,  made  up  of  seven  cars  all 
told,  going  north  requires  370  h.  p.  An 
ordinary  passenger  coach  upon  that  road,  on 
straight  and  level  track  making  local 
schedule  time,  requires  50  h.  p. 

There  are  many  reports  of  engines  that 
produce  a  h.  p.  per  hour  for  each  2, 2^,  or  3 
pounds  of  coal  burned,  but  the  best  result  1 
have  ever  found  was  4.28  pounds  per  h.  p. 

The  Indicator  is  of  no  value  whatever  in 
determining  the  power  developed  by  an 
engine,  in  proof  of  which  the  tests  on  the 
following  page  are  given  as  but  a  few  of 
many  I  have  made. 

One  pound  on  the  dial  of  the  drawbar 
scale  indicates  one  hundred  on  the  link  of 
the  drawbar.  This  scale  is  placed  in  the 
buffer  of  the  tender  as  shown,  and  can  be 
shifted  easily  to  any  other  tender  using  the 
same  kind  of  buffer  :  its  cost  is  small  and  its 
use  might  prevent  many  useless  changes,  save  in  the  selection  of  oils  and 
in  many  other  ways. 

SUGGESTIONS. 

Twenty  feet  head  room  for  bridges  to  avoid  grade  crossings  means  steep 
grades  and  much  digging  and  filling.  Why  not  instead,  spread  tracks  three 
feet  and  have  eighteen  inch  walk  with  rail  on  side  of  freight  cars  ? 

Prevention  is  better  than  cure.  The  practice  of  building  cars  with 
windows  and  door  outlets  that  cannot  readily  be  opened  for  egress  will 
some  day  result  in  terrible  loss  of  life;  it  is  the  unexpected  that 
astonishes  us. 


283 

Hartford  Engineering  Co.,  Buckeye  Twin  Engine;  Cylinders, 

1 4  inches  Diameter,  28-inch   Stroke.     Simultaneous 

Trial  by  Indicator  Cards  and  Power  Scale. 

WILLIAM  A.  CHASE, 

AGENT  HOLYOKE  WATER  POWER  Co.* 

Dear  Sir : — On  Thursday  last  the  trial  for  power,  etc.,  at  the  New 
York  Woolen  Mills,  Connor  Brothers,  was  conducted  as  follows: — 

Ten  "sets"  were  run  through  the  day  of  eleven  hours.  The  coal  was 
taken  from  the  surface  of  pile  and  weighed  as  used ;  though  not 
screened,  it  was  much  cleaner  than  the  average  of  the  pile. 

The  weight  oii  Power  Scale  was  taken  every  fifteen  minutes.  The 
boiler  pressure  was  kept  at  70  pounds.  The  driving  pulley  on  engine, 
9 feet  diameter,  with  3o-inch  double  belt,  drove  5-feet  pulley  upon  main 
line.  Throwing  on  and  off  machinery  caused  variation  of  four  revolu- 
tions of  pulley  on  engine,  or  from  120  down  to  116  per  minute. 

Mr.  Hayes  took  cards  at  various  times,  seemingly  with  care  and  skill. 
The  results  obtained  by  the  Power  Scale,  a  No.  5,  were  as  follows :— • 

Divisions  of  46  timings  gave 1,248  Ibs. 

Revolutions,  196  per  min.  cen.  force,       .  .  85 


Average  net  weight  for  1 1  hours, 
Coal  burned  in  n   hours, 
Average  power  in  1 1  hours, 


1,163  l^s. 
4,955  lbs- 
82.9  H.  P. 


4955-7-11  =450.4-7-82.9  =  5.43  lbs.  coal  per  horse  power  per  hour. 

An  attempt  was  made  Friday  morning  to  do  the  work  with  one 
cylinder,  resulting  in  a  complete  failure.  Sixty-five  horse-power,  with 
7o-pounds  boiler  pressure,  would  be  all  one  cylinder  could  stand  steady 
under.  Indicated  force,  101.5  horse  power. 

Respectfully  yours,  JAMES  EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSETT,    MASS.,  Sept.   14,  1884. 

E.  BLAKE,  Needle  Works,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 

Rated  by  indicator  to  use  6.22  horse  power. 

Maximum  possible  with  every  machine  in  the  works  running,  shown 
by  power  scale  to  be  2.74  horse  power,  but  with  the  machinery  ordinari- 
ly in  use,  1.24  horse  power. 

Oct.  21,  1884. 

AMOS  W.  PAGE,  Needle  Works,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 

Rated  by  indicator  to  use  7.38  horse  power. 

Maximum  with  all  machinery  in  works  running,  shown  by  scale  to  be 
3.35  horse  power,  but  with  the  machinery  generally  in  use  2.49  horse 
power.  JAMES  EMERSON. 

Oct.  27,  1884. 


286 


HOLYOKE 
Hydrodyiiamic  Experiments. 


To  make  the  matter  generally  understood,  the  following  notice 
is  here  republished  : 

HOLYOKE   WATER   POWEE   COMPANY, 

Holyoke,  Mass.,  April  1O,  1879. 

NOTICE  TO  TURBINE  BUILDERS  AND  MANUFACTURERS. 

The  practice  of  testing  turbines,  so  common  the  past  ten  years,  has  undoubt- 
edly done  much  towards  bringing  the  best  into  use;  but  there  has  been  one 
serious  detect  in  the  system;  that  is,  the  practice  has  generally  been  confined  to 
the  trial  of  small  wheels,  owing  to  the  great  expense  that  would  be  caused  by  the 
tests  of  large  sizes.  As  it  is  a  matter  of  vast  importance  that  the  best  turbine 
plans  should  be  established  beyond  chance  for  doubt,  this  Company  has  provided 
means  for  a  thorough  competitive  test  of  the  various  kinds  of  turbines  that  may 
"be  offered  for  trial,  and  invite  Water  Power  Companies,  cities  that  pump  their 
water  supply,  and  all  others  interested  in  the  matter,  to  take  part  therein. 
Each  builder  shall  superintend  the  setting  of  his  wheel — the  setting  and  testing 
to  be  done  at  the  expense  of  the  Water  Power  Company.  *Capacity  of  each 
wheel  to  be  sufficient  to  discharge  about  5000  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute, 
under  18  feet  head.  Each  wheel  will  be  thoroughly  tested  from  half  to  whole 
gate,  and,  if  deemed  best,  under  at  least  two  different  heads;  also  under  several 
feet  of  back  water.  Ai  the  conclusion  of  the  trial,  a  full  report  will  be  made  of 
the  results  obtained  and  of  the  workmanship,  and  probable  durability  of  each 
kind  of  wheel  tried.  Turbine  builders  of  this  or  any  other  country  are  invited 
to  furnish  wheels,  and  those  proposing  to  do  so  should  give  notice  of  such 
intention  as  soon  as  possible. 

Tests  to  commence  the  first  day  of  September  next. 

HOLYOKE,  MASS.,  June  2, 1879. 

*Builders  who  have  not  got  patterns  for  wheels  of  so  large  capacity  may 
enter  their  largest  size,  but  it  is  better  that  all  should  discharge  about  the  same 
quantity. 


287 


The  parties  here  named  have  either  entered  wheels  for  the  trial  or  have  made 
application  for  information  as  to  conditions  to  be  observed,  &c. 


Swain  Turbine  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 
Houston  Turbine, 

Fales  &  JenkSjPawtucket,  R.  I. 
Wolf,  Allentown,  Pa. 
Victor,  Stilwell  &  Bierce  M'fg  Co., 

Dayton,  Ohio. 
Hercules,  Holyokc  Machine  Co., 

Holyoke,  Mass. 
Henry  Vande  water  &  Co., 

Auburn,  N.  Y. 
Willis  Reed,  Danbury,  Ct. 
E.  Dodge,  Spencer,  N.  Y. 
Edward  Wemple,  Fultonville,  N.  Y. 
Joseph  Hough,  Mechanics  Valley,  Pa. 


Humphrey  Machine  Co.,  Keene,  N.  H. 
S.  Sleeper,  Mt.  Morris,  N.  Y. 
Knowltoii  &  Dolan,  Logansport,  Ind. 
National,  Bristol,  Conn. 
Little  Giant,  Auburn,  N.  Y. 
T.  H.  Risdon,  Mt.  Holly,  N.  J. 
Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Co., 

Orange,  Mass. 

W.  D.  King  &  Co.,  Pontiac,  Mich. 
N.  F.  Burnham,  York,  Pa. 
Win.  F.  Perry,  Bridgeton,  Maine. 
Goldie,  McCulloch  &  Co.. 

Gait,  Canada. 
Gates  Curtis,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 


As  is  often  the  case  in  such  trials,  few  of  those  desirous  of  taking 
advantage  of  the  Company's  offer  were  ready  at  the  time  named,  and, 
as  the  notice  did  not  state  any  time  for  closing,  builders  have  been 
tardy  in  sending  their  wheels.  The  ordinary  work  of  the  testing 
flume  has  been  continued  during  the  time,  so  that  the  wheels  re- 
ported are  only  about  one-half  the  number  tested;  and  any  one 
acquainted  with  the  matter  will  see  that  there  has  been  no  unneces- 
sary delay  in  making  the  report. 

The  experiments  were  announced  as  competitive,  meaning,  in 
general  utility,  economy  in  the  use  of  water,  convenience,  cost  and 
durability. 

Large  turbines  were  called  for,  that  their  discharge  might  be 
greater  than  could  be  measured  in  the  testing  flume  of  any  turbine 
builder,  but  this  was  not  insisted  upon,  as,  to  have  done  so,  would 
have  limited  the  competition  to  a  few  old  builders  with  full  sets  of 
patterns,  whose  wheels  have  often  been  tested  and  reported.  Ex- 
perience has  not  yet  produced  any  fact  that  even  hints  that  any 
particular  size  of  turbine,  small  or  large,  can  be  made  to  produce 
higher  results  than  any  other  size  of  the  same  make.  Consequently, 
builders  were  allowed  to  send  wheels  the  most  convenient  in  size 
for  themselves,  and  it  is  not  known  that  any  one  of  experience 
furnished  a  wheel  with  the  expectation  that  it  would  give  the  highest 
possible  results,  but  that  its  general  merits  should  commend  it  to 
the  public,  and  that  the  value  of  any  peculiarity  in  its  construction 
should  be  determined. 

Competitive  turbine  tests,  in  the  common  meaning  of  the  term, 
have  been  useful  in  the  past,  as  they  have  enabled  those  interested 
in  such  matters  to  decide  upon  the  most  desirable  plans.  At  the 
present  time,  however,  such  tests  can  have  no  public  value,  because 
each  turbine  tested  only  represents  itself  in  efficiency.  Another  of 


288 

the  same  size  and  make  might  and  probably  would  give  quite  dif- 
ferent results,  so  that  should  each  competitor  have  a  second,  third 
or  a  tenth  wheel  tried,  his  standing  would  be  likely  to  change  with 
each  wheel  tested.  The  Fourneyron,  Boyden,  Birkinbine  and 
Centennial  tests  all  prove  this  fact,  as  they  also  prove  that  the 
builders  who  have  furnished  the  turbines  that  have  given  the  highest 
efficiency  reported,  have  only  had  a  brief  popularity,  as  manufact- 
urers have  found  other  turbines  more  desirable  for  business ;  and 
it  will  be  evident  from  the  results  obtained  in  these  experiments, 
that  builders  have  taken  this  fact  into  consideration  and  have  gen- 
erally tried  to  produce  turbines  economical  at  any  stage  of  gate 
opening,  rather  than  to  gain  the  highest  possible  efficiency  at  whole 
gate,  where,  in  practical  use,  it  is  rarely  used.  And  in  this  there 
has  been  a  decided  gain,  as  there  has  also  in  an  increased  capac- 
ity for  a  given  diameter  of  wheel,  noticeable  in  the  Rechard  as  well 
as  the  Hercules  and  New  American. 

In  considering  the  comparative  merits  of  the  wheels  here 
reported,  it  should  be  understood  that  previous  to  1876  turbines  of 
any  make  for  a  given  diameter  generally  gave  about  the  same 
power.  There  were  builders  who  believed  in  some  mysterious 
power  in  leverage,  who  constructed  wheels  with  extended  diameter 
and  proportionally  small  discharge,  but  these  were  exceptional ; 
the  rule  held  good,  and  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  this  fact  into 
consideration  to  realize  the  improvements  in  turbines  during  the 
past  four  or  five  years. 

Turbine  builders  were  requested  to  furnish  draft  tubes  of  different 
sizes  with  their  wheels,  that  the  efficiency  of  such  tubes  might  be 
determined ;  and  that  the  loss  in  transmission  through  belts  and 
gears  might  also  be  ascertained,  several  well  known  gear-making 
firms  were  requested  to  furnish  gears  for  trial. 

The  experiments  have  been  conducted  upon  the  supposition  that 
their  purpose  was  to  ascertain  the  real  utility  of  the  various  devices 
tested  under  the  every-day  ordinary  conditions  to  which  such  plans 
are  subjected  in  practical  use,  rather  than  possibilities  in  exceptional 
cases  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  ;  and  features  of  known 
interest  developed  are  recorded  in  connection  with  their  development. 
It  was  expected  that  the  experiments  would  require  much  time,  and 
as  they  were  made  in  the  public  testing  flume,  it  was  necessary  that 
each  should  be  conducted  as  expeditiously  as  accuracy  would  per- 
mit; consequently,  James  Emerson,  from  his  intimate  familiarity 
with  such  matters  and  experience  in  handling  wheels,  was  employed 


289 

to  see  that  each  turbine  was  set  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  its 
builder,  and  to  have  a  general  supervision  over  the  work. 

Samuel  Webber,  Civil  Engineer  of  Manchester,  N.  H.,  known 
in  connection  with  the  Centennial  tests,  was  selected  to  assist  in 
making  the  experiments,  and  reports  herewith. 

Theo.  G.  Ellis,  Civil  Engineer  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  well  known 
through  his  published  works  and  long  employment  by  the  govern- 
ment in  river  and  harbor  improvements,  was  selected  by  the  turbine 
builders  to  see  that  the  experiments  were  skillfully  and  fairly  con- 
ducted, whose  report  is  appended. 

For  the  information  of  the  uninitiated,  it  is  proper  to  state  that  a 
turbine,  under  a  given  head,  does  its  best  at  a  certain  speed.  To 
find  this  point  it  is  necessary,  in  testing,  to  begin  with  a  light  weight, 
run  a  minute  or  more,  then  add  weight  and  repeat  until  the  best 
point  is  found ;  and  the  test  that  fixes  that  point  is  the  speed  at  which 
the  wheel  should  be  geared  to  work,  and  the  efficiency  at  that  point 
is  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel.  The  average  efficiency  from  a  part 
to  whole  gate  means  when  the  wheel  is  running  at  that  speed  at 
any  stage  of  gate  opening,  and  the  efficiency  at  other  speeds  is 
to  be  considered  only  so  far  as  it  shows  the  loss  that  will  occur 
through  gearing  above  or  below  the  proper  point. 

The  tests  are  supposed  to  be  correct  and  complete  in  each  case 
as  given,  but  for  the  information  of  students  or  others  wishing  to 
work  out  the  data  for  themselves,  the  following  is  given  in  explana- 
tion of  the  statement  at  the  head  of  each  test :  multiply  revolutions 
by  10,  20,  &c.  It  must  be  understood  that  during  each  test  the 
scale  beam  is  attached  to  the  brake  at  a  point  which,  if  revolv- 
ing, would  describe  a  circle  of  10,  15  or  20  feet  in  circumference. 
Consequently,  the  revolutions  must  be  multiplied  by  the  number 
given,  as  for  example  :  Of  the  first  New  American  wheel  tested — 
rev.  per  minute,  207.5;  weight,  675.  207.5X15=3112.5X675= 
2100937.5-i-33000=63.66  h.  p. 

To  make  this  report  really  useful,  it  is  issued  in  size  convenient 
for  the  pocket. 

WM.  A.  CHASE,  AGENT. 


290 


ENGINEERS'  REPORTS. 


REPORT  OF  THEO.  G.  ELLIS. 

HARTFORD,  CONN.,  September  13,  1880. 
WILLIAM  A.  CHASE,  ESQ., 

Agent  of  the  Holyoke    Water  Power  Co. 

SIR  :  Having  been  requested  to  take  part  in  the  interesting 
experiments  upon  turbines  made  by  your  Company  in  October  and 
November,  1879,  at  the  Holyoke  testing  flume,  I  did  so  with  great 
reluctance  as,  owing  to  many  professional  engagements,  I  could  not 
give  so  much  time  to  the  subject  as  its  importance  seemed  to 
warrant,  and  could  not  possibly  be  at  Holyoke  at  all  times  during 
the  experiments.  I  finally,  however,  agreed  to  be  present  at  part, 
at  least,  of  the  tests  in  behalf  of  the  turbine  builders,  to  see  that 
the  experiments  were  fairly  conducted  as  far  as  lay  in  my  power, 
and  to  make  such  observations  as  I  thought  best. 

It  was  understood  that  the  mechanical  work  of  setting  the  wheels 
and  making  the  experiments  was  to  be  superintended  by  James 
Emerson,  whose  previous  experience  in  the  testing  of  turbines  at 
the  same  locality  eminently  fitted  him  for  the  task.  The  flume  and 
apparatus  used  was  mostly,  if  not  entirely,  designed  and  con- 
structed by  him,  and  he  was  familiar  with  all  its  details  and 
capabilities.  Whatever  may  have  been  his  previous  published 
views,  it  is  believed  that  in  the  present  tests  all  the  turbines 
presented  for  trial  have  received  the  same  careful  attention  and 
trial.  In  some  cases  the  record  does  not  appear  to  show  as  full 
and  complete  a  trial  as  in  others,  but  there  was  always  some  good 
reason,  irrespective  of  any  prejudices  for  or  against  that  particular 
wheel,  for  the  apparent  limitation  of  the  trial. 

Mr.  Samuel  Webber,  civil  engineer,  of  Manchester,  N.  H. ,  who 
had  superintended  the  Centennial  tests  of  turbines,  was  present 
during  the  whole  of  the  experiments,  and  I  availed  myself  of  an 
association  with  him  in  overlooking  the  experiments,  so  that  one  of 


291 

us  should  be  present  at  every  trial,  and  thus  always  have  a  dis- 
interested party  to  record  the  readings  of  the  dynamometer  and 
gauges,  and  the  time  of  the  experiment,  to  serve  as  a  eheek  upon 
the  readings  recorded  by  Mr.  Emerson's  assistant  and  taken  by 
him.  Mr.  Webber  was  assisted  most  of  the  time  by  Mr.  Stockwell 
Bettes,  civil  engineer,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  who  read  the  gauges 
and  otherwise  checked  the  readings  taken  and  recorded  by  Mr. 
Emerson. 

All  of  Mr.  Emerson's  readings,  and  such  of  Mr.  Webber's  as  he 
desired,  were  recorded  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose.  These 
records  were  kept  and  all  the  computations  therefrom  were  made 
by  Miss  Charla  Adams,  who  for  a  long  time  has  been  familiar  with 
such  experiments  and  computations  as  an  assistant  of  Mr.  Emerson, 
and  who,  I  am  satisfied  from  a  personal  examination  of  her  work, 
has  performed  the  duty  in  a  careful,  accurate  and  thorough 
manner. 

Experiments  upon  the  following  wheels  were  all  witnessed  by 
Mr.  Webber,  and  part  of  them  by  myself: 

October   10,  1879,  Tyler  Wheel. 

"         11,  "  Thompson  Wheel. 

"         14,  "  New  American  Wheel. 

"         15,  "  "  Humming  Bird "  Wheel. 

"         1(5,  "  Success  Wheel. 

"         17,  "  Two  Tait  Wheels. 

"         18,  "  Repeated  Test  of  Tait  First  Wheel 

(buckets  chipped). 

"         IS,  "  Sherwood  Wheel. 

21,  "  Nonesuch  Wheel. 

"         22,     "  Curtis   Wheel. 

"         28,  "  Pair  of  Curtis  Wheels  set  horizontally. 

November  11,  "  Hercules  Wheel. 

12,  "  Hercules  Wheel. 

"         13,  "  Houston  Wheel. 

14,  "  Wetmore  Wheel. 

"         15,  "  Monarch  Wheel. 

The  computed  volumes  of  discharge,  and  the  percentage  of 
efficiency  of  the  foregoing  wheels,  as  shown  in  your  Report,  the 
proof  of  which  has  been  submitted  to  me,  have  been  carefully  ex- 
amined with  a  view  to  determine  the  relative  value  of  the  wheels 
named,  and  their  respective  performances  under  the  different  con- 
ditions and  amount*  of  water  with  which  they  were  tested. 

In  the  testing  of  turbines,  it  has  been  the  practice  to  first  de- 
termine the  velocity  at  which  the  wheel  will  give  its  greatest  effect 


292 

when  using  all  the  water  that  will  run  through  it  with  the  gates  or 
entrance  apertures  open  to  their  full  extent,  or  at  "full  gate;  " 
then  to  diminish  the  quantity  of  water  to  three-quarters  and  one- 
half,  as  nearly  as  practicable,  and  to  estimate  the  power  of  the 
wheel  when  running  at  the  same  velocity.  The  experiments  at 
Holyoke  were  conducted  practically  in  this  manner.  The  best 
velocity  was  found  for  "  full  gate,"  and  then  the  amount  of  water 
was  diminished  gradually  in  successive  experiments  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  half  the  quantity,  with  the  wheel  running  as  nearly  as 
might  be  at  the  same  speed. 

This  is  perhaps  the  best  way  to  make  such  tests,  everything  con- 
sidered. But  it  does  not  in  all  cases  give  the  exact  relative  value 
of  the  wheels.  Some  turbines  might  give  a  better  result  at  a 
different  velocity  when  using  a  less  amount  of  water,  and  make 
their  average,  say,  from  half  to  full  gate  better  than  by  the  former 
method.  The  difficulty,  however,  of  getting  at  the  exact  velocity 
at  which  any  turbine  would  give  its  best  results  when  using  differ- 
ent quantities  of  water,  is  too  great  to  warrant  such  determinations 
in  a'  series  of  comparative  tests  such  as  were  made  at  Holyoke. 
The  same  method  must  be  established  for  all,  and  the  customary 
one  appears  to  be  the  fairest,  as  no  other  would  probably  be  agreed 
to  by  all  the  turbine  builders.  In  the  practical  use  of  turbines  for 
power,  it  is  rarely  the  case  that  a  wheel  is  put  in  of  the  exact  power 
required.  A  margin  must  be  left  for  an  excess  of  power  to  meet 
emergencies,  and  allowance  must  be  made  for  an  increase  of 
machinery,  so  that  a  larger  wheel  is  ordinarily  purchased  than 
would  just  suffice  to  meet  present  requirements.  For  this  reason, 
it  is  not  the  wheel  which  gives  the  highest  percentage  of  efficiency 
at  "full  gate"  that  is  really  the  best  wheel.  There  can  be  no 
point  fixed  at  which  any  wheels  should  be  compared,  but  it  is 
thought  that  perhaps  "three-quarters  gate"  is  about  the  average 
point  at  which  wheels  are  used,  and  their  comparative  efficiency  at 
from  one-half  to  their  full  power  sufficiently  represents  their  real 
value.  It  would  probably  be  a  better  comparative  test  of  wheels  to 
get  their  best  velocity  at  "three-quarters  gate"  and  run  them  with 
the  same  velocity  for  greater  and  less  quantities.  This  would  give 
the  real  value  of  the  wheel  better  than  the  present  practice,  but  it 
would  probably  not  be  generally  agreed  to.  In  using  the  terms 
"  full  gate,"  "  half  gate,"  "  three-quarters  gate,"  etc.,  the  relative 
quantity  of  water  is  meant.  The  opening  of  the  wheel  gates  them- 
selves is  not  considered.  Their  construction  is  often  such  that 


293 


opening  or  closing  them  a  certain  proportion  does  not  affect  the 
quantity  of  water  in  the  same  manner.  It  not  unfrequently  happens 
that  a  slight  closing  of  the  gate  increases  the  quantity  of  water 
passing  through  them,  so  that  the  gates  themselves  are  deceptive 
and  are  no  criterion  of  the  amount  of  water  used.  The  gate  open- 
ing is  sometimes  used  to  deceive  the  uninitiated  in  the  circulars  of 
unscrupulous  turbine  builders,  calling  "  half  gate  "  perhaps  two- 
thirds  the  whole  quantity  of  water,  so  as  to  give  a  higher  percentage 
of  efficiency,  but  the  only  true  standard  of  comparison  is  the  actual 
amount  of  water  measured  as  it  leaves  the  wheel. 

The  experiments  upon  the  before-named  wheels  have  been  care- 
fully plotted  with  the  amounts  of  water  and  the  percentage  of 
efficiency  as  co-ordinates,  and  a  mean  curve  drawn  through  the 
points  for  each  wheel.  These  curves  have  been  all  reduced  to  a 
uniform  horizontal  scale  for  the  purpose  of  comparison,  so  as  to 
obtain  their  relative  efficiency  at  all  proportions  of  the  whole 
amount  of  water  from  half  to  full  gate.  The  curves  of  the  eight 
wheels  giving  the  highest  efficiency  are  shown  on  the  annexed  dia- 
gram. The  horizontal  scale  shows  the  parts  of  the  whole  quantity 
of  water  from  half  to  full  gate,  and  the  vertical  scale  shows  the  per- 
centage of  efficiency  at  all  points  corresponding  to  the  amount  of 
water  indicated. 

The  average  percentage  of  efficiency  for  these  eight  wheels  has 
been  computed  for  the  amount  of  water  from  half  to  three-quarters 
gate,  from  half  to  full  gate,  and  from  three-quarters  to  full  gate,  as 
shown  in  the  following  table  : 

TABLE  SHOWING  AVERAGE  PERCENTAGE  AT  PART  GATE. 


NAME. 

I  to  f. 

Per  cent. 

2  to  full. 
Per  cent. 

£  to  full. 
Per  cent. 

Hercules,     

.737 

.805 

•771 

New  American, 

.732 
.708 

.795 
*786 

•763 
.747 

Tyler, 

.665 

.766 

.715 

Tait,             

.680 

.744 

.712 

Thompson,           .... 

.696 

.721 

.709 

Nonesuch,            .... 

.619 

.712 

.666 

Houston,               .... 

.397 

.717 

.557 

294 


295 

By  examining  the  diagram  and  the  foregoing  tablt,  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  several  wheels  will  be  readily  seen.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  Houston  turbine,  which  has  the  highest  percentage  of 
effect  at  full  gate,  is  really  the  least  efficient  at  from  half  to  three- 
quarters,  and  from  half  to  full  gate,  of  all  those  shown  on  the  dia- 
gram, and  is  only  superior  to  the  Nonesuch  at  from  three-quarters 
to  full  gate,  and  that  by  a  very  trifling  amount ;  so  that  the  wheel 
which  apparently  has  the  highest  percentage  is  really  the  least  de- 
sirable for  actual  use.  The  Thompson  turbine,  which  has  the 
lowest  percentage  of  those  shown,  at  full  gate,  rises  to  the  sixth 
place  at  from  one-half  to  full  gate,  and  to  the  fourth  place  at  from 
one-half  to  three-quarters  gate.  The  Tyler  turbine,  which  has  the 
second  highest  percentage  at  full  gate,  falls  to  the  sixth  place  at 
from  one-half  to  three-quarters  gate.  The  Hercules  turbine,  which 
stands  third  only  at  full  gate,  takes  the  first  rank  at  from  half  to 
fall  gate,  or  any  of  its  subdivisions.  The  New  American  turbine, 
which  stands  only  fifth  in  the  percentage  at  full  gate,  is  second  only 
to  the  Hercules  at  from  one-half  to  full  gate  or  either  of  its  subdi- 
visions, and,  indeed,  differs  from  the  Hercules  very  slightly  in  its 
useful  effect  through  the  whole  range  shown. 

Taking  the  average  useful  effect  of  the  wheels  shown  from  one- 
half  to  full  gate  as  a  measure  of  their  efficiency,  their  relative  value 
is  in  the  order  shown  in  the  table. 

Among  the  turbines  tested  at  about  the  time  of  the  experiments 
upon  the  wheels  before  named,  were  two  very  remarkable  ones  on 
account  of  their  very  different  qualities  and  performance.  These 
were  the  Rechard,  a  statement  of  which  is  included  in  your  Report, 
and  the  Victor,  which  was  used  in  the  gear  experiments,  likewise 
attached  to  your  Report.  The  first-mentioned  has  a  percentage 
of  useful  effect  of  only  69  at  full  gate,  while  the  latter  has  a  per- 
centage of  92.  At  thirteen-sixteenths  of  full  gate,  the  percentage  of 
efficiency  becomes  reversed,  and  below  that  the  Rechard  is  Dy  far 
the  most  effective  turbine.  From  one-half  to  full  gate  the  efficiency 
of  the  Rechard  is  second  only  to  the  Hercules,  while  for  the  same 
range  the  Victor  would  come  fourth  in  the  list. 

Neither  Mr.  Webber  nor  myself  witnessed  the  experiments  upon 
these  wheels,  but  they  are  mentioned  to  show  that  a  high  percent- 
age at  full  gate  is  often  deceptive  and  does  not  always  indicate  the 
best  wheel  for  practical  use. 

In  the  foregoing  Report,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  two  wheels, 
only  such  wheels  are  considered  as  were  tested  in  the  presence  of  Mr. 


296 

Webber4  ot  myself.  The  Hit  appears  to  embrace  all  the  really  good 
wheels  presented,  and  gives  their  efficiency  as  we  saw  it.  Some  of 
these  wheels  show  a  little  higher  percentage  than  I  have  given  in 
some  of  the  other  experiments  in  your  Report,  particularly  the 
New  American,  but  I  have  thought  best  to  confine  myself  to  those 
experiments  that  were  witnessed  and  verified  by  the  attending 
engineers. 

With  the  sincere  hope  that  comparative  and  competitive  tests  of 
turbines  will  be  continued,  and  that  thereby  the  public  and  users 
of  power  will  know  more  fully  the  qualities  of  the  wheels  they  pur- 
chase, and  the  useful  effect  they  are  likely  to  derive  from  them, 

I  remain,  very  respectfully  yours, 

THEO.  G.  ELLIS,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 


297 


EEPORT  OF  SAM'L  WEBBER. 

WM.  A.  CHASE,  ESQ., 

Treasurer  Holyoke  Water  Power  Co. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  was  requested  by  you  in  October,  1879,  to  come 
to  Holyoke  and  be  present  at  a  series  of  competitive  tests  of  tur- 
bines, and  to  see  that  the  measurements  were  correctly  made,  and 
the  apparatus  in  perfect  order.  I  was,  accordingly,  present  the 
greater  part  of  the  time  from  October  9th  to  November  15th,  and 
witnessed  the  tests  of  the  following  wheels,  viz.  i 

Oct.  9th  and  10th,     The  "  Tyler"  Wheel. 

llth,       "    "  Thompson"  Wheel. 

"  14th,       "    "New  American,"  being  a  wheel 

of  the  Swain  type  of  bucket, 
with  the  case  and  gates   for- 
merly used  for  the  "American 
Wheel." 
October  15th,    The  "  Humming  Bird  "  Wheel. 

"  16th,       "    "  Success "  Wheel. 

"  17th,       "    "  Tait  Centennial,"  2  wheels. 

"  18th,       "  "  "         1st  wheel  repeated. 

"  "          "    "Sherwood"  Wheel. 

«  21st,       "    "  Nonesuch"  Wheel,  from  Clark  & 

Chapman. 

"  22nd,       "    "  Gates  Curtis  "  Wheel. 

"  27th,       "  "     pair  of  wheels  on  draft  tube. 

Nov.  llth  and  12th,       "    "  Hercules  "  Wheel. 

"  13th,       "    "  Houston "  Wheel. 

"  14th,       "    "  Wetmore "  Whe^l. 

"  15th,       "    "  Monarch  "  Wheel. 

During  all  these  tests,  I  verified  the  measurements  of  the  weir, 
the  revolutions  of  the  wheel,  the  head  of  water,  and  the  weight  on 
the  steelyard,  and  in  these  measurements  I  was  assisted  by  Mr. 
Stockwell  Bettes ;  and  from  the  data  so  obtained  I  have  made  up 
complete  calculations  of  the  results. 

I  have  examined  the  proof  sheets  sent  me  by  Mr.  James  Emerson, 
of  his  report  and  calculations  of  these  tests,  and  have  no  hesitation 
in  accepting  them,  as  in  very  many  cases  we  agree  exactly,  while  in 


298 

no  case  is  there  a  variation  of  over  1  per  cent.,  and  these  differences 

are  mainly  due  to  slight  differences  in  the  weir  readings,  as  taken 
by  Mr.  Emerson  and  Mr.  Bettes. 

I  was  also  present  during  a  portion  of  the  gear  and  belt  tests  in 
April,  1880,  and  can  certify  to  the  correctness  of  Mr.  Emerson's 
report  of  those  tests,  so  far  as  the  results  then  obtained  are  con- 
cerned. 

I  cannot,  however,  consider  these  tests  as  conclusive,  from  the 
fact  that  the  gears  were  entirely  new,  and  that  there  was  no  accu- 
rate method  of  regulating  the  proper  depth  to  which  the  gears 
should  be  put  in  contact — a  slight  change  in  such  depth  having 
shown  a  great  difference  in  the  net  power  attained. 

Neither  was  there  any  method  for  regulating  or  ascertaining  the 
the  tension  of  the  belts. 

Nor  should  I  be  satisfied  to  accept  the  result  obtained  from  the 
15-inch  Victor  wheel  as  conclusive  of  the  merits  of  wheels  of  that 
make,  as  from  various  tests  the  very  small  wheels  of  almost  all 
patterns  usually  give  a  higher  percentage  than  the  larger  ones. 

Yours  very  truly, 

SAM'L  WEBBER,  C.  E. 


299 


REPORT  OF  JAMES  EMERSON. 

WILLIAM  A.  CHASE, 

Agent  Water  Power  Co.,  Ilolycike,  Mass. 

SIR  :  Having,  in  connection  with  the  engineers  named,  completed 
the  scries  of  turbine  and  dynamic  experiments  announced  by  your 
Company,  the  results  obtained  by  myself,  with  accompanying 
remarks,  arc  here  submitted  for  your  consideration. 

In  presenting  this  report,  it  is  a  pleasure  to  recall  the  interest 
taken  in  the  experiments,  from  the  beginning  to  their  close,  by 
engineers  and  experts  in  such  matters.  There  was  hardly  a  trial 
of  any  kind  without  the  presence  of  such.  Mr.  Bettes  assisted 
almost  invariably ;  James  M.  Sickman,  C.  E.  of  Holyoke,  often 
examined  the  arrangements ;  Prof.  Norton,  of  the  Sheffield  Scien- 
tific School  of  New  Haven,  Ct.,  with  members  of  his  class,  spent  a 
day  in  witnessing  the  tests,  and,  later,  six  graduates  of  his  class 
assisted  in  testing  the  15-inch  Victor.  Prof.  Whittaker,  of  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  with  some  sixteen  members 
of  his  class,  not  only  witnessed  the  experiments,  but  had  charge  of 
the  apparatus  for  several  hours,  and  tested  the  33-inch  Hercules  for 
practice.  The  Principal  of  the  Holyoke  High  School,  with  a  large 
delegation  of  scholars,  both  male  and  female,  spent  some  hours  in 
witnessing  the  tests,  and  seemingly  with  much  pleasure.  There 
were  also  witnesses  from  very  distant  places,  and  some  that  one 
would  hardly  expect  would  feel  an  interest  in  such  matters,  but 
they  seemed  to  do  so, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSBTT,     MASS.,  Aug.   1,   1880. 


300 


301 


Wemple  Wheel. 


Sent  by  Wm.  Wemple's  /Sons,  Fultonville,  N.  Y. 


18-inch  wheel.     Central  and  downward  discharge.     Inside  register  gate. 


?>aia  In-low  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    April  17, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.30 

18  24 

300 
150 

000 
335  3 

000 
15  24 

623  06 

7265 

, 

18  36 

160 

327  6 

15  88 

627  43 

7298 



18.40 
18.26 

170 

180 

319 
303  5 

16.43 
16.55 

640.98 
645.48 

.7375 
.7434 

18.40 

190 

296 

17  04 

648  48 

7561 

..... 

18.35 
18  24 

200 
210 

280 
259  5 

16.97 
16  51 

651.49 
660  44 

.7516 

7257 

, 

18  29 

185 

293 

16  42 

648  48 

7329 

, 

18.17 

195 

282 

16.66 

651  49 

7451 

Part  Gate. 

18  23 

150 

396 

14  81 

624  55 

6887 

18.20 

175 

296 

15  69 

626  04 

7290 

( 

18  20 

170 

294  6 

15  17 

642  48 

6868 

18  21 

165 

282  5 

14  12 

599  42 

6850 

18.22 

160 

290 

14  06 

596  42 

6851 

< 

18  24 

140 

278 

11  79 

542  63 

6306 

i 

18  24 

125 

293  5 

11  11 

525  45 

6137 

I                      ..... 

18.34 
18.34 
18.43 

100 
100 

75 

259 
291.5 
227  3 

7.85 
8.83 
5  65 

437.65 
447.21 

330  80 

.5178 
.5700 
.4906 

< 

18  39 

75 

300  5 

6  83 

370  86 

5302 

i 

18  41 

75 

301 

6  84 

373  48 

5842 

« 

18.42 

80 

291  5 

7.07 

382  69 

.5309 

t 

18  48 

55 

288  5 

4  81 

299  28 

4722 

1  •                   

18.48 

50 

303 

4.59 

298.03 

.4412 

Mr.  Wemple  not  being  able  to  get  up  a  wheel  of  the  size  required  in  time, 
allowed  this  to  be  reported  as  a  representative  of  the  kind. 


302 


Tyler  Wheel. 


30-inch  zoheel,  sent  bit  John  Tyler,  Claremont,  JV.  Jf. 


o  . 

&   2 


03    S 

ti 


This  wheel  was  furnished  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  those  seeking  for  such 
information  to  compare  its  power  of  transmission  with  those  of  the  same  size 
made  by  others,  as  the  most  of  the  popular  builders  have  had  30-inch  wheels 
tested.  One  fact,  however,  must  be  taken  into  consideration  in  making  such 
comparisons,  namely,  that  while  the  increase  in  the  sizes  of  one  builder  is,  say, 
6,  12,  18,  24  and  30  b.  p.,  the  increase  in  another  make  will  be  6,  9,  18,  40,  48, 
75,  &c. ;  bat,  in  the  aggregate,  the  total  power  of  all  the  sizes  of  each  builder 
amount  to  about  the  same.  The  Tyler  flume  wheel  represents  very  fairly  the 
average  capacity  of  the  most  popular  turbines  known  previous  to  1876,  except- 
•  ing,  however,  the  Boydeu,  which,  for  its  diameter,  is  far  less  in  capacity  than 
any  of  the  others. 

This  particular  wheel  was  made  from  the  same  patterns  as  the  one  tried  at  the 
Centennial  tests,  and  several  times  at  the  llolyoke  Hume.  Special  pains  was 
taken  that  it  should  be  an  exact  duplicate  of  that  one.  The  curb  was  the  same 
as  the  Centennial,  yet,  as  will  be  seen  by  those  who  have  the  means  to  make  the 
comparison,  the  discharge  of  this  wheel  was  one-sixth  greater  than  the  first. 
Mr.  Tyler  was  so  unwilling  to  accept  the  results,  that  he  had  the  wheel  taken 
out,  reset,  and  retested  on  three  successive  days,  each  trial  giving  the  same 
results. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Aug.  1,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

lu-v  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate.     .    .    . 

18  30 

375 

218 

37  15- 

1373  63 

7831 

18  28 

385 

213  7 

37  49 

1373  63 

7896 

«           it 

18.27 
18  27 

400 
405 

209.6 
901  6 

38.10 
38  96 

1373.63 
1386  77 

.8045 
8148 

«           « 

18  27 

440 

198  5 

39  70 

1400  00 

8225 

«           « 

18.26 

450 

194 

39  68 

14»1  n 

8103 

*<           « 

18  25 

475 

180 

38  86 

1445  03 

7809 

(4                   « 

18.28 

440 

194.5 

38!90 

1418.46 

.7950 

303 


Moessinger  &  Heathecote. 


Sent  by  Sfoeasinger  &  Heathecote ,  Glenrockt  Pa» 


20-inch  wheel. 

This  turbine  was  a  Jonval,  with  register  gate,  as  represented  above. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Sept.  3  and  4, 1 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

llev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.40 
18  40 

100 
110 

320.5 
325 

10.47 
11  16 

511.13 

513  84 

.5894 
6250 

ii 

18  40 

120 

330 

12.00 

517.92 

.6668 

(i 

18.39 

130 

323.5 

12.74 

524.75 

.6988 

« 

18  39 

140 

310  5 

13  17 

531.59 

7133 

ii 

18.38 

150 

300 

13.63 

535.71 

.7329 

« 

18.38 

160 

281.6 

13.65 

541.23 

.7265 

« 

18  39 

170 

254.5 

13  11 

543.99 

.6938 

«        

18.38 

180 

230 

12.54 

545.37 

.6623 

The  wheel  bound  upon  the  step  during  the  above  trial;  and  it  was  taken  out  of 
the  flume,  overhauled,  then  re-tested,  giving  the  results  recorded  below. 


<    «( 

18  56 

160 

307  5 

1490 

546.00 

7784 

«     « 

18.53 

170 

300.5 

15.48 

551.51 

.8016 

<     (( 

18  53 

180 

287  5 

15  68 

551  51 

8123 

(     « 

18.53 

190 

270 

15.54 

555.68 

.7990 

Pa  t  Gate.    

18.71 

50 

295 

4.47 

381.41 

.3316 

18  65 

75 

296 

6.72 

432.22 

.4414 

<    « 

18  59 

100 

292 

8.85 

478.14 

.5272 

1    "     

18.55 

125 

292.5 

11.08 

517.17 

.6114 

304 
Tictor  Turbine. 

Stilwell  A  Eierce  Manufacturing  Oo.t  Dayton,  Ohio. 


This  wheel  is  of  recent  origin ;  discharges  the  water  used  outward,  downward 
and  centrally;  h  is  a  register  gate  that  works  easily  and  opens  in  full  with  half  a 
turn  of  gate  rod.  It  is  so  designed  that  its  buckets  may  be  m;ide  of  bronze,  if 
desired.  Its  discharge  in  proportion  to  its  diameter  is  only  equaled  by  that  of 
the  Hercules.  Price  of  this  35-inch  wheel,  $650;  weight.  4600  pounds. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  20.     Sept.  5,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate.    «    .    .    .    . 

16.95 

2660 

000 

000. 

.000 

17  18 

1500 

147  5 

134  09 

4994  79 

.8289 

17.10 

1550 

141  5 

132  98 

4999.22 

.8232 

17.11 

1600 

137.5 

133  33 

5012.56 

.8230 

17  09 

1650 

131  5 

131  50 

5025  86 

.8121 

17.07 

1700 

126  6 

130  43 

5030.31 

.8048 

•    •    •    . 

17.11 
17.11 

1450 
1400 

150 

156 

131.81 
132  36 

4990.36 
4972.64 

.8172 
.8236 

17.10 

1475 

150 

134  09 

4981.50 

.8334 

17  09 

1525 

142  3 

131  52 

4985.93 

.8172 

Pa  t  Gate  

17  14 

1475 

147  3 

131  76 

4941.67 

.8237 

17.23 

1350 

152 

12436 

4739.63 

.8063 

17.55 

1150 

133  3 

9290 

3920.79 

.7131 

17  56 

1100 

136  5 

91  00 

3892.00 

.7050 

17.59 

1050 

141 

89  72 

3855.07 

.7006 

17.58 

1000 

145 

3777.48 

.6989 

44 

17.66 

900 

149  5 

81  54 

3619  75 

.6754 

<«            «< 

18.00 

'575 

144.2 

50.25 

2726.05 

.5421 

«            « 

18.07 

500 

149.3 

45.24 

2616.35 

.5066 

305 
Walsh  Double  Turbine. 


Sent  by  B.  E.  Sanford,  Sheboygan  Fallst  Wisconsin. 


The  two  wheels  represented  above  were  placed  together  forming  one  with 
divided  discharge,  as  represented  in  the  small  wheel  at  the  right.  The  curb  had 
cylinder  gate  without  flange. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Sept.  8,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 


Whole  Gate 17.29 

17.44 
17.42 
17.38 
17.37 
17.38 
7.39 
7.39 
7.38 
7.38 

Patt  Gate 7.45 

7.45 
7.45 
7.45 
7.61 
17.81 
17.60 
17.60 
17.73 
17.98 
17.98 
18.09 
18.09 
18.24 
18.23 
18.23 


Head    Weight  Rev  1>cr    1Iorse      Cubic       Per 
tieaa     weignt   minutc    power      Feet       Cent 


2525 
1250 
1350 
1500 
1600 
1650 
1550 
1575 
1525 
1475 
1350 
1300 
1275 
1260 
1000 
750 
900 
950 
850 
675 
625 
450 
500 
250 
350 
400 


000 

129 

123.5 

114 

106.3 

101 

109.5 

107 

111 

114.5 

106 

110.5 

113 

114.5 

114 

113.6 

122 

120 

112.5 

110.6 

115.5 

120 

113.5 

114.5 

125 

116 


000 
97.72 
101.04 
103.63 
103.07 
101.00 
102.86 
102.13 
102.59 
102.35 
86.72 
87.06 
87.31 
87.73 


51.63 
66.54 
69.09 
57.95 
45.24 
43.75 
32.72 
34.39 
17.34 
26.51 
28.15 


4110.90 
4157.13 
4224.63 
4228.88 
'4228.88 
4219.42 
4224.63 
4224.63 
4211.96 
4027.25 
4023.08 
4019.00 
4019.00 
3632.61 
3038.93 
3600.82 
3608.89 
3279.00 
2550.32 
2550.32 
2311.00 
2311.00 
1827.74 
2136.79 
2140.23 


000 
.7216 
.7386 
.7473 
.7429 
.7292 
.7423 
.7359 
.7397 
.7402 
.6534 
.6565 
.6591 
.6623 
.5718 
.5051 
.5558 
.5759 
.5278 
.5223 
.5170 
.4143 
.4356 
.2755 
.3603 
.3820 


306 
King's  Turbine. 


Sent  by  A.  8.  King,  Pontiac, 


Wheel,  SO.inches  diameter. 

This  turbine  was  a  central  discharge,  constructed  with  a  thick  crown  plate  that 
could  be  raised  or  lowered  on  the  buckets,  so  that  the  wheel  itself  could  be 
changed  in  depth  from  ten  inch  openings  to  zero— so  constructed  with  the  ex- 
pectation  of  get  ting  the  highest  percentage  for  the  water  used,  whether  the  wheel 
was  opened  two  or  ten  inches.  There  was  no  separate  gate,  the  crown  plate 
shutting  down  to  the  bottom  rim  of  wheel,  thus  forming  gate  in  itself. 

•  Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Sept.  20,  1879. 


Gate  Opened. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17  93 

920 

000 

0000 

1866.47 

.0000 

«< 

17  86 

450 

185 

37.84 

1969.34 

.5695 

»• 

17.85 

500 

175 

39.77 

1987.04 

.5937 

.. 

17  85 

550 

165 

41  25 

1999.02 

.6120 

«» 

17  85 

600 

154 

42.00 

2037.82 

.6256 

M 

17.80 

650 

141.6 

41.83 

2061.80 

.6084 

(( 

17  80 

700 

130  5 

41  55 

2091.88 

.6908 

M 

17.82 

575 

157 

41  03 

2025.86 

.6018 

«« 

17  82 

590 

154 

41  30 

2043.80 

6004 

II 

17  82 

610 

150  5 

41  7-3 

2043.80 

.6067 

| 

17  81 

625 

146.2 

41.53 

2055.80 

.6006 

17  88 

550 

152  5 

38  12 

1936.83 

5829 

17  87 

525 

158  6 

37.81 

1922.12 

.5829 

17  93 

450 

163  8 

33  50 

1782  48 

.5550 

17  93 

480 

156 

34  03 

1796.88 

.5592 

17  93 

500 

152 

34.54 

1802.64 

.5658 

18  01 

450 

150  2 

29.01 

1640.36 

.5199 

18  02 

425 

158.5 

30  62 

1629.14 

.5523 

18.10 

350 

164.5 

26.17 

1455.45 

.5260 

18.12 

375 

155.5 

26  51 

1455.45 

.5322 

18  24 

300 

154 

21  00 

1222.65 

.4998 

18.34 

250 

139.5 

15.85 

1048.53 

.4364 

18.35 

200 

173.5 

15.77 

1041.16 

.4370 

18.35 

225 

159.2 

16.28 

1043.62 

.4501 

18.48 

140 

155 

9.86 

808.00 

.3496 

18.57 

90 

156 

3.74 

65200 

.1635 

3°7 
Tyler  Wheel. 

60-inch  icheel,  sent  by  John  Tyler,  Claremont,  N.  H. 


In  furnishing  wheels  for  an  open  comparative  trial,  Mr.  Tyler  took  a  course 
alike  creditable  to  his  manhood  and  sense  of  fair  dealing.  He  knevy  perfectly 
well  that  recent  improvements  in  turbines  had  greatly  increased  their  capacity, 
without  a  corresponding  increase  in  cost,  and  that  his  wheels  would  have  to 
contend  against  such  improvements. 

This  turbine  weighed  about  six  tons;  price,  $1,000.  By  comparing  its  cost, 
capacity  of  transmission,  and  general  efficiency  with  the  Hercules,  Victor  or  New 
American,  its  relative  value  may  be  approximated. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  after  partially  closing  the  gate,  the  discharge  was  greater 
than  with  the  gate  opened  in  full — a  rather  curious  feature,  though  the  same  may 
be  observed  in  the  test  of  the  Monarch,  the  second  test  of  the  Success,  and  others. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.     Oct.  8, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

1694 

1950 

102  5 

121  13 

4730.67 

7996 

Pa  t  Gate.         .... 

16.94 
16.94 

16.88 

2000 
2050 
2000 

100.5 
98 
98.6 

121.81 
121.75 
119.51 

4743.84 
4774.60 
4809.82 

.8027 
.7970 

.7775 

16.88 
17.13 
17.15 

1900 
1800 
1750 

106 

97 
99 

122.06 
105.81 
105.00 

4809.82 
4251.42 
4192.08 

.7959 
.7692 
.7733 

17  18 

1700 

100  7 

103  72 

4162  50 

7679 

17.27 

1500 

105 

95  45 

3878.45 

.7545 

17.28 
17.28 
17.(>4 
17  05 

1500 
1550 
1200 
1150 

105 
102 

98.2 
100  5 

95.45 
95.81 
71.41 
70  04 

3870.19 
3890.86 
3137.24 
3040  77 

.7557 
.7544 

.6832 
6W9 

17.67 

1100 

104 

69.33 

3106.27 

6687 

17  85 

950 

98  3 

56  62 

2619  96 

6414 

17.85 

850 

102 

5254 

2510  49 

6208 

Full  Gate. 

16.85 

2000 

100.3 

121.57 

4757.01 

.8030 

3o8 
Thompson  Wheel. 

Sent  by  Thompson  Iron  Works,  Union  City,  Pa. 
40-inch  wheel,  diagonal  in  shape,  like  the  Houston. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Oct.  11,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate.         .     .     . 

17  66 

1800 

000 

000 

2958  73 

000 

17  49 

900 

139  6 

76  14 

3302  55 

6982 

17.47 

1000 

128 

77  57 

3314.46 

7092 

17.48 

1100 

117 

78.00 

3334.34 

.7085 

.     ,     .     . 

17.50 
17.50 

1200 
1075 

102.5 
120  5 

74.54 

78  50 

3330.38 
3334.34 

.6771 
.7122 

17.50 

1125 

115 

78.40 

3342.30 

.7096 

17  48 

1100 

118  6 

79  06 

3346  28 

7155 

17.48 

1100 

119.2 

79.46 

3346.28 

.7192 

17  50 

1125 

117  3 

79  97 

3342  30 

7239 

Part  Gate  

17.58 

1100 

111 

7400 

3133.18 

7113 

17.58 

1100 

112 

74  66 

3133.18 

.7176 

17  56 

1050 

119  7 

76  17 

3114  64 

7529 

17.72 

950 

118 

67  94 

2783  48 

7292 

17.94 

800 

120 

58  18 

2380.93 

.7212, 

18.16 

600 

126.5 

46.00 

1963.12 

.6832 

18.15 

7uO 

114.5 

48  57 

2004.19 

7069 

18.10 
18.23 

675 
500 

117.5 
118.5 

48.06 
35.90 

1993.90 
1545.00 

.7052 
.6748 

18.27 

475 

123 

35.41 

1538.57 

.6671 

309 


Perry's  Improved  Turbine. 

Sent  by  Wm.  F.  Perry,  Bridgton,  Me. 


Downward  discharge.     Register  gate.    36-inch  wheel. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Oct.  13,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.98 
17  96 

600 
650 

201 
191.5 

54.81 

56  58 

2108.42 
2120  50 

.7655 

.7866 

17.96 

700 

182 

57.90 

2135.60 

.7992 

:  !  i  :  '. 

17.95 
17.95 
17.95 
17  (»5 

750 
800 
725 
740 

173 
161.5 
177 
175 

58.97 
58.72 
58.32 
58  86 

2138.64 
2144.70 

2129.56 
2132  58 

.8133 

.8075 
.8077 
.8142 

17.95 

760 

170.5 

58.90 

2138.64 

.8124 

17  (»4 

775 

167  5 

59  01 

2147  73 

8109 

Pa  t  Gate.         

18  06 

700 

157 

49.95 

1894.69 

.7727 

18  06 

690 

160  5 

50  33 

1894  69 

7786 

18  06 

675 

165 

50  62 

1891  77 

7844 



18.06 
18  17 

665 
550 

167.5 
155 

50.63 

38  75 

1888.85 
1592  69 

.7859 
7090 

18  16 

550 

161 

40.25 

1628  89 

.7204 

18.13 

565 

173.5 

4456 

1719.00 

.7569 

18  10 

575 

174.5 

45  60 

1761  74 

.7571 



18.10 
18  22 

595 
465 

169.7 
173  5 

45.89 
36  67 

1761.74 
1513  82 

.7620 
.7043 

18  22 

485 

169 

34.22 

1532.00 

.6490 

18.47 

350 

146 

23.22 

1144.80 

.5414 

18  42 

270 

165 

22  25 

1072.42 

.5964 

1839 

300 

158 

21.72 

1099.79 

.5694 

18.40 

290 

160 

21.09 

1079.92 

.5610 

18  42 

250 

1  69 

19.20 

1069.90 

.5158 

18.37 

340 

157  5 

21,31 

1158.96 

.5318 

18.30 

375 

167 

28.46 

1298.89 

.6339 

Reynold's  Champion  Wheel. 

24-inch  wheel,  sent  by  Bloomer  &  Co.,  Ellenville,  N.  T. 


Downward  discharge.     Register  gate. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Oct.  13,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

R<-\  per 
minute 

Horse 
power 

Cubic 
feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate.    .     ,     .     .     . 

18  34 

f>50 

000 

000 

1010  64 

000 

18  32 

275 

313 

26.08 

1047.06 

.7198 

18  30 

300 

304 

27.63 

1059  28 

.7564 

18  30 

325 

290  5 

28  48 

1071.55 

.7689 

]8..°,0 

350 

276.7 

29.37 

1081.39 

.7857 

18  29 

375 

260 

29  54 

1091  20 

.7837 

18.29 

400 

243.7 

29.50 

1103.63 

.7649 

18.28 

365 

266  5 

29.47 

1088.75 

.7836 

18.28 

385 

251.5 

29.34 

1096.20 

,7753 

Part  Gate  

18.27 

18  28 

375 
350 

260 
273 

29.54 
28  95 

1088.75 
1081  39 

.7862 
7755 

18  28 

375 

257  5 

29.26 

1091  20 

.7767 

18.28 

350 

268 

28.42 

1083.85 

.7594 

18  28 

365 

262  5 

29  03 

1086  30 

.7742 

18.27 

350 

263 

27.89 

1081.39 

.7492 

18.28 
18  27 

315 
335 

282.5 
272  5 

26.96 
27  66 

1071.55 
1071.55 

.7287 
.7479 

18.27 

350 

262 

27.78 

107  1.55 

.7512 

18  34 

300 

261 

23  72 

950  79 

7202 

18  40 

275 

236 

19  66 

848.08 

6670 



18.41 
18  41 

250 
245 

256.5 
260  5 

19.43 
19  34 

834.35 
834  35 

.6697 
6666 

18.46 
18.46 

200 
190 

252.5 
260 

15.30 
14.99 

746.66 
737.83 

.5877 
.5827 

18.54 
18.54 

125 
110 

243 
260 

9.20 
8.66 

584.11 
573  81 

.4498 
.4310 

18.60 

90 

260 

T.09 

521.12 

.3873 

New  American  Wheel. 

48-inch,  loheel,  sent  by  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio, 


This  turbine  has  the  same  curb  in  form  as  the  well-known  American  Turbine, 
made  by  that  company ;  but  the  wheel  is  downward  discharge— very  similar  in 
form  and  plan  to  the  Swain. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Oct.  14, 1879. 


Gate  Opened. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

16.45 

2935 

000 

000 

5397  95 

ooo 

16.33 

2000 

110.5 

133.94 

5603.83 

7749 

« 

16  32 

2050 

108.3 

134.55 

5608  43 

7783 

.    .    .    . 

16.30 
16  29 

2100 
2150 

104.6 
101.5 

133.12 
129.48 

6594.63 
559Q  23 

.7727 
7516 

Part  Gate.         .         ... 

16.32 
16.32 
16  40 

2025 
2075 
2050 

109 
105.5 
107 

133.77 
132.67 
132.93 

5590.03 
5603.83 
5484  60 

.7763 
.7679 

7824 

16.40 

2025 

108 

132.54 

5475.46 

7814 

M 

16  38 

2075 

106.3 

133.68 

5484  60 

7879 

U 

16.49 

2000 

108.5 

131.51 

5280  09 

7996 

« 

16  43 

2025 

106  8 

131.07 

5271  00 

8013 

t 

16.52 

1975 

109.1 

130.58 

5257  46 

7961 

1 

16.69 

1900 

109 

125.51 

4984.41 

7989 

< 

16.88 

1800 

106 

115.63 

4546  23 

7978 

( 

16.90 

1700 

111.7 

115.05 

4477  28 

8051 

« 

16  89 

1750 

108  3 

11*4  86 

4511  71 

7962 

t 

16  87 

1775 

1073 

115.73 

4529.00 

8019 

« 

17.16 

1500 

108.8 

98.91 

3966.32 

.7694 

< 

17.15 

1525 

108.2 

100.00 

3962.18 

.7792 

( 

17.17 

1475 

110.3 

98.54 

3937.34 

.7717 

«< 

Whole  Gate.     '.'.'.'.     '. 

17.43 
17.44 
17.60 
17.67 
17.68 
17.69 
16.31 

1175 
1200 
1050 
1000 
975 
950 
2050 

111.3 
109.4 
106.3 
103.3 
106 
108.3 
106.3 

79.25 
79.56 
67.64 
62.60 
62.63 
62.35 
132.07 

3336.22 
3348.02 
2969.24 
2829.91 
2818.70 
2774.00 
5567.06 

.7216 
.7214 

.6853 
.6627 
.6638 
.6728 
.7701 

312 

Success  Wheel. 

36-inch  wheelt  sent  by  8.  M.  Smith t  Torkt  P*. 


Called  the  Improved  Success,  very  fragile  in  construction. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Oct.  16, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate      .... 

17.99 

1350 

000 

000 

2243.17 

0000 

17.93 

675 

191.5 

58.75 

2380.46 

.7287 

17.90 

750 

185 

62.76 

2433.92 

.7627 

17.89 

800 

178  2 

64.80 

2437.50 

7867 

17.87 

850 

170.5 

65.88 

2484.14 

.7857 

17  87 

900 

162  5 

66  47 

2494  94 

7893 

17  86 

950 

153.3 

66  19 

2523  82 

7774 

17.85 

1000 

145.5 

66.13 

2523.82 

.7773 

17  86 

875 

165 

65  62 

2491  34 

7809 

17  85 

900 

161.5 

66.06 

2502  15 

7829 

Part  Gate.        ..... 

17.85 
17.96 
17.98 

925 

800 
825 

157 
163.2 
159.2 

66.07 
59.34 
59  70 

2512.98 
2197.96 
220837 

.7798 
.7959 
7961 

i 

18.19 

550 

163.5 

40.87 

1649.44 

.7212 

« 

18  19 

575 

159  2 

41  60 

1653  80 

7321 

i 

18  09 

650 

165 

48.75 

1876  29 

7604 

i 

18.26 

450 

171.5 

35.07 

1477.05 

.6884 

< 

18  26 

475 

165 

35.62 

I486  77 

6947 

« 

18  25 

500 

160 

36.36 

1499  10 

7037 

i 

18  25 

525 

154  5 

36  86 

1511  46 

7076 

i 

18  37 

375 

159  5 

27  18 

1223  47 

6403 

t<         « 

18.37 

375 

157.5 

26.84 

1217  67 

6352 

"         <            

18.34 

375 

162.5 

27.69 

1258.46 

.6351 

Second  test  of  the  same  wheel,  the  buckets  having  been  chipped  and  other 
changes  made. 


17.80 

800 

179 

65.09 

2410  98 

8031 

17  80 

800 

178 

64  72 

2378  93 

8091 

( 

17  88 

800 

166 

60  36 

2168  65 

8241 

1 

17.76 

875 

167.5 

66  61 

2464.68 

8051 

« 

17  74 

925 

161  2 

67  61 

2482  66 

8126 

«    

17.75 

900 

165 

67.50 

2493.46 

.8076 

Nonesuch  Wheel. 

40-inch  wheel,  sent  by  A.  S.  Clark,  Turners  Falls,  Mass. 

The  designer  sends  the  following  description : 

The  wheel  consists  of  downward  discharge  buckets,  enclosed  by  bell-shaped 
cylinders.  The  one  forming  the  hub  of  the  wheel  has  the  concave  surface  next 
to  the  buckets.  The  other  forms  the  flange  or  band  which  encloses  the  lower 
or  reacting  parts  of  the  buckets,  and  has  the  convex  surface  next  to  them,  or 
larger  end  downward.  By  this  construction,  the  lower  parts  of  the  buckets  are 
expanded  on  their  outer  extremity,  which  gives  a  very  easy  discharge.  The 
curb  of  the  wheel  has  a  short  draft  tube  in  which  is  the  step  on  which  the  wheel 
revolves.  The  water  enters  the  wheel  at  the  side  and  above  the  outer  flange, 
through  a  system  of  straight  chutes,  within  which  is  a  cylinder  gate  having  on  the 
lower  edge  fins  or  blades,  which  extend  into  the  chutes.  The  downward  pres- 
sure on  these  blades  and  the  weight  of  the  gate  is  counterbalanced  by  an  upward 
pressure  on  an  external  sectional  flange  near  the  top  of  the  gate,  and  within  the 
dome  in  which  the  gate  rises  to  open.  By  this  means  the  gate  opens  easy  under 
pressure.  The  wheel  is  constructed  on  the  theory  that  water  should  not  be 
changed  in  direction  horizontally  after  leaving  the  chutes,  but  take  a  downward 
direction  only,  as  the  wheel  absorbs  the  power  of  the  moving  water. 


This  wheel  was  very  deep,  like  the  Hercules;  conical  in  shape,  40  inches  in 
diameter  at  the  top  and  48  at  the  bottom,  which  turned  outward  like  the  Risdou— 
hardly  distinguishable  in  outward  appearance  of  curb  from  the  Hercules. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Oct.  21,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate      

17  37 

2100 

000 

000 

3999  93 

000 

17  14 

1100 

157  6 

105  06 

4449  00 

7294 

«           <• 

17.15 

1200 

149 

108  36 

4453  29 

7512 

<(           t 

17  12 

1300 

139  2 

109  67 

4461  89 

7600 

"           «        

17.15 
17.13 

1400 
1500 

131 
118.5 

111.15 
107  74 

4470.51 
4470.51 

.7676 
7448 

«           i 

17  12 

1600 

105  5 

102  30 

4449  oo 

7112 

Part  Gate               .... 

17.11 
17  12 

1375 
1425 

130.5 
125  5 

108.75 
108  75 

4444.38 
4444  38 

.7571 
7503 

17  12 

1400 

128  2 

108  77 

4449  00 

7562 

«             u 

17.19 

1400 

120 

101  82 

4256  59 

7368 

<«          « 

17  19 

1350 

125  5 

102  68 

4239  56 

7461 

;;     ;;      

17.42 
17  38 

1300 
1300 

106 
114 

8:1.51 

89  81 

3711.41 

3859  00 

.6839 
7090 

u             « 

17  38 

1200 

124  7 

90  70 

3838  38 

.7206 

«           «< 

17.48 

1100 

125 

8333 

3865  58 

.7079 

(           « 

17  65 

950 

125 

71  96 

3197  18 

6750 

<         « 

17.75 

800 

130 

63.03 

2935.63 

.6404 

(           <« 

17  75 

850 

123  5 

63  62 

2928  04 

6481 

<           « 

17.84 

700 

127  5 

54.09 

2666  18 

.6021 

«           (« 

17.92 

675 

123 

50.31 

2512.67 

.6053 

«           « 

17  92 

650 

120.5 

4».83 

2501  81 

5885 

«           « 

18.04 

500 

131 

39.69 

2224.52 

.5237 

<«           « 

18  03 

550 

40  83 

2221  03 

5398 

«        it 

17.09 

1400 

126 

106.91 

2449.00 

.7443 

3H 
Tait  Wheel. 

Sent  by  Thomas  Tait,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


36-inch  wheel. 

This  wheel  discharged  downward.    It  had  thick  cast  iron  buckets,  left  square 
at  the  edge,  between  the  hoop  and  crown  plate. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Oct.  17, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  (rate  

18.25 

1125 

000 

000 

1685.09 

000 

18  27 

550 

156  5 

39.12 

1614.60 

.7022 

18.26 

560 

154 

39.20 

1618  97 

.7021 

18.25 

570 

152.5 

39.51 

1622.16 

.7066 

18  25 

580 

151.5 

39.94 

1627.35 

.7119 

18  25 

590 

150 

40.22 

1633.73 

.7142 

18.25 

600 

147.5 

40.22 

1640.13 

.7109 

18.25 

610 

146.2 

40.50 

1643.33 

.7149 

18.24 

620 

144.7 

40.77 

1643.33 

.7202 

18  24 

630 

142.5 

40.81 

1656.15 

.7153 

18.24 

650 

139 

41.06 

1665.78 

.7154 

18.22 

700 

133 

42.31 

1694.78 

.7271 

1821 

750 

125 

42.61 

1720.68 

.7200 

1820 

800 

113 

41.09 

1749.96 

.683 

Pa  t  Gate  

18.30 
18.30 

500 
515 

158.3 
156 

35.97 
36.82 

1485.61 
1494.94 

.7005 
.7126 

18.29 

530 

152.5 

36.73 

1507.41 

.7053 

18.29 

545 

149.7 

37.11 

1516.78 

.6921 

18.33 

500 

152 

34.54 

1420.78 

.7022 

18.32 

515 

149  2 

34.92 

1426.92 

.7074 

18.37 

450 

153.5 

31.40 

1293.67 

.6996 

18.37 

480 

147  5 

3218 

1311.62 

.7071 

18.42 

430 

146 

28.53 

1196.28 

.6854 

18.43 

400 

152.5 

27.72 

1173.01 

.6788 

18.49 

350 

145 

2306 

1011.04 

.6530 

18.50 

320 

155 

22.54 

994.39 

.6487 

18.56 

250 

157 

17.84 

848.19 

.6000 

18.56 

270 

147.5 

18.10 

848.19 

.6080 

3'5 


TAIT  (  Continue d). 


Another  wheel,  similar  to   the  first,  but  the  edge  of  the   buckets   had  been 
finished  "  quarter  round."    It  was  tested  in  the  same  curb  as  the  first. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate 

18.18 
18.17 
18.17 

18.16 
18.16 
18.15 
18.14 
18.13 
18  13 
18.13 
18.11 
18.18 
18.19 
18.25 
18.24 
18.23 
18.28 
18.35 
18.43 
18.50 
18.55 
18.52 
18.53 

550 
575 
600 
625 
650 
675 
700 
725 
750 
775 
800 
600 
575 
470 
500 
530 
470 
410 
350 
265 
240 
270 
250 

158.3 
155 
150 
148 
144 
140.5 
136 
133.5 
129.5 
125 
121.5 
146.2 
150 
160.5 
155 
150.2 
151.5 
151.7 
149.8 
150.2 
143.5 
145 
150 

39.57 
40.51 
40.00 
42.04 
42.54 
43.11 
43.27 
43.99 
44.14 
44.03 
4418 
39.87 
39.20 
34.28 
35.22 
36.18 
32.36 
28.27 
23.83 
18.09 
1565 
17.79 
17.04 

1779.38 
1782.66 
1818.84 
1838.66 
1845.26 
1871.83 
1888.48 
1905.18 
1911.87 
1918.57 
1938.71 
1802.36 
1749.96 
1601.88 
1615.78 
1637.00 
1504.29 
1341.69 
1170.11 
972.31 
850.80 
934.03 
924.88 

.6476 
.6620 
.6553 
.6667 
.6722 
.6718 
.6687 
.6743 
.6742 
.6701 
.6663 
.6592 
.6520 
.6208 
.6327 
.6419 
.6231 
.6079 
.5850 
.5324 
.5250 
.5445 
.5264 

, 

1            '        

Pa  t  Gate.         

«<          < 

<«          < 

««          « 

a          « 

«          < 

«<          < 

«          < 

«.          < 

<«         *< 

««        «             

Second  test  of  the  No.  1  Tait  wheel,  the  buckets  having  been  "  chipped"  bark 
three-eighths  of  an  inch,  and  edges  rounded  on  front  side,  so   as  to  leave  them 
sharp  on  back  side,  between  the  hoop  and  crown  plate. 

Whole  Gate  

1828 
18.27 
1832 
18.31 
18.34 
18.36 
1839 
18.40 
18  45 
18.50 
18.  f,0 
18.57 
IS  ">7 
18  66 
18.67 
18.28 

700 
725 
675 
650 
650 
600 
600 
580 
525 
475 
450 
350 
375 
300 
270 
750 

144.5 
140 

148.7 
151.5 
144.7 
153.5 
145.5 
149 
150 
146.2 
152 
157.2 
150.5 
141  5 
151.2 
135 

45.98 
46.13 
'45.63 
44.76 
42.75 
41.86 
39.68 
39.28 
35.79 
31.56 
31.09 
25.01 
25.65 
19.29 
18.55 
46.02 

1710.11 
1719.83 
1697.18 
1687.50 
1610.69 
1  579  00 
1509.92 
1500.57 
1380.58 
1248.86 
1240.00 
1161.43 
1067.07 
869.71 
843.22 
1742.56 

.7787 
.7772 
.7771 
.7670 
.7663 
.7645 
.7566 
.7533 
.7440 
.7230 
.7176 
.6717 
.6853 
.6293 
.6238 
.7648 

««           « 

Part  Gate  

Full  Gate. 

3i6 
Hercules  Wheel. 

Holyoke  Machine  Co.,  Holy  oke  \Mat9. 


33-inch  wheel;  weight,  4,000  pounds;  price,  $550. 
Tested  Nov.  4. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent 

Wl 
Pa 

tiole 
tGs 

Gate 

16.87 
17.12 
17.09 
17.06 
17.07 
17.04 
17.02 
17.05 
17.04 
17.04 
17.04 
17.04 
17.13 
17.14 
17.25 
17.23 
17.28 
17.26 
17.25 
17.42 
17.40 
17.38 
17.39 
17.21 
17.33 
17.35 
17.35 
17.37 
17.51 
17.50 
17.34 
17.40 
17.40 

2500 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1300 
1400 
1500 
1250 
1350 
1275 
1300 
1325 
1300 
1250 
1200 
1175 
1100 
1150 
1100 
1050 
1050 
1000 
1000 
900 
850 
800 
750 
730 
650 
675 
600 
580 
550 

000 
184.5 
177.2 
166.4 
154.6 
142.6 
130 
160.5 
148.5 
157 
154.5 
150.2 
148 
154.5 
153.5 
156 
158.5 
155 
155 
156 
150 
153.5 
145 
155 
151.6 
150 
152.5 
155 
157 
153 
150 
152.5 
155.5 

000 
111.81 
118.13 
121.02 
121.80 
121.00 
118.18 
121.59 
121.50 
121.32 
121.72 
120.61 
116.60 
117.04 
111.63 
111.09 
105.66 
108.63 
103.33 
99.27 
95.45 
93.03 
87.87 
84.55 
78.09 
72.72 
69.31 
68.57 
61.84 
62.59 
54.54 
53.65 
51.84 

5137.95 
4608.44 
4664.96 
4691.06 
4721.69 
4743.56 
4765.41 
4708.58 
4721.69 
4704.15 
4708.58 
4712.95 
4513.21 
4500.34 
4206.06 
4197.56 
4038.24 
4059.11 
3926.08 
3696.76 
3527.48 
3507.49 
3368.55 
3270.35 
3095.86 
2906.45 
2860.30 
2841.55 
2626.87 
2656.17 
2428.14 
2381.87 
2360.60 

.000 
.7503 
.7844 
.8004 
.8000 
.7925 
.7716 
.8017 
.7995 
.8013 
.8031 
.7951 
.7984 
.8033 
.8147 
.8133 
.8016 
.8209 
.8079 
.8162 
.8214 
.8079 
.7924 
.7953 
.7705 
.7638 
.7396 
.7355 
.7166 
.7129 
.6859 
.6848 
.6683 



ite           ... 

Hercules  Wheel. 

Holyoke  Machine  Co.,  ffolyoke,  Mass. 


33-inch  wheel;  weight,  4,000  pounds;  price,  $550. 
Tested  Nov.  11. 

Same  wheel  as  tested  Nov.  4th.  It  stood  in  the  flume  during  the  interval,  and 
received  some  hard  knocks  during  the  time  from  a  gang  of  mill-wrights  who 
were  fitting  up  the  nearly  horizontal  draft  tube  illustrated  further  along  in 
report.  Previous  to  this  second  trial  the  step  was  taken  out,  examined  and  quite 
likely  "trued  up,"  after  which  operation  the  wheel  became  unsteady  in  motion 
and  difficult  to  control  by  brake,  though  quite  the  reverse  during  the  first  test. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pel 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Wliole  Gate 

16  68 

1275 

152 

117  42 

4661  56 

.7995 

16  68 

1300 

148  7 

117  15 

4652  86 

.7991 

i         « 

16  67 

1250 

154.5 

117.04 

4652.86 

.7989 

«          « 

16  65 

1250 

151  6 

114  85 

4639.84 

.7879 

Pa  t  Gate  

16.70 
17.00 

1200 
1150 

159.2 
154 

115.78 
107.33 

4631.16 
4178.34 

.7926 
.8000 

17  00 

1175 

148 

105  39 

4174.14 

.7510 

;       

17.08 
17  09 

1100 
1125 

156 
154 

104.00 
105  00 

3990.56 
4015  36 

.8080 
.8101 

« 

17  '28 

1025 

154.5 

95.98 

3675.20 

•8001 

< 

17.28 

1050 

153 

97.36 

3679.24 

.8110 

•       

17.37 
17.40 

1025 
1000 

147 
150.2 

91.31 
91.03 

3514.60 
3486.74 

.7919 
.7944 

« 

17  54 

900 

155 

84  54 

3297  41 

7738 

( 

17  67 

950 

151 

§693 

337590 

.7756 

( 

17.74 

850 

156 

80.36 

3099.87 

.7755 

( 

17  23 

1300 

156  7 

123  46 

4766  24 

.7961 

( 

17  23 

1350 

151 

123.54 

4740.01 

.8009 

« 

17  68 

1050 

156  7 

99  72 

3707  58 

.8054 

, 

17  68 

1100 

150 

100.00 

3736.00 

.8015 

! 

17.99 
18.10 
18.08 
18  10 

800 
650 
675 
600 

150 
155 
151.5 
155  5 

72.72 
61.06 
61.97 
5<>  54 

3015.83 
2566.63 
2>92.00 
2  469  49 

.7100 

.6958 
.7(00 
.7012 

, 

18.10 

640 

151 

58.56 

2483.81 

.6897 

i 

18.08 

650 

150.2 

59.70 

2473.07 

.7070 

••         

18.09 

675 

147.5 

60.49 

2505.33 

.7068 

Hercules 


Wheel. 


A  third  test,  Nov.  12,  step  having  again  been  taken  out  and  examined. 
Data  below  for  one  miuute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

\VholeGate  

17.28 
17.27 

1300 
1325 

155.3 
152  5 

122.35 
122.46 

4732.11 
4710.31 

.7923 
.7984 

"          "        

17.26 
17  26 

1350 
1375 

150.5 
146  5 

123.13 
12208 

4723.04 
4745.22 

.7996 

.7892 

Part  Gate.         , 

17  35 

1300 

150 

118.18 

4510.79 

.7996 

17.36 
17  42 

1250 
1250 

157 

147  7 

118.94 
111.89 

4493.89 
4238.33 

.8071 
.8024 

17.43 
17.43 
17.55 

1200 
1225 
1150 

154.5 
152 

149.6 

112.37 
112.85 
104.26 

4217.74 
4217.74 
3913.03 

.8091 

.8128 
.8038 

17.55 
17.57 

1125 
1050 

152.5 
153.5 

103.97 
97.68 

3899.56 
3700.64 

.8044 
.7954 

17.58 

1050 

146 

92.90 

3539.76 

.7904 

17.59 
17.62 

17.28 

1000 
975 
950 

151 
154 
145 

91.51 
91.00 
83.48 

3527.79 
3499.89 
3322.19 

.7809 
.7812 
.7700 

17.30 
17.25 

900 
850 

150.5 
148 

82.09 
76  24 

3'276.29 
3070.62 

.7671 
.7620 

17.25 

825 

151.2 

75.60 

3062.99 

.7576 

17.01 

750 

147.7 

67.13 

2832.72 

.7377 

16.99 

725 

151 

66.34 

2814.09 

.7346 

17.20 

650 

153 

60.27 

2604.47 

.7123 

17.32 
17.37 

600 
600 

153.5 
150.5 

55.81 
54.72 

2478.28 
2442  58 

.6881 
.6674 

Houston  Wheel. 

40-inch  wheel,  sent  by  Fales  cfe  Jenks  Machine  Co.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I, 


Gate  worked  very  hard. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Nov.  14,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate 

16  41 

2125 

000 

ooo 

2786  04 

000 

16  56 

1050 

143  6 

68  53 

2697  24 

8123 

16  57 

1075 

140 

68  41 

2704  60 

8083 

16  56 

1100 

137 

68  50 

2697  24 

8120 

Part  Gate.         .    '.     .     '.     ! 

16.56 
16.54 
16.62 
16  57 

1125 
1025 
700 
650 

133.5 
146.7 
138.5 
149  5 

68.27 
68.55 
44.06 
44  17 

2704.60 
2682.52 
2145.70 
2176  65 

.8069 
.8179 
.6541 
6484 

16  53 

675 

147  5 

4525 

2200  82 

6585 

16.53 

695 

146 

46  12 

2200  82 

6712 



16.59 
16  59 

900 
925 

147.5 
144  5 

60.34 
60  75 

2522.32 
2522  32 

.7634 
7688 

16.88 

800 

143 

52  00 

2315  85 

7043 

16  70 

790 

141 

50  63 

2298  30 

6984 

16  68 

770 

145 

50  75 

2284  30 

7053 

16.60 

600 

142 

38.72 

2050.22 

.5743 

16  54 

575 

144  5 

37  76 

2033  38 

5943 

16.94 

450 

142 

26  01 

1820.95 

4464 

16  87 

425 

145  5 

28  10 

1807  91 

4876 

17.00 
17.25 

350 
150 

133  5 
145 

21.23 
9.88 

1448.80 
1346.51 

.4564 
.2252 

To  the  Engineers  making  Hydro-Dynamic  Experiments  for  Water  Power  (70., 

Holyoke^  Mass. 

GENTLEMEN  :  The  wheel  which  we  had  tested  by  you  was  an  experimental 
one,  differing  somewhat  from  the  others  heretofore  tested,  and  from  what  we 
furnish  our  customers.  The  results  you  obtained  did  not  warrant  us  in  continu- 
ing its  manufacture,  so  it  has  been  abandoned,  and  we  have  returned  to  our 
original  plans  represented  above. 

Respectfully, 

SULLIVAN  MACHINE  CO. 
Nov.  14, 1879.  C.  B.  RICE,  Treas. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.38 

350 

250 

39.77 

1508.19 

.7596 

18  38 

375 

237 

40  36 

1511  29 

.7692 

t 

1838 

400 

224 

40.72 

1511.29 

.7762 

< 

18.38 

425 

210.5 

40.66 

1505.09 

.7781 

« 

18  38 

450 

196 

40  09 

1502.00 

7689 

i 

18  39 

390 

227  5 

40.32 

1502.00 

.7727 

< 

18.38 

410 

217 

40.44 

1498.89 

.7772 

18  44 

350 

223  5 

35.51 

1361  62 

.7488 

18.20 

300 

199 

27.13 

1144.6(5 

.6894 

18  21 

275 

216 

27  00 

1138.96 

6892 

18  21 

260 

223  5 

26  41 

1138  96 

.6741 

18.39 

200 

204 

18  54 

917.75 

.5818 

18.39 

175 

225 

17  89 

917.75 

.5613 

18  53 

125 

222 

12  61 

761.30 

.4733 



18.70 

275 

225 

28.12 

1176.21 

.6769 

321 


Houston  Wheel. 

35-inch  wheel,  sent  by  one  who  had  purchased  the  wheel. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Nov.  28,  1879. 


Gate  Opened. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Pei- 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

14.07 

550 

165.8 

41.45 

1944.61 

.8022 

14.05 

600 

155 

42.27 

1944.61 

.8192 

«          i< 

14.04 

625 

149.2 

42.38 

1946.63 

.8166 

14.05 

650 

143 

42.25 

1956.67 

.8129 

*'          " 

14.01 

675 

138 

42.30 

1964.81 

.8135 

Part  Gate.              .... 

14.11 

625 

146.2 

41.53 

1918.46 

.8121 

»« 

13.62 

600 

135.5 

36.95 

1812.81 

.7925 

u        < 

13.66 

575 

142 

37.11 

1818.75 

.7907 

"       ' 

14.15 

500 

136.5 

31.02 

1635.19 

.7099 

"       * 

14.29 

450 

149.2 

30.51 

1623.66 

.6960 

*«        * 

13.85 

2;.o 

136 

15.45 

1223.47 

.4827 

" 

13.68 

225 

146.5 

14.98 

1202.14 

.3869 

14.  5S 

120 

139 

7.58 

922.81 

•2983 

14.45 

120 

142 

7.74 

939.37 

.3019 

1428 

120 

148.5 

8.10 

964.36 

.3114 

Sherwood  Wheel. 


20- inch  wheel. 

Downward  discharge,  similar  (o  the  Risdon,  with  plain  cylinder  gate;  had  been 
in  use  two  years;  was  sent  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  efficiency  of  the 
plan. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Oct.  7,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Hoa'se 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.3] 

260 

248.2 

19.55 

835.13 

.6769 

"           "         .... 

18.32 

270 

242.2 

19.81 

848.37 

.6748 

"           " 

18.32 

280 

230 

19.51 

84837 

.6647 

"            " 

is.;u 

250 

259.2 

19.63 

848.37 

.6692 

Part  Gate  

18.36 

'2<)0 

248 

19.53 

805.01 

.6996 

"        "              ..... 

18.41 

260 

212 

16.70 

746.59 

.6432 

««        «« 

18.43 

226 

255 

17.38 

756.00 

.6606 

"        " 

18.43 

245 

231.5 

17.18 

754.42 

.6543 

18.43 

235 

243 

17.30 

754.42 

.6588 

«        « 

18.43 

230 

251 

17.49 

754.42 

.6508 

322 


Royer  Wheel. 

24-inch  wheel,  scut  by  /.'.  R.  Royer,  Ephrata,  Pa. 


Downward  discharge,  having  plain  cylinder  gate. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.     Dec.  5,  1879. 


Gate  opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate      

18.05 

225 

277.5 

18.92 

829.98 

.6686 

18.02 

250 

261 

19.77 

840.29 

.6913 

i«           < 

18.00 

275 

249.5 

20.SO 

854.88 

.7158 

«»                        4 

17.98 

300 

238 

21.63 

867.91 

.7339 

«                         i 

17.97 

325 

227.5 

22.41 

877.72 

.7184 

«                        t 

17.95 

350 

213.7 

22.66 

889.19 

.7517 

"                        '                                            ' 

17.93 

375 

198.5 

22.49 

897.41 

.7400 

«                        « 

17.93 

400 

181.2 

21.96 

905.66 

.7161 

«                        ( 

17.95 

340 

220.5 

22.71 

885.91 

.7562 

«                         * 

17.95 

360 

206.5 

22  52 

890.83 

.7456 

Gate  closed    4  turns.    .     . 

17.96 

325 

228 

22^45 

885.91 

.7471 

'                    4 

17.96 

340 

207.5 

21.37 

885.91 

.7595 

'                    8 

17.95 

325 

216.7 

21.34 

897.41 

.7014 

8                .     . 

17.96 

315 

223 

21.28 

895.96 

.7003 

12                 .     . 

'  17.96 

300 

215 

19.54 

884.27 

.6514 

12                 .     . 

17.97 

290 

222 

19.50 

879.35 

.6519 

«                   16 

18.03 

250 

211 

15.98 

812.90 

.5772 

16                .     . 

18.02 

235 

223 

15.88 

798.48 

.5843 

'                 20 

18.15 

175 

214 

11.35 

683.14 

.4847 

"                  20 

18.15 

165 

222.5 

11.25 

079.54 

.4828 

"                 24 

18.30 

75 

226 

5.14 

529.35 

.2745 

323 


Monarch  Wheel. 

Sent  by  Albred  &  KoeClsch,  Randlematt,  Mf'g  Co.,  High  Point,  Jf.  G. 


Three  wheels,  placed  one  above  the  other,  the  middle  wheel  being  loose  on 
shaft,  but  being  bolted  firmly  to  the  curb — arranged  in  this  manner  that  it  might 
act  as  chutes  to  the  lower  wheel.  Chutes  and  gates  to  upper  wheel  similar  to  the 
Leffel,  but  so  very  leaky  as  to  be  anything  but  creditable  to  the  workmanship. 


HIGH  POINT,  N.  C.,  August  15,  1879. 
W.  A.  CHASE,  ESQ., 

Dear  /Sir:  I  have  a  turbine  water  wheel,  finished;  size,  sixteen  inches — a  new 
invention,  which  lias  not  been  tested  except  by  myself.  It  will  use  the  water 
twice,  and  increases  the  power  one -quarter  over  any  wheel  known.  My  16-inch 
wheel  run  over  eight  horse  power,  under  nine  foot  head,  with  34  square  inches 
discharge.  As  the  test  is  open  to  all  wheels,  I  would  be  pleased  to  send  on  my 
wheel  to  you,  under  such  rule  and  regulations  as  you  desire,  for  a  test  with 
other  wheels. 

Very  respectfully, 

II.  L.  KOELLSCH. 


The  letter  of  Mr.  Koellsch  is  given  as  the  best  means  of  introducing  his 
device  and  ideas ;  also,  as  a  sample  of  hundreds  of  other  letters  received  of  the 
same  tenor. 

During  the  past  few  years  many  patents  have  been  issued  for  devices  known 
to  be  perfectly  worthless  by  those  acquainted  with  the  subjects  to  which  they 
belong.  Particularly  has  this  been  the  case  in  turbine  plans.  It  is  hardly  possible 
to  conceive  of  a  device,  no  matter  how  absurd,  that  has  not  been  tried  in  the 


324 


hopes  of  circumventing  nature  in  its  claim  for  friction  and  waste,  or,  what  is 
more  generally  the  case,  hoping  to  achieve  "  perpetual  motion  "  through  a  double 
use  of  the  same  fall  of  water.  Boyden's  "  Diffuser,"  or  the  "  Double  Turbines  " 
of  Wynkoop,  Leffel,  or  any  other  make,  have  proved  equally  fallacious.  The 
highest  results  have  been  obtained  from  the  single,  simple  plans.  As  the  most 
effective  means  of  presenting  this  fact  to  Mr.  Koellsch,  the  Monarch  was  first 
tested  in  the  combined  form  designed.  The  results  may  be  seen  in  the  first  table 
below.  Then  the  lower  wheel  C  and  chutes  B  were  removed  and  the  wheel  A 
alone  tested;  results  obtained  in  the  lowest  table.  Whenever  the  efficiency  of  a 
single  turbine  is  increased  by  the  addition  of  a  second  wheel  or  diffuser  beneath, 
it  may  safely  be  concluded  that  the  upper  wheel  is  defective. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Nov.  15,  1879. 

Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

llev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.48 
18.49 
18.49 
18.51 
18.51 
18.51 
18.51 
18.51 
18.51 
18.51 
18.52 
18.53 
18.52 
18.55 
18.56 
18.67 
18.65 

75 
85 
95 
105 
120 
130 
140 
150 
130 
135 
135 
135 
140 
130 
140 
75 
95 

265.5 
250 
288.3 
223 
207.5 
172 
182 
166 
194.5 
187 
187 
193.7 
187 
194.5 
179.5 
152.6 
184 

6.09 
6.40 
6.86 
7.06 
7.54 
7.56 
7.72 
7.54 
7.66 
7.65 
7.65 
7.92 
7.90 
7.66 
7.61 
3.46 
5.29 

420.92 
423.66 
427.76 
429.14 
429.14 
429.14 
430.50 
433.24 
430.50 
430.50 
429.14 
418.19 
415.47 
383.11 
376.44 
242.80 
292.24 

.4145 
.4326 
.4592 
.4708 
.5025 
.5007 
.5135 
.4978 
.5095 
.5087 
.5096 
.5411 
.5436 
.5706 
.5767 
.4135 
.5139 

K         i 

Gate  closed   5  turns.     .     . 

'         "        10      " 

'         "       15      '            ".     '. 

'"'         "        '«         ' 

After  the   above  tests  were  made,  the  lower  wheel  and  set  of  chutes  were 
removed. 

Test  of  upper  wheel  A. 


;;     ;; 

18.33 
18.34 

140 
150 

229 
184  5 

9.71 

8.38 

594.81 
587  40 

.4405 
.4119 

Gate  closed  5  turns.    . 
"        "       10       '          '.     '. 

18.34 
18.35 
18.35 

130 
140 
130 

270.3 
232.5 
277.5 

10.64 
9.86 
10.93 

605.22 
600.75 
605.22 

.4847 
.4775 
.5210 

"       15       '          .'     .' 

18       <          '.     '. 

'       21       «          '.     . 

'       221     '          .'     i 
'       24       «' 

18.37 
18.37 
18.38 
18.39 
18.37 
13.46 
18.47 
18.65 
18.62 

140 
130 
140 
130 
140 
110 
105 
75 
60 

232.5 
293-5 
247.5 
290.5 
239 
267 
235 
263.3 
215 

9.86 
11.56 
10.50 
11.44 
10.17 
5.90 
7.47 
5.98 
3.25 

590.36 
578.54 
565.33 
539.11 
524.68 
429.14 
404.62 
317.65 
242.80 

.4813 
.5759 
.5350 
.5969 
.5587 
.5942 
.5292 
.5344 
.3806 

325 


New  American  Wheel. 

48-inch  wheel,  sent  by  Stout,  Mills  & 
A 


Chutes  and  gates  complete. 


Gates  cut  away. 


Another  turbine  of  the  same  size,  but  of  increased  discharge,  made  after  the 
test  of  the  one  recorded  upon  the  opposite  page.  The  capacity  of  this  wheel  is 
double  that  of  the  old  48-inch  American  with  central  discharge. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Jan.  3,  1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Kev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

13.36 
13.22 
13.09 
12.92 
13.20 
13.21 
13.10 
13.06 
13.11 
13.47 
13.48 
13.70 
12.45 
12.62 
13.22 
13.20 
12.95 
13.10 
13.34 
13.17 
14.40 
13.07 
13.08 

1650 
1800 
1900 
2000 
1750 
1775 
1825 
1850 
1800 
1700 
1750 
1700 
1750 
1700 
1500 
1550 
1700 
1350 
1400 
1450 
1200 
1150 
850 

109 
104.6 
96.5 
90.5 
105 
105 
100 
99 
101 
101.5 
106.5 
108.5 
96.5 
97 
112.3 
107.5 
100 
106 
102 
101 
107.8 
99 
10.2 

109.00 
114.10 
111.12 
109.69 
111.36 
112.95 
110.60 
111.00 
110.18 
104.57 
112.95 
111.78 
102.34 
99.93 
102.09 
100.98 
103.03 
86.72 
86.54 
88.75 
78.40 
69.00 
52./J4 

5823.77 
5922.79 
6016.59 
6030.76 
5857.38 
5862.04 
5876.05 
5885.39 
5871.38 
5685.60 
5722.61 
5574.99 
A414.85 
5278.71 
5031.86 
5054.15 
5211.04 
4462.82 
4351.51 
4441.35 
3823.42 
3637.22 
2963.38 

.7418 
.7715 
.7471 

.7454 
.7626 
.7723 
.7608 
.7647 
.7578 
.7231 
.7752 
.7749 
.7855 
.7943 
.8126 
.8014 
.8083 
.7853 
.7893 
.8034 
.7716 
.7685 
.7177 

« 

,, 

I, 

<J 

,, 

«'            

Pa.it  Gate          ..... 

Retest  of  the  same,  having  cut  the  wings  A  of  gates  off.     This  change  was  made 
for  the   purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  those  wings  had  an  injurious   effect 
upon  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel  when  the  gates  were  opened  in  full. 

Whole  Gate  

13  02 

1750 

1025 

108  63 

5829.43 

.7450 

13  19 

1800 

102 

111  27 

5852  72 

.7631 

;;     ;;    •  •  -  -  • 

13.20 
13.31 

1850 
1700 

100 
106.5 

112.12 

109.72 

5862.04 
5806.15 

.7671 
.7517 

<(     « 

13.17 

1900 

98 

112.84 

5876.05 

.7721 

Part  Gate  

14.15 
13  14 

1700 
1700 

107 

98  5 

110.24 

101  48 

5383.01 
5233  57 

.7663 

.7814. 

Whole  Gate  

13.10 

2000 

92 

111.61 

5946.20 

.7577 

326 


Hercules  Wheel. 

Holyoke  Machine  Co.,  Ifolyoke,  Mass* 


48-inch  wheel. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Jan.  10, 1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  20£  inches. 

11  32 

4400 

000 

000 

8151.87 

0000 

11.04 

2600 

84.5 

133.15 

8041.76 

.7941 

11.47 

2700 

82.5 

135.00 

8122.32 

.7767 

11.40 

2800 

78.3 

132.87 

8151.87 

.7669 

11.45 

2900 

75.2 

132.17 

8180.04 

.7472 

11.78 

2600 

89.5 

141.03 

8122.32 

.7804 

11.74 

2650 

93.2 

149.68 

8145.96 

.8286 

11.74 

2550 

94.5 

146.04 

8111.38 

.8119 

11.68 

2750 

81.5 

135.83 

8157.78 

.7f>47 

Ga 

:e  open  19  inches. 

11.13 

2750 

78.3 

130.50 

7892.70 

.7866 

18 

11.70 

2650 

81.5 

130.89 

7750.30 

.7643 

17 

11.49 

2600 

78.5 

123.69 

7456.50 

.7644 

17 

11.54 

2550 

80 

123.63 

7433.75 

.7(81 

17 

11.62 

2500 

83.5 

126.51 

7439.67 

.7748 

16 

11.20 

2300 

81.8 

114.02 

7000.30 

.7700 

15 

11,45 

2100 

87 

110.72 

6721  .00 

.7619 

15 

11.41 

2200 

83.2 

110.93 

6764.60 

.7610 

14 

11.62 

2100 

85.7 

109.07 

6493.63 

.7664 

14 

11.68 

2150 

85 

110.75 

6541.40 

.7674 

13 

11.69 

2100 

83 

10563 

6236.89 

.7672 

12 

11.60 

1900 

82.5 

98.2 

5841.73 

.7659 

11 

11.25 

1750 

80 

84.84 

5352.88 

.7459 

11 

11.47 

1750 

81 

85.90 

5368.15 

.7387 

10 

11.00 

1500 

82 

74.54 

4852.87 

.7394 

9 

11.70 

1300 

88.5 

69.72 

4463.90 

.7068 

9 

11.77 

1350 

85.5 

69.95 

453606 

.6937 

9 

11.70 

1400 

84 

71.27 

4574.69 

.7050 

3*7 


Hercules  Wheel. 

Ilolyoke  Machine  Co.,  Holyoke>  Mast* 


15'inch  wheel. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    March  5, 1880. 


Gate  Opened. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pe 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17.90 
17.94 

575 
250 

375  5 

28.41 

1172.22 
1048.13 

.8000 

<           < 

17  92 

275 

356  5 

29  71 

1058  33 

8294 

'           '        

17.90 
17.90 
17  86 

300 
325 
275 

327.5 
298 
356 

29.77 
29.65 
29  66 

1068.55 
1080.51 
1061  73 

.8241 
.8121 
8281 

Part  Gate.        ... 

17  88 

275 

345 

2875 

1036  27 

.8215 

17.86 

270 

346 

28.30 

1029.51 

.8148 

<«        « 

17  87 

265 

352 

28  26 

1022  76 

.8185 

«        «< 

17  86 

260 

356  5 

28  28 

1019.31 

.8226 

«        « 

17  86 

250 

375 

28  39 

1017  71 

.8269 

«        « 

17  86 

250 

355  5 

26  93 

987.54 

.8084 

"        "           

17.85 
17  90 

250 
245 

346 
347  5 

26.21 
25  79 

962.58 
954  30 

.8076 
.7993 

«        i« 

17.89 

240 

352 

25  60 

951.00 

.7966 

<«        « 

17.85 

235 

356.5 

25.38 

946.05 

.7957 

<«        « 

17  90 

235 

345 

2456 

918.11 

.7912 

«<        «i 

17  91 

230 

353 

24  60 

911  57 

.7978 

«        « 

17  88 

225 

357  5 

2437 

905  04 

.7974 

«        «i 

17.95 

225 

343.5 

23.42 

880.68 

.7848 

'        "           

17.96 
17  97 

210 
200 

356 
351  6 

22.65 
2?  30 

866.15 

827.14 

.7708 
.7586 

«        « 

18  00 

195 

357  5 

21  12 

811  85 

7652 

<        i« 

18  01 

195 

343 

20  26 

796.06 

.7429 

4        tt           

17.98 
18.02 

185 
180 

354 
360.5 

19.84 
19.66 

777.22 
770.98 

.7517 
.7493 

<        «i 

18.04 

175 

348.5 

18.48 

738.38 

.7346 

i        « 

18  06 

170 

354 

18  23 

730.68 

.7314 

«        «« 

18  05 

165 

362.5 

18!l2 

727.61 

.7303 

«        «i 

18.07 

160 

350 

16.96 

689.46 

.7207 

(C                <! 

1808 

155 

354.5 

16.65 

684.92 

.7118 

«                « 

18.10 

145 

353.5 

15.53 

641.44 

.7082 

«                « 

18.10 

140 

355 

1506 

659.34 

.6681 

"                "                       

18.15 

130 

348.5 

13.72 

587.09 

.6817 

328 
Royer  Wheel. 


24-inch  wheel,  sent  by  R.  R.  Royer 


ratat  Pat* 


After  the  test  ol  the  first  wheel,  Mr.  Royer  returned  home  and  prepared  the  one 
here  reported. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    March  9,  1SSO, 


(iate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 

Cent 

17  86 

655 

000 

000 

978  04 

000 

17  79 

325 

235.7 

23.03 

890.33 

.7698 

'            " 

17it6 

350 

227 

81.07 

904.96 

.9620 

'            *'        ..... 

17.74 

375 

212.5 

24.14 

918.00 

.'.848 

'            "         ..... 

17.70 

400 

198.5 

24.06 

929.47 

.7744 

17.69 

425 

185.5 

2389 

931.97 

.7673 

4            ' 

17.70 

340 

229.5 

23.64 

901.69 

.7843 

'            '•         .... 

17.70 

350 

226.5 

24.02 

904.95 

.7939 

'            "             .... 

17.69 

360 

222.5 

24.27 

908.21 

.8000 

'            " 

17.73 

370 

217.5 

24.38 

913.11 

.7974 

Part  Gate  

17.73 

370 

215 

24.10 

918.00 

.7839 

'                       ..... 

17.77 

370 

207.6 

23.27 

922.91 

.7512 

> 

17.80 

360 

215 

23.45 

922.91 

.7733 

17.82 

350 

219.5 

23.28 

920.64 

.7514 

« 

17.84 

350 

206 

21.84 

909.84 

.7124 

4                       ..... 

17.86 

330 

219.5 

21.95 

904.95 

.7191 

17.90 

300 

215.7 

19.60 

880.61 

.6434 

< 

17.92 

290 

223 

19.59 

869.32 

.6068 

*                       ..... 

17.95 

250 

225 

17.01 

815.05 

.6299 

*                            .... 

17.97 

270 

212.5 

17.38 

818.18 

.6258 

'                       

17.98 

250 

187 

14.16 

769.47 

.5418 

<                       

18.01 

225 

207.5 

14.14 

750.83 

.5536 

4                       ..... 

18.02 

215 

216 

14.07 

746.19 

.5541 

«                       

1809 

150 

216 

9.81 

640.16 

.4485 

'                       . 

18.13 

145 

224 

9.84 

632.75 

.4  Ml 

4                       ..." 

18.17 

125 

201 

7.61 

574.35 

.3861 

*                       ..... 

18.17 

115 

209 

7.28 

567.16 

.3740 

«         «              

18.17 

105 

217 

6.60 

562.85 

.3417 

«         '              

18.25 

75 

191 

4.34 

478.59 

.2630 

18.25 

60 

210 

3.82 

467.64 

.2370 

<         < 

18.27 

50 

222 

3.37 

462.18 

.2113 

Cyclonic  Turbine. 


More  than  ordinary  pains  was  taken  to  obtain  a  decisive  trial  of 
this  device,  not  from  any  belief  in  its  superior  efficiency,  but  be- 
cause, cyclonic  minds,  filled  with  vorticose  ideas,  are  far  more  abun- 
dant than  is  generally  realized,  not  only  with  the  illiterate  but 
quite  as  plentifully  with  the  educated,  the  turbine  user  as  well  as 
builder.  The  cyclone,  the  whirlpool  and  centrifugal  force  have 
been  harped  upon  in  connection  with  turbine  building  since  the 
conception  of  that  business, — Uriah  A.  Boyden  and  the  author  of 
the  cyclonic  alike  trying  to  profit  thereby,  to  gain  something  from 
nothing.  It  should  be  plain  to  any  level  headed  person  that  to 
produce  a  centrifugal  force  of  one  hundred  pounds,  a  somewhat 
greater  force  must  be  expended  to  do  it.  Were  the  reverse  the  case, 
then  "perpetual  motion"  would  not  only  ^33  possible,  but  would  be 
very  philosophical.  The  following  explanation  and  description  is 
by  the  author : 

The  laws  that  govern  the  action  of  this  wheel,  as  its  name  implies,  is  copied 
from  Nature,  and  is  founded  on  the  principles  and  laws  that  govern  the  rotary 
mo'ion  of  the  Cyclone— the  great  motor  engine  of  our  atmosphere.  It  is  a  well 
known  fact  in  meteorology,  that,  all  storms,  from  the  smallest  whirlwind  to 
the  most  extended  cyclone,  are  translated  along  their  course  in  a  rapid  vorti- 
cose motion,  revolving  around  its  axis,  which  is  (he  point  of  lowest  barometer, 
immediately  the  vapor  ladened  air  rushing  along  the  earth's  surface  from  points 
of  high  b  irometer,  rise  in  spirals  till  they  reach  the  cooler  currents  of  the  upper 
atmosphere,  and  there  rapidly  condense  into  clouds  :md  rain,  setting  free  the 
latent,  heat  produced  by  condensation  and  greatly  expanding  the  surrounding 
atmosphere  and  correspondingly  increasing  the  point  of  low  barometer.  This 
rapid  rotary  motion  calls  into  play  the  centripetal  and  centrifugal  forces,  and  they, 
acting  almost  equally  i  i  apposite  directions,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  whirling  air, 
it  escapes  spirally  upwards  with  the  power  of  both  f  »rces  combined.  It  is  the 
upward,  twisting  vorticose  motion  that  makes  the  tornado  the  most  destructive 
engine  that  comes  within  our  experience,  and  as  nature  ever  follows  the  line  of 
least  resistance,  so  it  must  be  the  most  perfect,  and  powerful  mechanical 
contrivance  with  which  we  are  acquainted — air  and  water  in  motion  being  gov- 
erned by  the  same  laws,  with  the  exception  that  air  is  compressible  and  elastic 


330 


In  order  to  meet  the  differences,  I  have  made  the  upper  part  of  my  wheel  a 
large  air  chamber,  then,  as  the  water  comes  up  into  the  wheel,  instead  of 
striking  an  iron  plate,  it  strikes  a  column  of  confined  air,  and  by  the  force  of 
elasticity,  it  is  thrown  back  upon  the  wheel  without  loss  of  power  and  escapes 
horizontally  at  the  perimeter  of  the  wheel — thus  doing  away  with  most  of  the 
impact  and  friction  which  seems  to  be  a  necessity  to  most  other  wheels.  The 
claims  that  I  have  got  allowed  are,  first,  the  air  chamber,  which  is  described  as 
spheric  d,  surmounting  the  wheel;  second,  a  scroll  shaped  Hume,  with  a  central 
aperture  through  the  top  plate  corresponding  to  one  in  the  lower  section  of  the 
wheel.  The  water  enters  the  flume  and  is  made  to  assume  a  vortical  or  cyclonic 
motion  before  it  reaches  the  wheel,  so  that  the  wheel  does  not  have  to  expend 
the  power  in  changing  a  direct  motion  of  the  water  column  to  a  rotary  or  spiral 
one,  but  it  gains  in  power  from  the  application  of  the  cyclonic  motion,  which 
the  water  has  gained  in  passing  through  the  flume,  so  that  the  wheel  gets  not 
only  the  head  pressure  but  that  due  to  the  acquired  centrifugal  motion.  The 
value  of  this  wheel  seems  to  be,  first,  in  rapid  whirlpool  morion  before  it 
touches  the  wheel,  and  consequently  does  not  have  to  perform  that  labor;  sec- 
ond, its  great  velocity  of  revolution;  third,  the  water  coming  in  at  the  center 
and  flowing  outward  makes  the  most  of  centrifugal  force,  which  force  is  addi- 
tional to  head  pressure,  and  will  increase  in  proportion  to  the  square  of  its 
velocity;  fourth,  a  small  wheel  will  do  as  much  work  as  others  two  or  three 
sizes  larger,  because  the  pressure,  being  greater,  will  discharge  more  water 
through  the  same  vent  with  corresponding  power. 

24-inch  Awheel ;  six  outlets,  each  2§  inches  square, 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    March  10,  1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate      .    «.    .     .     . 

17.10 

200 

000 

0.00 

307.20 

000 

16.98 

50 

380 

5.75 

459.87 

.3900 

<«         « 

17.03 

75 

299 

6.70 

428.46 

.4861 

««         <« 

17.02 

100 

204 

6.18 

392.29 

.4901 

««         •< 

17.00 

60 

352 

6.40 

443.41 

.4495 

««         « 

17  00 

70 

321.5 

6.81 

437  96 

.4842 

«         <« 

17.00 

80 

288.5 

6.99 

425.77 

.5113 

«         « 

17.00 

90 

252.5 

6.88 

409.01 

.5231 

i<         « 

17  00 

85 

266.5 

6.86 

406.93 

5250 

««         <« 

17.00 

85 

247 

6.36 

384.36 

.5153 

<«         « 

17.00 

75 

290 

6.59 

402.92 

.5094 

«         (i 

17  00 

65 

323.5 

6.37 

420  36 

.4710 



17.00 

50 

195 

2.95 

268.93 

.3416 

Another  test  of  same  wheel,  the  outlets  being  enlarged  to  2g  inches  square. 


Whole  Gate  

16  93 

230 

000 

0.00 

416  31 

000 

16.80 

75 

322.5 

7.32 

564.50 

.4080 

t<          « 

16.80 

85 

289.5 

7.45 

555.81 

4224 

«<         « 

16.83 

95 

262 

7.54 

522.86 

.4537 

«         « 

16  84 

105 

235  5 

7  4<» 

508  60 

4630 

«         «t 

16.80 

100 

246.5 

7.46 

515  70 

4558 

«i         « 

16.82 

90 

278 

7.58 

534.2? 

.4400 

Hunt  Wheel. 

Sent  by  R.  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  Orange,  Mass. 


36-inch  wheel.    Downward  and  outward  discharge. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    May  19, 1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate.     .     .     . 

17.73 

1610 

000 

000 

2431.00 

000 

17.75 

800 

179 

65.09 

2399.36 

.8091 

«                     

17.78 
17.71 

820 
840 

176.5 
174.5 

65.78 
66.62 

2396  20 
2402.52 

.8174 
.8290 



17.74 
17.73 

860 

880 

170.5 
169 

65.65 
67.60 

2418.32 
2424.65 

.8226 
.8324 

17.69 

900 

166.5 

68.11 

2434.16 

.8374 

17  69 

920 

164 

68.58 

2450.02 

.8376 

17.68 

940 

161.5 

69.00 

2459.55 

.8401 

17  69 

960 

160 

69  81 

2469.09 

.8461 

17.70 
17.67 

980 
1000 

156 
154.5 

69.49 
70.22 

2481.94 
2497  .79 

.8374 
.8425 

1025 

150  5 

70  41 

2507  37 

8382 

Pa  t  Gate. 

17.67 

17.68 
18.34 

1050 
1100 
200 

148 
139.5 
148  6 

70.63 
69.75 
13.50 

2513.77 
2513.77 
1167.94 

.8419 
.8309 
.3337 

18.20 
18  20 

300 
350 

165 
152.5 

25.53 
24  26 

1473.79 
1498.56 

.5639 
.4709 

18.07 

500 

151.5 

34.43 

1781.38 

.5663 

17.94 
17.90 

700 
700 

143.3 
150 

45.56 
47.72 

2044.46 
2086.79 

.6576 
.6763 

17.82 

850 

141.2 

54.65 

2260.65 

.7169 

17  79 

850 

146 

56  40 

2298.97 

.7304 

17.79 

850 

152.5 

59.13 

2352.15 

.7481 

332 


Hunt  Wheel. 

Sent  by  R.  Hunt  Machine   Co.,  Orange,  Mass. 

Mi 


Sfrinoh  wheel.    Downward  discharge. 


This  wheel  was  made  from  the  same  patterns  as  the  one  upon  the  opposite 
page,  but  the  hoop  extended  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  bucket,  completely 
closing  the  outward  discharge.  The  shaft ,  of  each  wheel  was  extra  heavy,  or  of 
l.irge  diameter,  as  they  were  made  to  work  under  high  heads. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    May  20,  1880. 


Gate  opened 

Head 

Weight 

ftev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.18 

17.65 

1700 
850 

000 
165 

000 
63.75 

2568.33 
2283  40 

.000 

.7998 

17  65 

875 

162  5 

64  63 

2:}05  21 

8410 

17  61 

900 

159 

65.04 

2317  69 

8437 

17.58 
17.60 

925 
950 

155.5 
150.5 

65.38 
6497 

2320.82 
2336  47 

.8484 
8363 

.    .     •     .     . 

17.58 
17  58 

975 
1000 

149.5 
145  5 

66.25 
66  10 

2342.74 
2355  29 

.8516 
8452 

Pa  t  Gate  

18.27 
18.27 
18  26 

200 
250 
2C)0 

174 

1625 
153 

15.81 
17.55 
20  16 

1147.42 
1204.10 
1235  34 

.3993 
.4223 
4732 

18.15 

400 

160 

29  09 

1498  56 

5662 

'.'.'.'.. 

18.15 
17.99 
17  98 

450    - 
700 

600 

150 
134 
154  5 

30.68 
42.63 
42  13 

1528.98 
1880.66 
1851  22 

.5854 
.6670 
6701 

17  96 

650 

144 

39  51 

1874  78 

6212 

17  86 

750 

157  5 

51  64 

2089  82 

7325 

17.68 

875 

149.6 

59.50 

2267  89 

.7874 

333 
Mercer's  Reliable  Turbine. 

i  wheel,  xentltif  Jfercer  &  Stinman,  Lancaster ',  Pa. 


Downward  discharge.     Outside  register  gate. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    May  29,  1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.28 

775 

000 

000 

1028.77 

000 

18.24 

350 

211.6 

22.42 

998.95 

.6514 

18.31 

360 

209.5 

22.85 

1001.43 

.6449 

18.31 

370 

206.7 

23.17 

1001.43 

.6690 

*            ' 

18.30 

380 

204.5 

23.54 

1003.91 

.6784 

18.30 

390 

201.5 

23.81 

1006.39 

.6845 

18.29 

400 

200 

24.24 

1008.87 

.6954 

<            • 

18.29 

410 

198.5 

24.66 

1011.35 

.7058 

« 

18.28 

420 

193.5 

24.62 

1013.87 

.7033 

18.29 

430 

189 

24.62 

1016.32 

.7012 

Part  Gate  

18.22 

375 

195 

22.15 

961.56 

.6694 

«<         i 

18.28 

375 

192.5 

21.87 

947.34 

.6686 

"         *               

18.36 

325 

198.7 

19.56 

896.45 

.6292 

18.34 

275 

201.5 

16.79 

839.22 

.5775 

« 

18.25 

250 

210.5 

15.94 

836.86 

.5525 

18.50 

190 

207 

11.91 

730.07 

.4668 

««         « 

18.52 

175 

212 

11.24 

723.23 

.4443 

«         « 

18.57 

150 

225 

10.22 

698.31 

.4173 

<i         * 

18.71 

115 

197 

6.86 

555.72 

.3302 



18.71 

100 

212.5 

6.44 

551.46 

.3304 

334 
Bechard  Wheel. 

24-inch  wheel)  sent  by  George  F.  Baugher,  York,  Pa. 


Turbine  building,  like  the  other  arts,  started  with  low  beginnings,  how  far  back 
it  is  impossible  to  determine.    Water  wheels,  working  upon  vertiele  shafts,  were 


used  centuries  since.  The  tub  wheel,  with  buckets  i 
substantially  like  those  of  the  Jonval  wheel,  were  the 
though  the  impact,  flutter,  undershot,  breast  and  ovei 
that  time — allot"  which  were  objectionable  under certai 
Jonval,  Parker,  Boyden,  and  many  others,  attempte 
from  such  objections,  but,  in  doing  so,  overlooked  the 
to  make  their  efforts  successful. 


ade  of  wood, and  shaped 
arliest  in  my  recollection, 
hot  were  also  common  at 
conditions.  Fourneyron, 
1  to  produce  wheels  free 
sseutial  feature  necessary 


335 


ill  with  motive  power,  a  surplus  for»emergencies  is  absolutely 


The  results  below  show  this  wheel  to  be  the  most  economical  in  the  use  of 
water  at  about  three-fourths  discharge ;  and  Mr.  Baugher  takes  the  very  novel 
course  of  tabling  the  capacity  of  his  wheels  at  that  point,  thus  insuring  the  pur- 
chaser not  only  the  full  power  represented  in  the  table,  but  a  surplus  for  emer- 
gencies. 

Data  below  for  om:  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     June  8,  1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

llev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate 

is  0:3 

660 

000 

000 

1749  33 

000 

18  05 

300 

280  5 

38.25 

1669  66 

6719 

<(          « 

18  05 

325 

269 

39  73 

1678  15 

6944 

it                     U 

18  05 

350 

252 

40.09 

1686  64 

6972 

"     

18.04 
18  00 

375 
400 

234 
215 

39.88 
39  00 

1703.67 
1712  20 

.6870 
6700 

«            i< 

18  04 

340 

257 

39.71 

1689  48 

6898 

;;      ;;     

18.02 
18  02 

360 
370 

244.5 
235  5 

40.00 
39  61 

1692.31 
1695  15 

.6943 

6865 

Part  G'lte 

18  18 

325 

247 

36  48 

1356  80 

7829 

IS  22 

300 

255 

34  77 

1288  13 

7844 

<4                jj 

18  21 

325 

2365 

34  93 

1293  38 

7851 

4.                tl 

18  "6 

300 

255  5 

34  84 

1192  19 

8481 

«                ti 

18  "28 

275 

253 

31  62 

1153  92 

7937 

"                "                      

18.34 
18  38 

250 

2535 
253  5 

28.80 
25  92 

1070^96 
977  65 

.7763 

7639 

«<                « 

18  39 

225 

24  S 

25  21- 

960  "73 

7555 

;;    ;;     

18.41 
18  46 

185 

244.5 
251  5 

25.01 
21  15 

946.29 
851  59 

.7fOO 
7123 

«    " 

18  46 

200 

240 

21  81 

856  20 

7305 

«    « 

18.52 

150 

250 

17  04 

728  26 

€689 

«    « 

18  51 

150 

247  5 

16  87 

721  57 

6687 

«    « 

18.55 

150 

233 

15  88 

066  43 

6800 

i<    « 

18  62 

100 

243  5 

11  08 

555  61 

r)C62 

(i    (i 

18  61 

80 

257 

0  34 

534  01 

49  68 

«*    ««     

18,67 

80 

224 

8.14 

455420 

.5104 

336 
The  Economical  Turbine. 

24-inch  wheel,  sent  by  S.  Martin,  York,  Pa. 


This  turbine  consisted  of    an  upper  plain  downwai 
one  of  an  outward  discharge.     The  builder  declined  t 
upper  wheel  alone. 
During  this  test,  the  area  of  aperture  was  102  square 
Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions 

"d  discharge  wheel  above 
)  have  a  test  made  of  the 

!  inches, 
by  10.     June  15,  1880. 

Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute. 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

feet 

Pel- 
Cent 

18.29 
18.26 
18.25 
18.25 
18.27 
18.27 
18.27 
18.58 
18.55 
18.53 
18.51 
18.49 
18.48 
18.44 
18.41 
18.41 
18.41 
18.39 
18.34 
1835 

485 
200 
210 
220 
230 
240 
250 
50 
70 
100 
95 
125 
120 
140 
160 
170 
165 
190 
210 
'205 

000 
244.5 
234 
225 
215.5 
206 
194.2 
234.3 
205.5 
203 
210 
201.5 
209 
209.5 
210 
197.5 
205.5 
204.7 
198.5 
204.5 

0000 
14.81 
14.89 
15.00 
15.02 
14.98 
14.71 
3.55 
4.35 
6.15 
6.05 
7.63 
7.60 
8.88 
10.18 
10.17 
10.27 
11.78 
12.63 
12.70 

752.3ft 
788.68 
787  .Of) 
785.50 
7S3.91 
780.74 
777.58 
371.10 
368.46 
415.23 
424.94 
478.63 
481.43 
524.00 
570.30 
573.24 
571.77 
623.57 
056  70 
659.73 

000 
.5446 
.>*89 
.5527 
.5552 
.5560 
.5482 
.2726 
.3369 
.4232 
.4072 
.4  £66 
.4522 
.4866 
.5134 
.5102 
.5154 
.5438 
.5552 
.5554 

Part  Gate  

t< 

"                      



, 

< 

( 

"                      



Second  test  of  same  wheel,  area  of  aperture  being  reduced  to  72  wiuarc  inches. 


Whole  Gate  

18.31 

200 

231.2 

13  12 

(385.66 

.«f>ros 

*«    •'    

18.31 

210 

222.5 

13.10 

681.07 

.((07 

»»    *< 

18.32 

220 

212.5 

11.37 

682.60 

.51  95 

"    " 

18.33 

230 

204 

11.86 

682.60 

.MW8 

«    « 

18.33 

250 

184 

9.75 

684.13 

.5872 

Part  Gate.    .  . 

18.33 

215 

201.5 

13.12 

638.58 

.5934 

18.34 

210 

206 

13.10 

634.07 

.5964 

«i 

18.39 

175 

214.5 

11.37 

590.87 

.5541 

ti 

18.40 

190 

206 

11.86 

582.04 

.5864 

«• 

18.44 

150 

214.5 

9.75 

521.08 

.5372 

%« 

18.46 

160 

206 

9.98 

510.49 

.5607 

ii 

18.52 

125 

194 

7.34 

431.57 

.4862 

« 

18.54 

115 

207 

7.21 

424.74 

.4848 

«< 

18,61 

65 

196 

3.86 

321.72 

.3413 

«<    « 

18.61 

60 

202 

3.67 

320.44 

.3558 

337 
Stowe  Wheel. 

24-inch  wheel,  sent  by  E.  W.  Ro/,  Newark,  N.  J. 


;laim  for  merit  in  this  combination  is  upon  the  arrangement  of  gates, 
pen  two  at  a  time,  up  to  sixteen  in  all.  The  plan  of  closing  a  part  of  the 
>r  buckets  of  a  turbine,  for  the  purpose  of  using  the  water  economically 


The  claim  for  merit  in  this 
which  opei 
chutes  01 


interested  in  such  matters.  Walter  S.  Davis,  of  Warner,  N.  II.,  patented  a  plan 
nearly  identical  with  that  of  the  Stowe  about  1870.  J.  B.  Case,  of  Bristol,  Ct., 
also,  at  about  the-same  time,  patented  a  plan  the  same  in  principle,  thougk 
differing  in  detail. 


. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    June  17, 1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

1(5  Gates  Opened.     .     .     . 

17.85 

755 

000 

0000 

1429.48 

000 

« 

18.00 

340 

276 

28.43 

1137.77 

.7350 

si 

18.08 

350 

274 

29.06 

1139.52 

.7466 

« 

18.05 

360 

269 

29.34 

1150.00 

.7484 

«< 

18.04 

370 

267 

29.90 

1158.76 

.7574 

« 

18.04 

380 

265 

30.51 

1167.54 

.7669 

« 

18.05 

390 

260 

30.72 

1176.33 

.7556 

«< 

18.05 

400 

255.5 

30.97 

1188.66 

.7639 

18.02 

410 

253.5 

31.49 

1195.73 

.7739 

«< 

18.01 

420 

247.5 

31.50 

1202.81 

.7700 

«< 

18.02 

430 

245 

31.92 

1213.44 

.7729 

" 

18.01 

450 

238 

32.45 

1224.06 

.7795 

« 

17.97 

475 

231 

33.25 

1256.05 

.7800 

«< 

17.95 

500 

221 

33.45 

1265.21 

.7799 

<« 

17.94 

550 

202 

33.6# 

1292.21 

.7678 

10 

18.22 

300 

249.3 

22.66 

942.03 

.6989 

" 

18.17 

325 

238 

23.43 

968.68 

.7047 

8 

18.33 

225 

244 

16.63 

728.55 

.6592 

« 

18.31 

235 

240 

17.09 

744.09 

.6642 

« 

18.31 

245 

233.5 

17.33 

753.45 

.6650 

6 

18.46 

175 

233 

12.35 

561.98 

.6303 

<« 

18.43 

165 

236 

11.80 

563.43 

.6017 

4 

18*.  60 

100 

224 

6.78 

363.48 

.5309 

18.60 

90 

231 

6.30 

362.17 

.4952 

«' 

18.61 

85 

234.2 

6.03 

359.57 

.4770 

2 

18.18 

50 

210 

3.18 

203.66 

.4546 

338 
Hard  Working  Gate. 


Risdon  Wheel. 

To  ascertain  the  comparative  efficiency  of  a  plain  cylinder  gate  at  different 
stages  of  gate  opening,  the  following  experiments  were  made  :  A  36-inch  Risdon 
turbine  was  selected  for  the  purpose.  It  was  one  of  the  best,  and  from  the  same 

Eatterns  the  90  per  cent,  wheels  reported  of  that  make  were  made.    The  gate 
oisting  rods  and  geared  levers  were  changed  to  the  plan  to  be  seen  upon  the 
Hunt  wheel  reported  upon  another  page.    As  the  gate  raised  to  open,  it  worked 
the  other  side  up  from  what  it  is  illustrated  here  and  thu  four  hoisting  rods  were 
connected  to  what  is  represented  as  the  bottom,  running  up,  ajid  in  no  way  ob- 
structing the  chutes.     In  this  condition  the  wheel  was  carefully  tested. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weigh 

Revpe 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.19 

700 

170.6 

54.28 

19Gu.76 

.8033 

18  19 

725 

166 

54  90 

1972.76 

8070 

.< 

18.19 

750 

161.3 

54.98 

1970.76 

.8120 

K 

18  18 

775 

155  6 

54  go 

1970  76 

8099 

it 

18.18 

800 

150.3 

54.65 

1979.76 

.8039 

K 

18.18 

740 

163 

54.82 

1966.76 

.8118 

18.18 
18  19 

760 
760 

158.2 
152.1 

54.65 
52  54 

1953.76 
1901.16 

.8110 
.8044 

18.20 

745 

155 

52.48 

1901.16 

.8030 

«       «i 

18.22 

725 

159.5 

52.5C 

1898.19 

.8045 

«<       i< 

18  25 

725 

151 

49.76 

1824.45 

.7914 

<       ii 

18.27 

700 

156.5 

49.79 

1818.59 

.7934 

<       i« 

18  27 

675 

162  5 

49  85 

1818.59 

.7944 

<       « 

18  30 

665 

154  5 

46  70 

1728.38 

.7817 

<       « 

18.31 

645 

158 

46.32 

1722.60 

.7775 

<       « 

18  32 

625 

163  7 

46  50 

1713.96 

.7840 

<       ii 

18.37 

600 

154.5 

42.13 

1608.25 

.7550 

.<       «« 

18  38 

585 

158  2 

42  06 

1602.59 

.7560 

«       « 

18  38 

570 

162.5 

42  10 

1605.42 

.7554 

«              14 

18.42 

525 

155.5 

37.10 

1476.72 

.7222 

«             II 

18  42 

510 

158  8 

36.81 

1476.72 

.7164 

II              It 

18.44 

495 

162.8 

36.63 

1479.49 

.7180 

««              « 

18.49  • 

450 

152.5 

31.19 

1326.84 

.6730 

tt             tt 

18.49 

435 

155.5 

30.74 

1324.15 

.6709 

«             tt 

18.50 

415 

161.2 

30.40 

1321.47 

.6583 

•  1             II 

18  57 

350 

156 

24  81 

1160.69 

.6095 

«<             «f 

18.57 

340 

159.5 

24.65 

1160.69 

.6055 

«<             II 

18.57 

330 

160.5 

24.07 

1155.52 

.5939 

II             « 

18.62 

300 

143.7 

19.59 

983.26 

.5666 

339 


Easier  Workiiig  Gate. 


Risdon  Wheel. 


Gate. 


Iletest  of  the  same  wheel,  the  flange  of  the  gate  having  been  cut  away  about 
half  the  length  of  the  chutes,  as  represented  above. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pe 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.21 
18.20 
18  21 

700 
725 
750 

171 

165.7 
162 

54.40 
54.60 
55.22 

1962.74 
1965.53 
1968  52 

.8058 
.8080 
.8149 

18  21 

775 

155.2 

54.67 

1965.53 

.8086 

18  21 

800 

149  7 

54  43 

1977  49 

8003 

18  21 

740 

162.5 

54.65 

1971  51 

.8058 

( 

18.20 

760 

158.5 

54.75 

1983.48 

.8031 

Part  Gate          ..... 

18  23 

760 

151.5 

52.33 

1911.94 

.7950 

18.22 

745 

154.3 

52.25 

1908.98 

.7952 

x        « 

18  23 

725 

159.5 

52.56 

1906  02 

.8008 

i<        <t 

IS  25 

725 

150.5 

49.59 

1835.31 

.7838 

«        « 

18  20 

700 

155  3 

49.41 

1829.39 

.7832 

.1        tf 

18  26 

675 

160.5 

49.24 

1826.48 

.7817 

.(        <i 

18,30 

665 

151.3 

45.73 

1727.80 

.7656 

«<        <f 

18  29 

645 

156 

45.73 

1719.16 

.7700 

«        « 

18.31 

625 

160.6 

45.62 

1716.28 

.7685 

x        ii 

18.35 

600 

151 

41.18, 

1613.65 

.7363 

><        « 

18  34 

585 

155.2 

41.26 

1605.18 

.7420 

II               « 

18.35 

570 

158 

40.91 

1605.18 

.7352 

If        « 

IS  34 

555 

163 

41.12 

1601.56 

.7413 

<        II 

1-1.40 

510 

152.6 

35.37 

1482.40 

.6865 

'      "           •    .    .    .    . 

18.40 
18.40 
18.46 
18.46 
18.47 
18.53 
18.54 
18.53 
18.60 

49.) 
480 
430 
415 
400 
340 
325 
315 
260 

158.7 
163 
154.6 
158.5 
163.5 
155.6 
160 
163 
155 

35.70 
35.56 
30.11 
29.89 
29.72 
24.04 
23.63 
23.33 
18.31 

1479.64 
1476.88 
1335.51 
1330.15 
1327.47 
1169.65 
1167.07 
1164.49 
1000.06 

.6943 
.6928 
.6466 
.6401 
.6403 
.5739 
.5781 
.5726 
.5211 

340 
Easy  Working  Gate. 


Riadon  3 6-inch,  wheel.  Gate. 

A  third  test  of  the  same  "wheel,  the  flange  of  tho  gate  having  been  cut  entirely 
Away,  leaving  a  plain  cylinder  gate. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Revpe 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

1823 

700 

177 

56  31 

2120  25 

7713 

18.24 

725 

171  2 

56.48 

2139.46 

7662 

18  25 

750 

165  6 

56  75 

2139  46 

7695 

18.24 

775 

160  5 

56  54 

2136.39 

7681 

18.22 

800 

154.5 

56.18 

2136.39 

.7643 

18.23 

740 

168 

56.50 

2139.46 

.7669 

18.23 

760 

163  7 

56.41 

2136.39 

7669 

18.24 

760 

156.5 

54.06 

2096.53 

.7484 

18.26 

745 

161.5 

54.68 

2090.41 

.7585 

«       «i 

18.24 

725 

165.6 

54.27 

2081.25 

.7569 

«        i 

18.26 

725 

155 

51.07 

2023.49 

7317 

i<        < 

18.27 

700 

161  5 

51  38 

201  7  43 

7380 

«                 4 

18.26 

675 

166.6 

51  12 

2017.43 

.7347 

«        i 

18.28 

665 

157 

47.45 

1942.20 

.7076 

41                 ( 

18-30 

645 

158.5 

46.46 

1939.21 

.6932 

((        « 

18.23 

625 

166 

47.17 

1923.23 

7103 

<C              «« 

18.30 

600 

155  5 

42.40 

1850.02 

.6631 

<(              « 

18.31 

585 

158  5 

42  14 

1850  02 

6586 

«               « 

18.31 

570 

163 

42.23 

1844.12 

.6622 

«              «< 

18  31 

555 

166  2 

41  92 

1838  22 

6594 

«              «« 

1836 

510 

157  7 

36  55 

1727.17 

6101 

«<              « 

18.38 

495 

164 

36.90 

1727.17 

.6154 

<l                 I 

18.37 

480 

167  5 

36  54 

1727  17 

6097 

«<                 4 

18.42 

430 

158 

31  18 

1601.01 

.5600 

«                 1 

18.42 

415 

162.5 

30.65 

1595.34 

.5323 

II                 « 

18.42 

400 

167.5 

30.45 

1595.34 

.5486 

<(                 1 

18.48 

340 

160 

24.72 

1458.15 

.4856 

(I                1 

18.47 

325 

165 

24.37 

1455.39 

.4800 

41              4 

18.48 

315 

167.6 

23  96 

1455.39 

.4717 

41              1 

18.55 

260 

156.6 

18.51 

1289.50 

.4097 

4«              1 

18.54 

245 

162.5 

18.09 

1284.16 

.4023 

44              1 

18.54 

230 

167.2 

17  48 

1281.49 

.3895 

44            44 

18.62 

150 

164 

11.18 

1083 

.2935 

•  4            4« 

18.64 

140 

166 

10.56 

1077.89 

.2782 

34i 


EXPERIMENTS 

WITH 


Gears,  Belts  and  Draft  Tubes, 

[These  experiments  occupied  the  time  from  March  18  to 
April  23  inclusive.] 


In  presenting  these  results,  it  is  not  pretended  that  they  exhaust 
the  subjects,  for  such  is  far  from  being  the  case,  as  every  change 
made,  no  matter  how  slight,  caused  a  change  in  the  rate  of  trans- 
mission. The  best  results  obtained  are  given,  while  the  conditions 
under  which  they  were  obtained  were  certainly  quite  as  favorable 
as  gears  and  shafting  are  likely  to  be  placed  in  mills.  The  great 
loss  in  transmission  through  the  spur  gears  was  entirely  unexpected, 
and  the  experiment  was  repeated  at  intervals,  during  several  weeks, 
with  substantially  the  same  results  at  each  repetition,  and  it  would 
seem  desirable  to  make  a  more  exhaustive  trial  by  trying  a  greater 
variety  of  gears  of  different  make  and  relative  proportion,  and  par- 
ticularly of  gears  made  from  the  same  patterns,  but  of  different 
brands  of  iron.  There  must  be  some  discoverable  cause  why  one 
gear  will  run  without  perceptible  wear  for  years,  when  another,  put 
in  to  replace  it,  cuts  out  in  a  day  or  two.  So  of  water  wheel  steps, 
where  two  wheels, ".seemingly  alike,  placed  in  the  same  pit,  with  one 
the  step  lasts  for  years,  while  the  other  requires  anew  one  monthly. 
Is  there  not  some  property  in  the  iron  that  causes  such  different 
effects?  At  any  rate,  it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  spend  time,  brains 
and  money  in  efforts  to  produce  turbines  and  other  engines  of  the 
highest  efficiency,  unless  corresponding  efforts  are  made  to  transmit 
a  reasonable  proportion  of  such  efficiency. 


To  find  the  loss  of  power  in  transmission  through  gears,  and  the 
loss  by  use  of  draft  tubes,  the  highest  efficiency  in  each  case  must 
be  compared  with  that  of  the  15-inch  Victor  wheel  reported  upon 
the  next  page. 


342 
Victor  Turbine. 

inches  in  diameter.    Price,  $26O. 


This  wheel  was  in  use  several  weeks  to  make  the  following  gear,  draft  tube 
and  belt  experiments.      The  results  below  show  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel. 
Data  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate.     ..... 

17.98 

310 

323.2 

30.36 

981.15 

.9111 

17.97 

320 

300  5 

29.13 

981.15 

.8747 

17.97 

290 

348.5 

30.62 

974.47 

.9258 

17  98 

290 

347  5 

30.53 

972.80 

9242 

18.00 

280 

355 

30.12 

969.47 

9139 

Part  Gate  

17.98 
17.99 

300 
300 

337.3 
331 

30.66 
30.09 

977.81 
972.80 

.9234 
.9102 

17.99 

290 

345 

30.31 

972.80 

.9174 



18.00 
17  99 

300 
290 

334.5 
334 

30.40 
29  35 

972.80 
971.13 

.9191 

8896 

17  99 

275 

339 

28  25 

962.82 

.8634 

18.02 

260 

331.5 

26.11 

901.88 

.8506 

18.03 

250 

338  5 

25  64 

897  00 

.8394 

18.09 

230 

331  2 

2308 

820.67 

.8231 

18.09 

225 

339.5 

23.14 

808.53 

.8376 

18.20 

175 

339 

17.97 

695.06 

.7538 

18.38 

105 

334 

10.62 

482.59 

.6345 

18.41 

95 

340 

9.78 

460.56 

.6108 

Re-test  of  the  wheel  some  weeks  later,  several  alterations  having  been  made. 
Whole  Gate.     .....      |     17.94   |     285      |     352      j     30.40   |  981.46   |     .9141 

The  results  obtained  from  a  23-inch  Boydcn  wheel,  price  $500,  tested  in  the 
same  place  and  under  precisely  the  same  conditions  is  here  given.  The  Boyden 
wheel,  however,  had  a  sort  of  nanged  gate  specially  fitted  for  the  trial.  With  the 
ordinary  gate,  the  results  are  shown  in  the  lowest  table.  Made  at  Ames  Works. 


Best  Whole  Gate.    .    .    . 
Part  Gate  

18.16 
18.14 

195 
155 

263.5 
263 

15.21 
12.35 

553.15 

477  27 

.8364 

.7551 

18.29 

75 

264 

6.00 

325.49 

.5336 

Whole  Gate  

18.25 

195 

257.5 

15.21 

545.79 

.8084 

Part  Gate  

18.33 

75 

259.5 

5.87 

380.63 

.4973 

343 


Draft  Tube  in  Backwater. 

Experiment  to  determine  whether  a  draft  tube  causes  a  loss  of  efficiency  during 
backwater. 


3»  make  the  test  belo\ 
wheel  was  placed  in  the 
of  the  flume  in  the  usual  way, 
under  the  full  he  ad.  The  iron 
draft  tube  of  the  wheel  which 
held  the  bridge-tree  for  step 
was  about  21  inches  inside 
diameter.  Around  this,  un- 
derneath floor  of  flume,  was 
placed  a  piece  6  feet  10  inches 
in  length  of  the  23  inches  draft 
tube  described  on  a  follow- 
ing page.  The  bottom  of  this 
was  22  inches  above  the  apron 
of  wheel  pit,  the  discharge 
being  through  6  feet  10  inches 
of  submerged  draft  tube.  Thus 
placed,  the  wheel  was  tested 
with  the  gate  opened  in  full. 
Results  may  be  seen  below. 

Data  below  for  one  minute. 
Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 
Cent 

17.80 

270 

349 

28.55 

999.34 

.8496 

17.80 

280 

330.7 

28.05 

1006.65 

.8279 

17.81 

290 

325 

28.56 

1006.65 

.8424 

17.81 

265 

356 

28.89 

1003.30 

.8559 

17.83 

260 

362 

28.52 

1003.30 

8402 

17.84 

255 

369.2 

28.52 

1001.02 

.8450 

344 
Draft  Tube  Experiments. 


In  preparing  for  these  tests,  the  wheel  was  placed  10  feet  above  the  flume  floor 
upon  the  top  of  a  draft  tube  23  inches  inside  diameter,  10  feet  4  inches  iu  length. 
Results  on  opposite  page. 


345 


DEPARTMENT  op  THE  INTERIOR,  UNITED  STATES  PATENT  OFFICE, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  June  17th,  1880. 

SIR:  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  14th  inst.,  you  are  informed  that  the  records  of 
this  office  show  that  the  first  patent  granted  for  "  Draft  Tube  for  Water  Wheels  " 
was  issued  June  28th,  1840,  No.  1658.  It  appears  to  have  been  the  invention  of 
Zebulon  and  Austin  Parker  of  Licking  Co.,  Ohio.  The  patent  was  issued  to 
Zebulon  Parker  and  R.  McKilby,  administrator  of  Austin  Parker,  deceased. 
Respectfully  yours, 

F.  A.  SEELEY,  Chief  Clerk. 
J>ME8  EMERSON,  Willimansett,  Mass. 


Tests  of  15  inch  wheel  placed  as  shown  on  opposite  page. 

The  wheel  was  far  less  steady  during  this  trial  than  when  placed  at  the  bottom 
of  the  flume.  As  the  tube  was  surrounded  by  8  feet  of  water,  of  course  there 
was  no  leakage  of  air. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.73 

285 

322 

27  80 

959  51 

8651 

17.77 

295 

307.5 

27.48 

957.85 

.8548 

ii 

17.77 

305 

291.5 

26.94 

961.18 

.8352 

«i 

17.79 

270 

345 

28  22 

954  52 

.8799 

M 

17,78 

^75 

336.2 

28.02 

954.52 

.8741 

ii 

17  79 

280 

326 

27  66 

961  18 

8369 

« 

17.80 

275 

338.5 

28.20 

957.85 

.8737 

Test  of  the  same,  the  lower  end  of  draft  tube  being  unsubmerged. 


Whole  Gate. 


17.80   j    100      |     266 


Second  test  of  the  same  draft  tube  taken  several  days  later. 


17.91 

200 

349.3 

21.17 

869.88 

.7194 

17.87 

230 

356.2 

24.82 

937.09 

.7848 

«           « 

17.82 

250 

362 

2/42 

957.00 

.8512 

««           <« 

17.81 

260 

354.5 

27.93 

967.12 

.8585 

«(           (« 

17.81 

270 

341.7 

27.95 

974.77 

.8523 

«           «( 

17.79 

280 

325.5 

27.62 

983.75 

.8356 

Part  Gate  

17.96 

200 

328.5 

19.90 

789.75 

.7428 

17.95 

190 

340.7 

19.61 

783.43 

.7383 

«•        «« 

18.11 

100 

356.6 

10  80 

550.66 

.5733 

«        « 

18.11 

110 

345 

11.50 

549.22 

.6122 

The  wheel  was  more  difficult  to  control  with  brake  than  during  the  first  trial. 
It  took  a  long  time  to  clear  the  tube  of  air.  Quite  a  number  of  tests  were  taken 
before  anything  like  the  power  due  the  head  could  be  obtained,  though  they 
were  not  recorded. 


346 


347 


Reduced  Draft  Tube. 

Test  with  19-inch  draft  tube. 

During  this  test  the  wheel  was  placed  at  the  top  of  the  before  mentioned  23- 
inch  draft  tube,  that  having  been  diminished  in  diameter  by  the  insertion  of  a 
lining  2  inches  in  thickness,  leaving  the  inside  diameter  of  tube  19  inches  in 
the  clear,  and  10  feet  4  inches  in  length  as  before;  and,  as  before,  about  8  feet 
of  the  head  above  the  wheel. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Ivev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17.90 
17.88 
17.89 

250 
260 
270 

354 
337.5 
324  2 

26.81 
26.57 
20  52 

959.52 
961.18 
964  50 

.8264 
.8185 
8137 

<«           « 

17  89 

280 

309 

26  21 

966  17 

8029 



17.88 

240 

365 

26.54 

957.86 

.8204 

Test  of  the  above  arrangement  the  lower  end  of  tube  being  unsubmerged. 


Whole  Gate  

130 

369 

14.53 

140 

367 

15.57 

Draft  Tube  Again  Reduced. 

Test  with  15-inch  draft  tube. 

Continuation  of  the  same  arrangement  of  tubes  as  before,  another  lining 
having  been  inserted,  leaving  inside  diameter  of  tube  15  inches;  length,  10 
feet  4  inches,  as  before. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate 

17  88 

200 

376 

22  81 

800  78 

7584 

17.87 
17.85 
17.86 
17.86 
17.86 
17.86 
18.08 

225 
250 
240 
230 
220 
210 
125 

336 
296 
310.6 
324.5 
339.5 
355.5 
338  5 

22.90 
22.42 
22.58 
22.61 
22.63 
22.62 
12  82 

898.97 
905.53 
905.53 
902.25 
898.97 
894.05 
591  92 

.7546 
.7339 
.7391 
.7429 
.7462 
.7500 
6343 

Gate  open  two-thirds.    .     . 
"        "    one-half.  .     .     . 
"        "    one-half.  .    .     . 

18.24 
18.24 
18.24 

70 
65 
60 

322.5 
329.2 
338 

6.84 
6.48 
6.14 

415.42 
415.42 
411.37 

.4779 
.4527 
.4333 

Test  with  the  lower  end  of  draft  tube  unsubmerged. 


Whole  Gate. 


200 
225 


323 


22.30 
22.02 


348 


i 

H 


§ 

<£> 


§ 


w 


*  I  j!  a  g  I  3  s  •  - 

o    a  £    ^  £    3    •£    e  £ 


.      o>      f-i 

O     ^ 

60  «   2 


!  5   £ 

ill 


d"S  «       A  I  ' 


. 


349 
The  Hercules. 


Test  of  wheel  in  fluine  in  the  ordinary  way. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Dec.  6, 1879. 


Gate  opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Powor 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.09 
17  13 

1000 
1050 

177.3 
167  5 

80.59 
79  94 

3264.21 

3288  37 

.7648 
•7514 

«          < 

17  02 

1100 

157  5 

78  75 

3288.37 

.7450 

«          < 

17  15 

950 

190 

82  04 

3240  09 

.7817 

«          < 

17  16 

900 

199 

81  41 

3205.72 

.7835 

«          « 

17.16 

975 

182  5 

80  88 

3233.21 

.7719 

"          «         

17.16 

925 

191 

81.56 

3216.02 

.7824 

Test  of  wheel  for  power  after  it  was  placed  in  the  wheel  case,  A,  and  previous 
to  its  being  geared  to  the  machinery  in  the  mill  near  by. 


«"    »-«<*''^'     .... 

20  00 

850 

184 

71  09 

"    «'   

20.00 

800 

188 

68.36 

350 


View  of  Testing  Flume,  Horizontal  Wheels  and  Draft  Tube. 


Curtis  Wheel. 

Sent  by  Gates   Ourtis,  Ogdensburg,  N.    Y. 


The  results  in  the  table  below  were  obtained  from  the  test  of  a  o5-inch  wheel 
upon  upright  shaft  in  the  usual  way.  The  inside  register  gate  had  been  left  out, 
so  the  chutes  were  open  in  full  and  the  water  was  applied  by  the  head  gates  of 
testing  Hume. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Oct.  22,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

•  17.69 

2225 

000 

000 

3115.69 

.0000 

17  77 

900 

193 

78  95 

2905  30 

8096 

«         « 

17  77 

1000 

179 

81  36 

2935.63 

8258 

««         .< 

17.75 

1100 

165.5 

82.75 

2950.83 

.8365 

«         «. 

17  74 

1200 

152 

8290 

2981  29 

8300 

«         « 

17.73 

1300 

138.5 

81.82 

3004.21 

.8133 

•'          "         ..... 

17.75 
17.74 

1050 
1150 

171.2 

159 

81.70 
83  11 

2954.63 
2966.05 

.8248 
8363 



17.80 

100 

273.5 

12.43 

2574.47 

.0000 

After  the  above  test,  the  same  wheel,  with  a  left-hand  mate  of  the  same  supposed 
efficiency,  was  fixed  upon  a  horizontal  shaft,  then  placed  in  the  flume  at  the  top 
of  a  square  draft  tube  ten  feet  in  height,  as  shown  on  the  opposite  page.  The  draft 
tube  and  fittings  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Curtis,  and  upon  the  same  scale  that  he  had 
furnished  for  other  wheels  of  the  kind  for  mills.  The  dotted  lines  in  bulk-head 
show  the  application  of  the  brake  for  testing.  The  same  may  perhaps  be  more 
clearly  seen  hi  the  illustration  of  Measuring  Pit  in  the  first  part  of  this  report. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  20. 


«    (1 

16  38 

1400 

150  5 

127  70 

5779  76 

7141 

«     « 

16  37 

1450 

145 

127  42 

5788  43 

6940 

l<     « 

16  37 

1500 

140  6 

127  81 

5817  38 

7089 

"    "    

16.40 
16.39 

1350 
1300 

151 

159.2 

126.81 
125.43 

5761.51 

5738.27 

.7105 
.7161 

352 
New  American  Wheel. 

30-inch,  wheel,  sent  by  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio. 


Tests  made  to  ascertain  whether  flaring  the  ordinary  draft  tube  of  a  turbine  at 
the  bottom  adds  to  its  efficiency.    During  this  trial  the  water,  in  passing  through 
the  wheel,  made  a  constant  rumbling  or  humming  sound,  whether  the  wheel  was  • 
running  or  held  stationary  by  the  brake. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    July  2,  1880- 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  lOpn.  or  72  turns 

17.75 
17.75 

1100 
650 

000 
209.3 

000 
61.83 

2504.00 
2389.50 

000 
.7735 

17.74 

700 

199 

63.31 

2424.32 

.7793 

17.74 

750 

186.5 

63.57 

2478.42 

.7655 

17.73 

800 

175.5 

63.81 

2539.27 

.7523 



17.71 
17.77 

850 
675 

163 

207.5 

62.72 
63.66 

2574.71 
2430.66 

.7284 
.7803 

17.73 

725 

194  ' 

63.93 

2478.42 

.7703 

Pa  t  Gate  

17.84 

650 

203 

59.98 

2267.22 

.7852 

17.81 

675 

202 

61.97 

2354.82 

.7823 

« 

17.85 

675 

201.6 

61.85 

2329.69 

.7874 

, 

17  87 

650 

206.5 

61.02 

2261.00 

.7997 

^^ 

17.89 

625 

207.5 

58.94 

2202.14 

.7922 

"                               

17.91 
17.91 
17.90 

600 
610 
610 

208.5 
206.5 
205.5 

53.86 
57.25 
56.97 

2113.18 
2128.44 
2116.23 

.7954 
.7951 
.7962 

„ 

17.90 

600 

207.5 

56.89 

2091.86 

.8044 

ic 

17.94 

580 

207.5 

54.70 

2013.23 

.8017 

,, 

17  92 

600 

202 

55.09 

2031.30 

.8012 

„ 

17.97 

550 

207.5 

51.87 

1914.68 

.7980 

"                               

17.96 
18.04 
18.01 

550 
500 
525 

•205 
207 
202 

51.25 
47.04 
48.20 

1896.82 
1759.40 
1794.24 

.7963 
.7861 
.7904 

"                               

18.04 
18  11 

500 

430 

205 

209.5 

46.57 

40.97 

1727.66 
1561.16 

.7912 
.7673 

« 

18.10 

440 

206.5 

41.30 

1577.00 

.7661 

< 

18.10 

450 

205.5 

42.34 

1589.21 

.7793 

I 

18.09 

475 

199 

42.96 

1613.56 

.7792 

, 

18.17 

390 

208 

36.84 

1443.91 

.7434 

i 

18.16 

400 

205.5 

37.36 

1427.51 

.7631 

4                               

18.24 

335 

206 

31.36 

1234.86 

.7372 

The  average  efficiency  from  half  to  whole  gate,  .779 


353 
New  American  Wheel. 


30-inch  wheel. 

Retest  of  the  wheel  after  slightly  reducing  its  diameter,  as  it  was  found  to  have 
touched  the  curb  during  the  former  trial.  As  may  be  seen,  this  change  raised  the 
whole  gate  efficiency  at  the  expense  of  that  of  the  part  gate. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    July  7, 1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  10£  in  or  72  turns 

17.67 

675 

210.4 

6455 

2487.94 

.7774 

«          i<        «            .<     i< 

17.64 

685 

208.5 

64.92 

24Q4.32 

.7812 

<«          «        «            «     « 

17.65 

700 

203 

64.59 

2507.07 

.7727 

«          «        «            «     «< 

17.63 

715 

201.5 

65.46 

2513.46 

.7821 

Gate  open  8  l-16in.  or  59  turns 

17.67 
17.71 

700 
675 

200.5 
203 

63.79 
62.28 

2405.55 
2349.00 

.7964 
.7926 

«     «        «<         K     « 

17.72 

650 

209.5 

61.90 

2323.99 

.7958 

!!  ,7,s    "    5«  " 

17.75 

650 

202.5 

59.83 

2286.62 

.7804 

17.74 

640 

208.5 

60.66 

2268.01 

.7983 

«  «    «     (i  « 

17.72 

675 

200 

61.36 

2299.06 

.7976 

K     7        «,        51    <« 

17.77 

650 

201.2 

59.44 

2212.41 

.7990 

«<     «        «         «     « 

17.77 

630 

207 

59.27 

2200.12 

.8027 

'•     6£        '        47     " 

17.81 

625 

204 

57.95 

2141.97 

.8042 

«         K                  «                   «         «< 

17.80 

645 

198 

55.02 

2151.12 

.7608 

«<         <«                  <                  «            « 

17.81 

600 

206.7 

56.37 

2135.87 

.7845 

"515-16  '        43      ' 

17.85 

575 

205 

53.58 

2018.06 

.7875 

«i     (i         <          ««      « 

17.85 

560 

208 

52.94 

2009.08 

.7816 

«     «<         <         «      < 

17.84 

600 

20l 

54.81 

2036.06 

.7989 

"55-16     '        39      ' 

17.92 

525 

206 

49.15 

1890.44 

.7681 

<«     «         «          «      « 

17.90 

545 

204 

50.53  ' 

1899.26 

.7869 

"     4J        '        35      ' 

17.97 

500 

203 

46.13 

1765.26 

.7700 

«         K                  «                   «            < 

17.96 

490 

204 

45.43 

1759.50 

.7611 

«         «                   1                  «            1 

17.96 

480 

207 

45.16 

1750.86 

.7604 

!  f«J    !     3»   ! 

18.03 

465 

197 

41.63 

1639.76 

.7482 

18.04 

450 

203 

41.52 

1631.30 

.7471 

«    34       «       27     ' 

18.11 

390 

206 

36.51 

1453.89 

.7358 

<         «                  «                   K         K 

18.12 

400 

203 

36.90 

1473.00 

.7319 

'215-16  •        23     " 

18.17 

300 

220 

30.00 

1251.00 

.6988 

c       «              »              «       «« 

18.16 

335 

285.5 

31.44 

1292.99 

.7089 

«    .     «                «                14        H 

18.16 

350 

200.5 

31.90 

1293.00 

.7192 

Average,  .771 


354 
New  American  Wheel. 


30-inch  Wheel. 

Retest  of  the  same  wheel  after  changing  the  flaring  for  a  straight  draft  tube. 
The  gate  openings  were  the  same  through  the  three  trials.  The  10|  inches  at 
whole  gate  means  the  extreme  swing  of  gate,  the  openings  at  outer  end  of  chutes 
being  7|  inches  only;  but  the  gate  had  to  move  the  distance  named  to  clear  the 
openings.  The  averages  are  found  by  adding  the  thirty  tests  of  each  trial 
together  and  dividing  by  that  number. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    July  8,  1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  lO^in.  or  72  turns 

17.73 
17  70 

675 
700 

209.8 
205  2 

64.37 
65  29 

2491.16 
2500  72 

.7715 
.7809 

"          "        

17.68 
17  67 

725 

750 

198.5 
192  5 

65.41 
65  92 

2513.48 
2545  04 

.7794 
7759 

Gate  open  59  turns.     .     . 
55 

51        '          !     '. 

•17    *      !  ! 

17.77 
17.79 
17.79 
17.78 
17.82 
17.81 
17.85 

675 
625 
650 
675 
650 
625 
600 

203.5 
212 
206.5 
200 
202 
207.5 
208.5 

62.43 
60.22 
60.71 
61.36 
59.68 
58.94 
56.86 

2355.41 
2252.75 
2258.93 
2289.92 
2225.00 
2194.25 
2136.19 

.7900 
.7950 
.8000 
.7979 
.7969 
.7984 
.7895 

4>       «          '.     '. 

17.85 
•17.85 
•    17.90 

625 
650 
575 

203.5 
197 
208 

57.41 
58.20 
54.36 

2145.33 
2154.48 
2015.49 

.7937 
.8012 
.7978 

'         '         09       ' 
'         '       •  £5       '          .     . 

3i    •     !  ; 

17.90 
17.96 
17.96 
17.94 
18.01 
18.00 
18.00 
18.06 
18.05 
18.04 
18.12 
18.11 
18.09 

600 
525 
550 
575 
475 
500 
525 
425 
-450 
475 
375 
400 
425 

201.5 
208 
206.5 
200 
211 
206 
201 
211.5 
207.5 
198 
213.2 
207.5 
200 

54.95 
47.63 
51.62 
52.27 
45.56 
46.00 
47.96 
40.85 
42.44 
42.75 
36.34 
37.72 
38.63 

2151.48 
1885.29 
1899.79 
1952.93 
1751.52 
1786.09 
1806.35 
1599.41 
1632.08 
1666.00 
1454.85 
1484.90 
1509.60 

.7923 
.7760 
.8009 
.7900 
.7647 
.7574 
.7810 
.7488 
.7629 
.7531 
.7299 
.7426 
.7489 

'         '         23        '           ,     . 

18.17 
18.18 
18.17 

325 
350 
375 

216.5 
208 
200 

31  .97 
33.09 
34.09 

1308.32 
1328.49 
1363.11 

.7119 
.7253 

.7287 

Average,  .774 


355 
Experiments  with  Gears. 


Test  of  gears  continued,  the  arrangement  of  gears  named  on  previous  page 
being  reversed,  or  the  small  gear  having  26  teeth  being  on  turbine  shaft,  that  of 
46  teeth  on  "Jack  Shaft"—  gears  being  worked  without  lubrication  of  any  kind. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

18.10 
18.08 
18.07 
18.07 
18.06 
18.05 
18.03 
18.03 
18.04 
18.03 

210 
220 
230 
240 
250 
260 
270 
280 
290 
300 

267.5 
261.5 
256 
253 
248.5 
245 
241 
239.2 
237.5 
230.5 

17.02 
17.43 
17.84 
18.40 
18.82 
19.30 
19.71 
20.95 
20.87 
20.95 

882.34 
893.69 
896.95 
898.58 
901.84 
910.00 
923.10 
926.38 
926.38 
928.02 

.5642 
.5712 
.5826 
.6000 
.6117 
.6221 
.6270 
.6650 
.6613 
.6628 

Test  of  above  named  arrangement  of  gears,  the  gears  being  well  oiled. 


17.83 

350 

229 

24.28 

902.45 

.7989 

17.81 

400 

221 

26.78 

937.06 

.8494 

17.78 

425 

213 

27.43 

962.00 

.8490 

17.77 

450 

204 

27.81 

968.68 

.8555 

17.76 

475 

196 

28.21 

972.00 

.8653 

17.75 

500 

187 

28.33  f  978.71 

.8634 

17.74 

525 

173.5 

27.60  1  798.71 

.8416 

Verification  of  the  same  arrangement  of  gears  taken  several  days  later. 


18.02 

475 

197.5 

28.42 

963.56 

.8665 

18.03 

525 

176.5 

28.07 

969.63 

.8500 

18.02 

512.5 

180.6 

28.04 

971.31 

.8482 

18.05 

500 

187.8 

28.45 

973.59 

.8571 

During  the  above  tests,  the  teeth  of  the  gears  ran  rather  close  together,  though 
perfectly  free  and  were  correctlv  placed  according  to  the  opinion  of  experts  in  such 
matters.  They  were  separated  about  1-16  in.  more,  then  gave  the  results  below. 


18.02 

500 

191.5 

29.01 

972.67 

.8762 

17.99 

510 

187.5 

28.97 

979.33 

.8706 

18.00 

520 

184.2 

29.02 

981.00 

.8700 

356 
Experiments  with  Gears. 


Tests  made  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  loss  of  power  in  transmission 
through  gears.  To  make  these  the  brake,  as  shown  above,  was  placed  upon  one 
end  of  a  horizontal  shaft,  representing  "Jack  Shaft/' the  other  end  being  con- 
nected to  the  turbine  shaft  in  the  usual  way  by  bevel  gears.  These  gears,  shafts 
and  fittings  were  generously  furnished  for  the  purpose  by  the  Messrs.  Fooic  & 
Hunt,  of  Baltimore,  Md.  Other  gear  makers  were  applied  to  but  none  of  them 
seemed  willing  to  submit  their  gears  to  such  trial.  Plain  cast  gears  with  un- 
finished surfaces  were  furnished.  The  workmanship  of  the  gears,  shafts  and 
boxes  was  pronounced  by  experts  to  be  excellent  and  superior  to  the  average  work 
of  the  kind  furnished  in  this  vicinity.  The  form  of  the  teeth  of  the  gears  was 
invariably  approved.  With  every  change  of  gears,  experts  were  called  in  to 
examine  their  position  and  condition.  During  these  experiments  the  largest 
gear,  which  had  46  teeth,  was  used  upon  the  turbine  shaft  as  crown  gear,  while 
the  smallest,  which  had  26  teeth,  was  on  the  horizontal  or  "Jack  Shaft."  The  bear- 
ings were  kept  well  oiled,  but,  as  it  is  a  common  idea  with  gear  makers  that 
the  teeth  of  gears  roll  together  so  that  they  work  just  as  ea*y  when  dry  as 
when  well  lubricated,  the  first  trial  was  made  with  dry  gears.  The  table  below 
shows  results. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 

Cent 

17.96 
17.98 
17.96 
17.96 
17.96 

150 
125 
135 
130 
120 

487.5 
611.5 
564 
665 
fi:2 

22.14 
23.16 
23.07 
22  25 
22.25 

1012.14 
997.02 
997.02 
993.67 
90o.r>l 

.6449 
.6840 
.6821 
.6601 
.65  SO 

Test  through  same  gears,  the  gears  being  thoroughly  lubricated. 


18.04 

150 

646 

29.36 

961.93 

.8957 

18.01 

160 

606 

29.38 

966.94 

.8913 

18.04 

170 

558 

28.74 

978.66 

.8619 

18.03 

180 

506 

27.60 

976.14 

.8303 

1^.05 

165 

584 

29.20 

975.31 

.8779 

357 
Experiments  with  Gears. 


Test  of  gears  continued,  a  second  horizontal  shaft  being  added  lo  the  previ- 
ous arrangement  described  on  foregoing  page.  This  shaft,  representing  the 
main  line  of  shafting  through  a  mill,  was  connected  to  the  "  Jack  Shaft"  by  a 
pair  of  spur  gears — the  large  one,  about  27  inches  diameter,  1$  inches  pitch,  5- 
inch  face,  having  49  teeth,  was  secured  upon  the  second  horizontal  shaft  or  main 
line,  and  was  driven  by  a  gear  on  "Jack  Shaft,"  same  face  and  pitch  as  the 
above,  and  about  16£  inches  diameter,  having  30  teeth.  The  brake  was  placed 
upon  the  end  of  second  line,  the  power  of  wheel  being  transmitted  through  the 
two  pairs  of  gears,  as  represented  above. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head  [Weight]^,' 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Per 

Cent 

17.94 

300 

165.5 

15.16 

841.18 

.5319 

17.91 

350 

158.5 

16.81 

857.35 

.5796 

17  90 

400 

151 

18.30 

870.33 

.6234 

17.87 

500 

139 

21.06 

906.32 

.6884 

17.85 

550 

133.5 

22.25 

934.34 

.7064 

17.84 

600 

126.5 

23.00 

947.68 

.7202 

17.90 

625 

125 

23.65 

939.37 

.7443 

17.90 

675 

118 

24.13 

956.01 

.7465 

17.94 

650 

120 

23.63 

966.03 

.7219 

17.85 

700 

109 

23.12 

964.36  \ 

.7112 

The  gears  were  thoroughly  lubricated  with  a  mixture,  used  for  the  same  pur- 
pose in  a  mill  near  by,  probably  composed  of  tallow  and  tar. 


358 
Experiments  with  Gears. 


Continuation  of  the  combined  spnr  and  bevel  gear  experiments,  the  spur  gears 
having  been  changed,  the  one  having  49  teeth  being  placed  upon  the  "Jack 
Shaft"  and  working  into  the  one  having  30  teeth  on  second  horizontal  shaft  upon 
which  the  brake  was  placed— the  small  bevel  gear  being  continued  as  crown 
gear  through  all  these  tests. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

17.86 

270 

310 

25.36 

972.87 

.7727 

17.86 

265 

317.5 

25.49 

977.28 

.7731 

17.84 

260 

323.5 

25.52 

971.21 

.7798 

17.84 

280 

301.5 

25.58 

978.96 

.7755 

17.84 

290 

277.5 

24.47 

985.61 

.7380 

17.84 

250 

326.7 

24.75 

961.18 

.7641 

Verification  test,  taken  several  days  later. 


|     18.03    |       275     |     305.1    |     25  42   |    980.22   |     .7614 

Another  test  of  the  same  arrangement  after  being  taken  down,  then  reset. 


17.66 

285 

278.5 

24.05 

972.68 

.7409 

17.67 

275 

286.1 

23.84 

962.70 

.7419 

17.69 

265 

304 

24.41 

964.36 

.7576 

17.78 

270 

297.5 

24.34 

971.00 

.7504 

17.82 

275 

296.5 

24.41 

974.33 

.7442 

17.86 

270 

300.5 

24.58 

971.00 

.7504 

359 


Belt  Experiments. 


To  prepare  for  the  experiments  to  determine  the  loss  of  power  iu  transmission 
through  belts,  the  wheel  was  raised  in  flume  sufficiently  to  bring  top  of  shaft 
above  upper  bearing,  to  give  room  for  placing  a  30-inch  pulley  thereon;  this 
was  done  by  adding  another  10-inch  platform  to  the  first. 

The  wheel  itself  was  first  tested  by  placing  the  brake  on  the  wheel  shaft  in  the 
usual  way.  That  it  did  not  repeat'the  efficiency  shown  previously,  was  due  to 
alterations  made  in  the  conditions.  First,  the  step  was  altered  somewhat  in  form, 
then  the  wheel  was  placed  considerably  above  the  floor  of  the  flume  for  the 
purpose  named  above,  and  the  difference  in  the  head  probably  effected  it ;  but 
the  conditions,  however,  continued  the  same  through  the  belt  tests. 


Wheel  Test. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  of  wheel  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate.         .... 

12.03 
12  00 

150 
170 

292.5 
278  5 

13.29 
14  34 

735.43 
740  05 

.7954 
8550 

11.97 
11.95 

185 

200 

270 
239 

15.13 
1448 

760.16 
772.61 

.8804 
.8303 

11.94 

195 

247 

14  59 

772  61 

8375 

11.95 

190 

262.5 

15  11 

771  06 

8682 

11.96 

180 

271 

14.78 

763.27 

.8559 

360 


Quarter-Turn  Belt. 


In  order  to  make  the  experiments,  the  turbine  or  ver« 
tical  shaft  was  connected  to  a  horizontal  shaft  by  the 
belt,  as  shown;  the  pulleys  were  each  30  inches  in 
diameter,  8-inch  face.  The  brake  was  placed  upon 
the  end  of  the  horizontal  shaft,  at  the  place  where 
the  word  "brake"  is  to  be  seen.  The  difference  in 
efficiency  shown  in  the  table  below  from  that  obtained 
by  direct  test  of  wheel,  shows  the  loss  in  transmission. 
The  belts  were  kindly  furnished  by  J.  W.  Cumnock, 
Agent  Dwight  Mills,  Chicopee,  Mass.  They  were  se- 
lected  specially  for  the  purpose,  eight  inches  in  width, 
single  but  thick  and  even  their  whole  length,  and  had 
been  used  sufficiently  to  make  them  pliable.  They 
were  stretched  as  tight  upon  the  pulleys  as  it  was 
deemed  advisable,  by  experts  present,  to  have  belts 
work.  The  weights  named  in  the  tests  were  all  the 
belts  would  carry.  Heavier  weights  were  tried,  but 
the  belts  slipped,  and  slipped  upon  the  pulley  on  the 
horizontal  shaft  instead  of  the  vertical  or  wheel  shaft. 

Whole  length  of  belt,  46  feet. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Heaa 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

I2.4o 

125 

303 

11.47 

794.52 

.6134 

12.42 

135 

279.5 

11.43 

787.66 

.6185 

« 

12  35 

145 

256 

11.24 

787  66 

6116 

, 

12.28 

155 

236.5 

11.11 

803.9fl 

.5957 

i 

12.30 

120 

300 

10.91 

783.68 

.5992 

<         

12.27 

130 

285.8 

11.25 

788.24 

.6158 

36 1 


Quarter-Twist  Belt. 

Pulley,  30  inches  in  diameter;  8-inch  face. 


Whole  length  of  belt,  about  35  feet.. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Wiole  Gate  

12.13 

100 

349.6 

10  59 

724.86 

.6376 

u 

12.00 

125 

319.5 

12.10 

761.71 

.7009 

•« 

11.98 

135 

305 

1247 

767.73 

.7177 

it 

11.96 

145 

295 

12.96 

775.73 

.7396 

M 

11.95 

155 

2S1.5 

1322 

78200 

.7490 

<l 

11.94 

165 

26S 

13.40 

783.54 

.7584 

"                              

11.95 

175 

252 

13.30 

783.54 

.7521 

362 


Open  Belt. 


Whole  length  of  this  belt  about  36  feet. 
Data  for  one  minute.      Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Oatc  

12.28 

150 

324.2 

14  73 

769  49 

8253 

12.11 

175 

2862 

15.17 

785.11 

.8447 

12  05 

190 

260  5 

14  99 

789  81 

8359 

11.99 

180 

273.5 

14.92 

788  24 

8359 

11.98 

185 

261.5 

14.66 

788.24 

.8220 

11  97 

170 

273  5 

14  08 

780  36 

7980 



11.96 

165 

•289.2 

14.47 

788.24 

.8126 

Cross  Belt. 


BRAIKC 


Pulleys  the  same  and  in  the  same  position  as  when  tried  with  open  belt. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rer  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

12.03 

150 

311 

14.13 

774.17 

.8032 

11.99 

160 

291 

14.10 

778.85 

7993 

«<         « 

11.97 

170 

271  5 

13  98 

783  54 

.7891 

.«         «< 

11.96 

180 

251.5 

13.71 

788.24 

.7700 

it         «< 

11.99 

140 

317 

13.45 

769.49 

.7719 

363 


PHENOMENAL    TURBINES. 

It  is  here  necessary  to  utter  a  caution  against  the  selection  of 
a  turbine  from  any  make  because  one  of  the  kind  has  been  reported 
as  giving  remarkable  results.  Mr.  Boyden  reported  in  an  excep- 
tional case  high  efficiency,  yet  the  builders  of  that  wheel  refuse  to 
guarantee  above  75  per  cent. ;  and  tests  prove  many  of  them  to  be 
below  that.  Stevenson's  wheel  was  reported  above  90  per  cent,  at 
the  Birkinbine,  Philadelphia,  tests ;  yet  it  would  now  be  difficult 
to  find  a  Stevenson  wheel  in  use.  The  Risdon,  reported  so  high  at 
the  Centennial  tests,  is  little  talked  of  now.  The  Hercules,  reported 
as  giving  the  highest  average  results  ever  obtained  from  a  turbine, 
often  gives  less,  though  remarkably  efficient,  if  care  is  used  in  the 
selection,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  results  obtained  in  the  trials  here 
reported.  The  first  Wolf  wheel  tested  gave  it  a  reputation  that 
was  soon  lost  by  subsequent  tests  of  other,  and  particularly  larger 
wheels.  The  same  is  true  of  the  Walsh.  As  to  the  small  Victor 
reported  in  connection  with  the  gear,  belt  and  draft  tube  experiments, 
probably  not  one  in  a  thousand  of  that  make  would  repeat  those  re- 
sults. Two  of  the  same  size  since  tested,  under  the  same  conditions, 
sent  to  fill  orders,  did  not  reach  80  per  cent,  in  either  case.  At  whole 
gate  the  Victor  stands  unequaled  in  efficiency,  but  care  is  neces- 
sary in  selection  with  that  as  with  any  other  make  of  turbine,  and 
particularly  in  the  selection  of  the  larger  sizes  which  have  not 
proved  so  efficient  as  the  smaller  ones. 

Caution  is  also  necessary  in  the  consideration  of  the  "part  gate  " 
claims,  published  in  circulars.  It  can  be  a  matter  of  little  impor- 
tance to  mill  owners  whether  the  gate  is  one-fourth,  one-half,  three- 
fourths  or  wholly  opened,  if  the  same  quantity  of  water  is  dis- 
charged in  either  case.  Many  of  the  turbine  gates  may  be  closed 
one-half  without  diminishing  the  discharge  materially.  The  gate 
of  a  36-inch  Swain  turbine  raised  four  inches  as  its  maximum.  With 
one  inch  of  that  opening,  it  discharged  three-fifths  of  the  whole 
quantity.  In  a  circular  before  me,  the  builder  states  that  his  wheel 
gives  70  per  cent,  at  three-eighths  gate.  The  report  of  the  test  is 
published  therewith.  The  whole-gate  discharge  is  2300  cubic  feet 
per  minute,  while  the  discharge  at  his  three-eighths  gate  is  over 
1600  cubic  feet  per  minute. 


364 


J-s-i 
•S-sJi 

II  § ! 

^  S-  -fl  •* 
-fl  •£  B  .i 


231 

^-d  ! 


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' 


^{2     ~  -r» 

' 


i 

_c  Or«~^o'ZJa5J71-' 

^s^  bo§  5^  §  5'S  gS 


. 

_          «^       ;~*  «"t1-* 
^S  o  •-•«.  2«r  £  S'S'5  S 

a  -jz  ">.  5  ^  i  £/-•  ±2  -2  ~  -: 


•gS'fl 

•S^s 


Uj 


' 


365 


•3Q»2. 


Vtothers,  look  ai 
%e  your  childre 
;>m  the  Creator 
le  hard-shelled 
ayer  with  "Oh, 
Hi  !  "  was  not  m 
;  Do  spiritualists  ( 

iy  preserve  seed 
>5  And  they  n 
ne  that  night 
DSC  and  lay  wit 
t  when  she  lay  < 
J6  Thus  were  b 
th  child  by  thei 

i  If^l 

3    ^  C  <—i  r-t-  o  n> 

^ll^iS. 

<3_  o  s  S-&9  ® 

2   3jR  ffi'  ^'  g  ^ 

®  CD  H  ,H  "  St 

sHefll 

r*  ao    8»  5 

13  1  ~%* 

^   c'cj  p  ^  ^  "" 

2-  T.  P  ^  Si  S2  ^ 

366 


5&f    SSSS  «,§•§§£    £*« 

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s'-g^ss   « ' 
SMJ&  f«BJ 


367 


DANIEL'S  VISION  OF  THE  FOUR  BEASTS. 
DANIEL  VII.  3. 


And 'four  great  beasts  came  up  from  the  sea,  diverse  one  from  another. 

"  Vice  is  a  monster  of  so  frightful  mien, 
As  to  be  hated  needs  but  to  be  seen  ; 
Yet  seen  too  oft,  familiar  with  her  face, 
We  first  endure,  then  pity,  then  embrace." 

And  to  prevent  such  familiarity  the  Bible  should  be  banished  from  our 
schools. 

Holbein's  Bible  illustrations  so  much  admired  in  the  sixteenth  century  that 
they  were  painted  upon  the  walls  of  buildings  of  the  streets ;  if  so  exhibited 
to-day  our  clerical  Pandarus,  Anthony  Comstock,  would  have  the  author 
arrested  for  obscenity  and  profanity.  The  illustrations  of  the  Creation, 
Expulsion,  Jewish,  and  Puritan  ideal  of  the  Creator,  with  the  vision  above, 
are  from  that  lovely  work  and  are  published  as  the  readiest  means  of  display- 
ing the  cream  of  Bible  ideal.  If  we  should  hear  of  "  Times,  times,  and  a  half 
times,"  from  an  author  to-day,  we  should  look  upon  it  as  the  maudlin  utter- 
ance of  a  lunatic  or  inebriate,  and  such  visions  as  the  above  or  the  beast 
with  its  seven  heads  and  ten  horns  of  Revelations  as  the  effect  of  nightmare 
or  delirium  tremens. 

The  Bible  represents  the  opinions  of  the  writers  of  its  times  and  is  as  much 
out  of  place  to-day  in  family  or  school  as  would  be  the  writings  of  Apuleius, 
Boccaccio,  Rabelais,  Fielding,  or  Smollett,  yet  either  may  be  very  useful  to 
the  student.  Blind,  ignorant  prejudice  and  idolatry  only  can  account  for  the 
continuance  of  the  former  in  schools ;  the  woman  that  reads  the  passages 
illustrated  (by  no  means  the  worst  that  can  be  found  therein),  and  then  desires 
its  continued  use  as  the  word  of  God,  must  be  a  human  monstrosity  and  cer- 
tainly untie  for  motherhood  ;  but  she  presents  a  terrible  example  of  the  effect 
of  early  instruction  in  religious  superstition. 


368 


^V££    JUDGES   1.    O.     =_     r 

V' 


5  URIAH  SLAIN, BY  DAVlDIS  CONTRIVANCE. - 
2  SAMUEL  XI:  14, 


23U3 


&§  S  M 

s^fs 

°"o  S« 

"S-s  &jg 

f  B^.*§ 

®  c  ^r  s  ^ 


1  sF 
^.^^  -'« 

^isli 

*    >3    =f  ° 

alfis 


369 


VE  OF  THE  CHURCH 


_...__ _NG_OF  SOLOMON  x  ^__^^_^  _ 
lo  A  bundle  of  myrrh  is  my  well-beloved  unt 
'l  he  shi^il  lie  all  night  betwixt  my  breasts 


And  she  smote  twice  upon  his  neck  with  all  her  might, 
and  she  took  away  his  head  from  him.  JUDITH  XIII.  -8.. 


UmTcUTTETIl  OFF  THE  IIEAD  CF  H3LQFERNES. 


BISHAG  CHERISHETH  DAVID 


370 
THE  POPE  OB  GOD. 


but  not 


THE  MAHOMETAN'S  IDEAL  HEREAFTER. 


The  above  ideal  seems  on  the  first  thought  to  offer  a  chance  for  the  seventy^ 
thousand  unmarried  women  of  Massachusetts  to  get  even,  but  more  matured 
reflection  causes  the  thought  to  arise  that  if  supplied  as  liberally  to  each 
saint  as  indicated  by  the  illustration,  he  would  soon  regret  his  success  in 
traveling  the  hair  bridge  and  wish  that  he  had  taken  up  his  abode  with  the 
more  open  countenances  represented  in  the  other  place. 


372 

Mr.  POSTMASTER  GENERAL : 

If  espionage  and  discrimination  are  to  be  practiced  at  all,  is 
this  a  proper  book  to  be  carried  in  the  mails  ? 


If  so,  then  please  define  where  sacred  license  ends  and  profane 
obscenity  begins, 

OH,  YE  HOLY  HYPOCRITES, 

that  shriek  so  loudly  for  suppression  of  the  Louisiana  Lottery 
and  efforts  of  the  masses  for  freedom  from  your  cruel  bondage  ; 
yet  smile  so  benignly  upon  church  fairs,  bucket  shops,  dealings 
in  "futures/'  "  corners  "in  the  necessaries  of  life,  "  tariff  for 
Jhe  rich,"."  coal  combines/'  etc.,  etc... 


373 
"  The  Bible." 

My  mother,  like  most  New  England  mothers  of  her  time,  firmly 
believed  in  the  infallibility  of  the  Bible  and  insisted  that  her  children 
should  study  its  contents,  so  that  its  stories  from  my  earliest  child- 
hood have  been  familiar  to  me,  for  T  cannot  remember  back  when 
I  could  not  read  any  story  that  I  could  get  hold  of.  I  can  well  re- 
member how  the  story  of  "  Susanna  and  the  Elders"  was  given  to 
me  to  read  as  a  reward  for  some  slight  assistance  in  her  many 
duties,  the  dear  soul  not  thinking  that  the  unbiased  mind  of  a  child 
might  seethe  rascality  of  the  priest  as  well  as  the  smartness  of  the 
Daniel. 

The  reliability  of  the  Bible  stories  have  often  been  fiercely  dis- 
puted in  my  hearing,  yet  without  causing  me  to  think  the  authors 
guilty  of  intentional  misrepresentation,  but  1  do  believe  that  through 
ignorance  or  fraudulent  piety  what  were  beautiful  allegories  have 
been  given  meanings  very  different  from  their,  original  purposes. 

Allegory  has  ever  been  common  with  primitive  people.  Many 
beautiful  ones  have  been  handed  down  through  Homer,  Hesiod,  and 
others,  not  as  original  with  them  or  their  times  but  as  fragmentary 
traditions  of  a  much  earlier  people,  so  probably  of  the  Bible  stories. 

It  was  common  with  the  writers  of  Plato's  time  to  commence  a 
story  with  u  Away  back  in  the  dark  ages."  Many  of  those  writers 
mention  dates  of  ten  to  twenty  thousand  years  previous,  and  in  the 
works  of  one  I  cannot  recall  it  is  stated  that  the  Babylonians  claim 
to  have  authentic  records  reaching  back  four  hundred  and  seventy 
thousand  years,  certainly  sufficient  time  for  the  production  of 
myths. 

We  have  stories  of  the  Cyclops,  Polyphemus,  Perseus,  and 
Andromeda,  Penelope,  ^Eneas,  Ancbises,  the  beautiful  story  by 
Apuleius  of  Psyche,  her  envious  sisters,  Cupid  and  his  mother 
Venus,  and  a  thousand  others  all  coeval  with  the  Bible  myths  and 
quite  likely  different  versions  from  the  same  originals. 

It  is  not  difficult  for  a  person  of  ordinary  imagination  to  perceive 
how  easy  it  would  be  to  construct  an  allegory  from  the  meaning  of 
the  names  of  individuals  as  given  in  the  appendix  of  all  complete 
editions  of  the  Bible.  "  David  dancing  naked  before  the  Lord,"  as 
there  explained,  can  hardly  be  looked  upon  as  a  kingly  performance, 
but  allegorically  it  might  mean  much ;  so  of  Jonah  and  the  fish 
story,  Samson  and  Delilah,  etc. 

It  is  my  sincere  belief  that  if  we  could  have  the  true  meaning  of 
the  Bible  stories,  we  should  at  least  have  common  sense  and  often 
very  applicable  parables,  instead  of  which  they  have  been  so  dis- 
torted that  only  fanaticism  can  make  their  application  percepti- 
ble. For  instance  to  pretend  that  the  salacious  rhapsodies  of 
Solomon's  songs  refer  to  the  love  of  the  Church  for  Christ,  puts  the 
love  of  the  Church  on  a  very  low  plane  to  say  the  least,  and  makes 
a  large  draft  upon  the  credulity  of  the  unbiased  mind  and  certainly 


Bible  stories,  that  I  herewith  give  it  space. 


374 


THE  WITCH  OF  ENDOR. 

The  definitions  of  words  as  understood  by  the  ancients  is  necessary  to  be 
learned  before  it  is  possible  to  understand  this  beautiful  allegory. 

"  Saul,"  in  the  Hebrew,  means  death,  or  hell,  or  the  grave,  or  winter,  or 
demanded,  or  sepulcher,  or  lent,  or  ditch ;  for  every  noun  and  verb  in  that 
jargon,  erroneously  called  a  "language,"  had  a  great  variety  of  significations, 
often  self-contradictory.  Winter  was  the  beggar,  the  asker,  the  receiver. 

"David "  means  the  lover,  the  beloved,  the  giver,  the  summer,  etc. 

"  Samuel"  means  heard  of  God,  or  asked  of  God,  or  earth  at  the  vernal 
equinox,  where  Samuel  died  and  was  buried,  where  the  Jewish  ecclesiastic 
year  always  began  and  does  to  this  day,  the  civil  year  beginning  at  the  au- 
tumnal equinox. 

"  Endor"  means  fount  of  the  dwelling  place,  or  the  last  summer  constel- 
lation, or  Virgo,  the  virgin. 

Winter  ended  at  the  vernal  equinox,  and  it  was  there  that  summer  began. 
Saul,  or  winter,  arrives  there  and  finds  David  with  the  Philistines  (those  that 
dwell  in  villages,  or  summer  constellations)  gathered  to  meet  him,  "  and  he 
was  afraid."  He  wanted  a  fortune  teller  to  advise  him,  but  he  had  "put 
away  those  that  had  familiar  spirits,  and  the  wizards,  out  of  the  land." 
That  is,  Virgo  had  set  the  previous  year,  just  as  Aries,  the  harbinger  of 
summer,  rose  in  the  east  with  the  sun.  But  now,  at  the  vernal  equinox, 
where  winter  must  end,  Virgo  was  visible ;  for  the  first  point  of  this  con- 
stellation is  distant  from  Aries  150  and  the  last  point  180  degrees. 

"  Saul  disguised  himself."  This  is  a  very  pretty  conception  on  the  part 
of  the  author,  for  winter  moderates  as  the  sun  approaches  the  vernal 
equinox,  about  March  21,  and  is  not  at  all  like  the  winter  in  January.  So  it 
is  no  wonder  the  old  woman  of  Endor  did  not  know  him.  But  when  Aries 
rose  with  the  sun  she  knew  the  end  of  winter  was  at  hand ;  that  is,  knew 
Saul,  which  means  the  five  winter  months,  or  the  brethren  of  the  rich  man 
in  hell.  Saul  asked  her  what  she  saw,  and  she  replied :  "  I  saw  gods  [Elohim 
in  the  Hebrew,  and  the  very  word  which  is  translated  God,  as  the  God  of  the 
Bible]  ascending  out  of  the  earth." 

At  the  vernal  equinox  the  sun  enters  Aries,  and  the  two  together,  sun  and 
Aries,  are  Elohim  in  the  plural  number,  or  "  gods,"  for  im,  added  to  the 
singular,  forms  the  plural  in  Hebrew ;  thus  cherub,  a  bull ;  cherubim,  bulls. 
Therefore,  as  Virgo  was  setting  in  the  west  she  saw  the  "  gods,"  sun  and 
Aries,  rising  out  of  the  earth,  or  Ramah,  where  Samuel  was  buried. 

During  winter  the  earth  may  be  said  to  be  "  dead,"  but  is  revived  at  each 
coming  spring. 

So  Virgo  raised  Samuel  from  the  dead,  for,  as  she  sets  in  the  west,  up 
comes  the  sun  and  Aries  in  the  east,  the  signal  for  the  death  of  Saul,  or  end 
of  winter.  Saul  complained  to  Samuel  that  the  Lord  had  departed  from 
him ;  that  is,  the  cold,  the  spirit  of  winter ;  even  Jack  Frost  would  not 
answer  when  he  called.  The  earth  in  spring  putting  on  her  beautiful 
garments  of  green,  now  informs  winter  that  its  last  hour  is  at  hand.  Once 
more  the  battle  has  been  fought  between  heat  and  cold,  light  and  darkness, 
and  once  more  cold  and  darkness  have  been  conquered. 

"  Then  Saul  fell  straightway  all  along  on  the  earth,  and  was  sore  afraid 
because  of  the  words  of  Samuel ;  and  there  was  no  strength  in  him  [of  course 


375 


not,  for  Cold  is  the  strength  of  winter] ;  for  he  had  eaten  no  bread  all  the 
day,  nor  all  the  night."  I.  Sam.  xxviii.,  20. 

The  supply  of  provisions  for  the  winter  was  often  exhausted  before  the 
sun  reached  Pisces,  the  fishes,  when  the  people  lived  on  fish  for  just  forty 
days  before  the  sun  reached  the  vernal  equinox,  or  Aries,  the  "  Lamb  of 
God  that  takes  away  the  sins  of  the  world";  not  the  sins  of  the  people: 
but  the  evils  of  winter.  Here  was  the  origin  of  Lent,  or  abstaining  from 
meat  and  living  on  fish. 

All  the  ancient  mythologies  abound  with  allegories  descriptive  of  the 
changes  from  summer  to  winter,  and  winter  to  summer.  Vishnu  had  a 
thousand  names,  and  it  may  be  summer  and  winter  had  equally  as  many ; 
but  whether  more  or  less,  the  prominent  idea  seemed  to  be  that  all  those 
names  for  summer  meant  heat  and  light,  while  those  for  winter  meant  cold 
and  darkness.  Twice  each  year  these  opposing  elements  made  war  upon 
each  other,  the  decisive  battles  being  fought  at  the  two  equinoxes.  Light 
always  conquered  at  the  vernal  equinox,  only  to  be  defeated  by  darkness 
six  months  later  at  the  autumnal  equinox.  "  More  light !  "  was  the  agonized 
cry  of  those  in  the  bonds  of  darkness,  or  "outer  darkness,"  weeping  and 
gnashing  their  teeth  because  they  had  no  food  to  gnash.  True,  the  sun  is 
darkened  during  winter  by  reason  of  the  clouds  and  storms,  but  its  "  fire  is 
never  quenched,"  and  the  fire  of  the  sun  is  the  only  fire  that  time  does  not 
quench. 

Samuel  anointed  Saul  king  of  winter,  well  knowing  that  Saul  would  be 
dethroned  by  the  king  of  summer  when  the  sun  reached  the  spring  equinox. 
David,  a  mere  youth,  was  chosen  king  of  summer.  He  was  sent  to  Saul  on 
an  ass  (the  sun  while  transiting  through  Cancer,  a  summer  constellation, 
passes  the  two  asses,  "  whereon  no  man  ever  sat").  Leaving  Cancer,  the 
sun  transits  through  Leo,  the  lion  (Hercules),  passing  a  conjunction  of  Ursa 
Major,  the  bear,  when  both  the  lion  and  the  bear  are  invisible,  being 
metaphorically  slain.  David  boasts  of  these  victories,  and  prepares  to  meet 
Goliath  (passage,  revolution,  heap,  discovery),  the  spirit  of  summer,  which 
can  be  "  laid  "  only  by  winter.  Therefore,  he  takes  "  five  smooth  stones," 
symbolical  of  the  five  winter  months,  from  the  brook,  or  by  metonymy,  the 
zodiac,  and  kills  this  giant. 

Saul  was  so  delighted  with  the  valor  of  the  beardless  youth  (the  crops 
were  not  yet  ready  for  harvest)  that  he  gave  him  his  daughter. 

This  is  very  ingenious,  depicting  the  strategies  of  war.  David  plays  the 
courtier  to  Saul,  yet  means  to  overcome  him  in  the  end ;  Saul  professes  to 
love  David,  but  is  jealous  of  him,  and  gave  him  Michal  (complete)  as  a 
snare;  that  is, leaving  Leo, the  sun  comes  to  Virgo,  which  "  completes"  the 
summer.  Not  much  gift  about  it,  however,  for  Virgo  was  a  summer  con- 
stellation and  belonged  to  David,  king  of  summer.  The  strife  between  Saul 
and  David  was  descriptive  of  the  struggle  between  cold  and  heat.  David 
is  conquered  when  the  sun  leaves  Virgo,  and  must  now  flee  before  Saul  till 
the  end  of  winter,  when  Saul  falls  "  all  along  on  the  earth." 

W.  H.  C. 


376 


o 


f     o 


Oh,  Brother  Malbadge,  Theodore  Parker  preach- 
ed long  sermons  but  none  left,  while  half  my  hear- 
ers have  gone  before  I  get  hell  painted  red. 

Well,  Brother  Bulton,  old  chestnuts  are  stale; 
be  sensational;  a  few  lies  about  Spiritualism  will 
take  with  our  hearers  and  the  ignorant  generally. 


The  Servant. 


377 


CHRISTIANITY. 

Where  and  when  this  atrocious  delusion  originated  God  alone  knows;  but 
certainly  far  back  in  the  days  of  superstition  when  man  made  his  God  in  his 
own  image  and  was  not  likely  to  make  him  of  a  high  standard  ;  yet  it  is  hard  to 
conceive  of  the  natural  man  creating  a  God  who  would  find  it  necessary  to 
repair  his  own  blunder  by  the  murder  of  his  son.  The  idea  is  so  abhorrent  and 
unnatural  that  it  is  only  continued  by  debasing  the  minds  of  children  in  their 
earliest  infancy  with  its  inhumanity.  That  the  most  of  the  ideas  were  com- 
mon in  India  a  thousand  years  before  their  recorded  promulgation  in  Pales- 
tine is  well  known;  that  the  Jesus  of  Nazareth  was  a  myth  or  a  man  matters 
little;  as  a  God  he  was  certainly  a  failure,  for  there  is  no  recorded  evidence 
of  his  superiority  to  what  any  real  good  man  ought  to  be,  while  many  of  his 
represented  sayings  and  acts  would  be  objected  to  by  all  right  minded  persons. 

What  the  human  race  has  suffered,  and  still  continues  to  suffer,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  old  time  preaching  of  cruel  hell  fire  and  brimstone  terrors,  it 
will  never  be  possible  to  compute.  The  deep  and  lasting  injuries  wrought  by 
the  relentlessly  steady  inculcation  of  these  most  woful  of  dogmas  can  never 
be  compensated  for  in  untold  generations.  Think  of  the  murderous  wars  be- 
tween different  people;  of  the  reckless  dismemberment  of  empires;  of  the 
barbarous  sacrifice  of  innocent  and  unoffending  lives;  and,  not  least  of  all,  of 
the  insanity  caused  by  these  events  and  the  tenets  that  were  their  undeniable 
cause;  and  then  say,  if  it  be  possible,  that  the  world  has  in  the  whole  course 
of  its  experience  undergone  equal  paroxysms  of  torture  and  wretchedness 
from  any  other  cause,  or  because  of  any  combination  of  circumstances  what- 
ever. 

Tertullian  (A.  D.  200)  held  that  the  "  Books  of  Moses  "  were  "  not  only  all 
truth,  but  that  all  truth  was  contained  in  them."  Consequently  every  at- 
tempt to  promulgate  knowledge  was  met  by  horrible  persecution.  Cyril's 
mob-^of  many  monks— seized  Hypatia  and  dragged  her  from  her  carriage  one 
morning,  as  she  was  riding  to  her  academy,  stripped  her  of  her  clothing,  then 
cut  her  body  into  pieces,  scraped  the  flesh  from  her  bones  with  shells,  and 
burned  her,  piecemeal. 

In  529  the  Christian  emperor  Justinian  suppressed  the  schools  of  philosophy 
of  Athens,  and  the  night  of  "  the  dark  ages  "  closed  down  on  what  was  then 
known  as  the  Christian  world;  the  night  of  a  thousand  years,  in  which  the 
church  ruled  both  temporally  and  spiritually;  a  church  that  claims  to  be  the 
light  of  the  world;  and  yet  this  period  was  the  darkest  that  history  has  known. 

Think  of  Copernicus,  Giordano  Bruno,  Savonarola,  Servetus,  Joan  of  Arc, 
and  thousands  of  other  victims  of  the  damnable  delusion.  Think  of  the 
Inquisition  and  how  quick  it  would  be  re-established  could  either  the  Roman 
Catholic  or  Calvinist  have  complete  control.  Think  of  the  thirty-five  thou- 
sand diseased  natives  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  all  that  remain  of  the  four  hun- 
dred thousand  after  being  subjected  to  the  Christianizing  process  named 
below.  "A  steamer  recently  left  her  European  port  for  the  Congo  country, 
now  exciting  such  unmeasured  sympathy  on  account  of  its  paganism  and 
want  of  modesty  iii  dress,  with  a  cargo  of  t>0,000  gallons  of  rum,  7HO  gallons  of 
gin,  460  tons  of  gunpowder,  and  twelve  missionaries! " 

For  fifteen  hundred  years  Christianity  has  held  undisputed  sway,  and  to-day 
every  man  is  looked  upon  as  a  thief.  Corruption  in  our  government  is  openly 
talked  of,  free  passes  are  readily  accepted  by  our  legislators  who  well  know 
at  the  time  that  much  of  the  legislation  will  be  relative  to  the  business  of 
those  from  whom  the  passes  are  received.  A  car  conductor  is  not  allowed  to 
take  a  five  cent  ticket  unless  tied  to  a  bell  punch;  a  clerk  in  a  store  must  be 
checked  and  counter-checked;  if  you  ask  for  butter  you  get  grease  ;  if  you  ask 
for  first  quality  cheese  you  receive"  anything  but  that;  if  you  require  medicine 
it  is  adulterated;  if  you  vote,  you  must  do  so  through  a  process  that  implies 
that  rascality  is  general;  in  short,  that  society  is  rotten  to  the  core.  And  this 
state  of  affairs  exists,  say  the  shallow-minded,  because  there  is  not  enough  of 
Christianity  ;  an  assertion  easily  disproved  by  turning  to  the  description  of 
its  most  flourishing  days  as  described  by  Boccaccio,  Rabelais,  or  any  other 
early  writer. 

No  crime  or  wrong  can  be  named  that  has  not  been  tolerated  by  Chris- 
tianity. Whenever  it  has  been  found  profitable,  lying  and  deception  have 
been  cardinal  principles.  An  age  that  could  have  produced  the  works  of 


Herodotus  must  have  had  contemporaneous  historians.  Why  were  their 
works  destroyed;  did  they  tell  too  much  ? 

I  believe  that  the  proselyting  Christian  of  to-day  is  a  far  more  injurious 
citizen  than  the  rum  seller,  because  he  begins  his  pernicious  work  with  the 
infancy  of  the  individual,  which  is  seldom  the  case  with  the  rum  seller.  The 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  I  sincerely  believe  to  be  very  injurious  to 
the  intelligence  and  morals  of  the  world.  I  well  know  how  the  statement  will 
be  received,  but  it  will  keep  and  can  afford  to  wait. 

Constantine  is  called  the  first  Christian  emperor,  and  Henry  the  Eighth, 
without  much  straining  of  the  facts,  might  be  considered  the  last,  and  it 
would  be  difficult  to  decide  which  of  the  two  was  the  greater  scoundrel;  but 
to  the  latter  much  of  our  religious  freedom  is  due,  which  proves  that  selfish- 
ness is  one  of  the  improving  powers  of  the  world,  yet  in  itself  is  not  admirable. 

Holyoke  for  its  size  contains  probably  more  professing  Christians  and  dogs 
(no  reflection  upon  the  dogs)  than  any  other  place  that  can  be  named,  yet  in 
no  other  place  have  I  ever  known  sucn  strenuous  efforts  to  be  made  to  prevent 
the  laboring  classes  from  procuring  homes  of  their  own.  And  now  in  all 
seriousness 

What  Good  Has  Christianity  Ever  Done  I 

The  teachings,  nominally  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  were  like  those  of  our  Spirit- 
ualists of  to-day,  and  forthe  purpose  of  substituting  a  living  religion  for 
that  of  the  dead  belief  then  as  now  popular.  With  those  teachings  went  the 
inspirations  and  manifestations  now  so  common. 

"  By  their  works  ye  shall  know  them."  The  works  referred  to  are  ignored 
by  all  of  our  popular  churches. 

Every  phase  of  mediuniship  practiced  now,  was  practiced  then  by  the 
Christians,  and  now  by  the  pretended  Christians  ridiculed.  New  gospels 
were  produced  in  abundance  then  as  are  the  spiritual  wonders  now,  and  this 
continued  up  to  the  council  of  Nice,  and  the  organization  of  the  Christian 
Church,  when  inspiration  and  angel  visits  ceased  and  Christianity  like  a  dead 
world,  our  moon,  became  dead,  having  neither  life,  light,  nor  warmth  therein, 
but  instead  was  fitted  out  with  an  impossible  and  incomprehensible  God  of 
three  in  one,  the  idea  of  which  could  only  have  originated  from  the  ancient 
Phallic  worship  that  certainly  should  cause  any  modest,  intelligent  woman 
to  hesitate  before  -  professing  a  belief  therein,  at  any  rate,  Miss  Abby  A. 
Judson,  born  in  India,  where  the  Phallic  worship  is  likely  to  be  understood, 
has  abandoned  the  religion  of  her  father,  the  once  well  known  missionary , 
Adoniram  Judson,  and  taken  up  with  Spiritualism  as  the  living  religion  of 
to-day. 

Can  an  instance  be  named  where  Christianity  has  made  a  people  better? 
The  victims  of  a  single  battle  field  have  exceeded  all  the  sacrificial  victims 
that  would  have  been  required  in  a  thousand  years.  Think  of  the  battles 
fought  to  prove  Christians  to  be  cannibals  and  vampires,  worse  in  fact,  for 
they  claim  to  eat  the  flesh  and  suck  the  blood  of  their  God. 

Is  the  Christian's  oath  in  court  or  his  note  in  bank  preferred  to  that  of  the 
unbeliever  ?  Is  he  a  better  neighbor  or  citizen?  Is  it  possible  that  a  noble 
mind  can  desire  to  benefit  through  the  sufferings  of  another  ?  Can  belief 
in  vicarious  atonement  produce  noble  people  ? 

Are  there  any  countries  upon  the  earth  where  such  strong  bank  vaults  are 
required  as  among  Christians,  or  where  crime  is  more  common  ? 

The  absurd  pretensions  of  exceptional  goodness  among  Christians  are  so 
patent  that,  were  it  not  for  the  perversion  of  the  minds  of  infants  and  the 
ignorant,  the  belief  would  die  out  in  a  generation.  That  its  creeds  and  dog- 
mas are  unbelieved  in  by  the  leaders  is  easy  to  demonstrate.  A  half  century 
since  the  judgment  day  and  its  near  approach  was  preached  by  all ;  Miller 
fixed  a  time  and  the  churches  at  once  scouted  the  whole  belief.  A  half 
century  since  a  belief  in  spirits  and  their  overlooking  our  actions  was  gen- 
erally latent  in  the  Christian  mind,  but  at  the  advent  of  the  Rochester 
knockings  in  practical  demonstration  of  the  belief  the  clergy  went  mad  in 
opposition. 

For  ages  evolution  has  been  the  principal  gun  of  the  belief,  namely,  that 
by  sniveling  and  professing  belief  in  the  saving  blood  of  Christ  the  most 
atrocious  murderer  would  instantly  evolute  from  the  gallows,  drop  to  a 
reserved  seat  at  the  right  hand  of  the  Father ;  but  the  moment  evolution 
was  taught  as  the  means  of  physical  progression,  a  howl  from  the  Christian 
leaders  at  once  went  forth,  in  protest. 


379 

I  believe  the  time  will  come  when  it  will  be  acknowledged  that  nine-tenths 
of  all  the  crime  and  suffering  of  mankind  is  due  to  what  are  called  the  three 
learned  professions,  and  efforts  of  those  professors  to  retain  the  control  of 
the  masses  for  personal  benefit,  regardless  of  the  benefit  of  humanity. 
Religion  and  medicine  are  now  on  the  defense,  the  jargon  called  "  the  law*" 
is  rotten  and  top-heavy,  and  bound  to  tumble.  The  human  body  is  the 
acme  of  mechanism,  offering  the  broadest  field  for  skill  as  a  mechanic  for 
the  physician.  The  empty  churches  so  much  wailed  about  are  not  so  much 
due  to  science  as  to  the  rule  or  ruin  policy  of  the  clergy  and  their  Parting- 
tonian  attempts  to  block  the  wheels  of  progress,  and  sensational  attempts 
of  materialistic  preachers  to  attract  notice.  If  Talmage  declaims  on  Mount 
Calvary,  Parkhurst  airs  his  Phallic  belief  in  a  brothel,  for  the  purpose  of 
notoriety ;  but  truth  requires  no  such  expedients  for  its  support,  and  it  may 
fairly  be  questioned  whether  the  intelligent  readers  of  the  Parkhurst  repor r 
would  not  have  been  better  satisfied  with  the  results  had  he  been  sent  to 
the  Island  to  keep  the  brothel-house  keeper  company,  and  whether  the  citv 
would  not  have  been  purer  for  so  doing. 


During  the  dozen  years  in  Avhich  I  made  a  business  of  testing  turbines,  the 
gauges,  weights  and  revolutions  were  called  as  each  change  of  weight  was 
made.  These  were  recorded  at  the  time  by  an  assistant  in  a  book  made  up  of 
printed  blank  forms,  duplicates  of  which  wore  copied  and  furnished  as  certifi- 
cate of  result  to  each  party  havinir  a  wheel  tested.  The  experiments  were  pub- 
lic, and  any  one  sufficiently  interested  could  examine  gauges  to  make  save  they 
were  correctly  called.  The  hooks  were  subjected  to  rough  usage,  and  when  J 
gave  up  the  business,  they  were  anything  but  ornamental ;  still,  they  contained 
a  complete  record  of  all  the  tests  made,  and,  as  a  means  of  continuing  their  use- 
fulness, they  were,  presented  to  the  Engineering  Department  of  Yale,  through 
Prof.  Norton,  who  has  always  been  prompt  in  attendance  to  witness  any  exper- 
iments in  hydrodynamics  from  which  there  was  a  possibility  of  gaining  informa- 
tion likely  to  benefit  his  department. 


SHEFFIELD  SCIENTIFIC  SCHOOL, 

New  Haven,  Nov.  30,  1880. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON. 

Dear  Sir:  The  Governing  Board  of  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  composed 
of  the  Professors  of  the  School,  at  a  meeting  held  last  evening,  instructed  me  to 
convey  to  you  their  thanks  for  your  very  acceptable  gift  of  three  volumes  of 
Notes  of  your  Experimental  Tests  of  Turbines.  In  doing  this,  I  wish  to  add 
my  personal  thanks  in  consideration  of  the  advantage  I  shall  derive  from  them 
personally,  and  to  assure  you  that  they  will  undoubtedly  prove  of  great  service 
to  the  Engineering  Department  of  the  School,  and  will  add  materially  to  its 
means  of  instruction  relative  to  hydraulic  motors.  They  have  been  deposited 
in  the  Library  of  the  Department,  and  will  be  held  for  ready  consultation  by  the 
students  in  engineering. 

Verv  trulv  yours, 

W.  A.  NORTON. 


Propelling-  Screws. 

Is  there  no  better  plan  than  the  one  so  common  with  government  engineers  of 
placing  the  screws  in  a  ship,  then  lashing  the  ship  to  a  wharf,  fire  up  and  run  the 
engines  day  after  day,  to  ascertain  how  fast  the  screws  can  be  driven,  and  how 
fast  the  ship  ought  to  run,  if  all  the  decimals  can  be  depended  upon  ;  would  it 
be  better,  cheaper  and  far  more  decisive  to  take  a  screw,  place  it  in  a  frame  rep- 
resenting the  stern  of  a  ship,  but  with  freedom  to  move  forward  ;  from  the  after 
end  of  the  screw  have  a  weight  attached,  so  that  if  the  screw  move  forward  it 
would  have  to  raise  a  known  weight,  then  by  belt  or  other  means,  using  a  dyna- 
mometer in  transmission,  drive  the  screw  to  any  speed  desired ;  by  such  means 
accuracy  could  be  attained,  and  the  most  perfect  screw  for  the  purpose  could  be 
found  at  comparatively  small  expense.  The  propeller  screw  partakes  too  much 
of  the  turbine  nature  to  allow  of  its  lines  being  positively  determined  by  mathe- 
matical calculations ;  at  least,  the  best  form  might  be  ascertained  with  perfect 
accuracy  in  the  manner  suggested  above. 


380 


AN  OHIO  IDEA. 

In  one  of  the  western  counties  of  Ohio  a  petition  is  being  circulated  asking 
Governor  Hoadley  to  pardon  a  young  man  sent  to  the  penitentiary  for  rob- 
bing a  prominent  Free  Thinker.  The  plea  is  that  he  should  not  have  been  con- 
victed because  the  victim  is  a  "  wicked  and  perverse  infidel."  It  is  peculiarly 
an  Ohio  idea  that  a  man  who  does  not  profess  religion  has  no  rights,  and  that  it 
is  an  act  of  Christian  charity  to  pick  his  pocket  or  set  fire  to  his  barn.  Prob- 
ably an  Ohio  office  holder  would  think  it  a  virtue  to  steal  from  the  govern- 
ment on  the  same  principle. 

"  The  nearer  the  church  the  further  from  God,"  is  an  old  and  a  trite  saying, 
but  ideas  are  changing,  and  we  may  hope  for  improvement. 


TAXATION  OP  ALL  PROPERTY. 

If  taxation  is  right  at  all,  there  should  be  no  exception.  Church  property, 
usually  occupying  the  best  localities,  certainly  should  not  be  exempt,  nor 
should  owners  of  unimproved  land,  contiguous  to  growing  cities  or  towns,  be 
allowed  to  continue  to  hold  such  land  at  a  mere  nominal  rate  of  taxation, 
while  others  are  ready  to  take  it  at  far  higher  valuation.  Let  every  owner 
be  his  own  assessor,  but  with  the  understanding  that  any  purchaser  may 
take  it  at  the  assessed  rate.  Of  course  some  provisions  may  be  made  to  pre- 
vent a  homestead  from  being  unjustly  taken. 

Let  all  property  be  without  the  protection  of  law  that  has  not  paid  for  such 
protection  by  its  taxation.  There  is  no  need  for  many  of  our  officials. 


PROHIBITION. 

There  is  an  old  saying  that  most  of  the  unhappiness  of  life  comes  to  us 
through  the  efforts  of  weak  but  well  meaning  persons  trying  to  direct  our 
lives  instead  of  causing  general  improvement  by  perfecting  their  own. 
Particularly  is  this  the  case  with  the  priestly  order,  and  has  been  so  from 
the  beginning  of  history.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Miner,  the  great  advocate  of  prohi- 
bition in  this  state,  must  well  know  that  his  life  has  been  spent  in  indoctrinat- 
ing the  minds  of  his  hearers  with  a  superstition  that  cannot  be  sustained  by 
evidence,  yet  he  is  ready  to  assume  the  Creator's  place  and  manage  mankind. 
Prohibition  interferes  with  the  rights  of  all,  and  with  very  doubtful  effects. 
Two  gallons  of  liquor,  beer  included,  would  more  than  coverall  that  1  have 
ever  drank,  yet  I  do  not  believe  in  prohibition,  nor  would  I  vote  for  license, 
for  to  me  it  would  seem  wrong  to  dignify  a  disreputable  business  by  legal 
recognition  ;  but  as  a  large  portion  of  crime,  poverty,  and  misery  is  caused  by 
the  traffic,  I  would  have  all  places  where  it  is  carried  on  taxed  at  such  a  rate 
that  the  owners  would  refuse  to  rent  for  the  purpose. 


Belt  Transmission. 

Of  all  guess  work,  there  is  none  more  unreliable  than  that  of  computing  the 
power  transmitted  by  the  width  of  belt.  First,  the  kind,  quality  and  condition 
of  the  belt  is  to  be  considered;  then  the  size,  distance  and  position  of  pulley ; 
whether  their  surfaces  are  wood,  metal,  or  covered  with  leather;  whether  one  is 
much  larger  than  the  other,  and  whether  the  belt  is  running  vertically,  horizon- 
tally, open  or  crossed;  or,  what  is  worse,  is  running:  edge  up,  on  pulleys  on  ver- 
tical shafts;  whether  it  is  tight  or  loose ;  whether  it  is  made  of  leather  or  other 
material,  also  whether  single  or  double.  In  testing  with  lever  dynanometer,  the 
speed  of  belt  is  determined.  A  single  leather  belt,  under  ordinary  conditions, 
running  1,000  feet  per  minute,  will  transmit  a  h.  p.  for  each  incii  01  width,  but 
Uie  matter  is  one  of  the  greatest  uncertainty 


382 


Weight  of  a  Cubic  foot  of  Pure  Water  at  Differ- 
ent Temperatures. 


Degrees. 

Weight. 

Degrees. 

Weight. 

Degrees. 

Weight. 

Degrees. 

Weight. 

32 

62.375 

45 

62.378 

59 

62.336 

73 

62.249 

33 

62.377 

46 

62.376 

60 

62.331 

74 

62.242 

34 

62.378 

47 

62  375 

61 

62.326 

75 

62.234 

35 

62.379 

48 

62.373 

62 

62.321 

76 

62.225 

36 

62.380 

49 

62.371 

63 

62.316 

77 

62.217 

37 

62.381 

50 

62.368 

64 

62.310 

78 

62.208 

38 

62.381 

51 

62.365 

65 

62.304 

79 

62.199 

39  (*«*) 

62.382 

52 

62.363 

66 

62.298 

80 

62.  190 

39.38 

62.382 

53 

62.359 

67 

62.292 

81 

62.181 

40 

62.382 

54 

62.356 

68 

62.285 

82 

62.172 

41 

62.381 

55 

62.352 

69 

62.278 

83 

62.162 

42 

62.381 

56 

62.349 

70 

62.272 

84 

62.152 

43 

62.380 

57 

62.345 

71 

62.264 

85 

62.142 

44 

62.379 

58 

r.2.340 

72 

62.257 

86 

62.132 

I  SIXTKKM'HS. 

Table  of  Inches  and.  Sixteenths   Reduced  to  Decimals 
of  a  Foot. 

O         1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

JLO 

11 

T°* 

.000 

.083 

.167 

.250 

.333 

.417 

.500 

.583 

.667 

.750 

.833 

.917 

A 

.005 

.089 

.172 

.255 

.339 

.422 

.505 

.589 

.672 

.755 

.839 

.922 

T2* 

.010 

.094 

.177 

.260 

.)44 

.427 

.510 

.594 

.677 

.760 

.844 

.927 

T3, 

.016 

.099 

.182 

.266 

.349 

.432 

.516 

.599 

.682 

.766 

.849 

.932 

T4G 

.021 

.104 

.187 

.271 

.354 

.437 

.521 

.604 

.687 

.771 

.854 

.937 

ft 

.026 

.109 

193 

.276 

.359 

.443 

.r,26 

.609 

.6931.776 

.859 

.943 

T6G 

.031 

.115 

.198 

.281 

.365 

.448 

.531 

.615 

.698 

.781 

.865 

.948 

T6 

.036 

.120 

.203 

.286 

.370 

.453 

.536 

.620 

.703 

.786 

.870 

.953 

A 

.042 

.125 

.208 

.292 

.375 

.458 

.542 

625 

.708 

.792 

.875 

.958 

9 

.047 

.130 

.214 

297 

.380 

.464 

.547 

.630 

.714 

.797 

.880 

.964 

H 

.052 

.135 

219 

302 

.385 

.469  .552 

.635 

.719 

.802 

.885 

.969 

H 

.057 

.141 

.224 

307 

.391 

.474    557 

.641 

.724 

807 

.891 

.974 

H 

.062 

.146 

.229 

312 

.396 

.479  .562 

.646 

.729 

.812 

.896 

.979 

if 

.068 

.151 

.234 

318 

.401 

484  '.568 

.651 

.734 

.818 

.901 

.984 

H 

.073 

.156 

240 

323 

.406 

.490  .574 

.656 

.740 

.823 

.906 

.990 

a 

.078 

.161 

.24" 

328 

.411 

.495 

.578 

.661 

.745 

.828 

.911 

.995  \ 

The  Emerson  Weir  Tables, 

For  weirs  with  end  contractions,  were  computed  for  me  by  Miss  Charla 
A.  Adams,  some  20,000  quantities ;  these  have  done  much  towards  reducing 
the  cost  of  water  wheel  tests  and  water  measurements,  at  the  same  time 
producing  far  greater  accuracy. 

These  were  computed  by  the  Francis  formula,  from  zero  up.  The  experi- 
ments upon  which  that  formula  was  prepared  were  not  extended  below  a 
depth  of  .500  of  a  foot,  but  it  is  often  necessary  to  use  it  at  a  much  less  depth ; 
and  experience  proves  it  to  be  sufficiently  accurate  for  all  practical  purposes. 

The  computations  are  per  minute.  If  the  weir  is  properly  constructed 
there  is  no  need  of  correction,  if  not  properly  constructed  a  correction  is 
mere  guess-work  or  conjecture. 

The  Francis  tables  for  the  one  foot  weir  are  calculated  for  weir  without 
contraction ;  consequently,  by  using  those  in  connection  with  the  others, 
by  adding  to  or  subtracting  from,  the  quantity  flowing  over  a  weir  of  any 
length  may  readily  be  found. 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH   OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

! 
2  Feet.  '3  Feet.  4  Feet. 

(5  Feet. 

7   Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20Feet. 

.001 

.013       .019       .025 

.038 

.044 

.051 

.063 

.076 

.101 

.127 

.002 

.045       .067       .064 

.134 

.154 

.179 

.224 

.268 

.358 

.475 

.003 

.077       .115       .103 

.230 

.264 

.307 

.385 

.460 

.615 

.823 

.004 

.109J      .163       .142 

.326 

.374 

.435 

.547 

.653 

.872 

1.171 

.005 

.141       .212       .281 

.424 

.494 

.565 

.709 

.847 

1.130 

1.410 

.006 

.194       .289       .384 

.542 

.674 

.775 

.966 

1.157 

1.543 

1.927 

.007 

.247!      .366;      .487 

.661 

.854 

.981 

1.223 

1.467 

1.956 

2.444 

'.008 

.301       .443       .591 

.780 

1.034 

1.188 

1.481 

1.777 

2.369 

2.967 

.009 

.355       .521:      .695 

.899 

1.214 

1.375 

1.739 

2.087 

2.782 

3.478 

.010 

.409  1      .599      .799 

1.018 

1.397 

1.598 

1.997 

2.397 

3.196 

3.515 

.011 

.46        .74        .93 

1.24 

1.87 

1.86 

2.33 

2.79 

3.71 

4.666 

.012 

.52  •       .83       1.06 

1.47 

2.10 

2.21 

2.67 

3.19 

4.22 

5.33 

.013 

.59        .92       1.19 

1.71 

2.34 

2.40 

3.01 

3.59 

4.74 

6.00 

.014 

.66      l.Olj      1.32 

1.95 

2.57 

2.67 

3.35 

3.99 

5.25 

6.67 

.015 

.73      1.10      1.46 

2.20 

2.84 

2.94 

3.69 

4.40 

5.87 

7.34 

.016 

.81       1.21       1.62 

2.43 

3.06 

3.25 

3.94 

4.87 

6.50 

8.13 

.017 

.89      1.33      1.78 

2.66 

3.28 

3.56 

4.45 

5.34 

7.13 

8.92 

.018 

.97      1.45       1.94 

2.90 

3.50 

3.87 

4.84 

5.81 

7.76 

9.97 

.019 
.020 

.05      1.57 
.13      1.69 

2.10 

2.27 

3.14 
3.38 

3.72 
3.95 

4.19 
4.51 

5.24         6.28 
5.64         6.76 

8.40 
9.04 

10.50 
11.30 

.021 

.22      1.82 

2.44 

3.65 

4.26        4.87         6.09 

7.29!        9.75 

12.19 

.022 

.31;      1.95 

2.61 

3.92 

4.57        5.23  1        6.54 

7.83       10.47 

13.09 

.023 

.40      2.08 

2.78 

4.19 

4.88        5.59i         6.99 

8.37 

11.19 

13.99 

.024       .49!     2.22      2.95 

4.46 

5.20         5.95!         7.44 

8.91 

11.91 

14.89 

.025       .58'     2.36      3.12 

4.73 

5.52'       6.31         7.89 

9.45        12.63 

15.79 

.026-      .87      2.51 

3.32 

5.02 

5.86        6.701        8.38 

10.05!       13.42 

lfi.78 

.027  |      .77,     2.66 

3.52 

5.32 

6.20!        7.10         8.88 

10.65        14.21 

17.77 

.028}    1.871     2.81 

3.72 

5.62 

6.55        7.50         9.38 

11.25 

15.00 

18.76 

.029     1.97      2.96 

3.93 

5.92 

6.90        7.90         9.88 

11.85" 

15.80 

19.75 

.0301    2.07  1     3.11 

4.14 

6.22 

7.25        8.30        10.38 

12.46        16.60 

20.75 

.031 

2.17      3.27 

4.37 

6.52 

7.63        8.74        10.91 

13.10        17.46 

21.83 

.032 

2.28'     3.43 

4.60 

6.82 

8.01;       9.18       11.45 

13.74|       18.32 

22.91 

.033 

2.39,     3.59 

4.84 

7.13 

8.39  1       9.62        11.99 

14.39        19.18    23.99 

.034 

2.50;      3.75 

5.08 

7.43 

8.77i      10.07        12.53 

15.04        20.05    25.17 

.035 

2.61      3.91 

5.22 

7.84 

9.15;      10.52J       13.07 

15.69 

20.92    26.15 

Depth 
on 
Weir. 

1 
LENGTH   OF  THE   WEIR. 

1 

Feet. 

2  Feet 

3  Feet 

4  Feet 

6  Feet 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet 

SOFeet. 

.036 

2.72 

4.0? 

5.45 

8.18 

9.55 

10.97 

13.64 

16.38 

21.84 

27.31 

.037 

2.83 

4.2/5 

5.68 

8.53 

9.95 

11.42 

14.21 

17.07 

22.77 

28.47 

.038 

2.95 

4.42 

5.91 

8.88 

10.35 

11.87        14.78 

17.76 

23.71 

29.63 

.039 

3.07 

4.60 

6.14 

9.23 

10.76 

11.32       15.35 

18.46 

24.64 

30.79 

.040 

3.19 

4.78 

6.38 

9.58 

11.17 

12.77        15.93 

19.16 

25.56 

31.95 

.041 

3.31 

4.96 

6.62 

9.94 

11.60 

13.26 

16.55 

19.90 

26.54 

33.18 

.042 

3.43 

5.14 

6.86 

10.31 

12.03 

13.75 

17.17 

20.64 

27.53 

34.41 

.043 

3.55 

5.32 

7.H 

10.68 

12.47 

14.25J       17.80 

21.38 

28.52 

35.65 

.044 

3.67 

5.51 

7.36 

11.05 

12.91 

14.7r> 

18.43 

22.12 

29.51 

36.89 

.045 

3.8( 

5.7) 

7.61 

11.42 

13.35 

15.25 

19.06 

22.88 

30.50 

38.13 

.046 

3.93 

5.89 

7.87 

11.81 

13.80 

15.76 

19.71 

2:5.66 

31.64 

39.43 

.047 

4.06 

6.08 

8.13 

12.20 

14.25 

16.28 

20.36 

24.44 

32.58 

40.73 

.048 

4.19 

6.27 

8.39 

12.59 

14.70 

16.80 

21.01 

25.22 

33.62 

42.03 

.049 

4.32 

6.47 

8.66 

12.98 

15.15 

17.32 

21.66 

26.00 

34.67 

43.34 

.050 

4.45 

6.67 

8.93 

13.38 

15.69 

17.84        22.32 

26.78 

35.72 

44.65 

.051 

4.58 

6.87 

9.20 

13.79 

16.09       18.39        23.00 

27.60 

36.81 

46.02 

.052 

4.71 

7.07 

9.47 

14.20 

16.57 

18.94        23.68 

28.42 

37.90 

47.39 

.053 

4.84 

7.28 

9.74 

14.61 

17.05 

19.49 

24.,% 

29.24 

39.00 

48.76 

.054 

4.99 

7.49 

10.01 

15.02 

17.53 

20.04 

25.05 

30.06 

40.10 

50.14 

.055 

5.13 

7.70 

10.28 

15.43 

18.01 

20.59 

25.74 

30.90 

41.20 

51.52 

.056 

5.27 

7.91 

10.56 

15.86 

18.51 

21.16 

26.45 

31.76 

42.35 

52.95 

.057 

5.41 

8.12 

10.84 

16.29 

19.01 

21.73 

27.17 

32.62 

43.50 

54.38 

.058 

5.55 

8.33 

11.12 

16.72 

19.51 

22.30 

27.89 

33.48 

44.71 

55.81 

.059 

5.69 

8.55 

11.41 

17.15 

20.01 

22.87 

28.61 

34.34 

45.86 

57.24 

.060 

5.84 

8.77 

11.71      17.58 

20.52 

23.45 

29.33 

35.20 

40.95 

58.69 

.061 

5.98 

8.99 

12.0!)      18.02 

21.04 

24.04 

30.07 

3(5.09 

48.16 

60.18 

.062 

6.13 

9.11 

12.30 

18.46 

21.56 

24.04 

30.81 

30.99 

49.37 

61.68 

.063 

6.28 

9.33 

12.60 

18.91 

22.08 

25.24 

31  .56 

37.89j 

50.58 

63.18 

.064 

6.43 

9.56 

12.90 

19.36 

22.61 

25.84 

32.31 

38.79 

51.79 

64.68 

.065 

6.58 

9.89 

13.20 

19.81 

23-14 

26.44        33.06 

39.69 

53.00 

66.18 

.066 

6.73 

10.12 

13.50 

20.27 

23.68 

27.061       33.83 

40.62 

54.23 

67.73 

.067 

6.88 

10.35 

13.81 

20.74 

24.22 

27.62 

34.61 

41.55 

55.46 

69.28 

.068 

7.03 

10.58 

14.12 

21.21 

24.76 

28.24 

35.39 

42.48 

50.69 

70.83 

.069 

7.19 

10.81 

14.43 

21.68 

25.30      28.86 

36.17 

43.41 

57.92 

72.39 

.070 

7.35 

11.04 

14.74 

22.15 

25.85      29.55 

36.95 

44.35 

59.15 

73.95 

.071 

7.51 

11.28 

15.06 

22.63 

26.41       30.19 

:;7.7f>        45.31! 

60.46 

75.55 

.072 

7.67 

11.52 

15.38 

23.11 

2(1.  !)7       30.83 

38.55        46.28 

61.77 

77.15 

.073 

7.83 

11.76 

15.71 

23.59 

27.53       31.47 

39.36  i       47.25 

63.08 

78.75 

.074 

7.99 

11.98 

16.03 

24.07 

28.10      32.12 

40.17;       48.22 

64.38 

80.36 

.075 

8.15 

12.25 

16.35 

24.56 

28.67       32.77!       40.98  :       49.19 

65.60 

81.97 

.076 

8.31 

12.49 

16.68 

25.05 

29.25      33.43!       41.8i:       50.18 

66.93 

83.64 

.077 

8.47 

12.74 

17.03 

25.55 

29.83!      34.09        42.64!       51.18! 

08.26 

85.31 

.078 

8.63 

12.99 

17.38 

26.05 

30.41       34.75        43.47        52.18 

69.59 

86.99 

.079      8.80 

13.24 

17.73 

26.55    30.99      35.42       44.30        53.18 

70.92 

88.67 

.0801     8.97 

13.49 

18.01 

27.05 

31.57      36.09.       45.14        54.18 

72.26 

90.35 

.081 

9.14 

13.74 

18.35 

27.56 

32.17      36.77        45.99       5520 

73.63 

92.06 

.082 

9.31 

13.99 

18.691    28.07 

32.77      37.45        46.85       56.23 

75.00 

93.78 

.083      9.48 

14.24 

19.03i    28.59 

33.37       38.14        47.71        57.26 

76.37 

95.50 

.0841 
.085 

9.65 

9.82 

14.49 
14.75 

19.37!    29.01 
19.72'    29.62 

33.97       38.83        48.57        58.29 
34.58       39.52        49.43        59.32 

77.74     97.22 
79.13     98.94 

.086 

9.99 

15.01 

20.07!    30.15     35.19.      40.22        50.31:       60.38 

80.54   100.71 

.087 

10.16 

15.27 

20.42     30.681    35.81;      40.92        51.19!       61.44 

81.95   102.48 

.088 

10.33 

15.54 

20.77 

31.21 

36.43      41.63|       52.07        62.50 

83.87    104.28 

.089 

10.51 

15.81 

21.12     31.74 

37.05 

42.34        52.95 

03.50 

84.79   100.02 

.090 

10.69 

16.08 

21.48     32.27 

37.67 

43.05!       53.84 

i  ;  !.<;:', 

80.21,  107.80 

.091 

10.87 

16.35 

21.84]    32.81 

38.30 

43.77        54.75 

c.5.  TL' 

87.66   109.62 

.092 

11.05 

16.62 

22.20      33.35 

38.93 

44.50        55.00 

00.  si 

SO.lli  111.44 

.093)    11.23 

16.89 

22.56     33.89 

39.57 

45.23i       56.57  1       67.90 

i)0.r>7    113.26 

385 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet.  3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet.    12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.094 

11.41     17.16 

22.92 

34.44 

40.21 

45.96 

57.48|       68.99 

92.03 

115.08 

.095 

11.58    17.44 

23.29 

34.99 

40.85 

46.69 

58.39        70.09 

93.49 

116.90 

.096 

11.76|    17.77 

23.66 

35.55 

41.50 

47.43 

59.32        71.21 

94.98 

118.78 

.097 

11.94    17.99 

24.03 

36.11 

42.15 

48.17 

60.25        72.33 

96.47 

120.66 

.098 

12.13    18.27 

24.40 

36.67 

42.80 

48.92 

61.18 

73.45 

97.96 

122.54 

.099 

12.32    18.55 

24.77 

37.23 

42.45 

49.67 

62.12 

74.57 

99.46 

124.42 

.100 

12.51     18.83 

25.14 

37.78 

44.11 

50.42 

63.06 

75.69 

100.96 

126.30 

.101 

12.69    19.11 

25.52 

38.35 

44.77 

51.18 

64.01 

76.84 

102.49 

128.20 

.102 

12.88     19.39 

25.90 

38.92 

45.43 

51.94 

64.96 

77.99 

104.02 

130.10 

.103 

13.07     19.67 

26.28 

39.49 

46.10 

52.70 

65.91 

79.14 

105.55 

132.00 

.104 

13.26     19.96 

26.66 

40.06 

46.77 

53.47 

66.87 

80.29 

107.08 

133.90 

.105 

13.45!    20.25 

27.04 

40.64 

47.44 

54.24 

67.83!       81.44 

108.62 

135.81 

.106 

13.64 

20.53 

27.43 

41.21 

48.12 

55.02 

68.81  i       82.61 

110.17 

137.77 

.107 

13.83 

20.81 

27.82 

41.79 

48.80 

55.80 

69.79        83.78 

111.73 

139.73 

.108 

14.02 

21.10 

28.21 

42.38 

49.49 

56.58 

70.771       84.95 

113.29 

141.69 

.109 

14.21 

21.39 

28.60 

42.97 

50.18 

57.36 

71.75!       85.12 

114.85 

143.65 

.110 

14.41 

21.71 

29.00 

43.57 

50.87 

58.15 

72.73;       87.30 

116.41 

145.62 

.111 

14.60 

22.00 

29.39 

44.17 

51.57 

58.95 

73.73        88.50 

118.07 

14T.62 

.112 

14.80 

22.30 

29.78 

44.77 

52.27 

59.75 

74.73        89.70 

119.67 

149.63 

.113 

15.00 

22.60 

30.11 

45.37 

52.97 

60.55 

75.73        90.90 

121.27 

151.64 

.114 

15.20 

22.90 

30.58 

45.97 

53.67 

61.35 

76.73        92.11 

122.88 

153.65 

.115 

15.40 

23.20 

30.98 

46.57 

54.37 

62.15 

77.74 

93.32 

124.49 

155.66 

.116 

15.60 

23.50 

31.39 

47.18 

55.08 

62.96 

78.76 

94.55 

126.13 

157.71 

.117 

15.80 

23.80 

31.80 

47.79 

55.79 

63.78 

79.78 

95.78 

127.77 

159.76 

.118 

16.00 

24.10 

32.21 

48.40 

56.50 

64.50 

80.80 

97.01 

129.41 

161.81 

.119 

16.20 

24.41 

32.62 

49.01 

57.22 

65.32 

81.82 

98.25 

131.05 

163.86 

.120 

16.41 

24.72 

33.02 

49.63 

57.94 

66.24 

82.85 

99.49 

132.69 

165.91 

.121 

16.61 

25.03 

33.43 

50.25 

58.67 

67.07 

83.89 

100.74 

134.36 

168.00 

.122 

16.81 

25.34 

33.84 

50.87 

59.40 

67.90 

84.95 

102.09 

136.03 

170.09 

.123    17.01 

25.65 

34.26 

51.49 

60.17 

68.74 

85.98 

103.34 

137.70 

172.18 

.124    17.22 

25.97 

34.68 

52.11 

60.90 

69.58 

87.03 

104.59 

139.38 

174.27 

.125    17.43 

26.27     35.09 

52.75 

61.59 

70.42 

88.08 

105.74 

141.06 

176.38 

.126    17.64 

26.58 

35.51 

53.38 

62.33 

71.27 

89.14 

107.02 

142.76 

178.51 

.127!    17.85 

26.89 

35.93 

54.02 

63.07 

72.13 

90.20 

108.30 

144.47 

180.64 

.128    18.06 

27.21 

36.36 

54.66 

63.81 

72.99 

91.27 

109.58 

146.18 

182.78 

.129    18.27 

27.53 

36.79 

55.30 

64.55 

73.85 

92.34 

110.86 

147.89 

184.91 

.130    18.48 

27.85 

37.22 

55.94 

65.30 

74.71 

93.41 

112.14 

149.60 

187.06 

.131|    18.69 

28.17 

37.65 

56.59 

66.06 

75.57 

94.49 

113.44 

151.34 

189.23 

.132    18.90 

28.49 

38.06 

57.24 

66.82 

76.44 

95.57 

114.70 

153.08 

191.40 

.133    19.11 

28.81 

38.49 

57.89 

67.58 

77.31 

96.66 

116.04 

154.82 

193.58 

.134    19.33 

29.13 

38.92 

58.54 

68.34 

78.18 

97.75 

117.35 

156.56 

195.761 

.135    19.55 

29.46!    39.37 

59.19 

69.11 

79.05 

98.84 

118.66 

158.30 

197.94 

.136    19.76 

29.78J   39.81 

59.85 

69.88     79.92 

99.94 

119.98 

160.07 

200.15 

.1371    19.97 

30.11     40.25 

60.51 

70.65 

80.79 

101.04 

121.31 

161.84 

202.37 

.138    20.19 

30.44    40.69 

61.17 

71.42 

81.67 

102.14 

122.64 

163.61 

204.59 

.139    20.41 

30.77     41.13 

61.84 

72.19 

82.55 

103.25 

123.97 

-    165.38 

206.81 

.140    20.63 

31.10 

41.57 

62.51 

72.97 

83.43 

104.37 

125.30 

167.16 

209.03 

.1411   20.85 

31.43 

42.01 

63.18 

73.75 

84.33 

105.49 

126.65 

168.96 

211.28 

.1421   21.07 

31.76 

42.45 

63.85 

74.53 

85.23 

106.61 

128.00 

170.76 

213.53 

.143 

21.29 

32.09 

42.90 

64.52 

75.32 

86.13 

107.74 

129.35 

172.57 

215.79 

.144 

21.52 

32.43 

43.35 

65.19 

76.11 

87.03 

108.87 

131.70 

174.37 

218.05 

.145 

21.74!    32.77 

43.80 

65.87 

76.90 

87.93 

110.00 

132.06 

176.19 

220.31 

.146 

21.96 

33.11 

44.25 

66.55 

77.70 

88.84 

111.14 

133.43 

178.02 

222.60 

.147 

22.18 

33.45 

44.71 

67.23 

78.50 

89.75 

112.28 

134.80 

179.85 

224.90 

.148 

22.40 

33.79 

45.17 

67.91 

79.30 

90.67 

113.42 

136.18 

181.69 

227.20 

.149 

22.63 

34.13 

45.63 

68.60 

80.10 

91.59 

114.57 

137.56 

183.53 

229.50 

.150 

22.86 

34.47 

46.09 

69.29 

80.90 

92.51 

115.72 

138.94 

185.37 

231.80 

.151 

23.08 

34.81 

46.55 

69.98 

81.71 

93.43 

116.88 

140.33 

187.23 

234.13 

386 


Depth 
wSr. 

LENGTH  OF   THE   WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet 

3  Feet 

4  Feet 

fi  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet.  12  Feet.  16  Feet 

20  Feet, 

.152 

23.31 

35.15 

47.01 

70.67 

82.52 

94.36 

118.04 

141.73 

189.091  236.46 

.153 

23.54 

35.50 

47.47 

71.37 

83.33 

95.29 

119.21 

143.17 

190.96 

238.79 

.154!  23.77 

35.85 

47.93 

72.07 

84.14 

96.22 

120.38 

144.57 

192.83 

241.13 

.155    24.00 

36.20 

48.39 

72.77 

84.96 

'  97.15 

121.55 

145.931   194.70 

243.47 

.156 

24.23 

36.55 

48.85 

73.47 

85.78 

98.09 

122.73 

147.35    196.591  245.86 

.157 

24.46 

36.90 

49.32 

74.18 

86.61 

99.04 

123.91 

148.77;   199.481  248.25 

.158 

24.69 

37.25 

49.79 

74.89 

87.44 

99.99 

125.091   150.191  201.38 

250.64 

.159 

24.93 

37.60 

50.26 

75.60 

88.27 

100.94 

126.27 

151.61 

203.28 

253.04 

.160 

25.17 

37.96 

50.73 

76.31 

89.10 

101.89 

127.46 

153.03 

204.18 

255.34 

.161 

25.40 

38.31 

51.20 

77.02 

89.93 

102.85 

128.66 

154.47 

206.10 

257.75 

.162 

25.63 

38.66 

51.68 

77.74 

90.77 

103.81 

129.86 

155.91 

208.03 

260.17 

.163 

25.86 

39.01 

52.16 

78.46 

91.61 

104.77 

131.06 

157.35 

209.96 

262.59 

.164 

26.10 

39.37 

52.64 

79.18 

92.45 

105.73 

132.26 

158.80 

211.89 

265.01 

.165 

26.34 

39.73 

53.12 

79.90 

93.29 

106.69 

133.47 

160.25 

213.82 

267.38 

.166 

26.57 

40.09 

53.60 

80.63 

94.14 

107.66 

134.69 

161.71 

215.76 

269.82 

.167 

26.81 

40.45 

54.08 

81.36 

94.99 

108.63 

135.91 

163.17 

217.70 

272.26 

.168 

27.05 

40.81 

54.56 

82.09 

95.84 

109.60 

137.13 

164.64 

219.65 

274.71 

.169 

27.29 

41.17 

55.05 

82.82 

96.G9 

110.58 

138.35 

166.11 

221  .60 

277.16 

.170 

27.53 

41.53 

55.54 

83.55 

97.55 

111.56 

139.57 

167.58 

223.65    279.61 

.171 

27.77 

41.88 

56.03 

84.28 

98.41 

112.54 

140.85 

169.06 

225.621  282.09 

.172 

28.01 

42.23 

56.53 

85.02 

99.27 

113.53 

142.09 

170.54 

227.59 

284.57 

.173 

28.25 

42.59 

57.02 

85.76 

100.14 

114.52 

143.33 

172.03 

229.56 

287.05 

.174 

28.49 

42.95 

57.51 

86.50 

101.01 

115.51 

144.57 

173.52 

231.54 

289.54 

.175 

28.74 

43.31 

57.99 

87.24 

101.88 

116.50 

145.76 

175.01 

233.52 

292.03 

.176 

28.98 

43.68 

58.48 

87.99 

102.75 

117.50 

147.01 

176.49 

235.54 

294.54 

.177 

29.22 

44.05 

58.98 

88.74 

103.62 

118.50 

148.26 

177.98 

237.56 

297.06 

.178 

29.47 

44.43 

59.48 

89.49 

104.50 

119.50 

149.51 

179.47 

239.58 

299.58 

.179 

29.72 

44.81 

59.98 

90.24 

105.38 

120.50 

150.77 

180.96 

241.60 

302.10 

.180 

29.97 

45.19 

60.48 

91.00 

106.26 

121.51 

152.03 

182.55 

243.62 

304.62 

.181 

30.21 

45.57 

60.98 

91.76 

107.14 

122.52 

153.31 

184.07 

245.65 

307.17 

.182 

30.45 

45.95 

61.48 

92.52 

108.03 

123.53 

154.59 

185.60 

247.68 

309.72 

.183 

30.70 

46.33 

61.98 

93.28 

108.92 

124.54 

155.88 

187.13 

249.71 

312.27 

.184 

30.95 

46.71 

62.49 

94.04 

109.81 

125.55 

157.17 

188.66 

251.74 

314.82 

.185 

31.20 

47.10 

63.00 

94.80 

110.70 

126.57 

158.43 

190.19 

253.78 

317.38 

.186 

31.45 

47.48 

63.51 

95.57 

111.60 

127.60 

159.71 

191.74 

255.85 

319.96 

.187 

31.70 

47.86 

64.02 

96.34 

112.50     128.63 

160.99 

193.29 

257.92 

322.55 

.188 

31.95 

48.24 

64.53 

97.11 

113.40     129.67 

162.27 

194.84 

259.99 

325.14 

.189 

32.21 

48.62 

65.04 

97.88 

114.30*1    130.71 

163.55 

196.39 

262.06 

327.73 

.190 

32.47 

49.01 

65.56 

98.65 

115.20 

131.75 

164.84 

197.94 

264.13 

330.32 

.191 

32.72 

49.39 

66.07 

99.43 

116.11 

132.79 

166.14 

199.51 

266.22 

332.93 

.192 

32.97 

49.77 

66.58 

100.21 

117.02 

133.83 

167.45 

201  .08 

268.31 

335.55 

.193 

33.22 

50.16 

67.10 

100.99 

117.93 

134.87 

168.76 

202.65 

270.40 

338.17 

.194 

33.47 

50.55 

67.62 

101.77 

118.84 

135.92 

170.07 

204.22 

272.50 

340.79 

.195 

33.73 

50.94 

68.14 

102.56 

119.76 

136.97 

171.38 

205.79 

274.60 

343.41 

.196 

33.98 

51.33 

68.66 

103.35 

120.68 

138.02 

172.70 

207.37 

276.72 

346.06 

.197 

34.24 

51.72 

69.18 

104.14 

121.60 

139.07 

174.02 

208.96 

278.84 

348.72 

.198 

34.50 

52.11 

69.70 

104.93 

122.52 

140.13 

175.34 

210.55 

280.96 

351.38 

.199 

34.76 

52.50 

70.23 

105.72 

123.45 

141.19 

176.66 

212.14 

283.08 

354.04 

.200 

35.02 

52.89 

70.76 

106.51 

124.38 

142.25 

177.99 

213.73 

285.22 

356.70 

.201 

35.28 

53.28 

71.29 

107.31 

125.31 

143.32 

179.33 

215.34 

287.36 

359.38 

.202 

35.54 

53.67 

71.82 

107.81 

126.24 

144.39 

180.67 

216.95 

289.51 

362.07 

.203 

35.80 

54.07 

72.35 

108.61 

127.17 

145.46 

182.01 

218.56 

291.66 

364.76 

.204 

36.06 

54.47 

72.88 

109.41 

128.11 

146.53 

183.35 

220.17 

293.81 

367.45 

.205 

36.33 

54.87 

73.42 

110.51 

129.05 

147.60 

184.69 

221.78 

295.96 

370.14  1 

.206 

36.59 

55.27 

73.95 

111.32 

130.00 

148.68 

186.04 

223.40 

298.13 

372.86  1 

.207 

36.85 

55.67 

74.48 

112.13 

130.95 

149.76 

187.39 

225.03 

300.30 

375.58  1 

.208 

37.11 

56.07 

75.02 

112.94 

131.90 

150.84 

188.75 

226.66 

302.47 

378.30! 

.209 

37.37 

56.47 

75.56 

113.75 

132.85 

151.92 

190.11 

228.29 

304.65 

381.02: 

Depth 
on 

Weir. 

Feet. 

LENGTH   OF  THE   WEIR. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet 

4  Feet,  j  6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.210 

37.64 

56.88 

76.10    114.56 

133.81 

153.01 

191.47 

229.92 

306.83 

383.75 

.211 

37.90 

57.28 

76.64 

115.37 

134.76 

154.10 

192.84 

231.56 

209.03 

386.30 

.212 

38.17 

57.68 

77.18 

116.19 

135.72 

155.19 

194.21 

233.21 

311.23 

389.05 

•213 

38.44 

58.08 

77.72 

117.01 

136.68 

156.29 

195.58 

234.86 

313.43 

391.80 

.214 

38.71 

58.48 

78.26 

117.83 

137.64 

157.39 

196.95 

236.51 

315.63 

394.55 

.215 

38.98 

58.89     78.81 

118.65 

138.60 

158.49 

198.33 

238.16 

317.84 

397.51 

.216 

39.24 

59.30!    79.36 

119.48 

139.56 

159.59 

199.71 

239.82 

320.06 

400.29 

.217 

39.51 

59.71      79.91 

120.31 

140.52 

160.69 

201.09 

241.49 

322.28 

403.07 

.218 

39.78 

60.12     80.46 

121.14 

141.48 

161.70 

202.48 

243.16 

324.57 

405.86 

.219 

40.05 

60.53     81.01 

121.97 

142.45 

162.81 

203.87 

244.83 

326.80 

408.65 

.220 

40.32 

60.94     81.56 

122.80 

143.41 

164.03 

205.26 

246.50 

328.97 

411.44 

.221 

40.59 

61.35     82.11 

123.63 

144.38 

165.15 

206.66 

248.18 

331.22 

414.23 

.222 

40.86 

61.76     82.65 

124.47 

145.36 

166.27 

208.07 

249.86 

333.47 

417.02 

.223 

41.13 

62.17     83.21 

125.31     146.34 

167.39 

209.48 

251.55 

335.72 

419.82 

.224 

41.40 

62.59     83.17 

126.15     147.32 

168.50 

210.89 

253.24 

337.97 

422.62 

.225 

41.68 

63.01     84.33 

126.99     148.30 

169.63 

212.30 

254.93 

340.22 

425.52 

.226 

41.95 

63.41     84.89 

127.83     149.29 

170.76 

213.71 

256.63 

342.49 

428.36 

.227 

42.22 

63.82     85.45 

128.67     150.28 

171.89 

215.12 

258.33 

344.76 

431.21 

.228 

42.50 

64.23     86.01 

129.52     151.27 

173.02 

216.53 

260.03 

347.04 

434.06 

.229 

42.78 

64.65     86.57 

130.37 

152.26 

174.16 

217.95 

261.73 

349.32 

436.91 

.230 

43.06 

65.08     87.14 

131.22     153.26 

175.30 

219.37 

263.45 

351.60 

439.76 

.231 

43.33 

65.50     87.70 

132.071    154.26 

176.44 

220.80 

265.17 

353.90 

442.65 

.232 

43.61 

65.92     88.27 

132.92;    155.26 

177.58 

222.23 

266.89 

356.20 

445.53 

.233 

43.89 

66.35     88.84 

133.78  !    156.26 

178.72 

223.67 

268.61 

358.50 

448.41 

.231 

44.17 

66.78     89.41 

134.641    157.26 

179.87 

225.11 

270.33 

360.80 

451.29 

.235 

44.45 

67.21 

89.98 

135.50 

158.26 

181.02 

226.55 

272.06 

363.11 

454.15 

.236 

44.73 

67.63 

90.55 

136.38 

159.27 

182.17 

227.99 

273.80 

365.43 

457.06 

.237 

45.01 

68.05 

91.12 

137.22 

160.28 

183.36 

229.44 

275.54 

367.73 

459.97 

.238 

45.29 

68.48     91.69 

138.08 

161.29 

184.48 

230.89 

277.28 

370.08 

462.88 

.239 

45.57 

68.911    92.26 

138.95 

162.30 

185.64 

232.34 

279.02 

372.43 

465.79 

.240 

45.85 

69.341    92.84 

139.82 

163.31 

186.80 

233.79 

280.77 

374.74 

468.70 

.241 

46.13 

69.77!    93.41    140.71 

164.33 

187.96 

235.24 

282.52 

377.09 

471.65 

.242 

46.41 

70.20     93.99 

141.58 

165.35 

189.13 

236.69 

284.28 

379.44 

474.60 

.213 

46.69 

70.63 

94.58 

143.31 

166.37 

190.30 

237.14 

286.04 

381.79 

477.55 

.24  i 

46.98 

71.06 

95.17 

144.18 

167.39 

191.47 

238.59 

287.80 

384.14 

480.51 

.245 

47.27 

71.49 

95.73 

144  19 

168.42 

192.64 

241.05 

289.56 

386.49 

483.40 

.216 

47.55 

71.92 

96.33 

145.07 

169.45 

193.82 

242.54 

291.33 

388.86 

486.37 

.217 

47.83 

72.35 

96.91 

145.95 

170.48 

195.00 

244.03 

293.11 

391.23 

489.34 

.248 

48.12 

72.79 

97.49 

146.83 

171.51 

196.18 

245.52 

294.89 

393.60 

492.31 

.219 

48.41 

73.24 

98.07 

147.71 

172.54 

197.36 

247.01 

296.67 

395.97 

495.28 

.2.30 

48.70 

73.67 

98.65 

148.60 

173.58!   198.55 

248.50 

298.45 

398.35 

498.25 

.251 

48.98 

74.11 

99.24 

149.49    174.62|    199.74 

249.99 

300.24 

401.74 

501.25 

.252 

49.27 

74.55 

99.83 

150.38     175.66 

200.93 

251.48 

302.03 

404.14 

504.25 

.253 

49.51 

74.99 

100.42 

151.27 

176.70 

202.12 

252.97 

303.82 

406.53 

507.25 

.234 

49.85 

75.43 

101.01 

152.16 

177.74 

203.31 

254.46 

305.6? 

408.92 

510.25 

.255 

50.14 

75.87J  101.60!  153.06    178.78 

204.51 

255.95 

307.42 

410.33 

513.25 

.236 

50.43 

76.31   102.19 

153.95    179.83 

205.71 

257.46 

308.23 

412.75 

516.27 

.257 

50.72 

76.75 

102.78 

154.85|   180.88 

206.91 

258.97 

310.04 

415.17 

519.30 

.258 

51.01 

77.19 

103.38 

155.75!   181.93 

208.11 

260.48 

311.85 

417.59 

522.33 

.259 

51.30 

77.63 

103.98 

156.65!   182.98 

209.32 

262.02 

313.66 

420.01 

525.36 

.260 

51.60 

78.08 

104.58 

157.55!  184.04 

210.53 

263.51 

316.48 

422.44 

528.39 

.261 

51.89 

78.52 

105.18 

158.45    185.10 

211.74 

265.03 

318.31 

424.88 

531.44 

.262 

52.18 

78.97 

105.78 

159.361  186.16 

212.95 

266.55 

320.14 

427.32 

534.50 

.263 

52.47 

79.42 

106.38 

160.27  j   187.22 

214.16     268.07 

321.97 

429.76 

537.56 

.264 

52.76 

79.87 

107.13 

161.18    188.28 

215.38     269.59 

323.80 

432.20 

540.62 

.265i  53.06 

80.32 

107.58 

162.09    189.35 

216.60!     271.11 

325.63 

434.65 

543.68 

.266 

53.35 

80.77 

108.18 

163.00    190.42 

217.82 

272.68 

327.47 

437.11 

546.76 

.267 

53.64 

81.22 

108.78 

163.92 

191.49 

219.04 

274.22 

329.31 

439.58 

549.84 

388 


Depth 

on 

LENGTH  OF  THE   WEIR. 

Weir. 

Feet: 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

'  G  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.268    53.94 

81.67 

109.39 

164.84 

192.56 

220.27 

275.76 

331.16 

442.05 

552.93 

.269    54.24 

82.12 

110.00 

165.76    193.03 

221.50 

277.30 

333.01 

444.52     556.02 

.270    54-54 

82.57 

110.61 

166.68 

194.70 

222.73 

278.80 

334.86 

440.99     559.11 

.271    54.84 

83.02 

111.22 

167.60 

195.78 

223.96 

280.34 

336.72 

449.47     562.22 

.272  1  55.14 

83.47 

111.83 

168.52 

196.86 

225.20 

281.89 

338.58 

451.95     565.33: 

.273    55.44 

83.93 

112.44 

169.44   197.94 

226.44 

283.44 

340.44 

454.43)    568.44  : 

.274    55.74 

84.39 

113.05 

170.37    199.02 

227.08 

284.99 

342.31 

450.91     571.56 

.2751  56.04 

84.85 

113.67 

171.30   200.11 

228.92 

280.54 

344.18 

459.43  j    574.68 

.276    56.34 

85.31 

114.28 

172.23 

201.20 

230.20 

288.10 

346.06 

461.94     577.84) 

.277 

56.64 

85.77 

114.89 

173.16 

202.29 

231.51 

289.06 

347.94 

464.45     581.00! 

,278 

56.94 

86.23 

115.51 

174.09 

203.38 

232.70 

291.22 

349.82 

400.97     584.161 

.279 

57.24 

86.69 

116.13 

175.02 

2(»4.  -17 

234.01 

292.79 

351.71 

409.49     587.33 

.280 

57.54 

87.15 

116.75 

175.96 

205.56 

235.10 

294.30 

353.60 

472.01     590.40 

.281 

57.84 

87.61 

117.37 

176.90 

206.06 

236.42 

295.94 

355.49 

474.54 

593.57 

.282 

58.14 

88.07    117.99 

177.84 

207.  7<> 

237.08 

297.52 

357.38 

477.07 

596.74 

.283 

58.44 

88.53   118.61 

178.78 

208.86 

238.94 

299.10 

359.27 

479.60 

599.91 

.284 

58.75 

88.99   119.23 

179.72 

209.9(5 

240.20 

300.68 

361.10 

481.93 

603.08 

.285 

59.06 

89.46   119.86 

180.66 

211.06 

241.46 

302.26 

363.06 

484.66 

606.25 

.286 

59.36 

89.92 

120.48 

181.61 

212.17 

242.73 

303.85 

364.96 

487.21 

609.45 

.287 

59.66 

90.38 

121.11 

182.56 

213.28 

244.00 

305.44 

366.87 

489.76 

612.65 

.288 

59.97 

90.85    121.74 

183.51 

214.39 

245,27 

307.03 

368.78 

492.31 

615.85 

.289 

60.28 

91.32 

122.37 

184.46 

215.50 

240.54 

308.62 

370.69 

494.87 

019.05 

.290 

60.59 

91.79 

123.00 

185.41 

210.61 

247.81 

310.22 

372.00 

497.43 

622.25 

.291 

60.89 

92.26 

123.63 

186.36 

217.72 

249.09 

311.82 

374.51 

500.00 

625.47 

.292 

61.20 

92.73 

124.26 

187.31 

218.84 

250.37 

313.42 

376.42 

502.58 

628.69 

.293 

61.51 

93.20 

124.89 

188.27 

219.96 

251.65 

315.02!     378.34 

505.16 

631.911 

.294 

61.82 

93.67 

125.52 

189.23 

221.08 

252.93 

316.63 

380.26 

507.74 

635.14! 

.295 

62.13 

94.15 

126.16 

190.19 

222.20 

254.22 

318.24 

382.18 

510.32 

638.37  j 

.296    62.44 

94.62 

126.79 

191.15 

223.32 

255.51 

319.86 

384.14 

512.92 

641.62 

.297    62.75 

95.09 

127.43 

192.11 

224.45 

256.80 

321.48 

386.10 

515.52 

644.87 

.298    63.06 

95.56 

128.07 

193.07 

225.58 

258.09 

323.10     388.06 

518.53 

648.12 

.299    63.47 

96.04 

128.71 

194.04 

226.71 

259.38 

324.72 

390.02 

520.72 

651.38 

.300    63.69 

96.52 

129.35 

195.01 

227.8i 

260.67 

326.34 

392.00 

523.32 

654.64 

.301  1  64.00 

98.99 

129.99 

195.98 

228.97 

261.97 

327.97 

393.95 

525.94 

657.92 

.302 

64.31 

97.47 

130.63 

196.95 

230.11 

263.27 

329.60 

3i»5.90 

528.58 

661.20 

.303 

64.62 

97.95 

131.26 

197.92 

231.25 

204.57 

331.23 

397.80 

531.18 

664.48  j 

.304 

64.93 

98.43 

131.91 

198.99    232.39 

265.87 

332.86 

399.82 

533.80 

667.761 

.305 

65.25 

98.91 

132.57 

199.87    233.53 

207.18 

334.49 

401.78 

530.42 

671.04 

.306 

65.56 

99.39 

133.21 

200.85    234.67 

268.49 

336.13 

403.70 

539.00 

674.34 

.307 

65.87 

99.87 

133.86 

201.83   235.81 

269.80 

337.77 

405.74 

541.70 

677.64 

.308 

66.19 

100.35 

134.51 

202.81    236.96 

271.11 

339.42 

407.72 

544.34 

680.94 

.309    66.51   100.83 

135.16 

203.79   238.11 

272.42 

341.07 

409.70 

546.98 

684.24 

.310 

66.83   101.31 

135.81 

204.77    239.26 

273.74 

342.72 

411.69 

549.63 

687.57 

.311 

67.14 

101.79 

136.46 

205.75    240.41 

275.06 

344.37 

413.68 

552.29     690.86 

.312 

67.46 

102.27 

137.11 

206.74    241.56 

270.38 

346.03 

415.67     554.95|    694.19 

.313 

67.78 

102.76 

137.76 

207.73 

242.72 

277.71 

347.69 

417.66:    557.61 

697.52 

.314 

68.10 

103.25 

138.41 

208.72 

243.88 

279.04 

349.35 

419.05     500.27 

700.75 

.315 

68.42 

103.74 

139.07 

209.71 

245.04 

280.36 

351.01 

421.65'    562.94     704.18 

.316 

68.74 

104.23 

139.72 

210.70 

240.20 

281.09 

352.68 

423.65  [    565-62     707.55 

.317 

69.06 

104.72 

140.38 

211.69 

247.36 

283.02 

354.35 

425.65!    568.30 

710.92 

.318 

69.38 

105.21 

141.04 

212.69 

248.52 

284.35 

356.02 

427.00 

570.98 

714.29 

.319 

69.70 

105.70 

141.70 

213.69 

249.68 

285.69 

357.69 

429.67 

573.66 

717.66 

.3201  70.02 

106.19 

142.36 

214.69 

25(KS5 

287.03 

359.36 

431.69 

576.36 

721.04 

.321 

70.34 

106.68 

143.02 

215.69 

252.02 

288.37 

361  .04 

433.71 

579-06 

724.42 

.322 

70.66 

107.17 

143.68 

216.69 

253.19 

289.71 

362.72 

435.73 

581.76 

727.80 

.323 

70.98 

107.66 

144.34 

217.69 

254.361  291.05 

364.40 

437.75 

584.47 

731.19 

.324 

71.30 

107.85 

145.00 

218.70 

255.541  292.39 

366.09 

439.78 

587.18 

734.58 

.325 

T1.63 

108.65 

145.67 

219.71 

256.72 

293.74 

367.78 

441.82 

589.89 

737.97 

Depth 
on 

Weir 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

>  Feet. 

:\  Feet. 

4  Feet.  6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.326 

71.95 

109.14 

146.331  220.72 

257.90 

295.09 

369.47 

443.86 

592.61 

741.37i 

.327 

72.27 

109.63 

147.00 

221.73 

259.08 

296.44 

371.11 

445.90 

595.33 

744.77 

.328 

72.59 

110.13 

147.67 

222.74 

260.26 

297.79 

372.87 

447.94 

598.06 

748.18 

.329 

72.92 

110.63 

148.34 

223.75 

261.44 

299.15 

374.57 

449.98 

600.79 

751.59 

.330 

73.25 

111.13 

149.01 

224.76 

262.63 

300.51 

376.27!  452.02 

603.52 

755.09 

.331 

73.57 

111.63 

149.68 

225.77 

263.82 

301.87 

377.97  454.07 

606.26 

758.44 

.332 

73.89 

112.13 

150.35 

226.78 

265.01 

303.?°, 

378.68 

456.12 

609.00 

761.88 

.333 

74.22 

112.63 

151.02 

227.80 

266.20 

304.60 

380.39 

458.18 

611.75 

765.32 

.334 

74.55 

113.13 

151.69 

228.82 

267.39 

305.97 

382.10 

460.28 

614.50 

768.76 

.335 

74.88 

113.63 

152.37 

229.84 

268.59 

307.34 

384.81 

462.30 

617.25 

772.21 

.336 

75.20 

114.13 

153.04 

230.86 

269.78 

308.71 

386.53 

464.36 

620.01 

775.66 

.337 

75.53 

114.63 

153.71 

231.88 

270.98 

310.08 

388.25 

466.42 

622.77 

779.12 

.338 

75.86 

115.13 

154.39  232.91 

272.08 

311.45 

389.97 

468.49 

625.52 

782.58 

.339 

76.19 

115.63 

155.07!  233.94 

273.28 

312.82 

391.69 

470.56 

628.31 

786.04 

.340 

76.52 

116.14 

155.75!  234.97 

274.58 

314.19 

393.42 

472.63 

631.08 

789.50 

.341 

76.85 

116.64 

156.43,  236.00 

275.78 

315.57 

395.i5 

474.71 

633.86 

792.99 

.342 

77.18 

117.14 

157/1  237.03 

276.99 

316.95 

396.88 

476.79 

636.64 

796.48 

.343 

77.51 

117.65 

157.79 

238.06 

278.20 

318.33 

398.61 

478.88 

639.42 

799.97 

.344 

77.84 

118.16 

158.47 

239.09 

279.41 

319.72 

400.34 

480.97 

642.20 

803.46 

.345 

78.18 

118.67 

159.16 

240.13 

280.62 

321.11 

402.08 

483.06 

644.99 

806.96 

.346! 

78.51 

119.18 

159.84 

241.17 

281.83 

322.50 

403.82 

485.15 

647.79 

810.46 

.347 

78.84 

119.69 

160.52 

242.21 

283.04 

323.89 

405.56 

487.25 

650.59 

813.96 

.348 

79.17 

120.20 

161.20 

243.25 

284.26 

325.28 

407.31 

489.35 

653.39 

817.47 

.349, 

79.50 

120.71 

161.90 

244.29 

285.48 

326.68 

409.06 

491.45 

656.19 

820.98 

,350| 

79.84 

121.22 

162.59 

245.33 

286.70 

328.08 

410.81 

493.55 

659.00 

824.49 

.351 

80.17 

121.73 

163.28 

246.37 

287.92 

329.48 

412.57 

495.66 

661.83 

828.03 

.352! 

80.50 

122.24 

163.97 

247.41 

289.14 

330.88 

414.33 

497.77 

664.66 

831.57 

.353 

80.83 

122.76 

164.66 

248.46 

290.36  332.28 

416.09 

499.89 

667.49 

835.11 

354 

81.17 

123.28 

165.35 

249.51 

291.59  334.28 

417.85 

501  .01 

070.33 

838.66 

355 

81.51 

123.79 

166.04 

250.56 

292.821  335.08 

419.61 

504.13 

673.17 

842.21 

.356 

81.84 

124.30 

166.73 

251.61 

294.05 

336.49 

421.38 

506.25 

676.01 

845.77 

.357 

82.18 

124.81 

167.42 

252.66 

295.28 

337.90 

423.15 

508.38 

678.86 

849.33 

.358 

82.52 

125.32 

168.12 

253.71 

296.51 

339.31 

424.92 

510.50 

681.71 

852.89 

.359 

82.86|  125.84 

168.82 

254.77 

297.75 

340.73 

426.69 

512.63 

684.56 

856.46 

.360 

83.20  126.36 

169.52 

255.83 

298.99 

342.15 

428.46 

514.77 

687.41 

860.03 

.361 

83.54 

126.88 

170.22 

256.89 

300.23 

343.57 

430.24 

516.91 

690.27 

863.61 

.362 

83.88 

127.40 

170.92 

257.95 

301.47 

344.99 

432.02 

519.05 

693.13 

867.19 

.363 

84.22 

127.92 

171.62 

259.01 

302.71 

346.11 

433.80 

521.19 

695.99 

870.78 

.364 

84.56 

128.44 

172.32 

260.07 

303.95'  347.83 

435.58 

523.34 

698.85 

874.37 

.365 

84.90 

128.96 

173.02 

261.14 

305.20  349.25 

437.38 

525.49 

701.72 

877.96 

.366 

85.24 

129.48 

173.72 

262.20 

306.45 

350.68 

439.17 

527.64 

704.60 

881.57 

.367 

85.58 

130.00 

174.42 

263.27 

307.70 

352.11 

44096 

529.80 

707.48 

885.18 

.368 

85.92 

130.52 

175.13 

264.34 

308.95 

353.54 

442.75 

531.96 

710.37 

888.80 

.369 

86.26 

131.05 

175.84 

265.41 

310.20 

354.97 

444.55 

534.12 

713.26 

892.42 

.370 

86.60 

131.58 

176.54 

266.48 

311.45 

356.41 

446.35 

536.28 

716.15 

896.04 

.371 

86.94 

132.10 

177.25 

267.55 

312.71 

357.85 

448.15 

538.45 

719.05 

899.67 

.372 

87.28 

132.62  177.96 

268.62 

313.97 

359.29 

449.95 

540.62 

721.95 

903.30 

.373 

87.62 

133.14J  178.67 

269.69 

315.215 

360.73 

451.76 

542.80 

724.86 

906.93 

.374 

87.97 

133.67 

179.38 

270.77 

316.49 

362.17 

453.57 

544.98 

727.77 

910.56i 

.375 

88.32 

134.20 

180.09 

271.85 

317.76 

363.62 

455.38 

547.16 

730.68 

914.20 

.376 

88.66 

134.73  180.80 

272.93 

319.02 

365.06 

457.19  549.34 

733.60 

917.86 

.377 

89.00 

135.26!  181.51 

274.01 

320.28 

366.51 

459.011  551.52 

736.52 

921.52 

.378 

89.34 

135.79  182.22 

275.09 

321.54 

367.96 

460.83  553.70 

739.44 

925.18 

.379 

89.69 

136.32  182.93 

276.17 

322.80  369.41 

462.65 

555.89 

742.^6 

928.84 

.380 

90.04 

136.85  183.65 

277.26 

324.06:  370.86 

464.47 

558.08 

745.29  932.50 

.381 

90.39 

137.38'  184.36 

278.34 

325.33'  372.32 

466.27 

560.28 

748.23  936.18^ 

.382 

90.74 

137.91  185.08 

279.43 

326.60  373.78 

468.10 

562.48 

751.17  939.86 

.383 

91.  09 

138.44  185.80 

280.52 

327.87 

375.24 

469.93 

564.68 

764.11 

943.54 

390 


Depth 
on 
Weir 

LENGTH  OP  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet 

3  Feet.    4  Feet. 

6  Feet 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet.  10  Feet.1  12  Feet 

.  !  16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

.384 

91.  4o 

138.97    186.51 

281.6 

.                    .                     !                     

329.15   376.70  471.76   568.88    757.0e 

)       947.23 

.385 

91.81 

139.51  1  187.24 

282.7 

330.4 

378.N 

J  473.6J 

569.08|  760.01 

950.92 

.380 

92.15 

140.0 

i   187.96 

283.7 

331.7 

379.6S 

I  475.4J 

>  571.2J 

)   762.9* 

954.62 

.38" 

92.49 

140.5 

T    188.68   284.88 

332.9 

381.0* 

)  477.3<. 

573.51 

L    765.9$ 

958.32 

.388 

92.83 

141.1 

L    189.40 

285.98 

334.27 

382.56 

479.1£ 

575.7; 

J   768.8* 

962.02 

.389 

93.18 

141.65   190.12 

287.08 

335.55 

384.0c 

481.0C 

577.95   771.84 

965.71 

.390 

93.53 

142.19   190.83 

288.18 

336.84 

385.5C 

482.85 

580.17   774.81 

969.44 

.391 

93.88 

142.7: 

J   191.57 

289.28 

338.12 

386.97 

484.7C 

582.3J 

I1  777.78 

973.17 

.392 

94.23 

143.27    192.39 

290.38 

339.41 

388.45 

486.55 

584.611  780.76 

976.90 

.393 

94.58 

143.81    193.12 

291.48 

340.70 

389.93 

488.40 

586.84   783.74 

980.63 

.394 

94.93 

144.3£ 

»   193.85 

292.58 

341.99 

391.41 

490.25 

589.07 

i  786.72 

984.37 

.395 

95.28 

144.89   194.48 

293.69 

343.28 

392.  8S 

492.10 

591.301  789.70 

988.11 

.396 

95.63 

145.42 

195.21 

294.79 

344.58 

394.37 

493.% 

593.54 

792.69 

991.92 

.397 

95.98 

145.97   195.94 

295.90 

345.88 

395.86 

495.82 

595.78!  795.69 

995.67 

.398 

96.33 

146.51 

196.67 

297.01 

347.18 

397.35 

497.68 

598.02 

!  798.69 

999.42 

.399 

96.68 

147.06    197.40 

298.12 

348.48 

398.84 

499.54 

600.26!  801.69 

1003.17 

.400 

97.04 

147.61 

198.14 

299.23 

349.78 

400.33 

501.41 

602.51 

!  804.69 

1006.87 

.401 

97.39 

148.15 

198.83 

300.34 

351.08 

401.82 

503.28 

604.76 

807.70 

1010.64 

.402 

97.74 

148.69    199.56 

301.45 

352.39 

403.31 

505.15 

607.02   810.71 

1014.42 

.403 

98.10 

149.23 

200.29 

302.57 

353.70 

404.80 

507.02 

609.28 

i  813.72 

1018.20 

.404 

98.54 

149.77 

201.03 

303.69 

355.01 

406.30 

508.91 

611.54)  816.74 

1021.98 

.405 

98.82 

150.32 

201.81 

304.81 

356.32 

407.80 

510.79 

613.80 

I  819.77 

1025.76 

.406 

99.17 

150.86 

202.55 

305.93 

357.63 

409.30 

512.67 

616.14 

!  822.80 

1029.56 

.407 

99.52 

151.40 

203.29 

307.05 

358.94 

410.80 

514.56 

618.40 

825.83 

1033.36 

.408 

99.88 

151.95 

204.03 

308.17 

360.75 

412.30 

516.45 

620.66 

828.86 

1047.16 

.409 

100.24 

152.50 

204.77 

309.29 

561.56 

413.81 

518.34 

622.92 

831.90 

1050.96 

.410 

100.60 

153.05 

205.51 

310.42 

362.87 

415.32 

520.23 

625.13 

834.94 

1044.76 

.411 

100.96 

153.60 

!  206.25 

311.54 

364.18 

416.83 

522.12 

627.41 

837.99 

1048.58 

.412 

101.32 

154.15 

206.99 

312.67 

365.49 

418.34 

524.02 

629.69 

841.04 

1052.40 

.413 

101.68 

154.70 

207.73' 

313.80 

366.80 

419.85 

525.92 

631.97 

844.09 

1056.22 

.414 

102.04 

155.25 

208.48 

314.93 

368.11 

421.37 

527.82 

634.26 

847.15 

1060.05 

.415 

102.40 

155.81 

209.23 

316.06    369.42 

422.89 

529.72 

636.55 

850.21     1063.88 

.416 

102.76 

156.36 

209.97 

317.19 

370.76 

424.41 

531.63 

638.84 

853.28     1067.72 

.417 

103.12 

156.91 

210.72 

318.32 

372.10 

425.93 

533.54 

641.14 

856.35 

1071.56 

.418 

103.48 

157.47 

211.47 

319:45 

373.44 

427.45 

535.45 

643.44 

859.42     1075.40 

.419 

103.84 

158.03 

212.22 

320.59 

374.78 

428.97 

537.36 

645.74 

862.50     1079.25 

.420 

104.20 

158.58 

212.97 

321.73 

376.12 

430.50 

539.27 

648.04 

865.58     1083.10 

.421 

104.56 

159.13 

213.72 

322.87 

377.45 

432.03 

541.19 

650.34 

868.66 

1086.97 

.422 

104.92 

159.70 

214.47 

324.01 

378.78 

433.56 

543.11 

652.65 

871.74 

1090.84 

.423 

105.28 

160.29 

215.22 

325.16 

380.12 

435.09   545.03 

654.96 

874.82 

1094.71 

.424 

105.64 

160.88 

215.97 

326.30    381.46 

436.62 

546.05 

657.17 

877.90 

1098.58 

.425 

106.01 

161.37 

216.73 

327.44 

382.80 

438.15 

548.88 

659.58 

880.99 

1102.45 

.426 

106.37 

161.93 

217.48, 

328.58 

384.16 

439.69   550.81 

661.90 

884.10 

1106.34 

.427 

106.73 

162.49 

218.23 

329.73 

385.50 

441.23 

552.75 

664.22 

887.21 

1110.23 

.428 

107.10 

163.05 

218.99 

330.88    386.84 

442.77 

554.69 

666.54 

890.32 

1114.12 

.429 

107.46 

163.61 

219.75 

332.031  388.19 

444.31 

556.63 

668.87! 

893.43 

1118.01 

.430 

107.83 

164.17 

220.51 

383.18i  389.52 

445.86 

558.53 

671.20 

896.55 

1121.90 

.431 

108.19 

164.73 

221.27 

334.33    390.87 

447.40 

560.47 

673.541 

899.67 

1125.81 

.432 

108.55 

165.29 

222.03 

335.48'  392.25 

448.95 

562.41 

675.88! 

902.79 

1129.72 

.433 

108.92 

165.85 

222.79 

336.63   393.60 

450.50 

564.35 

678.22 

905.92 

1133.63 

.434 

109.29 

166.41 

223.55 

337.79   394.95 

452.05 

566.29 

680.56, 

909.65 

1137.55 

,435 

109.66 

166.98 

224.31 

338.95   396.27 

45360 

568.24 

682.90 

912.18 

1141.47 

.436 

110.02 

167.54 

225.07 

340.11   397.62 

455.16 

570.19 

685.25  ' 

915.32 

1145.40 

,437 

110.39 

168.10 

225.83 

341.27  398.98 

456.72 

572.14 

687.611 

918.46 

1149.33 

.438 

110.76 

168.67 

226.59 

342.43  400.34 

458.28 

574.09 

689.97  ! 

921.60 

1153.27 

.439 

111.13 

169.24  j  227.36 

343.59  401.70  459.84 

576.05 

692.33, 

924.74 

1157.21 

.440 

111.50 

169.81 

228.13 

344.75  403.06  !  461.40 

578.01 

694.64! 

927.89 

1161.15 

.441 

111.86 

170.37 

228.89 

345.91   404.43   462.96 

579.97 

697.  00  1 

931.05 

1165.10 

Depth 

on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

.442 

112.23 

170.94 

229.66 

347.08 

405.80 

464.52 

581.93 

699.36 

934.21 

1169.06 

.443 

112.60 

171.51 

230.43 

348.25 

407.17 

466.08  583.89 

701.68 

937.37 

1173.02 

.444 

112.97 

172.08 

231.20 

349.42 

408.54 

467.64 

585.86 

704.04 

940.53 

1176.98 

.445 

113.34 

172.65 

231.97 

350.59 

409.91 

469.21 

587.83 

706.45 

943.70 

1180.94 

.446 

113.71 

173.22 

232.74 

351.76 

411.28 

470.78 

589.80 

708.83 

946.87 

1184.92 

.447 

114.08 

173.79 

233.51 

352.93 

412.65 

472.35 

591.77 

711.21 

950.04 

1188.90 

.448 

114.45 

174.36 

234.28 

354.10 

414.02 

473.92 

593.74 

713.59 

953.22 

1192.88 

.449 

114.82 

175.13 

235.05 

355.28 

415.39 

475.49 

595.72 

715.97 

956.40 

1196.86 

.450 

115.20 

175.51 

235.83 

356.46 

416.77 

477.07 

597.70 

718.35 

959.58 

1200.84 

.451 

115.57  176.08 

236.61 

357.63 

418.15 

478.75 

599.68 

720.73 

962.77 

1204.84 

.452 

115.94  176.65 

237.38 

358.81 

419.53 

480.33 

601.67 

723.11 

965.96 

1208.84 

.453 

116.31  177.22 

238.16 

359.99 

420.91 

481.91 

603.66 

725.49 

969.16 

1212.84 

.454 

116.68  177.80 

238.91 

361.17 

422.29 

483.50 

605.65 

727.88 

972.36 

1216.84 

.455 

117.06  178.38 

239.71 

362.35 

423.67 

484.99 

607.64 

730.27 

975.56 

1220.85 

.456 

117.43  178.95 

240.50 

363.53 

425.06 

486.58 

609.63 

732.67 

978.77 

1224.87 

.457 

117.80 

179.53 

241.30 

364.71 

426.46 

488.17 

611.62 

735.07 

981.98 

1228.90 

.458 

118.18 

180.11 

242.10 

365.90 

427.86 

489.76 

613.61 

737.47 

985.19 

1232.93 

.459 

118.56  180.69 

242.90 

367.09 

429.26 

491.35 

615.61 

739.88 

988.40 

1236.96 

.460 

118.94|  181.27 

243.60 

368.28 

430.61 

492.94 

617.61 

742.29 

991.62 

1240.99 

.461 

119.31!  181.85 

244.38 

369.47 

432.00 

494.54 

619.61 

744.70 

994.85 

1245.03 

.462 

119.68 

182.43 

245.16 

370.66 

433.40 

496.14 

621.61 

747.10 

998.08 

1249.07 

.463 

120.06 

183.01 

245.94 

371.85 

434.80 

497.74 

623.62 

749.51 

1001.31 

1253.11 

.464 

120.44 

183.59 

246.72 

373.04 

436.20 

499.34 

625.63 

751.92 

1004.54 

1257.16 

.465 

120.82 

184.17 

247.50 

374.23 

437.60 

500.94 

627.64 

754.35 

1007.77 

1261.19 

.466 

121.19 

184.75 

248.29 

375.42 

439.06 

502.54 

629.66 

756.77 

1011.01 

1265.25 

.467 

121.57 

185.33 

249.08 

376.62 

440.40 

504.14 

631.68 

759.29 

1014.25 

1269.31 

.468 

121.95 

185.91 

249.87 

377.82 

441.80 

505.75 

633.70 

761.72 

1017.50 

1273.38 

.469 

122.33 

186.49 

250.66 

379.02 

442.20 

507.36 

635.72 

764.15 

1020.75 

1277.45 

.470 

122.71 

187.08 

251.46 

380.22 

444.60 

508.97 

637.75 

766.49 

1024.00 

1281.52 

.471 

123.08 

187.66 

252.25 

381.42 

446.00 

510.57 

639.77 

768.93 

1027.26 

1285.61 

.472 

123.47 

188.24 

253.04 

382.62 

447.41 

512.21 

641.79 

771.37 

1030.52 

1289.70 

.473 

128.85 

188.83 

253.83 

383.83 

448.81 

513.85 

643.82 

773.81 

1033.78 

1293.79 

.474 

124.23 

189.42 

254.62 

385.04 

449.62 

514.49 

645.85 

776.25 

1037.04 

1297.88 

.475 

124.60 

190.01 

255.42 

386.24 

451.64 

517.17 

647.88 

778.71 

1040.30 

1301.96 

.476 

124.98 

190.59 

256.21 

387.45 

453.05 

518.83 

649.91 

781.16 

1043.58 

1306.06 

.477 

125.36 

191.18 

257.00 

388.66 

454.47 

520.49 

651.94 

783.61 

1046.86 

1310.17 

.478 

125.74 

191.77 

257.80 

389.87 

455.89 

522.16 

653.98 

786.06 

1050.15 

1314.28 

.479 

126.12 

192.36 

258.60 

391.08 

457.31 

523.83 

656.02 

788.51 

1053.44 

1318.39 

.480 

126.51 

192.95 

259.40 

392.29 

458.73 

525.18 

658.06 

790.96 

1056.73 

1322.50 

.481 

126.89 

193.54 

260.19 

393.50 

460.15 

526.81 

660.10 

793.43 

1060.02 

1326.63 

.482 

127.27 

194.13 

260.99 

394.71 

461.58 

528.44 

662.15 

795.90 

1063.31 

1330.76 

.483 

127.65 

194.72 

261.79 

395.93 

463.01 

530.07 

664.20 

798.37 

1066.60 

1334.89 

.484 

128.05 

195.13 

262.59 

397.15 

464.44 

531.70 

666.25 

800.84 

1069.90 

1339.03 

.485 

128.42 

195.90 

263.39 

398.37 

465.87 

533.33 

668.30 

803.31 

1073.20 

1343.17 

.486 

128.80 

196.49 

264.19 

399.59 

467.29 

534.97 

670.36 

805.78 

1076.51 

1347.32 

.487 

129.18 

197.08 

264.99 

400.81  469.71 

536.61 

672.42 

80S.26 

1079.82 

1351.47 

.488 

129.56 

197.68 

265.79 

402.03:  471.14 

538.25 

674.48 

810.74 

1083.13 

1355.62 

.489 

129.95 

198.28 

266.59 

403.25  472.57 

539.89 

676.54 

813.22 

1086.45 

1359.77 

.490 

130.34 

198.88 

267.41 

404.47  473.00 

541.53 

678.60 

815.70 

1089.70 

1363.92 

.491 

130.72 

199.47 

268.21 

405.69'  474.44 

543.17 

680.66 

818.18 

1093.04 

1368.09 

.492 

131.10 

200.06 

269.01 

406.92  475.88 

544.81 

682.73 

820.66 

1096.39 

1372.26 

.493 

131.49 

200.66 

269.82 

408.  15  1  477.32 

546.45 

684.80 

823.14 

1099.74 

1376.43 

.494 

131.88 

201.26 

270.63 

409.38  478.76 

548.10 

686.87 

825.62 

1103.09 

1380.60 

.495 

132.27 

201.86 

271.44 

410.61;  480.20 

549.75 

688.94 

828.10 

1106.44 

1384.78 

.496 

132.66 

202.46 

272.25 

411.84  481.64 

551.41 

691.02 

830.60 

1109.92 

1388.97 

.497 

133.05 

203.06 

273.06 

413.07  483.08 

553.07 

693.10 

833.10 

1113.40 

1393.16 

.498 

133.44 

203.66 

273.87 

414.30  i  484.52 

554.73 

695.18 

835.60 

1116.88 

1397.35 

.499 

133.83 

204.26 

274.68 

415.541  485.97 

556.39 

697.26 

838.11 

1120.36 

1401.54 

392 


QUANTITIES   OF  WATER,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  MINUTE,  FLOWING  OVER 
WEIRS  OF  DIFFERENT  LENGTHS,  WITH  VARYING  DEPTHS  OF  WATER. 


Depth 
on 

Weir. 

F«et. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

2F«et 

3  Feet 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet 

8  Feet 

10  Feet 

12  Feet 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

.500 

134.22 

204.86 

275.50 

416.78 

487.42 

558.0 

699.34 

840.62 

1123.18 

1405.74 

.501 

134.61 

205.46 

276.31 

418.01 

488.87 

559.7 

701.421  813.13 

1126.54 

1409.95 

.502 

135.00 

206.06 

277.12 

419.25 

490.32 

561.3 

703.51;  845.64 

1129.90 

1414.16 

.503 

135.39 

206.66 

277.93 

420.49 

491.77 

563.04 

705.60  848.15 

1133.26 

1418.37 

.504 

135.78 

207.26 

278.74 

421J3 

493.22 

564.7 

707.69 

850.66 

1136.62 

1422.58 

.605 

136.16 

207.86 

279.57 

422.97 

494.67 

566.38 

709.78 

853.18 

1139.99 

1426.80 

.506 

136.55 

208.46 

280.38 

424.21 

496.13 

568.05 

711.87 

855.70 

1143.37 

1431.03 

.507 

136.94 

209.06 

281.20 

425.45 

497.59 

569.72 

713.97 

858.22 

1146.75 

1435.27 

.508 

137.33 

209.67 

282.02 

426.70 

499.05 

571.39 

716.07  860.75 

1150.13 

1439.51 

.509 

137.72 

210.28 

282.84 

427.95 

500.57 

573.06 

718.17  863.28 

1153.51 

1443.75 

.510 

138.12 

210.89 

283.66 

429.20 

501.97 

574.74 

720.27  865.81 

1156.89 

1447.94 

.511 

138.51 

211.50 

211.71 

430.45 

503.43 

576.41 

722.38  8ti8.34 

1160.28 

1453.20 

.512 

138.90 

212.11 

212.53 

431.70 

504.89 

578.09 

724.49 

870.88 

1163.67 

1458.46 

.513 

139.29 

212.71 

213.T35 

432.95 

506.35 

579.77 

726.60 

873.42 

1167.07 

1462.72 

.514 

139.68 

213.32 

214.17 

434.20 

507.82 

581.45 

728.71  875.98 

1170.47 

1466.46 

.515 

140.08 

213.92 

287.76 

435.45 

509.29 

583.13 

730.82  878.50 

1173.87 

1469.24 

.516 

140.47 

214.53 

288.58 

436.70 

510.76 

584.81 

732.93  881.05 

1177.28 

1474.51 

.617 

140.86 

215.14 

289.40 

437.95 

512.23 

586.40 

735.05  883.60 

1180.69 

1478.78 

.518 

141.25 

215.75 

290.23 

439.21 

513.70 

588.09 

737.17 

886.15 

1184.11 

1483.06 

.519 

141.64 

216.36 

291.06 

440.47 

575.17 

589.78 

739.29 

888.70 

1187.53 

1487.34 

.520 

142.05 

216.97 

291.89 

441.73 

516.65 

591.57 

741.41 

891.25 

1190.94 

1490.62 

.521 

142.45 

217.58 

292.71 

442.99 

518.13 

593.26 

743.54 

893.81 

1194.36 

1494.91 

.522 

142.85 

218.19 

293.54 

444.25 

519.61 

594.95 

745.67 

896.37 

1197.79 

1499.20 

.623 

143.25 

218.80 

294.37 

432.95 

521.09 

596.65 

747.80 

898.93 

1201.22 

1503.49 

.524 

143.65 

219.41 

295.20 

434.20 

522.57 

598.35 

749.93 

901.49 

1204.65 

1507.79 

.525 

144.03 

220.03 

296.03  448.04 

524.05 

600.05 

752.06 

904.06 

1208.08 

1512.09 

.526 

144.43 

220.64 

296.86  449.30 

525.53 

601.75 

754.19 

906.63 

1211.52 

1516.40 

.527 

144.83 

221.25 

297.69  450.57 

527.01 

603.45 

756.33 

909.20 

1214.96 

1520.71 

.528 

145.23 

221.86 

298.52  451.84 

528.49 

605.15 

758.47 

911.77 

1218.40 

1525.03 

.529 

145.60 

222.47 

299.36  ,  453.11 

429.98 

606.85 

760.61 

914.34 

1221.85 

1529.35 

.530  146.01 

223.10 

300.20 

454.38 

531.47 

608.56 

762.75 

916.93 

1225.30 

1533.67 

.531  146.41 

223.72 

301.03 

455.65 

532.96 

610.27 

764.89 

919.51 

1228.76 

1538.00 

.532  146.81 

224.34 

301.86 

456.92 

534.45 

611.98 

767.04 

922.09 

1232.12 

1542.33 

.533 

147.21 

224.96 

302.70 

458.19 

535.94 

613.69 

769.19 

924.68 

1235.58 

1546.66 

.534 

147.61 

225.58 

303.54 

459.47 

537.43 

615.40 

771.34 

927.27 

1239.04 

1551.00 

.535 

148.01 

226.19 

304.38 

460.75 

538.93 

617.12 

773.49 

929.86 

1242.60 

1555.34 

.536 

148.41 

226.81 

305.21 

462.02 

540.43 

618.83 

775.64 

932.45 

1246.07 

1559.69 

.537 

148.81 

227.43 

306.05 

463.30 

541.93 

620.55 

777.80  935.05 

1249.54 

1564.04 

.538 

149.21 

228.05 

306.89 

464.58 

543.43 

622.27 

779.96!  937.65 

1253.02 

1568.40 

.539 

149.61 

228.67 

307.73 

465.86 

544.93 

623.99 

782.12  940.25 

1256.50 

1572.76 

.540 

150.01 

229.29 

308.57 

467.14 

546.43 

625.71 

784.28|  942.85 

1259.98 

1577.12 

.541 

150.41 

229.91 

309.41 

468.42 

547.93 

627.43 

786.44  945.45 

1263.47 

1581.49 

.642 

150.81 

230.53 

310.25 

469.70 

549.43 

629.15 

788.61  948.06 

1266.96 

1585.86 

.543 

151.21 

231.15 

311.09 

470.98 

550.93 

630.88 

790.78  950.67 

1270.45 

1590.23 

.544 

151.61 

231.77 

311.94 

472.27 

552.44 

632.61 

792.95  953.22 

1273.94 

1594.61 

.545 

152.01 

232.40 

312.79 

473.56 

553.95 

634.34 

795.12;  955.89 

1277.44 

1598.99 

.546 

152.41 

233.03 

313.63 

475.85 

555.46 

636.07 

797.29  '<  958.51 

1280.95 

1603.38 

.547 

152.81 

233.66 

314.47 

477.14 

556.97 

637.80 

799.46  1  961.13 

1284.46 

1607.77 

.548 

153.21 

234.29 

315.32 

478.43 

558.48 

639.53 

801.641  963.75 

1287.97 

1612.17 

.549 

153.61 

234.92 

316.27 

479.72 

559.99 

641.27 

803.82  966.37 

1291.48 

1616.57 

.550 

154.03 

235.53 

317.02 

480.01 

561.51 

643.01 

806.00!  969.00 

1294.99 

1620.97 

.551 

154.43 

236.16 

317.87 

481.30 

563.02 

644.75 

808.18  971.63 

1298.51 

1625.38 

.552 

154.83 

236.79 

318.72 

482.59 

564.54 

646.49 

810.36!  974.26 

1302.03 

1629.71 

.553 

155.23  237.42 

319.57 

483.89 

566.06 

648.23 

812.54  976.89 

1305.55  1634.12 

.554 

155.63'  238.05 

320.42 

485.19 

567.58 

649.97 

814.72  979.52 

1309.07 

1638.54 

1 

393 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH   OF   THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet 

6  Feet.    7  Feet 

8  Feet 

10  Feet 

12  Feet 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

.555 

156.05 

238.66 

321.27 

486.49    569.1 

651.7 

[    816.9£ 

982.K 

1312.6C 

1643,04 

.556 

156.46 

239.29 

322.12 

487.79    570.6 

653.46    819.12 

984.8C 

1316.12 

1647.47 

.557 

156.87 

239.92 

322.97 

489.09    572.1 

655.25!  821.32 

987.48  1319.67 

1651.90 

.558 

157.28 

240.55 

323.82 

490.39    573.6 

657.00;  823.52 

990.12  1323.21 

1656.33 

.559 

157.69 

241.18 

324.68 

491.69    575.20 

658.75    825.72    992.76;  1326.74 

1660.77 

.560 

158.08 

241.81 

325.54 

493.00    576.73 

660.46    827.92    995.37  1330.2S 

1665.21 

.561 

158.49 

242.44 

326.39 

494.30|  578.26 

662.21    830.12 

998.02!  1333.84 

1669.66 

.562 

158.00 

243.07 

327.24 

495.60    579.79 

663.96    832.32 

1000.6 

1337.39 

1674.11 

.563 

158.41 

243.70 

328.10 

496.9 

581.32 

665.72    834.52!  1003.3 

1340.94 

1678.56 

.564 

158.82 

244.33 

328.90 

498.22 

582.85 

667.48'  836.73 

1005.9 

1344.50 

1683.02 

.565 

160.12 

244.97 

329.82 

499.53 

584.38 

669.24    838.94 

1008.6 

1348.06 

1687.48 

.566 

160.53 

245.61 

330.68 

500.84 

585.91 

671.00    841.15 

1011.3 

1351.63 

1691.95 

.567 

160.94 

246.25 

331.54 

502.15 

587.45 

672.76J  843.36 

1013.9 

1355.20 

1696.42 

.568 

161.35 

246.89 

332.40 

503.46 

588.99 

674.52;  845.58 

1016.54 

1358.77 

1700.89 

.569 

161.76 

247.54 

333.26 

504.77 

590.53 

676.28 

847.80 

1019.2 

1362.27 

1705.36 

.570 

162.16 

248.19 

334.13 

506.09 

592.07 

678.05 

850.02 

1021.98 

1365.91 

1709.84 

.571 

162.57 

248.82 

334.99 

507.40 

593.61 

679.82 

852.24 

1024.60 

1369.49 

1714.33 

.572 

162.98 

249.45 

335.85 

508.72 

595.15 

681.59 

854.46 

1027.33 

1373.07 

1718.82 

.573 

163.39 

250.08 

336.71 

510.04 

596.69 

683.36 

856.68 

1030.01 

1376.66 

1723.31 

.574 

163.80 

250.71 

337.68 

511.36 

598.24 

685.13 

858.91 

1032.69 

1380.25 

1727.80 

.575 

164.21 

251.33 

338.45 

512.68 

599.79 

686.91 

861.14 

1035.37 

1383.84 

1732.30 

.576 

164.42 

251.93 

339.31 

514.00 

601.34 

688.08    863.37 

1038.06 

1387.44 

1736.81 

.577 

164.83 

252.53 

340.17 

515.32 

602.89 

690.46  !  865.60 

1040.75 

1391.04 

1741.32 

.578 

165.24 

253.13 

341.04 

516.64 

604.44 

692.24    867.83 

1043.44 

1394.64 

1745.83 

.579 

165.65 

253.73 

341.91 

517.96 

605.99 

694.02    870.07 

1046.13 

1398.24 

1750.34 

.580 

166.27 

254.53 

342.78 

519.29 

607.54 

695.80    872.31 

1048.81 

1401.84 

1754.86 

.581 

166.69 

255.17 

343.65 

520.61 

609.09 

697.58    874.55 

1051.52 

1405.45 

1759.S9 

.582 

167.11 

255.81 

344.52 

521.94 

610.65 

699.36    876.79 

1054.22 

1409.06 

1764.92 

.583 

167.53 

256.45 

345.39 

523.27 

612.21 

701.15'  879.03 

1056.92 

1412.67 

1769.45 

.58  i 

167.95 

257.09 

346.26 

524.60 

613.77 

702.!)!    881.27 

1059.62 

1416.28 

1773.98 

.585 

168.34 

257.74 

347.13 

525.93 

615.33 

704.7:5    883.52 

1062.32 

1419.91 

1777.51 

.58J 

168.76 

258.38 

348.00 

527.26 

616.89 

706.52    885.77 

1064.03 

1423.54 

1782.05 

.587 

169.18 

259.02 

348.87 

528.59 

618.45 

708.31    888.02 

1066.74 

1427.17 

786.60 

.588 

169.60 

259.66 

349.74 

529.92 

620.01 

710.10    890.27 

1069.45 

1430.80 

791.15 

.589 

070.02 

260.31 

350.62 

531.26 

621.87 

711.89    892.52 

107'>  16 

1434.43 

795.70 

.590 

170.41 

260.96 

351.50 

532.60 

623.14 

713.69    894.78 

1075.88 

438.07 

800.25 

.591  !  170.83 

261.60 

352.37 

533.93 

624.71 

715.49 

897.04 

1078.60 

1441.71 

804.81 

.592 

171.25 

262.24 

353.25 

535.27 

626.28 

717.29 

899.30 

1081.32 

1445.35 

809.38 

.593 

171.66 

262.89 

354.13 

536.61 

627.85 

719.09 

901  .56 

1084.04 

1448.99 

814.95 

.594 

172.08 

263.54   355.01 

537.95 

629.42 

720.89 

903.82 

1086.76 

1452.63 

819.52 

.595 

172.49 

264.19  355.89 

539.29 

630.99 

722.69 

906.09 

1089.49 

456.29 

823.09 

,596 

172.91 

264.83   356.77 

540.63 

632.56 

724.49 

908.36 

1092.22 

459.95  1827.67 

.597 

173.33 

265.48   357.65 

541.97 

634.10 

726.30 

910.63 

1094.95 

463.61  1832.26 

.598 

173.75 

266.13   358.53 

543.31 

635.68 

728.11 

912.90  1097.68 

467.27 

1836.85 

.599 

174.17 

266.78 

359.41 

544.66 

637.26 

729.92 

915.17:1100.42 

470.93 

1841.44 

.600 

174.57 

267.43 

360.29 

546.01 

638.87 

731.73 

917.44!1103.16 

474.60J  1846.03 

.601 

174.99 

268.08   361.17 

547.36 

640.45 

733.54 

919.72  1105.80 

478.27 

1850.63 

.602 

175.41 

268.73  1  362.05 

548.71 

642.03 

735.35 

922.00  1108.54 

481.94 

1855.23 

.603 

175.83 

269.38   362.93 

550.06 

643.61 

737.16 

924.28llll.28 

485.61 

1859.84 

.604 

176.26 

270.03   363.82 

551.41 

645.19 

738.98 

926.56 

1114.03 

489.29 

1864.45 

.605 

176.67 

270.69   364.71 

552.76 

646.78 

740.801  928.84 

1116.88 

492.97 

L  869.06 

.606 

177.09 

271.34   365.59 

554.11 

648.36 

742.62 

931.12 

1119.63 

496.66 

L873.68 

.607 

177.51 

271.99  366.48 

555.46 

649.95 

744.44 

933.41 

1122.38 

500.35 

1878.30 

.608 

177.94 

272.64  ^  367.37 

556.81 

651.54 

746.  2G 

935.70 

1125.14 

504.04 

L882.92 

.609 

178.37 

273.30   368.26 

558.17 

653.13 

748.08 

937.99 

1127.90 

507.73 

887.55 

.610 

178.77 

273.96:  369.15 

559.53 

654.72 

749.91 

940.28 

1130.66 

511.42  1 

L892.18 

.611 
.612 

179.19 
179.61 

274.61J 
275.26 

370.04 
370.93 

560.88 
562.24 

656.31 
658.03 

751.73    942.571133.42 
753.56    944.87  1136.19 

515.12  11896.82 
L518.82  1901.46 

394 


L«pth 
on 

Weir. 

Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

=613 

180.04 

275.91 

371.82 

563.60 

659.75 

755.39 

947.17 

1138.96 

1522.53 

1906.10 

.014 

180.47 

276.57 

372.71 

564.96 

661.34 

757.22 

9-19.47 

1141.7? 

1520.24 

1910.75 

,615 

180.87 

277.23 

373.60 

566.32 

662.68 

759.05 

951.77 

1  144.5( 

1529.95 

1915.40 

.016 

181.30 

277.89 

374.49 

567.68 

664.28 

760.88 

954.07 

1147.27 

1533.07 

1920.00 

G17 

181.73 

278.55 

375.38 

569.04 

665.88 

762.71 

956.28 

llSO.Oc 

1537.39 

1924.72 

.(U8 

182.16 

279.21 

376.27 

570.41 

667.48 

764.55 

958.C9 

1152.8-' 

1541.11 

1929.78 

,019 

182.59 

279.87 

377.16 

571.78 

669.08 

766.39 

961  .CO 

1155.61 

1544.83 

19:54.04 

.620 

182.99 

280.53 

378.07 

573.15 

670.08 

768.23 

903.31 

1158.3S 

1548.55 

1938.71 

.021 

183.42 

281.19 

378.96 

574.51 

672.28 

770.07 

965.62 

1101.17 

1552.28 

1943.39 

.622 

183.85 

281.85 

379.85 

575.88 

673.79 

771.91 

967.93 

1163.96 

1556.01 

1948.07 

623 

184.28 

282.51 

380.75 

577.25 

675.40 

773.75 

970.24 

1100.75 

1559.74 

1952.45 

.024  :  184.71 

283.17 

381.65 

578.63 

677.01 

775.59 

972.55 

1109.54 

1563.48 

1957.43 

.625     185.10 

283.83 

:382.55 

579.99 

678.72 

777.44 

974.88 

1172.33 

1567.22 

1962.11 

626     185.53 

284.49 

383.46 

581.36 

680.33 

779.29 

977.20 

1175.1L 

1570.96 

1966.76 

627  !  185.96 

285.15 

384.37 

582.73 

681.94 

781.14 

979.52 

1177.92 

1574.71 

1971.42 

628 

186.39 

285.81 

385.28 

584.11 

683.55 

782.99 

981.84 

1180.72 

1578.46 

1970.08 

629 

186.82 

286.47 

386.18 

585.49 

685.16 

784.84 

984.17 

1183.5L 

1582.21 

1970.74 

630 

187.23 

287.14 

387.05 

586.87 

686.78 

786.69 

986.50 

1186.32 

1585.96 

1985.60 

.031 

187.66 

287.80 

387.95 

588.25 

688.39 

788.54 

988.83 

1189.1; 

1589.72 

1990.31 

.632 

188.09 

288.46 

388.85 

589.63 

690.01 

790.39 

991.16 

1191.94 

1593.48 

1995.02 

.633 

188.52 

289.12 

389.75 

591.01 

691.63 

792.25 

993.49 

1194.75 

1597.24 

1999.74 

.634 

188.95 

289.79 

390.65 

592.39 

693.25 

794.11 

995.83 

1197.56 

1601.01 

2004.46 

.335 

189.36 

290.46 

391.56 

593.77 

694.87 

795.97 

918.17 

1200.37 

1004.78 

2009.18 

aae 

189.79 

291.12 

392.36 

595.15 

696.49 

797.83 

1000.51 

1203.19 

1000.97 

2013.19 

d37 

190.22 

291.78 

393.27 

596.53 

698.11 

799.69 

1002.85 

1200.01 

1610.37 

2018.04 

.638 

190.65 

292.45 

394.18 

597.91 

699.73 

801  .55 

1005.19 

1208.83 

1014.17 

2023.38 

639 

191.08 

293.12 

395.09 

599.30 

701  .36 

803.42 

1007.53 

1211.65 

1017.97 

2028.12 

.640 

191.50 

293.80 

396.10 

600.69 

702.99 

805.29 

1009.88 

1214.48 

1623.67 

2032.86 

641 

191.93 

294.46 

397.00 

602.08 

704.62 

807.16 

1012.23 

1217.31 

1627.46 

2037.61 

.642 

192-36 

295.12 

397.91 

603.47 

706.25 

809.03 

1014.58 

1220.14 

1631.25 

2042.36 

.643 

192.79 

295.79 

398.82 

604.86 

707.88 

810.90 

1016.93 

1222.97 

1635.04 

2047.11 

.644 

193.22 

296.46 

399.73 

606.25 

709.51 

812.77 

1019.28 

1225.80 

1638.83 

2051  .86 

.615 

193-65 

297.14 

400.64 

607.64 

711.14 

814.64 

1021.04 

1228.63 

1642.63 

2056.62 

.646 

194.08 

297.81 

401.55 

609.03 

712.77 

816.51 

1023.99 

1231.47 

1646.43 

2061  .39 

.647 

194-51 

298.48 

402.46 

610.42 

714.40 

818.38 

1026.35 

1234.31 

1650.23 

2060.10 

,648 

194.94 

299.15 

403.37 

611.82    716.04 

820.26 

1028.71 

1237.21 

1654.04 

2070.93 

.649 

195.37 

299.82 

404.29 

613.22 

717.68 

822.14 

1031.07 

1240.05 

1657.85 

2075.70 

.650 

195-80 

300.50 

405.21 

614.62 

719.32 

£>4.02 

1033.43 

1242.84 

1061.66 

2080.48 

.651 

196.23 

301.17 

406.12 

616.01 

720.96 

825.90 

1035.80 

1245.69 

1665.48 

2085.26 

.652 

196.66 

301.84 

407.03 

617.41 

722.60 

827.78 

1038.17 

1248.54 

1069.30  2090.05 

.653  !  197-09  302.51 

407.94 

618.81 

724.24 

829.66 

1040.54 

1251.39 

1073.12 

2094.84 

.654  I  197-52   303.19 

408.86 

620.21 

725.88 

831  .55 

1042.91 

1254.24 

1070.94 

2099.63 

.655  !  197-95   303.87 

409.78 

621.61 

727.53 

833.441045.28 

1257.10 

1080.76 

2104.42 

.656 

198-38  304.54 

410.60 

623.01 

729.17 

835.33  1047.05 

1259.96 

1684.59 

2109.22 

.657 

198-81    305.21 

411.52 

624.41 

730.82 

837.22 

1050.02 

1202.82 

1088.42 

2114.03 

.658 

199-24  305.88 

412.44 

625.82 

732.47 

839.11 

1052.40 

205.08 

1692.26 

2118.84 

.659 

199.67 

306.56 

413.36 

627.23 

734.12 

841  .00:1054.78'  1268.55 

1096.10 

2123.65 

.660 

200-12 

307.25 

414.38    628.64 

735.77 

842.901057.16 

1271.42 

1099.94 

2128.46 

.661 

200-55 

307.92 

415.30    630.05 

737.42 

844.79  1059.r>5 

1274/29 

703.79 

2133.28 

.662 

200.98 

308.59 

416.22 

631.46 

739.07 

840.091061.951277.16 

707.04 

2128.10 

.663 

201.41 

309.27 

417.14 

632.87 

740.72 

848.59  1064.35  1280.03 

711.49 

2142.92 

.664 

201.84 

309.95 

418.07 

634.28 

742.38 

850.49  1060.75  1282.91 

715.34 

2147.75 

.665 

202.29 

310.64 

418.99 

635.69 

744.04 

852.39 

1069.09  1285.79 

719.19 

2152.58 

.666 

202.72 

311.32 

41  9.91  !  637.10 

745.70 

854.31 

1071.48  1288.07 

723.05 

2157.42 

.667 

203.15 

312.00 

420.83 

638.51 

747.36 

856.23 

1073.87  1291.55 

1726.91 

2162.26 

.668 

312.68 

421.75 

639.92 

749.02 

858.15 

1076.20 

1294.43 

1730.71 

2167.10 

.639 

313.36 

422.68 

641.34 

750.68 

860.08 

1078.00 

1297.32 

1734.63 

2171.95 

.070 

314.04 

423.61 

642.76 

752.34 

861.91 

1081.06 

1300.21 

1738.50 

2176.80 

395 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OP  THE  WEIR. 

Feet 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.671 

314.72 

424.53 

644.18 

754.00 

863.82 

1083.46 

1303.10 

1742.37 

2181.66 

.672 

315.40 

425.46 

645.60 

755.66 

865.73 

1085.86 

1305.99 

1746.25 

2186.52 

.673 

316.08 

426.39 

647.02 

757.32 

867.64 

1088.26 

1308.88 

1750.13 

2191.38 

.674 

316.76 

427.32 

648.44 

758.99 

869.55 

1090.66 

1311.78 

1754.01 

2196.24 

.675 

317.45 

428.25 

649.86 

760.66 

871.47 

1093.07 

1314.68 

1757.89 

2201.10 

.676 

318.13 

429.28 

651.28 

762.33 

873.38 

1095.48 

1317.58 

1761.78 

2205.97 

.677 

318.81 

430.21 

652.70 

764.00 

875.30 

1097.89 

1320.48 

1765.67 

2210.85 

.678 

319.50 

431.14 

654.12 

765.67 

877.22 

1100.30 

1323.38 

1769.56 

2215.73 

.679 

320.19 

432.07 

655.55 

767.34 

879.14 

1102.71 

1326.29 

1773.45 

2220.61 

.680 

320.87 

432.91 

656.98 

769.02 

881.06 

1105.13 

1329.20 

1777.34 

2225.49 

.681 

321.55 

433.84 

658.41 

770.69 

882.98 

1107.54 

1332.11 

1781.24 

2230.38 

.682 

322.23 

434.77 

659.84 

772.36 

884.90 

1109.96 

1335.02 

1785.14 

2235.27 

.683 

322.92 

435.70 

661.23 

774.04 

886.82 

1112.38 

1337.93 

1789.05 

2240.17 

.684 

323.61 

436.64 

662.66 

776.72 

888.75 

1114.80 

1340.85 

1792.96 

2245.07 

.685 

324.30 

437.58 

664.13 

777.40 

890.68 

1117.22 

1343.77 

1796.87 

2249.97 

.686 

324.99 

438.51 

665.56 

779.08 

892.61 

1119.64 

1346.69 

1800.78 

2254.88 

.687 

325.68 

439.44 

666.99 

780.76 

894.54 

1132.07 

1349.61  i  1804.70 

2259.79 

.688 

326.37 

440.38 

668.42 

782.44 

896.47 

1134.50 

1352.54  i  1808.62 

2264.70 

.689 

327.06 

441.32 

669.86 

784.12 

898.40 

1136.93 

1355.47 

1812.52 

2269.61 

.690 

327.75 

442.26 

671.30 

785.81 

900.33 

1129.36 

1358.40 

1816.46 

2274.53 

.691 

328.44 

443.20 

672.73 

787.50 

902.26 

1131.79 

1361.33 

1820.39 

2279.45 

.692 

329.13 

444.14 

674.17 

789.19 

904.20 

1134.23 

1364.26 

1824.32 

2284.37 

.693 

329.82 

445.08 

675.61 

790.88 

906.14 

1136.67 

1367.19 

1828.25 

2289.30 

.694 

330.51 

446.02 

677.05 

792.57 

908.18 

1139.11 

1370.13 

1832.19 

2294.23 

.695 

331.20 

446.96 

678.49 

794.26 

910.02 

1141.55 

1373.07 

1836.13 

2299.18 

.696 

331.89 

447.90 

679.93 

795.95 

911.96 

1143.99 

1376.01 

1840.07 

2304.13 

.697 

332.58 

448.86 

681.37 

797.64 

913.90 

1146.43 

1378.95 

1844.01 

2309.08 

.698 

333.27 

449.83 

682.81 

799.33 

915.84 

1148.87 

1381.90 

1847.96 

2314.03 

.699 

333.96 

450.80 

684.26 

801.02 

917.79 

1151.32  1384.85 

1851.91 

2318.98 

.700 

334.66 

451.69 

685.71 

802.72 

919.74 

1153.77 

1387.80 

1855.86 

2323.92 

.701 

335.35 

452.63 

687.15 

804.42 

921.69 

1156.22 

1390.75 

1859.82 

2328.88 

.702 

336.04 

453.57 

688.60 

806.12 

923.64 

1158.67 

1393.70 

1863.78 

2333.84 

.703 

336.74 

454.51 

690.05 

807.82 

925.59 

1161.12 

1396.66 

1867.74 

2338.81 

.704 

337.44 

455.46 

691.50 

809.52 

927.54 

1163.C8 

1399.56 

1871.70 

2343.78 

.705 

338.14 

456.41 

692.95 

811.22 

929.49 

1166.04 

1402.58 

1875.66 

2348.75 

.706 

338.83 

457.35 

694.40 

812.92 

931.44 

1168.50 

1405.54 

1879.73 

2353.73 

.707 

339.52 

458.30 

695.85 

814.62 

933.40 

1170.% 

1408.50 

1883.70 

2358.71 

.708 

340.22 

459.05 

697.30 

816.33 

935.36 

1173.42 

1411.47 

1887.67 

2363.69 

.709 

340.92 

460.00 

698.76 

818.04 

937.32 

1175.88 

1414.44 

1891.65 

2368.07 

.710 

341.62 

461.15 

700.22 

819.75 

939.28 

1178.34 

1417.41 

1895.53 

2373.66 

.711 

342.32 

462.10 

701.67 

821.46 

941.24 

1180.79 

1420.38 

1899.51 

2378.66 

.712 

343.02 

463.05 

703.12 

82;;.  17 

943.20 

1183.24 

1423.35 

1903.50 

2383.66 

.713 

343.72 

464.00 

704.58 

824.88 

945.16 

1185.69 

1426.32 

1907.49 

2£88.66 

.714   844.42 

464.95 

706.04 

826.59 

947.13 

1188.14 

1429.30 

1911.48 

2393.C6 

.715 

345.12 

465.91 

707.50 

828.30 

949.10 

1190.69 

1432.28 

1915.47 

2398.66 

.716 

345.82 

466.86 

708.96 

830.01 

951.07 

1193.16 

1435.26 

1919.47 

2403.67 

.717 

346.52 

467.81 

710.42 

831.72 

953.04 

1195.64 

1438.24 

1923.47 

24C8.€8 

.718 

347.22 

468.77 

711.88 

833.44 

955.01 

1198.12 

1441.23 

1927.47 

2413.70 

.719 

347.92 

469.73 

713.35 

835.16 

956.98 

1200.60 

U44.22 

1931.47 

2418.72 

.720 

348.62 

470.69 

714.82 

836.88 

958.95 

1203.08 

1447.21 

1935.48 

2423.74 

.721 

349.32 

471.64 

716.30 

838.60 

960.92 

1205.56 

1450.20 

1939.49 

2428.77 

.722 

350.02 

472.59 

717.76 

840.32 

962.89 

1208.04 

1453.19 

1943.50 

2433.80 

.723 

350.72 

473.55 

719.23 

842.04 

964.87 

1210.53 

1456.19 

1947.51 

2438.83 

.724 

351.42 

474.51 

720.70 

843.76 

966.85 

1213.02 

1459.19 

1951.53  2443.87 

.725 

352.13 

475.47 

722.15 

845.49 

968.83 

1215.51 

1462.19 

1955.55  2448.91 

.726 

352.83 

476.43 

723.62 

847.21 

970.81 

1218.00 

1465.19 

1959.57  2453.96 

.727 

353.53 

477.39 

725.09 

848.94 

972.79 

1220.49 

1468.19 

1963.60  !  2459.01 

.728 

354.24 

478.35 

726.56 

850.66 

974.77 

1222.98 

1471.20 

1967.63 

2464.C6 

396 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.729 

354.95 

479.31 

728.03 

852.38 

976.76 

1225.48 

1474.21 

1971.66 

2469.11 

.730 

355.66 

480.28 

729.51 

854.13 

978.75 

1227.98 

1477.22 

1975.69 

2474.16 

.731 

356.36 

481.24 

730.98 

855.86 

980.73 

1230.48 

1480.23 

1979.73 

2479.22 

.732 

357.06 

482.20 

732.45 

857.59 

982.72 

1232.98 

1483.24 

1983.77 

2484.29 

.733 

357.76 

483.16 

733.93 

859.32 

984.71 

1235.48 

1486.26 

1987.81 

2489.36 

.734 

358.46 

484.12 

735.31 

861.05 

986.70 

1238.98 

1489.28 

1991.85 

2494.43 

.735 

359.16 

485.09 

736.89 

862.79 

988.69 

1240.49 

1492.30 

1995.90 

2499.50 

.736 

359.87 

486.05 

738.37 

864.53 

990.68 

1243.00 

1495.32 

1999.95 

2504.58 

.737 

360.58 

487.01 

739.85 

866.27 

992.67 

1245.51 

1498.34 

2004.00 

2509.66 

.738 

361.30 

487.98  741.33 

868.01 

994.67 

1248.02 

1501.36 

2008.05 

2514.74 

.739 

362.02 

488.95 

742.81 

869.75 

996.67 

1250.53 

1504.39 

2012.11 

2519.83 

.740 

362.74 

489.92 

744.30 

871.49 

998.67 

1253.05 

1507.42 

2016.17 

2524.92 

.741 

363.45 

490.89 

745.78 

873.23 

1000.67 

1255.56 

1510.45 

2020.23 

2530.02 

.742 

364.16 

491.86 

747.26 

874.97 

1002.67 

1258.08 

1513.48 

2024.30 

2535.12 

.743 

364.87 

492.83  748.75 

876.71 

1004.67 

1260.60 

1516.47 

2028.37 

2540.22 

.744 

365.58 

493.80  750.24 

878.46 

1006.67 

1263.12 

1519.52 

2032.44 

2545.32 

.745 

366.29 

494.77 

751.73 

880.21 

1008.68 

1265.64 

1522.60 

2036.51 

2550.42 

.746 

367.00 

495.74 

753.22 

881.95 

1010.69 

1268.16 

1525.64 

2040.69 

2555.53 

.747 

367.71 

496.71 

754.71 

883.70 

1012.70 

1270.68 

1528.68 

2044.77 

2560.65 

.748 

368.43 

497.68 

756.10 

885.45 

1014.72 

1273.21 

1531.72 

2048.85 

2565.77 

.749 

369.15 

498.65 

757.59 

887.20 

1016.73 

1275.74 

1534.77 

2052.93 

2570.89 

.750 

369.86 

499.63 

759.18 

888.95 

1018.73 

1278.27 

1537.82 

2056.92 

2576.01 

.751 

370.57 

500.60 

760.67 

890.70 

1020.74 

1280.80 

1540.87 

2061.01 

2581.14 

.752 

371.28 

501.57  |  762.16 

892.45 

1022.75 

1283.33 

1543.92 

2065.10 

2586.27 

.753 

372.00 

502.54  S  763.65 

894.20 

1024.76 

1285.87 

1546.97 

2069.19 

2591.40 

.754 

372.72 

503.52 

765.15 

895.96 

1026.78 

1288.41 

1550.03 

2073.28 

2596.54 

.755 

373.43 

504.50 

766.65 

897.72 

1028.80 

1290.95 

1553.09 

2077.39 

2601.68 

.756 

374.14 

505.47  768.15 

899.48 

1030.82 

1293.49 

1556.15 

2081.49 

2606.83 

.757 

374.85 

506.45  769.65 

901.24 

1032.84 

1296.03 

1559.21 

2085.60 

2611.96 

.758 

375.57 

507.43  ;  771.15 

91)3.00  1834.86 

1298.57 

1562.28 

2089.71 

2617.13 

.759 

376.29 

508.41  j  772.65 

904.76  1036.88 

1301.11 

1565.35 

2093.82 

2622.28 

.760 

377.01 

509.39  774.15 

906.52  1038.90 

1303.66 

1568.42 

2097.93 

2627.44 

.761 

377.73 

510.37  j  775.65 

908.28  1040.92 

1306.21 

1571.49 

2102.05 

2632.60 

.762 

378.45 

511.35 

777.15 

910.04 

1042.95 

1308.76 

1574.06 

2106.17 

2637.77 

.763 

379.17 

512.33 

778.65 

911.81 

1044.98 

1311.31 

1577.63 

2110.29 

2642.94 

.764 

379.89 

513.21 

780.16 

913.58 

1047.01 

1313.86 

1580.70 

2114.41 

2648.11 

.765 

380.61 

514.29 

781.67 

915.35 

1049.04 

1316.41 

1583.78 

2118.53 

2653.28 

.766 

381.33 

515.27 

783.17 

917.12 

1051.07 

1318.96 

1586.86 

2122.66 

2558.46 

.767 

382.05 

516.95 

784.68 

918.89 

1053.10 

1321.52 

1589.94 

2126.79 

2563.64 

.768 

382.77 

517.93 

786.19 

920.66  1055.13 

1324.08 

1593.02 

2130.93 

2568.82 

.769 

383.49 

518.92 

787.70 

922.43  1057.16 

1326.64 

1596.11 

2135.07 

2574.01 

.770 

384.21 

519.21 

789.21 

924.21  1059.20 

1329.20 

1599.20 

2139.20 

2679.20 

.771 

384.93 

520.19 

790.72 

925.98  1061.24 

1331.70 

1602.29 

2143.34 

2684.40 

.772 

385.65 

521.17 

792.23 

927.75  i  1063.28 

1334.22 

1605.38 

2147.48 

2689.60 

.773 

386.37  522.16 

793.74 

929.53  1065.32 

1336.89 

1608.47 

2151.63 

2694.80 

.774 

387.09 

523.15 

795.25 

931.31  1067.36 

1339.46 

1611.57 

2155.78 

2700.00 

.775 

387.82 

524.14 

796.77 

933.09  1069.40 

1342.03 

1614.67 

2159.93  2705.20 

.776 

388.54 

525.12 

798.28 

934.87  1071.44 

1344.60  !  1617.77 

2164.09  :  2710.41 

.777 

389.26 

526.11 

799.79 

936.65  1073.48 

1347.17  1620.87 

21(58.19  I  2715.62 

.778  389.98 

527.10 

801.31 

938.43  1075.53 

1349.75  1623.97 

2172.35 

2720.84 

.779  390.61 

528.09 

802.83 

940.21  1077.58 

1352.33  1627.07 

2176.51 

2726.06 

.780  I  391.44 

529.08 

804.35 

941.99  1079.63 

1354.91  1630.18 

2180.73 

2731.28 

.781  392.16 

530.07 

805.87 

943.77  1081.68 

1357.49  i  1633.29 

2184.90 

2736.51 

.782  !  392.88 

531.06 

807.39 

945.56  i  1083.73 

1360.07  1636.40 

2189.07 

2741.74 

.783 

393.61 

532.05 

808.91 

947.35  1085.78 

1362.65  1639.51 

2193.24 

2746.97 

.784 

394.34 

533.04 

810.43 

949.14  ''  1087.83 

1365.23  |  1642.62 

2197.41 

2752.21 

.785 

395.07 

534.04 

811.96 

950.93  1089.89 

1367.82  1645.74 

2201  .59 

2757,45 

.786 

395.79 

535.03 

813.48 

952.72  1091.94 

1370.40  1648.86 

2205.77 

2702.69 

397 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet.  8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet.  20  Feet. 

.787 

396.51 

536.02 

815.00 

954.51 

1094.00 

1372.99 

1651.98 

2209.95 

2767.94 

.788 

397.24 

537.01 

816.53 

956.30 

1096.06 

1375.58 

1655.10 

2214.14 

2773.19 

.789 

397.97 

538.01 

818.06 

958.09  1098.12 

1378.17 

1658.22 

2218.33 

2778.44 

.790 

398.71 

539.01 

819.59 

959.88  1100.18 

1380.76 

1661.35 

2222.52 

2783.69 

.791 

399.44 

540.00 

821.12 

961.67  1102.24 

1383.35 

1664.48 

2226.71 

2788.95 

.792 

400.17 

540.99 

822.65 

963.47  1104.30 

1385.95 

1667.61 

2230.91 

2794.21 

.793 

400.90 

541.00 

824.18 

965.27  1106.36 

1388.55 

1670.74 

2235.11 

2799.48 

.794 

401.63 

542.00 

825.71 

967.07  1108.43 

1391.15 

1673.87 

2239.31 

2804.75 

.795 

402.36 

543.99 

827.24 

968.87  1110.50 

1393.75 

1677.00 

2243.51 

2810.02 

.796 

403.09 

544.99 

828.77 

970.67  1112.57 

1396.35 

1680.14 

2247.72 

2815.30 

.797 

403.82 

545.99 

829.30 

972.47  1114.64 

1398.95 

1683.28 

2251.93 

2820.58 

.798 

404.55 

546.99 

830.84 

974.27 

1116.71 

1401.56 

1686.42 

2256.14 

2825.86 

.799 

405.28 

547.99 

832.38 

976.07 

1118.78 

1404.17 

1689.56 

2260.35 

2831.14 

.800 

406.02 

548.99 

834.92 

977.88 

1120.85 

1406.78 

1692.71 

2264.57 

2836.43 

.801 

406.75 

549.99 

836.45 

979.68 

1122.92 

1409.39 

1695.86 

2268.79 

2841.72 

.802 

407.48 

550.99 

837.99 

981.49 

1124.99 

1412.00 

1699.01 

2273.01 

2847.02 

.803 

408.22 

551.99 

839.53 

983.30 

1127.07 

1414.61 

1702.16 

2277.23 

2852.32 

.804 

408.96 

552.99 

841.07 

985.11 

1129.15 

1417.22 

1705.31 

2281.46 

2857.62 

.805 

409.69 

554.00 

842.61 

986.92 

1131.23 

1419.84 

1708.46 

2285.69 

2862.92 

.806 

410.42 

554.00 

844.15 

988.73 

1133.31 

1422.46 

1711.61 

2289.92 

2868.23 

.807 

411.15 

555.00 

845.69 

990.34 

1135.39 

1425.08 

1714.77 

2294.15 

2873.54 

.808 

411.89 

556.00 

847.23 

992.35 

1137.47 

1427.70 

1717.93 

2298.39 

2878.85 

.809 

412.63 

557.01 

848.78 

994.16 

1139.55 

1430.32 

1721.09 

2302.63 

2884.17 

.810 

413.37 

509.02 

850.33 

995.98 

1141.64 

1432.95 

1724.25 

2306.87 

2889.49 

.811 

414.10 

559.02 

851.87 

997.79  1143.72 

1435.57 

1727.42 

2311.12 

2894.82 

.812 

414.83 

560.03 

853.42 

999.61 

1145.87 

1438.20 

1730.59 

2315.37 

2900.15 

.813 

415.57 

561.04 

854.97 

1001.43 

1147.96 

1440.83 

1733.76 

2319.62 

2905.48 

.814 

416.31 

561.05 

856.52 

1003.25 

1150.05 

1443.86 

1736.93 

2323.87 

2910.81 

.815 

417.05 

564.06 

858.07 

1005.07  |  1152.08 

1446.09 

1740.10 

2328.12 

2916.14 

.816 

417.79 

565.07 

859.62 

1006.89  1154.17 

1448.72 

1743.27 

2332.38 

2921.48 

.817 

418.53 

566.08 

861.17 

1008.71  1156.26 

1451.35 

1746.45 

2336.64 

2926.82 

.818 

419.27 

567.09 

862.72 

1010.53  1158.35 

1453.99 

1749.63 

2340.90 

2932.17 

.819 

420.01 

568.10 

864.27 

1012.46  1160.45 

1456.63 

1750.81 

2345.16 

2937.52 

.820 

420.75 

569.11 

865.83 

1014.19  1162.55 

1459.27 

1755.99  ;  2349.43 

2942.87 

.821 

421.59 

570.12 

867.38 

1016.01 

1164.65 

1462.91 

1759.17  2353.70 

2948.23 

.822 

122.33 

571.13 

868.93 

1017.84 

1  166.75 

1465.55 

1760.35  2357.97 

2953.59 

.823 

123.07 

572.14 

870.49 

1019.67 

1168.85 

1468.19 

1763.54  i  2362.24 

2958.95 

.824 

123.81 

573.15 

872.05 

1021.50 

1170.95 

1470.83 

J766.73 

2366.52 

2964.31 

.825 

424.45 

574.17 

873.61 

1023.33 

1173.05 

1472.48 

1771.92 

2370.80 

2969.67 

.826 

425.19 

575.18 

875.17 

1025.16 

1175.15 

1475.13 

1775.11 

2375.08 

2975.04 

.827 

425.93 

576.19 

876.73 

1026.99 

1177.25 

1477.78 

1778.30 

2379.36 

2980.42 

.828 

426.68 

577.21 

878.29 

1028.82 

1179.36 

1480.43 

1781.50 

2381.65 

2985.80 

.829 

427.43 

578.24 

879.85 

1030.65 

1181.47 

1483.08 

1784.70 

2383.94 

2991.18 

.830 

428.17 

579.25 

881.41 

1032.49 

1183.58 

1485.74 

1787.90 

2392.23 

2996.56 

.831 

428.91 

580.26 

882.97 

10:34.33 

1185.69 

1488.39 

1791.10 

2396.53 

3001.95 

.832  429.65  581.28 

884.53 

1036.17 

1187.70 

1491.05 

1794.30 

2400.83 

3007.34 

.833  430.40  582.30 

886.10 

1038.01 

1189.81 

1493.71 

1797.51 

2405.13  3012.73 

.834  431.15  583.32 

887.67 

1039.85 

1191.92 

1496.37 

1800.72 

2409.43  3018.13 

.835 

431.89  !  584.34 

889.24 

1041.69 

1194.13 

1499.03 

1803.93 

2413.73  3023.53 

.836 

432.63 

585.36  890.80 

1043.53 

1196.24 

1501.69 

1807.14 

2418.04  3028.93 

.837 

433.37 

586.38  892.37 

1045.37 

1198.35 

1504.35 

1810.35 

2422.35  3034.34 

.838 

434.12 

587.40  !  893.94 

1047.21  1200.47 

1507.02 

1813.56 

2426.66  3039.75 

.839 

434.87 

588.42 

895.51 

1049.05 

1202.59 

1509.69 

1816.78 

2430.97  3045.16 

.840 

435.62 

589.44 

897.08 

1050.90 

1204.72 

1512.36 

1820.00 

2435.29  3050.57 

.841 

436.36 

590.46 

898.65 

1052.74 

1206.84 

1515.03 

1823.22  2439.61  '  3055.99 

.842 

437.10 

591.48 

900.22 

1054.59 

1208.96 

1517.70 

1826.44  2443.9:5  3061.  41 

.843 

437.85 

592.50 

901.79 

1056.44 

1211.08 

1520.37 

1829.66  2448.25  3066.83 

.844 

438.60 

593.53 

903.37 

1058.29 

1213.21 

1523.05 

1832.89  2452.58  3072.26 

398 


Depth 
on 

Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Fcer. 

:;  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet.  10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet.  20  Feet. 

.845 

439.36 

594.56 

904.95 

1060.14 

1215.34 

1525.73 

1836.12 

2456.91  3077.69 

.846 

440.11 

595.58 

906.52 

1061.99 

1217.47 

1528.41 

1839.35 

2461.24  i  3083.13 

.847 

440.86 

596.60 

908.10 

1063.84 

1219.60 

1531.09 

1842.58 

2465.57  3088.53 

.848 

441.61 

597.62 

909.68 

1065.69 

1221.73 

1533.77 

1845.81 

2469.91  i  3093.97 

.849 

442.36 

598.G5 

911.26 

1067.54 

1223.86 

1536.45 

1849.05 

2474.25  3099.41 

.850 

443.11 

599.68 

912.84 

1069.41 

1225.99 

1539.14 

1852.29 

2478.59 

3104.89 

.851 

443.86 

600.71 

914.12 

1071.26 

1228.12 

1541.82 

1855.53 

2482.93 

3110.34 

.852 

444.61 

601.74 

916.00 

1073.12 

1230.25 

1544.51 

1858.77 

2487.28 

3115.79 

.853 

445.36 

602.77 

917.58 

1074.98 

1232.38 

1547.20 

1862.01 

2491.63 

3121.25 

.854 

446.11 

603.80 

919.16 

1076.84 

1234.52 

1549.89 

1865.25 

2495.98 

3126.71 

.855 

446.87 

601.83 

920.74 

1078.70 

1236.66 

1552.58 

1868.50 

2500.33 

3132.17 

.856 

417.62 

605.8G 

922.32 

1080.56 

1238.80 

1555.27 

1871.75 

2504.69 

3137.64 

.857 

41837 

606.89 

923.90 

1082.32 

1240.91 

1557.96 

1875.00 

2509.05 

3143.11 

.858 

449.12 

607.92 

925.49 

1081.18 

1243.08 

1560.66 

1878.25 

2513.41 

3148.58 

.859 

449.87 

608.95 

927.08 

1086.05 

1245.22 

1563.36 

1881.50 

2517.77 

3154.05 

.860 

450.  63 

609.98 

928.67 

1088.02 

1247.37 

1566.06 

1884.75 

2522.14 

3159.53 

.861 

451.38 

610.01 

930.26 

1089.88 

1249.51 

1568.76 

1888.01 

2526.51 

3165.01 

.862 

452.13 

611.01 

932.85 

1091.75 

1251.65 

1571.46 

1891.27 

2530.88 

3170.49 

.86.3 

452.89 

612.07 

931.45 

1093.62 

1253.80 

1574.16 

1891.53 

2535.25 

3175.98 

.864 

453.65 

613.11 

936.04 

i!>95.49 

1255.85 

1576.87 

1897.79 

2539.63 

3181.47 

.865 

451.41 

615.15 

936.62 

1097.36 

1258.10 

1579.58 

1901.05 

2544.01 

3186.% 

.866 

455.16 

616.18 

938.21 

1099.23 

1260.25 

1582.29 

1904.32 

2548.39 

3192.46 

.867 

455  91 

617.21 

939.80 

1101.10 

1262.40 

1585.00 

1907.59 

2552.77 

3197.96 

.868 

456.67 

618.25 

941.39 

1102.97 

1264.55 

1587.71 

1910.86 

2557.15 

3203.46 

.869 

457.43 

619  29 

942.98 

1104.S5 

1266.70 

1590.42 

1914.13 

2561.54 

3208.96 

.870 

458  19 

620.33 

914.59 

1100.7:; 

1268.86 

1593.13 

1917.40 

2565.93 

3214.47 

.871 

45891 

621.36 

946.18 

1108.60 

1271.01 

1595.84 

1920.67 

2570.32 

3219.98 

.872 

459.71 

622.40 

917.78 

1110.48 

1273.17 

1598.56 

1923.95 

2574.72 

3225.50 

.873 

460.46 

623.41 

949.38 

1112.36 

1275.33 

1601.28 

1927.23 

2579.12 

3231.02 

.874 

461.22 

624.48 

950.98 

1114.24 

1277.49 

1604.00 

1930.51 

2583.52 

3236.54 

.875 

461.98 

625.52 

952.58 

1116.12 

1279.65 

1606.72 

1933.79 

2587.92 

3242.06 

.876 

462.74 

626.56 

954.18 

1118.00 

1281.81 

1609.44 

1937.07 

2592.33 

3247.59 

.877 

163.50 

627.60 

955.78 

1119.88 

1283.97 

1612.16 

1940.35 

2596.34 

3253.12 

.878 

464.26 

628.61 

957.38 

1121.76 

1285.13 

1614.89 

1943.64 

2600.75 

3258.65 

.879 

43502 

629.68 

958.99 

1123.64 

1287.30 

1617.62 

1946.93 

2605.16 

3264.18 

.880 

465.78 

630.72 

960.60 

1125.53 

1290.47 

1620.35 

1950.22 

2609.97 

3269.72 

.881 

466.54 

631.76 

962.20 

1127.38 

1292.64 

1623.08 

1953.51 

2614.39 

3275.26 

.882 

467.30 

632.80 

963.80 

1129.27 

1294.81 

1625.81 

1956.81 

2618.81  I  3280.81 

.883 

468.06 

633.81 

965.40 

1131.16 

1296.98 

1628.54 

1960.11 

2623.23  j  3286.36 

.88! 

468.82 

634.89 

967.00 

1133.05 

1299.15 

1631.27 

1963.41 

2627.65  3291.91 

.883 

469.59 

635.91 

968.63 

1134.97 

1301.32  1634.01 

1966.70 

2632.08  3297.46 

.883 

470.35 

636.98 

970.24 

1136.86 

1303.49  |  1636  75 

1970.00 

26C6.51  •!  3303.02 

.887 

471.11 

638,02  971.85 

1138.75 

1305.66  !  1639.49 

1973.30 

2640.94  3308.58 

.888 

471.87 

639.07 

973.46 

1140.64 

1307.83  1642.23 

1976.60 

2645.37  3314.14 

.889 

472.64 

610.12 

975.07 

1142.54 

1310.01  1044.97 

1979.91 

2649.81  3319.71 

.890 

473.41 

641.17 

976.68 

1144.44 

1312.19  1647.71 

1983.22 

2654.25  3325.28 

.891 

474.17 

612.21 

979.90 

1146.33 

1314.37  1650.45 

1986.53 

2658.76  3330.85 

.892 

474.93 

643.25 

971.51 

114823 

1316.55 

1653.19 

1989.84  2663.28  3336.45 

.893 

475.70 

644.30 

973.12 

1150.13 

1318.73 

1655.93 

1993.16  |  2667.80  j  3342.03 

.894 

476.47 

645.35 

974.14 

1152.03 

1320.91  1658.61 

1996.48 

2672.32  !  3347.61 

.895 

47724 

646.41 

984.75 

1153.93 

1323.10  1661.44 

1999.80 

2676.48 

3353.17 

.896 

478.03 

647.46 

986.37 

1155.83 

1325.28  1(164.19 

2003.12 

2680.93 

3358.76 

.897 

478.76 

648.51 

987.99 

1157.73 

1327.46 

1666.94 

2006.44 

2685.39 

3364.35 

.898 

479.54 

619.56 

989.61 

1159.63 

1329.65 

1C.C9.70 

2009.76 

2689.85 

3369.94 

.899 

480.31 

650.61 

991.23 

1161.53 

1331.84 

1072.46 

2013.08 

2694.31 

3375  50 

.900 

481.07 

651.66 

992.85 

1163.44 

1334.03 

1675.22 

2016.40 

2698.77 

3381.14 

.901 

481.83 

652.71 

994.47 

1165.34 

1336.22 

1077.98 

2019.73 

2703.24  !  3386.74 

.902 

482.60 

653.76 

996.09 

1167.25 

1338.41 

1680.74 

2023.06 

2708.71  |  3392.35 

399 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

IjENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.903 

483.37 

654.81 

997.71 

1169.16 

1340.60 

1683.50 

2026.39 

2713.18 

3397.% 

.904 

484.14 

655.87 

999.33 

1171.07 

1342.79 

1686.26 

2029.72 

2717.65 

3403.57 

.905 

484.91 

656.93 

1000.96 

1172.98 

1344.99 

1689.02 

2033.05 

2721.12 

3409.18 

.906 

485.68 

657.98 

1002.58 

1174.89 

1347.18 

1691.79 

2036.39 

2725.60 

3414.80 

.907 

486.45 

659.03 

1004.20 

1  176.80 

1349.38 

1694.56 

2039.73 

2730.08 

3420.42 

.908 

487.22 

660.09 

1005.83 

1178.71 

1351.58 

1697.33 

2043.07 

2734.56 

3425.04 

.909 

487.99 

661.15 

1007.46 

1180.62 

1353.78 

1700.10 

2047.41 

2739.04 

3431.66 

.910 

488.76 

662.21 

1009.09 

1182.54 

1355.98 

1702.87 

2049.75 

2743.53 

3437.30 

.911 

489.53 

663.26 

1010.72 

1184.45 

1358.18 

1705.64 

2053.09 

2748.02 

3442.93 

.912 

490.30 

664.32 

1012.35 

1186.36 

K360.38 

1708.41 

2056.44 

2752.51 

3448.57 

.913 

491.07 

665.38 

1013.98 

1188.28 

1362.58 

1711.19 

2059.79 

2757.00 

3454.21 

.914 

491.84 

666.44 

1015.61 

1190.28 

1364.79 

1713.97 

2063.14 

2761.49 

3459.85 

.915 

492.62 

667.50 

1017.25 

1192.12 

1367.00 

1716.75 

2066.49 

2765.99 

3465.49 

.916 

493.39 

668.56 

1018.88 

1194.04 

1369.20 

1719.53 

2069.84 

2770.49 

3471.14 

.917 

494.10 

669.62 

1020.51 

1195.96 

1371.41 

1722.31 

207:5.20 

2774.99 

3476.79 

.918 

494.93 

670.68 

1022.14 

1197.88 

1373.62 

1725.09 

2076.56 

2779.50 

3482.44 

.919 

495.71 

671.74 

1024.78 

1199.80 

1375.83 

1727.87 

2079.92 

2784.01 

3488.10 

.920 

496.49 

672.80 

1025.42 

1201.73 

1378.04 

1730.66 

2083.28 

2788.52 

3493.76 

.921 

497.26 

673.86 

1027.05 

1203.65 

1380.25 

1733.45 

2086.64 

2793.03 

3499.42 

.922 

498.03 

674.92 

1028.69 

1205.57 

1382.46 

1736.24 

2090.00 

2797.55 

3505.09 

.923 

498.80 

675.98 

1030.33 

1207.50 

1384.67 

1739.03 

2093.37 

2802.07 

3510.76 

.924 

499.58 

677.05 

1031.97 

1209.43 

1386.89 

1741.82 

2096.74 

2806.59 

3516.43 

.925 

500.36 

678.12 

1033.61 

1211.36 

1389.11 

1744.61 

2100.11 

2811.11 

3522.10 

.926 

501.13 

679.18 

1035.25 

1213.29 

1391.33 

1747.40 

2103.48 

2815.63 

3527.78 

.927 

501.91 

680.24 

1036.89 

1215.22 

1393.55 

1751.20 

2106.85 

2820.16 

3533.48 

,928 

502.69 

681.30 

1038.53 

1217.15 

1395.77 

1754.00 

2110.22 

2824.69 

3539.16 

.929 

503.47 

681.37 

1040.17 

1219.08 

1397.99 

1756.80 

2113.60 

2829.23 

3544.85 

.930 

504.25 

683.44 

1041.82 

1221.02 

1400.21 

1758.60 

2116.98 

2833.75 

3550.52 

.931 

505.02 

684.50 

1043.46 

1222.95 

1402.43 

1761.40 

2120.30 

2838.29 

3556.21 

.932 

505.80 

685.57 

1045.11 

1224.88 

1404.65 

1764.20 

2123.68 

2842.83 

3561.91 

.933 

206.58 

686.64 

1046.76 

1226.82 

1406.88 

1767.00 

2127.06 

2847.37 

3567.61 

.934 

207.36 

687.73 

1048.41 

1228.76 

1409.11 

1769.81 

2130.45 

2851.91 

3573.31 

.935 

508.14 

688.78 

1050.06 

1230.70 

1411.34 

1772.62 

2133.90 

2856.45 

3579.01 

.936 

508.92 

68985 

1051.71 

1232.64 

1413.57 

1775.43 

2137.29 

2861.00 

3584.72 

.937 

509.70 

690.92 

1053.36 

1234.58 

1415.80 

1778.24 

2140.68 

2865.55 

3590.43 

.938 

510.48 

691.99 

1055.01 

1236.52 

1418.03 

1781.05 

2144.07 

2870.10 

3596.14 

.939 

511.26 

693.06 

1056.66 

1238.46 

1420.26 

1783.86 

2147.46 

2874.66 

3601.86 

.940 

512.04 

694.13 

1058.31 

1240.40 

1422.49 

1786.67 

2150.85 

2879.22 

3607.58 

.941 

512.82 

695.20 

1059.96 

1242.34 

1424.72 

1789.48 

2154.25 

2883.78 

3613.30 

.942 

513.60 

696.27 

1061.61 

1244.38 

1426.95 

1792.30 

2157.65 

2888.34 

3619.03 

.943 

514.38 

697.34 

1063.26 

1246.23 

1429.19 

1795.12 

2161.05 

2892.90 

3624.76 

.944 

515.16 

698.41 

1064.92 

1248.18 

1431.43 

1797.14 

2164.45 

2897.46 

3630.49 

.945 

515.95 

699.49 

1066.58 

1250.13 

1433.67 

1800.76 

2167.85 

2902.03 

3636.22 

.946 

516.73 

700.56 

1068.23 

1252.18 

1435.91 

1803.58 

2171.26 

2906.60 

3641.96 

.947 

517.51 

701.63 

1069.89 

1254.13 

1438.15 

1806.40 

2174.67 

2911.17 

3647.70 

.948 

518.29 

702.71 

1071.55 

1256.08 

1440.39 

1809.23 

2178.08 

2915.75 

3653.44 

.949 

519.07 

703.79 

1073.21 

1258.03 

1442.63 

1812.06 

2181.49 

2920.33 

3659.18 

.950 

519.86 

704.87 

1074.87 

1259.88 

1444.88 

1814.89 

2184.90 

2924.91 

3664.93 

.951 

520.64 

705.94 

1076.53 

1261.13 

1447.12 

1817.72 

2188.31 

2929.49 

3670.68 

.952 

521.42 

707.01 

1078.19 

1263.08 

1449.36 

1820.55 

2191.72 

2934.07 

3676.43 

.953 

522.20 

708.09 

1079.85 

1265.03 

1451.61 

1823.38 

2195.14 

2938.65 

3682.19 

.954 

522.99 

709.17 

1081.51 

1266.99 

1453.86 

1826.21 

2198.56 

2943.24 

3687.95 

.955 

523.78 

710.25 

1083.18 

1269.65 

1456.11 

1829.05 

2201.98 

2947.85 

3693.71 

.950 

524.56 

711.33 

1084.84 

1271.61 

1458.36 

1831.88 

2205.40 

2952.44 

3699.48 

.957 

525.34 

712.41 

1086.50 

1273.57 

1460.61 

1834.72 

2208.82 

2957.04 

3705.25 

.958 

526.13 

713.49 

1088.17 

1275.53 

1462.86 

1837.56 

2212.25 

2961.64 

3711.02 

.959 

526.92 

714.57 

1089.84 

1277.49 

1465.12 

1840.40 

2215.68 

2966.24 

3716.79 

.960 

527.71 

715.65 

1091.51 

1279.45 

1467.38 

1843.24 

2219.11 

2970.84 

3722.57 

400 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH   OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

8  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20Fe«t. 

.961 

528.49 

716.73 

1093.18 

1281.41 

1469.63 

1846.08 

2222.54 

2975.45 

3728.35 

.962 

529.28 

717.81 

1094.85 

1  283.37 

1471.89 

1848.92 

2225.97 

2980.06 

3734.13 

.963 

530.07 

718.89 

1096.52 

1285.33 

1474.15 

1851.77 

2229.40 

2984.67 

3739.92 

.964 

530.86 

719.97 

1098.20 

1287.30 

1476.41 

1854.62 

2232.84 

2989.28 

3745.71 

.965 

531.65 

721.06 

1099.86 

1289.27 

1478.07 

1857.47 

2236.28 

2993.89 

3751.50 

.966 

532.44 

722.14 

1101.53 

1291.23 

1480.93 

1860.32 

2239.72 

2998.51 

3757.30 

.967 

533.23 

723.22 

1102.00 

1293.20 

1483.19 

1863.17 

2243.16 

3003.13 

3763.10 

.968 

534.02 

724.30 

1104.27 

1295.17 

1485.45 

1866.02 

2246.60 

3007.75 

3768.90 

.969 

534.81 

725.39 

1105.95 

1297.14 

1487.71 

1868.88 

2250.04 

3014.37 

3774.70 

.970 

535.60 

726.48 

1108.23 

1299.11 

1489.98 

1871.74 

2253.49 

3017.00 

3780.50 

.971 

536.59 

727.56 

1109.90 

1301.08 

1492.25 

1874.60 

1:256.94 

3021.63 

3786.31 

.972 

537.38 

728.64 

1111.58 

1303.05 

1494.52 

1877.46 

2260.39 

3026.26 

3792.12 

.973 

538.18 

729.73 

1113.18 

1305.02 

1490.79 

1880.32 

2263.84 

3030.89 

3797.94 

.974 

538.97 

730.82 

1114.86 

1300.99 

140ii.no 

1883.18 

2267.29 

3035.52 

3803.76 

.975 

539.55 

731.91 

1116.62 

1308.97 

1501.:;:; 

1886.04 

2270.74 

3040.16 

3809.58 

.976 

540.34 

732.99 

1118.30 

1310.94 

1503.60 

1888.90 

2274.20 

3044.80 

3815.41 

.977 

541.13 

734.08 

1119.93 

1312.92 

1505.87 

1891.76 

2277.60 

3049.44 

3821.24 

.978 

541.92 

735.17 

1121.60 

1314.90 

1508.14 

1894.63 

2281.12 

3054.09 

3827.07 

.979 

542.72 

736.26 

U23JU 

1310.88 

1510.42 

1897.50 

2284.58 

3058.74 

3832.90 

.980 

513.52 

737.:*> 

1125.02 

1318.86 

1512.70 

1900.37 

2288.04 

3063.39 

3838.73 

.981 

544.31 

738.44 

1126.70 

1320.84 

1514.07 

1903.24 

2291.50 

^068.05 

3844.57 

.982 

545.10 

739.53 

11  28.  38 

1322.82 

1517.25 

1906.11 

2294.97 

3072.71 

3850.41 

.983 

545.89 

740.62 

1130.07 

1323.80 

1519.53- 

1908.98 

2298.44 

3077.37 

3856.25 

.984 

546.69 

741.71 

1131.70 

1325.73 

52L81 

1911.86 

2301.91 

3082.03 

3862.09 

.985 

547.49 

742.81 

1133.45 

1328.77 

1524.  09 

1914.74 

2305.38 

3086.66 

3867.95 

.986 

548.28 

7  1:;.  90 

11:55.13 

1:530.75 

1520.3,7 

1917.62 

2308.85 

3091.32 

3873.80 

.987 

549.07 

744.99 

1136.82 

1332.73 

l52X.lv> 

1920.50 

2312.33 

3095.99 

3879.66 

.988 

549.86 

746.08 

1138.51 

1334.72 

1530.91 

1923.38 

2315.81 

3100.66 

3885.22 

.989 

550.66 

747.17 

1140.20 

1336.71 

15:5:;.L>:5 

1926.26 

2319.29 

3105.33 

3891.38 

.990 

551.48 

748.27 

1141.89 

1338.70 

1535.52 

J  929.  14 

2322.76 

3110.00 

3897.24 

.991 

552.25 

749.36 

114:5,58 

1340.69 

1537.80 

1932.02 

2320.24 

3114.67 

3903.11 

.992 

553.05 

750.45 

1145.27 

1342.68 

1540.09 

1934.90 

2329.72 

3119.35 

3908.98 

.993 

553.85 

751.55 

1146.96 

1344.67 

1542.38 

1937.79 

2333.20 

3124.03 

3914.85 

.994 

554.65 

752.65 

1148.66 

1346.66 

1544.67 

1940.68 

2336.09 

3128.71 

3920.72 

.995 

555.45 

753.75 

1150.36 

1348.66 

15  '0.90 

1913.57 

2340.18 

3133.39 

3926.60 

.996 

556.24 

754.84 

1152.05 

1350.05 

1510.25 

1940.46 

2343.07 

3138.08 

3932.48 

.997 

557.04 

755.94 

1153.74 

1352.64 

1551.54 

1949.35 

2347.10 

3142.77 

3938.37 

.998 

557.84 

757.04 

1155.44 

1:554.04 

1553.84 

1952.24 

2350.05 

3147.40 

3944.26 

.999 

558.64 

758.14 

1157.14 

1356.64 

1556.14 

1955.14 

2354.14 

3152.09 

3950.15 

1.000 

559,44 

759.24 

1158.84 

1358.64 

1558.44 

1958.04 

2:;57.04 

3156.84 

3956.04 

1.001 

760.34 

1160.54 

1360.64 

1500.74 

1900.94 

2361.14 

3101.54 

3961.94 

1.002 

761.44 

1162.24 

1362.64 

1563.04 

1963.84 

2364.61 

3166.24 

3907.84 

1.003 

762.54 

1163.94 

1364.64 

1565.34 

1960.74 

2368.14 

3170.94 

3973.74 

I  004 

763.64 

1165!&4 

1360.64 

15<;7\:.; 

1909.04 

2371.04 

3175.64 

3979.64 

i.ods 

761.74 

1  167^34 

1308.64 

1569*94 

1972.54 

2375.14 

3180.34 

3985.55 

1.006 

705.84 

1169.04 

1370.04 

1572.24 

1975.44 

2378.65 

3185.05 

3991.46 

1.007 

760.94 

1170.74 

1372.64 

1574.54 

1978.35 

2382.10 

3189.76 

3977.37 

1.008 

708.04 

1172.44 

1374.04 

1576.85 

1981.26 

2385.07 

3194.47 

4003.28 

L009 

769.14 

1174.19 

1376.65 

1578'.  16 

1984!  17 

2389.18 

3199.18 

4009.20 

1.  010 

770.25 

1175.86 

1378.06 

£81.47 

1987.08 

2392.69 

3203.90 

4015.12 

1.011 

771.35 

1177.50 

1380.66 

rs.",.  78 

1989.99 

2396.20 

3208.34 

4021.05 

1.012 

772.45 

1170.27 

1382.67 

580.09 

1992.90 

2399.71 

3213.06 

4026.98 

1.013 

77:5.55 

1180.98 

1384.08 

588.40 

1995.81 

2403.23 

3217.78 

4032.91 

1.014 

774.66 

1182.69 

i:-80.09 

590.71 

1998.73 

2406.75 

3222.51 

4038.84 

1.015 

77577 

1184.40 

1388.71 

1593.02 

2001.65 

2410.27 

3227.52 

4044.77 

1.016 

776.87 

1186.11 

1390.72 

1595.33 

2004.57 

2413.79 

3232.25 

4050.71 

1.017 

777.97 

1187.82 

1392.73 

1597.64 

2007.49 

2417.31 

3236.98 

4050.05 

1.018 

779.08 

1189.53 

1394.74 

1599.96 

2010.41 

2420.84 

3241.71 

4062.59 

Depth 
Wdr. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

4  Feet.   6  Feet. 

1  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.019 

780.19 

1191.24 

1396.76 

1C02.28 

2013.33 

2424.37 

3246.45 

4068.54 

1.020 

781.30 

1192.95 

1398.78 

1604.60 

2016.25 

2427.90 

3251.19 

4074.49 

1.021 

782.41 

1194.66 

1400.79 

1606.92 

2019.15 

2431.43 

3255.93 

4080.44 

1.022 

783.52 

1196.37 

1402.81 

1609.24 

2022.06 

2434.96 

3260.67 

4086.40 

1.023 

784.63 

1198.09 

1404.83  1  1611.56 

2024.97 

2438.49 

3265.42 

4092.36 

1.024 

785.74 

1199.81 

1406.85   1613.88 

2027.88 

2442.02 

3270.17 

4098.32 

1.025 

786.85 

1201.53 

1408.87   1616.21 

2030.89 

2445.56 

3274.92 

4104.28 

1.026 

787.96!  1203.24 

1410.89   1618.53 

2033.82 

2449.10 

3279.67 

4110.25 

1.027 

789.071  1204.96 

1412.91   1620.85 

2036.75 

2452.64 

3284.32 

4116.22 

1.028 

790.18   1206.68 

1414.931  1623.18 

2039.88 

2456.18 

3289.18 

4122.19 

1.029 

791.28   1208.40 

1416.95 

1625.51 

2042.82 

2459.72 

3293.94 

4128.16 

1.030 

792.40 

1210.12 

1418.98 

1627.84 

2045.56 

2463.27 

3298.70 

4134.14 

1.031 

793.51 

1211.84 

1421.00 

1630.17 

2048.50 

2466.82 

3303.46 

4140.12 

1.032 

794.62 

1213.56 

1423.03 

1632.50 

2051.44 

2470.37 

3308.23 

4146.10 

1.033 

795.73 

1215.28 

1425.05 

1634.83 

2054.38 

2473.92 

3313.00 

4152.09 

1.034 

796.84 

1217.01 

1427.07 

1637.16 

2057.32 

2477.47 

3317.77 

4158.08 

1.035 

797.96 

1218.74 

1429.12 

1639.50 

2060.26 

2481.02 

3322.54 

4164.07 

1.036 

799.07 

1220.46 

1431.15 

1641.83 

2063.20 

2484.57 

3327.32 

4170.06 

1.037 

800.19 

1222.18 

1433.18 

1644.16 

2066.14 

2488.13 

3332.10 

4176.06 

1.038 

801.31 

1223.91 

1435.21 

1646.50 

.  2069.09 

2491.69 

3336.88 

4182.06 

1.039 

802.43 

1225.64 

1437.24 

1648.84 

2072.04 

2495.25 

3341.66 

4188.06 

1.040 

803.55 

1227.37 

1439.27 

1651.18 

2074.99 

2498.81 

3346.44 

4194.06 

1.041 

804.66 

1229.10 

1441.30 

1653.52 

2077.94 

2502.37 

3351.22 

4200.07 

1.042 

805.78 

1230.83 

1443.33 

1655.86 

2080.89 

2505.93 

3356.01 

4206.08 

1.043 

806.90 

1232.56 

1445.37 

1658.20 

2083.84 

2509.50 

3360.80 

4212.09 

1.044 

808.02 

1234.29 

1447.41 

1660.54 

2086.80 

2513.07 

3365.59 

4218.11 

1.045 

809.14 

1236.02 

1449.45 

1662.89 

2089.76 

2516.64 

3370.38 

4224.13 

1.046 

810.15 

1237.75 

1451.49 

1665.26 

2092.72 

2520.21 

3375.18 

4030.15 

1.047 

811.27 

1239.48 

1453.53 

1667.57 

2095.68 

2523.78 

3379.98 

4036.18 

1.048 

812.39 

1241.21 

1455.57 

1669.92 

2098.64 

2527.35 

3384.78 

4042.21 

1.049 

813.41 

1242.94 

1457.61 

1672.27 

2101.60 

2530.93 

3389.58 

4048.24 

1.050 

814.73 

1244.68 

1459.65 

1674.62 

2104.56 

2534.51 

3394.39 

4254.27 

1.051 

815.85 

1246.41 

1461.69 

1676.97 

2107.52 

2538.09 

3399.20 

4260.31 

1.052 

816.97 

1248.14 

1463.73 

1679.32 

2110.49 

2541.67 

3404.01 

4266.35 

1.053 

818.09 

1249.88 

1465.771  1681.67 

2113.46 

2545.25 

3408.82 

4272.39 

1.054  819.21 

1251.62 

1467.82 

1684.02 

2116.43 

2548.83 

3413.63 

4278.43 

1.055  820.34 

1253.36 

1469.87 

1686.38 

2119.40 

2552.41 

3418.45 

4284.48 

1.056 

821.46 

1255.10 

1471.92 

1688.73 

2122.37 

2556.00 

3423.27 

4290.53 

1.057 

822.58 

1256.84 

1473.97 

1691.09 

2125.34 

2559.59 

3428.09 

4296.58 

1.058 

823.71 

1258.58 

1476.02 

1693.45 

2128.31 

2563.18 

3432.91 

4302.63 

1.059  824.84 

1260.32 

1478.07 

1695.81 

2131.28 

2566.77 

3437.73 

4308.69 

1.060 

825.97 

1262.07 

1480.12 

1698.17 

2134.26 

2570.36 

3442.56 

4314.75 

1.061 

827.09 

1263.81 

1482.17 

1700.53 

2137.24 

2573.95 

3447.39 

4320.82 

1.062  828.21 

1265.55 

1484.22 

1702.89 

2140.22 

2577.55 

3452.22 

4326.89 

1.063)  829.34 

1267.29 

1486.27 

1705.25 

2143.20 

2581.15 

3457.05 

4332.96 

1.064  830.47   1269.04 

1488.32 

1707.61 

2146.18 

2584.75 

3461.89 

4339.03 

1.065  831.60   1270.79 

1490.38 

1709.98 

2149.16 

2588.35 

3466.73 

4345.10 

1.066  832.72   1272.53 

1492.43 

1712.34 

2152.14 

2591.95 

3471.57 

4351.18 

1.067  -833.85   1274.28 

1494.49 

1714.70 

2155.13 

2595.55 

3476.41 

4357.26 

1.068i  834.98 

1276.03 

1496.55 

1717.07 

2158.12 

2599.16 

3481.25 

4363.34 

1.069  836.11 

1277.78 

1498.61 

1719.44 

2161.11 

2602.71 

3486.10 

4369.42 

1.070:  837.24 

1279.53 

1500.67 

1721.81 

2164.10 

2606.38   3490.95 

4375.51 

1.071  |  838.37   1281.28 

1502.73 

1724.18 

2167.09 

2609.99   3495.80 

4381.60 

1.072 

a'39.50,  1283.03 

1504.79 

1726.55 

2170.08 

2613.60   3500.65 

4387.70 

1.073 

840.63   1284.78 

1506.85 

1728.92 

2173.07 

2617.21 

3505.50 

4393.80 

1.074 

841.76   1286.53 

1508.91 

1731.29 

2176.06 

2620.83 

3510.36 

4399.90 

1.075 

842.89^  1288.28 

1510.98 

1733.67 

2179.06 

2624.45!  3515.22 

4406.00 

1.076 

844.02 

1290.03 

1513.04 

1736.04 

2182.06 

2628.07  1  3520.08 

4412.11 

402 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

4  Feet.   6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.077 

845.15  1291.78 

1515.10 

1738.42 

2185.06   2631.69 

3524.94 

4418.22 

1.078 

846.28   1293.33 

1517.17 

1740.80 

2188.06   2635.31 

3529.81 

4424.33 

1.079 

847.41 

1295.28 

1519.24 

1743.18 

2191.06   2638.93 

3534.68 

4430.44 

1.080 

848.55 

1297.06 

1521.31 

1745.56 

2194.06 

2642.55 

3539.55 

4436.55 

1.081 

849.68 

1298.81 

1523.38 

1747.94 

2197.06 

2646.18 

3544.43 

4442.67 

1.082 

850.81 

1300.57 

1525.45 

1750.32 

2200.06 

2649.81 

3549.30 

4448.79 

1.083 

851.95 

1302.33 

1527.52 

1752.70 

2203.06 

2653.44 

3554.17 

4454.91 

1.084 

853.09  1304.09 

1529.59 

1755.08 

2206.07 

2657.07 

3559.04 

4461.04 

1.085 

854.23 

1305.85 

1531.66 

1757.47 

2209.08 

2660.70 

3563.93 

4467.17 

1.086 

855.36 

1307.61 

1533.73 

1759.85 

2212.09 

2664.33 

3568.81   4473.30 

1.087 

856.49 

1309.37 

1535.80 

1762.23 

2215.10'  2667.97 

3573.70!  4479.13 

1.088 

857.63 

1311.13 

1537.87 

1764.62 

2218.11J  2671.61 

3578.59!  4485.57 

1.089 

858.77 

1312.89 

1539.95 

1767.01 

2221.12!  2675.25 

3583.48!  4491.71 

1.090 

859.91 

1314.66 

1542.03 

1769.40 

2224.141  2678.89 

3588.37!  4497.85 

1.091 

861.05 

1316.42 

1544.10 

1771.79 

2227.16 

2682.53 

3593.16 

4504.00 

1.092 

862.19 

1318.18 

1546.17 

1774.18 

2230.18 

2686.17 

3598.06 

4510.15 

1.093 

863.23 

1319.95 

1548.24 

1776.57 

2233.20 

2689.81 

3603.76 

4516.30 

1.094 

864.37 

1321.72 

1550.32 

1778.96 

2236.22 

2693.46 

3608.66 

4522.45 

1.095 

865.61 

1323.49 

1552.42 

1781.36 

2239.24 

2697.11 

3612.86 

4528.61 

1.096 

866.75 

1325.25 

1554.50 

1783.75 

2242.26 

2700.76 

3617.76 

4534.77 

1.097 

867.89 

1327.60 

1556.58 

1786.15 

2245.28 

2704.41 

3622.67 

4540.93 

1.098 

869.03 

1328.79 

1558.66 

1788.55 

2248.30 

2708.06 

3627.58 

4547.19 

1.099 

860.17 

1330.56 

1560.75 

1790.95 

2251.33 

2711.71 

3632.49 

4553.36 

1.100 

871.31 

1332.33 

1562.84 

1793.35 

2254.36 

2715.37 

3637.40 

4559.43 

1.101 

872.46 

1334.10 

1564.92 

1795.75 

2257.39 

2719.03 

3642.32 

4565.60 

1.102 

873.61 

1335.87 

1567.00 

1798.15 

2260.42 

2722.69   3647.24 

4571.78 

1.103 

874.76 

1337.64 

1569.09 

1800.55 

2263.45 

2726.351  3652.16 

4577.961 

1.104 

875.91 

1339.41 

1571.18 

1802.95 

2266.48 

2730.01 

3657.08 

4584.14 

1.105 

877.03 

1341.19 

1573.27 

1805.36 

2269.52 

2733.68 

3662.00 

4590.32 

1.106 

878.17 

1342.96 

1575.36 

1807.76 

2272.55 

2737.34 

3666.93 

4596.51 

1.107 

879.31 

1344.73 

1577.45 

1810.16 

2275.58 

2741.01 

3671.86 

4602.70 

1.108 

880.45 

1346.51 

1579.54 

1812.57 

2278,62 

2744.67 

3676.79 

4608.89 

1.109 

881.50 

1348.29 

1581.63 

1814.98 

2281.66 

2748.34 

3681.72 

4615.08 

1.110 

882.75 

1350.07 

1583.73 

1817.39 

2284.70 

2752.02 

3686.65 

4621.28 

1.111 

883.89 

1351.85 

1585.82 

1819.80 

2287.74 

2755.69 

3691.59 

4627.48 

1.112 

885.04 

1353.63 

1587.91 

1822.21 

2290.78 

2759.36 

3696.53 

4633.68 

1.113 

886.19 

1355.41 

1590.91 

1824.62 

2293.82 

2763.04 

3701.47 

4639.89 

1.114 

887.34 

1357.19 

1592.11 

1827.03 

2296.87 

2766.72 

3706.41 

4646.10 

1.115 

888.49 

1358.97 

1594.21 

1829.45 

2299.92 

2770.40 

3711.35 

4652.31 

1,116 

889.64 

1360.75 

1596.31 

1831.86 

2302.97 

2774.08 

3716.30 

4658.52 

1.117 

890.79 

1362.53 

1598.41 

1834.27 

2306.02 

2777.76 

3721.25 

4664.74 

1.118 

891.94 

1364.31 

1600.51 

1836.69 

2309.07 

2781.44 

3726.20 

4670.96 

1.119 

893.19 

1366.10 

1602.61 

1839.11 

2312.12 

2785.13 

3731.15 

4677.18 

1.120 

894.24 

1367.89 

1604.71 

1841.53 

2315.17 

2788.82 

3736.11 

4683.40 

1.121 

895.39 

1369.67 

1606.81 

1843.95 

2318.22 

2792.51 

3741.071  4689.63 

L122 

896.54 

1371.45 

1608.91 

1846.37 

2321.28 

2796.20 

3746.03 

4695.861 

1.123 

897.69 

1373.24 

1611.01 

1848.79 

2324.34 

2799.89 

3750.99 

4702.09i 

1.124 

898.84 

1375.03 

1613.12 

1851.21 

2327.40 

2803.58 

3755.95 

4708.32  i 

1.125 

899.99 

1376.82 

1615.23 

1853.64 

2330.46 

2807.28 

3760.92 

4714.56J 

1.126 

901.14 

1378.61 

1617.33 

1856.06 

2333.52 

2810.77 

3765.89 

4720.80 

1.127 

902.29 

1380.40 

1619.44 

1858.48 

2336.58 

2814.27 

3770.86 

4727.04 

1.128 

903.44 

1382.19 

1621.55 

1860.91 

2339.64 

2817.77 

3775.83 

4733.28 

1.129 

904.60 

1383.98 

1623.66 

1863.34 

2342.70 

2821.27 

3780.80 

4739.53 

1.130 

905.76 

1385.77 

1625.77 

1865.77 

2345.77 

2825.77 

3785.78 

4745.78 

1.131 

906.91 

1387.56 

1627.88 

1868.20 

2348.84 

2829.47 

3790.76 

4752.03 

1.132 

908.06 

1389.35 

1629.99 

1870.63 

2351.91 

2833.18 

3795.74 

4758.29 

1.133 

909.22 

1391.14 

1632.10 

1873.06 

235498 

2836.89 

3800.72 

4765.55 

1.134 

910.38 

1392.93 

1634.21 

1875.49 

2358.05 

2840.60 

3805.70   4771.81! 

403 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENG 

TH  OF  T 

BE  WEIR 

Feet. 

4  Fie  . 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.135 

911.54 

1394.73 

1636.33 

1877.92 

2361.12 

2844.31 

3810.69 

4777.07 

.136 

912.69 

1396.52 

1638.44 

1880.35 

2364.19 

2848.02 

3815.68 

4783.34 

.137 

913.84 

1398.32 

1640.55 

1882.79 

2367.26 

2851.73 

3820.67 

4789.61 

.138 

915.00 

1400.12 

1642.67 

1885.23 

2370.33 

2855.44 

3825.66 

4795.88 

.139 

916.16 

1401.92- 

1644.79 

1887.67 

2373.41 

2859.16 

3830.66 

4802.15 

.140 

917.32 

1403.72 

1646.91 

1890.10 

2376.49 

2862.88 

3835.66 

4808.43 

.141 

918.48 

1405.52 

1649.03 

1892.54 

2379.57 

2866.60 

3840.66 

4814.71 

.142 

919.64 

1407.32 

1651.15 

1894.98 

2382.65 

2870.32 

3845.66 

4820.99 

.143 

920.80 

1409.12 

1653.27 

1897.42 

2385.73 

2874.04 

3850.66 

4827.27 

.144 

921.96 

1410.92 

1654.39 

1899.86 

2388.81 

2877.76 

3855.66 

4833.66 

.145 

923.12 

1412.72 

1657.51 

1902.31 

2391.90 

2881.49 

3860.67 

4839.85 

.146 

924.28 

1414.52 

1659.63 

1904.75 

2394.98 

2885.22 

3865.68 

4846.14 

.147 

925.44 

1416.32 

1661.75 

1907.19 

2398.07 

2888.95 

3870.69 

4852.44 

.148 

926.60 

1418.12 

1663.87 

1909.63 

2401.16 

2892.68 

3875.70 

4858.74 

.149 

927.76 

1419.92 

1665.00 

1912.08 

2404.25 

2896.41 

3880.72 

4865.04 

.150 

928.93 

1421.73 

1668.13 

1914.53 

2407.34 

2900.14 

3885.74 

4871.34 

.151 

930.09 

1423.53 

1670.26 

1916.98 

2410.43 

2903.87 

3890.76 

4877.65 

.152 

931.25 

1425.34 

1672.39 

1919.43 

2413.52 

2907.60 

3895.78 

4883.96 

.153 

932.41 

1427.15 

1674.52 

1921.88 

2416.61 

2911.35 

3900.80 

4890.27 

.154 

933.57 

1428.96 

1676.65 

1924.33 

2419.71 

2915.09 

3905.82 

4896.58 

.155 

934.74 

1430.77 

1678.78 

1926.79 

2422.81 

2918.83 

3910.86 

4902.90 

.156 

935.90 

1432.58 

1680.90 

1929.24 

2425.91 

2922.57 

3915.89 

4909.22 

.157 

937.06 

1434.39 

1683.02 

1931  .69 

2429.01 

2926.31 

3920.92 

4915.56 

.158 

938.23 

1436.20 

1685.15 

1934.14 

2432.11 

2930.05 

3925.96 

4921.89 

.159 

939.40 

1438.01 

1687.28 

1936.60 

2435.21 

2933.80 

3931.00 

4928.19 

.160 

940.57 

1439.82 

1689.44 

1939.06 

2438.31 

2937.55 

3936.04 

4934.52 

.161 

941.73 

1441.63 

1691.55 

1941.52 

2441.41 

2941.30 

3941.08 

4940.85 

.162 

942.90 

1443.45 

1693.69 

1943.98 

2444.51 

2945.05 

3946.12 

4947.19 

.163 

944.07 

1445.27 

1695.83 

1946.44 

2447.62 

2948.80 

3951.16 

4953.53 

.164 

945.24 

1447.09 

1697.97 

1948.90 

2450.73 

2952.55 

3956.21 

4959.87 

.165 

946.41 

1448.89 

1700.12 

1951.36 

2453.84 

2956.31 

3961.26 

4966.21 

.166 

947.57 

1450.70 

1702.26 

1954.82 

2456.95 

2960.07 

3966.31 

4972.56 

.167 

948.74 

1452.51 

1704.40 

1957.28 

2460.06 

2963.83 

3971.36 

4978.91 

.168 

949.91 

1454.33 

1706.54 

1959.74 

2463.17 

2967.59 

3976.41 

4985.26 

.169 

951.08 

1456.15 

1708.68 

1962.21 

2466.28 

2971.35 

3981.47 

4991.61 

.170 

952.25 

1457.97 

1710.83 

1963.68 

2469.40 

2975.11 

3986.54 

4997.96 

.171 

953.42 

1459.89 

1712.97 

1966.15 

2472.51 

2978.87 

3991.60 

5004.32 

.172 

954.59 

1461.71 

1715.11 

1968.62 

2475.63 

2982.64 

3996.66 

5010.68 

.173 

955.76 

1463.53 

1717.25 

1971.09 

2478.75 

2986.41 

4001.76 

5017.04 

.174 

956.93 

1465.35 

1719.40 

1973.56 

2481.87 

2990.18 

4006.83 

5023.41 

.175 

958.11 

1467.07 

1721.55 

1976.03 

2484.99 

2993.95 

4011.86 

5029.78 

.176 

959.28 

1468.89 

1723.70 

1978.50 

2488.11 

2997.72 

4016.93 

5036.15 

.177 

960.45 

1470.71 

1725.85 

1980.97 

2491.23 

3001.49 

4022.00 

5042.52 

.178 

961.62 

1472.53 

1728.00 

1983.44 

2494.35 

3005.26 

4027.08 

5048.90 

.179 

962.80 

1474.36 

1730.15 

1985.92 

2497.48 

3009.04 

4032.16 

5055.20 

.180 

963.98 

1476.19 

1732.30 

1988.40 

2500.61 

3012.82 

4037.24 

5061.66 

.181 

965.15 

1478.01 

1734.45 

1990.84 

2503.87 

3016.60 

4042.32 

5068.05 

.182 

966.32 

1479.84 

1736.60 

1993.29 

2506.87 

3020.38 

4047.40 

5074.44 

1.183 

967.49 

1481.67 

1738.75 

1995.74 

2510.00 

3024.16 

4052.49 

5080.83 

1.184 

968.67 

1483.50 

1740.90 

1998.19 

2513.13 

3027.94 

4057.58 

5087.22 

1.185 

969.85 

1485.33 

1743.06 

2000.80 

2516.27 

3031.73 

4062.67 

5093.61 

1.186 

971.02 

1487.16 

1745.21 

2003.28 

2519.40 

3035.52 

4067.76 

5100.01 

1.187 

972.20 

1488.99 

1747.36 

2005.76 

2522.53 

3039.31 

4072.76 

5106.41 

1.188 

973.38 

1490.82 

1749.52 

2008.24 

2525.67 

3043.10 

4077.86 

5112.81 

1.189 

974.56 

1492.65 

1751.68 

2010.72 

2528.81 

3046.89 

4082.96 

5119.22 

1.190 

975.74 

1494.48 

1753.84 

2013.21 

2531.95 

3050.68 

4088.15 

5125.63 

1.191 

976.91 

1496.31 

1756.00 

2015.69 

2535.09 

3054.47 

4093.25 

5132.04 

1.192 

978.09 

1498.14 

1758.16 

2018.18 

2538.23 

3058.27 

4098.36 

5138.45 

404 


Depth 


Weir. 

Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet." 

20  Feet. 

1.193 

979.27 

1499.97 

1760.32 

2020.67 

2541.37 

3062.07 

4103.47 

5144.86 

1.194 

980.45 

1501.80 

1762.58 

2023.16 

2544.51 

3066.87 

4108.58 

5151.28 

1.195 

981.63 

1503.64 

1764.65 

2025.65 

2547.66 

3069.67 

4113.69 

5157.70 

.196 

982.81 

1505.47 

1766.81 

2028.14 

2550.80 

3073.47 

4118.80 

5164.12 

.197 

983.99 

1507.31 

1768.97 

2030.63 

2553.95 

3077:27 

4123.91 

5170.55 

.198 

985.17 

1509.15 

1771.13 

2033.12 

2557.10 

3081.07 

4129.03 

5176.98 

.199 

986.35 

1510.99 

1773.30 

2035.62 

2560.25 

3084.88 

4134.25 

5183.41 

.200 

987.54 

1512.83 

1775.47 

2038.12 

2563.40 

3088.69 

4139.27 

5189.84 

1.201 

988.72 

1514.67 

1777.64 

2040.61 

2566.55 

3092.50 

4144.29 

5196.28 

1.202 

989.90 

1516.51 

1779.81 

2043.10 

2569.70 

3096.31 

4149.41 

5202.72 

1.203 

:991.08 

1518.35 

1781.98 

2045.60 

2572.86 

3100.12 

4154.54 

5209.16 

1.204 

992.26 

1520.19 

1784.15 

2048.10 

2576.02 

3103.93 

4159.67 

5235.60 

1.205 

993.45 

1522.03 

1786.32 

2050.60 

2579.18 

3107.75 

4164.90 

5222.05 

1.206 

994.63 

1523.87 

1788.49 

2053.10 

2582.34 

3111.57 

4170.03 

5228.50 

1.207 

995.81 

1525.71 

1790.66 

2055.60 

2585.50 

3115.39 

4175.17 

5234.95 

1.208 

996.99 

1527.55 

1792.83 

2058.10 

2588.66 

3119.21 

4180.31 

5241.40 

1.209 

998.18 

1529.40 

1795.00 

2060.60 

2591.82 

3123.03 

4185.45 

5247.86 

1.210 

999.37 

1531.25 

1797.18 

2063.11 

2594.98 

3126.85 

4190.59 

5254.32 

1.211 

1000.56 

1533.09 

1799.35 

2065.61 

2598.14 

3130.67 

4195.73 

5260.78 

1.212 

1001.75 

1534.93 

1801.52 

2068.12 

2601.31 

3134.49 

4200.87 

5267.24 

1.213 

1002.94 

1536.78 

1803.70 

2070.63 

2604.48 

3138.32 

4206.21 

5273.71 

1.214 

1004.13 

1538.63 

1805.88 

2073.14 

2607.65 

3142.15 

4211.17 

5280.18 

1.215 

1005.31 

1540.48 

1808.06 

2075.65 

2610.82 

3145.98 

4216.32 

5286.65 

1.216 

1006.49 

1542.33 

1810.24 

2078.16 

2613.99 

3149.81 

4221.47 

5293.13 

1.217 

1007.68 

1544.18 

1812.44 

2080.67 

2617.16 

3153.64 

4226.62 

5299.61 

1.218 

1008.87 

1546.03 

1814.62 

2083.18 

2620.33 

3157.47 

4231.78 

5306.09 

1.219 

1010.06 

1547.88 

1816.80 

2085.69 

2623.50 

3161.31 

4236.94 

5312.57 

1.220 

1011.25 

1549.73 

1818.97 

2088.20 

2626.68 

3165.15 

4242.10 

5319.05 

1.221 

1012.44 

1551.58 

1821.15 

2090.71 

2629.85 

3168.99 

4247.26 

5325.54 

1.222 

1013.63 

1553.43 

1823.33 

2093.22 

2633.03 

3172.83 

4252.43 

5332.03 

1.223 

1014.82 

1555.28 

1825.52 

2095.74 

2636  21 

3176.67 

4257.60 

5338.52 

1.224 

1016.01 

1557.14 

1827.71 

2098.26 

2639.38 

3180.51 

4262.77 

5345.01 

1.225 

1017.20 

1559.00 

1829.89 

2100.78 

2642.57 

3184.36 

4267.94 

5351.51 

1.226 

1018.39 

1560.85 

1832.07 

2103.30 

2645.75 

3188.20 

4273.11 

5358.01 

1.227 

1019.58 

1562.70 

1834.26 

2105.82 

2648.93 

3192.05 

4278.28 

5364.51 

1.228 

1020.77 

1564.56 

1836.45 

2108.34 

2652.12 

3195.90 

4283.46 

5371.02 

1.229 

1021.96 

1566.42 

1838.64 

2110.86 

2655.31 

3199.75 

4288.64 

5377.53 

1.230 

1023.16 

1568.28 

1840.83 

2113.39 

2658.50 

3203.60 

4293.82 

5384.04 

1.231 

1024.35 

1570.14 

1843.02 

2115.91 

2661.69 

3207.45 

4299.00 

5390.55 

1.232 

1025.54 

1572.00 

1845.21 

2118.43 

2664.88 

3211.30 

4304.19 

5397.07 

1.233 

1026.74 

1573.86 

1847.40 

2120.95 

2668.07 

3215.16 

4309.38 

5303.59 

1.234 

1027.94 

1575.72 

1849.59 

2123.48 

2671.26 

3219.02 

4314.58 

5310.11 

1.235 

1029.14 

1577.58 

1851.79 

2126.01 

2674.45 

3222.88 

4319.76 

5416.63 

1.236 

1030.33 

1579.44 

1853.98 

2128.54 

2677.64 

3226.74 

4324.75 

5423.18 

1.237 

1031.52 

1581.30 

1856.18 

2131.48 

2680.83 

3230.60 

4329.95 

5429.71 

1.238 

1032.72 

1583.16 

1858.38 

2133.60 

2684.03 

3224.46 

43^5.15 

5436.24 

1.239 

1033.92 

1585.02 

1860.58 

2136.13 

2687.23 

3238.33 

4340.35 

5442.77 

1.240 

1035.12 

1586.89 

1862.78 

2138.66 

2690.43 

3242.20 

4345.74 

5449.28 

1.241 

1036.31 

1588.75 

1864.98 

2141.19 

2693.63 

3246.07 

4350.94 

555582 

1.242 

1037.51 

1590.61 

1867.18 

2143.72 

2696.83 

3249.94 

4356.14 

5562.36 

1.243 

1038.71 

1592.48 

1869.38 

2146.25 

2700.03 

3253.81 

4361.35 

5568.90 

1.244 

1039.91 

1594.35 

1871.58 

2148.79 

2703.23 

3257.68 

4366.56 

5575.45 

1.245 

1041.11 

1596.22 

1873.78 

2151.33 

2706.44 

3261.55 

4371.77 

5482.00 

1.246 

1042.31 

1598.09 

1875.98 

2153.86 

2709.64 

3265.42 

4376.98 

5  i88.55 

1.247 

1043.51 

1599.96 

1878.18 

2156.40 

2712.85 

3269.30 

4382.20 

5495.10 

1.248 

1044.71 

1601.83 

1880.38 

2158.94 

2716.06 

3273.18 

4387.42 

5501.65 

1.249 

1045.91 

1603.70 

1882.59 

2161.48 

2719.27 

3277.06 

4392.64 

5508.21 

1.250 

1047.11 

1605.57 

1884.80 

2164.02 

2722.48 

3280.94 

4397.86 

"!  !.7T 

405 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.251 

1048.31 

1607.44 

1887.00 

2166.56 

2725.69 

3284.82 

4403.08 

5521.33 

1.252 

1049.51 

1609.31 

1889.20 

2169.10 

2728.90 

3288.70 

4408.30 

5527.90 

1.253 

1050.71 

1611.18 

1891.41 

2171.64 

2732.11 

3292.58 

4413.53 

5534.47 

1.254 

1051.91 

1613.05 

1893.62 

2174.19 

2735.33 

3296.47 

4418.76 

5541.04 

1.255 

1053.11 

1614.93 

1895.83 

2176.74 

2738.55 

3300.36 

4423.99 

5547.61 

1.256 

1054.31 

1616.80 

1898.04 

2179.28 

2741.77 

3304.25 

4429.22 

5554.19 

1.257 

1055.51 

1618.67 

1900.25 

2181.83 

2744.99 

3308.14 

4434.55 

5560.77 

1.258 

1056.71 

1620.55 

1902.46 

2184.38 

2748.21 

3312.04 

4439.69 

5567.35 

1.259 

1057.91 

1622.43 

1904.67 

2186.93 

2751.43 

3315.94 

4445.93 

5573.93 

1.260 

1059.12 

1624.31 

1906.89 

2189.48 

2754.65 

3319.82 

4450.17 

5580.51 

1.261 

1060.32 

1626.18 

1909.10 

2192.03 

2757.87 

3323.72 

4455.41 

5587.10 

1.262 

1061.52 

1628.06 

1911.31 

2194.58 

2761.09 

3327.62 

4460.65 

5593.69 

1.263 

1062.72 

1629.94 

1913.53 

2197.13 

2764.32 

3331.52 

4465.90 

5600.28 

1.264 

1063.93 

1631.82 

1915.75 

2199.68 

2767.55 

3335.42 

4471.15 

5607.87 

1.265 

1065.14 

1633.70 

1917.97 

2202.24 

2770.78 

3339.32 

4476.40 

5613.47 

1.266 

1066.62 

1635.58 

1920.19 

2204.79 

2774.01 

3343.23 

4481.65 

5620.04 

1.267 

1067.83 

1637.46 

1922.41 

2207.34 

2777.24 

3347.14 

4487.90 

5626.65 

1.268 

1069.04 

1639.34 

1924.63 

2209.90 

2780.47 

3351.05 

4493.16 

5633.26 

1.269 

1070.25 

1641.22 

1926.85 

2212.46 

2783.70 

3354.96 

4498.42 

5639.87 

1.270 

1071.19 

1643.11 

1929.07 

2215.02 

2786.94 

3358.85 

4502.68 

5646.51 

1.271 

1072.40 

1644.99 

1931.29 

2217.58 

2790.17 

3362.76 

4507.94 

5653.12 

1.272 

1073.61 

1646.88 

1933.51 

2220.14 

2793.41 

3366.67 

4513.20 

5659.74 

1.273 

1074.82 

1648.77 

1935.73 

2222.70 

2796.65 

3370*.58 

4518.47 

5666.36 

1.274 

1076.03 

1650.66 

1937.95 

2225.26 

2799.89 

3374.50 

4523.74 

5672.98 

1.275 

1077.24 

1652.54 

1940.18 

2227.83 

2803.13 

3378.42 

4529.01 

5679.60 

1.276 

1078.45 

1654.42 

1942.40 

2230.39 

2806.37 

3382.34 

4534.28 

5686.23 

1.277 

1079.66 

1656.31 

1944.63 

2232.95 

2809.61 

3386.26 

4539.55 

5692.86 

1.278 

1080.87 

1658.20 

1946.86 

2235.52 

2812.85 

3390.18 

4544.83 

5699.49 

1.279 

1082.08 

1660.09 

1949.09 

2238.09 

2816.09 

3394.10 

4550.11 

5706.12 

1.280 

1083.29 

1661.98 

1951.32 

2240.66 

2819.34 

3398.02 

4555.39 

5712.75 

1.281 

1084.50 

1663.88 

1953.55 

2243.23 

2822.34 

3401.94 

4560.67 

5719.39 

1.282 

1085.71 

1665.77 

1955.78 

2245.80 

2825.84 

3405.87  1  4565.93 

5726.03 

1.283 

1086.91 

1667.66 

1958.01 

2248.37 

2829.09 

3409.80   4571.22 

5732.67 

1.284 

1087.12 

1669.55 

1960.24 

2250.94 

2832.34 

3413.73  4576.51 

5739.32 

1.285 

1089.35 

1671.43 

1962.47 

2253.51 

2835.59 

3417.66  4581.82 

5745.97 

1.286 

1090.56 

1673.32 

1964.70 

2256.08 

2838.84 

3421.59  4587.21 

5752.62 

1.287 

1091.77 

1675.21 

1966.93 

2258.65 

2842.09 

3425.52   4592.50 

5759.27 

1.288 

1092.99 

1677.10 

1969.16 

2261.22 

2845.34 

3429.46  4597.79 

5765.93 

1.289 

1094.21 

1679.00 

1971.40 

2263.80 

2848.60 

3433.40,  4603.09 

5772.59 

1.290 

1095.43 

1680.90 

1973.64 

2266.38 

2851.86 

3437.341  4608.29 

5779.25 

1.291 

1096.64 

1682.79 

1975.85 

2268.96 

2855.12 

3441.  28  i  4613.59 

5785.91 

1.292 

1097.85 

1684.69 

1978.11 

2271.54 

2858.38 

3445.22!  4618.89 

5792.57 

1.293 

1099.07 

1686.59 

1980.35 

2274.12 

2861.64 

3449.16 

4624.20 

5799.24 

1.294 

1100.29 

1688.49 

1982.59 

2276.70 

2864.90 

3453.10 

4629.51 

5805.91 

1.295 

1101.51 

1690.39 

1984.83 

2279.28 

2868.16 

3457.05 

4634.82 

5812.58 

1.296 

1102.72 

1692.29 

1987.07 

2281.86 

2871.42 

3460.99 

4640.13 

5819.26 

1.297 

1103.93 

1694.19 

1989.31 

2284.44 

2874.68 

3464.94 

4645.44 

5825.94 

1.298 

1105.15 

1696.09 

1991.55 

2287.02 

2877.95 

3468.99 

4650.75 

5832.62 

1.299 

1106.37 

1697.99 

1993.80 

2289.61 

2881.22 

3472.94 

4656.07 

5839.30 

1.300 

1107.59 

1699.90 

1996.05 

2292.20 

2884.49 

3476.79 

4661.39 

5845.98 

1.301 

1108.81 

1701.80 

1998.29 

2294.78 

2887.76 

3480.74 

4666.71 

5852.67 

1.302 

1110.03 

1703.70 

2000.53 

2297.36   2891.03 

3484.70 

4672.03 

5859.36 

1.303 

1111.25 

1705.60 

2002.77 

2299.95   2894.30 

3488.66 

4677.35 

5866.05 

1.304 

1112.47 

1707.50 

2005.02 

2302.54   2897.57 

3492.66 

4682.68 

5872.741 

1.305 

1113.69 

1709.41 

2007.27 

2305.13 

2900.85 

3496.57 

4688.01 

5879.44 

1.306 

1114.91 

1711.31 

2009.52 

2307.72 

2904.12 

3500.53 

4693.34 

5886.14 

1.307 

1116.13 

1713.22 

2011.77 

2310.31   2907.40 

3504.49 

4698.67 

5892.84 

1.308 

1117.35 

1715.13 

2014.02 

2313.90!  2910.68 

3508.45 

4704.00 

5899.55 

406 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.309 
1.310 
1.311 
1.312 
1.313 
1.314 
1.315 
1.316 
1.317 
1.318 
1.319 
1.320 
1.321 
1.322 
1.323 
1.324 
1.325 
1.326 
1.327 
1.328 
1.329 
1.330 
1.331 
1.332 
1.333 
1.334 
1.335 
1.336 
1.337 
1.338 
1.339 
1.340 
1.341 
1.342 
1.343 
1.344 
1.345 
1.346 
1.347 
1.348 
1.349 
1.350 
1.351 
1.352 
1.353 
1.354 
1.355 
1.356 
1.357 
1.358 
1.359 
1.360 
1.361 
1.362 
1.363 
1.364 
1.365 
1.366 

1118.52 
1119.80 
1121.62 
1122.24 
1123.47 
1124.70 
1125.92 
1127.36 
1128.59 
1129.81 
1131.04 
1132.04 
1133.26 
1134.48 
1135.71 
1136.94 
1138.17 
1139.39 
1140.62 
1141.85 
1143.08 
1144.31 
1145.54 
1146.77 
1148.00 

1717.04 
1718.95 
1720.86 
1722.77 
1724.68 
1726.59 
1728.50 
1730.41 
1732.32 
1734.23 
1736.14 
1738.06 
1739.97 
1741.88 
1743.80 
1745.72 
1747.64 
1749.56 
1751.48 
1753.40 
1755.32 
1757.24 
1759.16 
1761.08 
1763.90 
1764.92 
1766.85 
1768.77 
1770.69 
1772.60 
1774.53 
1776.47 
1778.39 
1780.32 
1782.25 
1784.18 
1786.11 
1788.04 
1789.97 
1791.90 
1793.83 
1795.77 
1797.70 
1799.63 
1801.56 
1803.50 
1805.44 
1807.37 
1809.31 
1811.25 
1813.19 
1815.13 
1817.07 
1819.01 
1820.95 
1822.89 
1824.83 
1826.77 

2016.27 
2018.52 
2020.77 
2023.02 
2025.27 
2027.53 
2029.79 
2032.04 
2034.29 
2036.55 
2038.81 
2041.07 
2043.33 
2045.59 
2047.85 
2050.11 
2052.38 
2054.64 
2056.90 
2059.16 
2061.43 
2063.70 
2065.96 
2068.23 
2070.50 
2072.77 
2075.04 
2077.31 
2079.58 
2081.85 
2084.12 
2086.40 
2088.67 
2090.94 
2093.21 
2095.49 
2097.77 
2100.05 
2102.33 
2104.61 
2106.89 
2109.17 
2111.45 
2113.73 
2116.01 
2118.29 
2120.58 
2122.86 
2125.14 
2127.43 
2129.72 
2132.01 
2134.30 
2136.58 
2138.87 
2141.16 
2143.46 
2145.75 

H-,        . 

2316.49 
2318.09 
2320.68 
2323.28 
2325.88 
2328.48 
2331.08 
2333.68 
2336.28 
2338.88 
2341.48 
2344.08 
2346.68 
2349.28 
2351.89 
2354.50 
2357.11 
2359.72 
2362.33 
2364.94 
2367.55 
2370.16 
2372.77 
2375.38 
2377.99 
2380.61 
2383.23 
2385.84 
2388.46 
2391.08 
2393.70 
2396.32 
2398.94 
2401.56 
2404.18 
2406.80 
2409.43 
2412.05 
2414.68 
2417.31 
2419.94 
2422.57 
2425.20 
2427.83 
2430.46 
2433.09 
2435.72 
2438.35 
2440.98 
2443.62 
2446.26 
2448.90 
2451.54 
2454.18 
2456.82 
2459.46 
2462.10 
2464.74 

2913.96 
2917.24 
2920.52 
2923.80 
2927.08 
2930.37 
2933.66 
2936.94 
2940.23 
2943.52 
2946.81 
2950.10 
2953.39 
2956.68 
2959.97 
2963.07 
2966.57 
2969.87 
2973.17 
2976.47 
2979.77 
2983.07 
2986.37 
2989.68 
2992.99 
2996.30 
2999.61 
3002.92 
3006.23 
3009.54 
3012.85 
3016.17 
3019.48 
3022.79 
3026.11 
3029.43 
3032.75 
3036.07 
3039.39 
3042.71 
3046.03 
3049.36 
3052.68 
3056.01 
3059.34 
3062.67 
3066.00 
3069.33 
3072.66 
3075.99 
3079.33 
3082.67 
3086.01 
3089.35 
3092.69 
3096.03 
3099.37 
3102.71 

3512.42 
3516.39 
3520.36 
3524.33 
3528.30 
3532.27 
3536.24 
3540.21 
3544.18 
3548.18 
3552.16 
3556.12 
3560.10 
3564.08 
3568.06 
3572.05 
3576.04 
3580.03 
3584.02 
3588.01 
3592.00 
3595.99 
3599.98 
3603.98 
3607.98 
3611.98 
3615.98 
3619.98 
3623.98 
3627.99 
3632.00 
3636.01 
3640.02 
3644.03 
3648.04 
3652.05 
3656.06 
3660.08 
3664.10 
3668.12 
3672.14 
3676.16 
3680.18 
3684.20 
3688.22 
3692.25 
3996.28 
3700.31 
3704.34 
3708.38 
3712.42 
3716.45 
3720.48 
3724.52 
3728.56 
3732.60 
3736.64 
3740.68 

4709.34 
4714.68 
4720.02 
4725.36 
4730.70 
4736.04 
4741.40 
4746.75 
4752.10 
4757.45 
4762.80 
4768.16 
4773.52 
4778.88 
4784.24 
4789.60 
4794.97 
4800.36 
4805.73 
4811.10 
4816.47 
4821.83 
4827.21 
4832.59 
4837.97 
4843.35 
4848.74 
4854.13 
4859.52 
4864.91 
4870.20 
4875.70 
4881.11 
4886.52 
4891.93 
4897.34 
4902.70 
4908.22 
4913.65 
4919.08 
4924.51 
4929.75 
4935.17 
4940.59 
4946.01 
4951.43 
4956.85 
4962.27 
4967.70 
4973.13 
4978.56 
4983.99 
4989.43 
4994.87 
5000.31 
5005.75 
5011.19 
5016.63 

5906.26 
5912.97 
5919.68 
5926.39 
5933.11 
5939.89 
5946.55 
5953.28 
5960.01 
5966.74 
5973.47 
5980.20 
5986.94 
5993.68 
6000.42 
6007.16 
6013.90 
6020.65 
6027.40 
6034.15 
6040.91 
6047.67 
6054.43 
6061.19 
6067.96 
6074.73 
6081.50 
6088.27 
6095.04 
6101.82 
6108.60 
6115.38 
6122.17 
6128.96 
6135.75 
6142.54. 
6149.33 
6156  13 

6162.93 
6169.73 
6176.53 
6183.34 
6190.15 
6196.96 
6203.77 
6210.59 
6217.41 
6224.23 
6231.05 
6237.88 
6246.51 
6251.54 
6258.37 
6265.21 
6272.05 
6278.89 
6285.73 
6292.58 

407 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

1.367 

1828.71 

2148.08 

2467.38 

3106.05 

3744.72 

5022.07 

6299.43 

1.368 

1830.65 

2150.33 

2470.02 

3109.40 

3748.77 

5027.52 

6306.28 

1.369 

1832.59 

2152.63 

2472.66 

3112.75 

3752.82 

5032.97 

6313.13 

1.370 

1834.54 

2154.93 

2475.32 

3116.10 

3756.87 

5038.42 

6319.98 

1.371 

1836.48 

2157.22 

2477.96 

3119.45 

3760.92 

5043.87 

6326.84 

1.372 

1838.42 

2159.52 

2480.61 

3122.80 

3764.97 

5049.33 

6333.70 

1.373 

1840.37 

2161.82 

2483.26 

3126.15 

3769.02 

5054.79 

6340.56 

1.374 

1842.32 

2164.12 

2485.91 

3129.50 

3773.07 

5060.25 

6347.42, 

1.375 

1844.27 

2166.42 

2488.56 

3132.85 

3777.13 

5065.71 

6354.28 

1.376 

1846.22 

2168.72 

2491.21 

3136.20 

3781.19 

5071.17 

6361.05 

1.377 

1848.17 

2171.02 

2493.86 

3139.55 

3785.25 

5076.63 

6368.02 

1.378 

1850.15 

2173.32 

2496.51 

3142.91 

3789.30 

5082.10 

6374.89 

1.379 

1852.10 

2175.62 

2499.16 

3146.27 

3793.36 

5087.57 

6381.77 

1.380 

1854.02 

2177.92 

2501.82 

3149.63 

3797.43 

5093.04 

6388.65 

1.381 

1855.97 

2180.22 

2504.47 

3152.99 

3801.49 

5098.51 

6395.531 

1.382 

1857.92 

2182.52 

2507.13 

3156.35 

3806.55 

5103.98 

6402.40 

1.383 

1859.87 

2184.82 

2509.79 

3159.71 

3810.62 

5109.46 

6409.30 

1.384 

1861.82 

2187.13 

2512.45 

3163.07 

3814.69 

5114.94 

6416.19 

1.385 

1863.78 

2189.44 

2515.11 

3166.43 

3817.76 

5120.42 

6423.08 

1.386 

1865.73 

2191.74 

2517.77 

3169.79 

3821.83 

5125.90 

6429.97 

1.387 

1867.68 

2194.05 

2520.43 

3173.16 

3825.90 

5131.34 

6436.86 

1.388 

1869.63 

2196.36 

2523.09 

3176.53 

3829.97 

5136.82 

6443.76 

1.389 

1871.69 

2198.67 

2525.75 

3179.90 

3834.05 

5142.31 

6450.66 

1.390 

1873.55 

2200.98 

2528.41 

3183.27 

3838.13 

5147.84 

6457.56 

1.391 

1875.50 

2203.29 

2531.07 

3186.64 

3842.12 

5153.35 

6464.47 

1.392 

1877.46 

2205.60 

2533.73 

3190.01 

3846.29 

5158.86 

6471.38 

1.393 

1879.42 

2207.91 

2536.40 

3193.38 

3850.37 

5164.38 

6478.29 

1.394 

1881.38 

2210.22 

2539.07 

3196.75 

3854.45 

5169.90 

6485.20 

1.395 

1883.34 

2212.54 

2541.74 

3200.13 

3858.53 

5175.32 

6492.11 

1.396 

1885.30 

2214.85 

2544.40 

3203.50 

3862.61 

5180.82 

6499.03 

1.397 

1887.26 

2217.16 

2547.07 

3206.88 

3866.69 

5186.32 

6505.95 

1.398 

1889.22 

2219.47 

2549.74 

3210.26 

3870.78 

5191.82 

6512.87 

1.399 

1891.18 

2221.79 

2552.41 

3213.64 

3875.87 

5197.32 

6519.85 

1.400 

1893.14 

2224.11 

2555.68 

3217.02 

3878.96 

5202.83 

6526.71 

1.401 

1895.10 

2226.43 

2557.75 

3220.40 

3883.05 

5208.34 

6533.64 

1.402 

1897.06 

2228.75 

2560.42 

3223.78 

3887.14 

5213.85 

6540.57 

1.403 

1899.02 

2231.07 

2563.09 

3227.16 

3891.23 

5219.36 

6547.50 

1.404 

1900.99 

2233.39 

2565.77 

3230.55 

3895.32 

5224.88 

6545.43 

1.405 

1902.96 

2235.71 

2568.45 

3233.94 

3899.42 

5230.40 

6561.37 

1.406 

1904.92 

2038.03 

2571.12 

3237.32 

3903.52 

5235.92 

6568.29 

1.407 

1906.88 

2040.35 

2573.79 

3240.71 

3907.62 

5239.44 

6575.21 

1.408 

1908.84 

2042.67 

2576.46 

3244.10 

3910.72 

5244.96 

6582.14 

1.409 

1910.81 

2044.99 

2579.13 

3247.49 

3913.82 

5248.48 

6589.17 

1.410 

1912.79 

2247.32 

2581.81 

3250.88 

3919.92 

5258.01 

6596.10 

1.411 

1914.76 

2249.64 

2584.94 

3254.27 

3924.02 

5263.54 

6603.05 

1.412 

1916.73 

2251.96 

2587.18 

3257.66 

3928.13 

5267.07 

6610.00 

1.413 

1918.70 

2254.78 

2589.88 

3261.05 

3932.24 

5272.60 

6616.95 

1.414 

1920.67 

2256.61 

2592.58 

3264.45 

3936.35 

5278.13 

6623.91 

1.415 

1922.64 

2258.94 

2595.25 

3267.85 

3940.46 

5285.67 

6630.87 

1.416 

1924.61 

2261.27 

2598.93 

3271.65 

3944.57 

5289.22 

6637.73 

1.417 

1926.58 

2263.60 

2601.61 

3274.05 

3948.68 

5292.76 

6644.60 

1.418 

1928.55 

2265.93 

2604.30 

3279.45 

3955.79 

5296.21 

6651.47 

1.419 

1930.52 

2268.26 

2606.99 

3280.85 

3959.90 

5299.65 

6658.34 

1.420 

1932.50 

2270.59 

2608.68 

3284.85 

3961.02 

5313.37 

6665.71 

1.421 

1934.47 

2272.92 

2611.37 

3288.25 

3965.14 

5318.92 

6672.69 

1.422 

1936.44 

2275.25 

2614.06 

3291.65 

3969.26 

5324.47 

6679.67 

1.423 

1938.42 

2277.58 

2616.75 

3295,05 

3973.38 

5300.02 

6686.65 

1.424 

1940.40 

2279.91 

2619.44 

3298.46 

3977.51 

5335.57 

6693.63 

4o8 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.425 

1942.38 

2282.25 

2622.13 

3301.87 

3981.02 

5341.12 

6700.61 

1.426 

1944.35 

2284.58 

2624.83 

3305.28 

3985.75 

5346.67 

0707.CJ 

1.427 

1946.33 

2286.91 

2627.52 

3308.69 

3989.88 

5352.23 

6714.59 

1.428 

1948.31 

2289.25 

2630.21 

3312.10 

3994.01 

5357.79 

6721.58 

1.429 

1950.29 

2291.59 

2632.90 

3315.51 

3998.15 

5363.35 

6728.57 

1.430 

1952.27 

2293.93 

2635.60 

3318.93 

4002.25 

5368.91 

6735.57 

1.431 

1954.25 

2296.27 

2638.29 

3322.34 

4006.38 

5374.47 

6742.57 

1.432 

1956.23 

2298.61 

2640.99 

3325.75 

4010.51 

5380.04 

6749.57 

1.433 

1958.21 

2300.95 

2643.69 

3329.17 

4014.64 

5385.61 

6756.57 

1.434 

1960.19 

2303.09 

2646.39 

3332.59 

4018.78 

5391.18 

6763.57 

1.435 

1962.17 

2305.63 

2649.09 

3336.01 

4022.92 

5396.75 

6770.58 

1.436 

1964.15 

2307.97 

2651.79 

3339.23 

4027.06 

5402.32 

6777.59 

1.437 

1966.13 

2310.31 

2654.49 

3342.45 

4031.20 

5407.90 

6784.60 

1.438 

1968.11 

2312.65 

2657.19 

3345.67 

4035.34 

5413.48 

6791.61. 

1.439 

1970.09 

2315.00 

2659.89 

3348.89 

4039.48 

5419.06 

6798.63] 

1.440 

1972.09 

2317.35 

2662.60 

3353.11 

4043.62 

5424.64 

6805.65  j 

1.441 

1974.07 

2319.69 

2665.30 

3356.53 

4047.76 

5430.22 

6812.67 

1.442 

1976.05 

2322.03 

2668.00 

3359.95 

4051.90 

5435.80 

6819.70 

1.443 

1978.04 

2324.38 

2670.71 

3363.38 

4056.05 

5441.39 

6826.73 

1.444 

1980.03 

2326.73 

2673.42 

3366.81 

4060.20 

5446.98 

6833.76 

1.445 

1982.02 

2329.08 

2676.13 

3370.24 

4064.35 

5452.57 

6840.79 

1.446 

1984.01 

2331.43 

2678.84 

3373.67 

4068.50 

5458.16 

6847.80 

1.447 

1986.00 

2333.78 

2681.55 

3377.10 

4072.65 

5463.75 

6854.83 

1.448 

1987.99 

2336.13 

2684.26 

3380.53 

4076.80 

5469.34 

6861.87 

1.449 

1989.98 

2338.48 

2686.97 

3383.96 

4080.96 

5474.94 

6868.91 

1.450 

1991.97 

2340.83 

2689.69 

3387.40 

4085.12 

5480.54 

6875.97 

1.451 

1993.96 

2343.18 

2692.40 

3390.83 

4089.27 

5486.14 

6883.01 

1.452 

1996.95 

2345.53 

2695.11 

3394.27 

4093.43 

5491.74 

6890.06 

1.453 

1997.94 

2347.88 

2697.82 

3397.71 

4097.59 

5497.34 

6897.11 

1.454 

1999.93 

2350.24 

2700.54 

3401.15 

4101.75 

5502.95 

6904.16 

1.455 

2001.93 

2352.60 

2703.26 

3404.59 

4105.91 

5508.56 

6911.21 

1.456 

2203.92 

2354.95 

2705.97 

3408.03 

4110.07 

5514.17 

6918.27 

1.457 

2205.91 

2357.30 

2708.69 

3411.47 

4114.23 

5519.78 

6925.33 

1.458 

2207.91 

2359.66 

2711.41 

3414.91 

4118.40 

5525.39 

6932.39 

1.459 

2209.91 

2362.06 

2714.13 

3418.35 

4122.57 

5531.01 

6939.45 

1.460 

2011.91 

2364.38 

2716.85 

3421.80 

4126.74 

5536.63 

6946.52 

1.461 

2013.90 

2366.74 

2719.57 

3425.24 

4130.91 

5542.25 

6953.59 

1.462 

2015.90 

2369.10 

2722.29 

3428.69 

4135.08 

5547.87 

6960.66 

1.463 

2017.90 

2371.46 

2725.01 

3432.14 

4139.25!   5553.49 

6967.73 

1.464 

2019.90 

2373.82 

2727.74 

3435.59 

4143.43 

5559.11 

6974.80 

1.465 

2021.90 

2376.18 

2730.47 

3439.04 

4147.61 

5564.74 

6981.88 

1.466 

2023.90 

2378.64 

2733.19 

3442.49 

4151.78 

5570.37 

6988.96 

1.467 

2025.90 

2380.90 

2735.91 

3445.94 

4155.96 

5576.00 

6996.04 

1.468 

2027.90 

2383.26 

2738.64 

3449.39 

4160.14 

5581.63 

7003.12 

1.469 

2029.90 

2385.63 

2741.37 

3452.84 

4164.28 

5587.26 

7010.21 

1.470 

2031.90 

2388.00 

2744.10 

3456.30 

4168.50 

5592.90 

7017.30 

1.471 

2033.90 

2390.36 

2746.83 

3459.75 

4172.68 

5598.54 

7024.39 

1.472 

2035.90 

2392.73 

2749.56 

3463.21 

4176.86 

5604.18 

7031.48 

1.473 

2037.90 

2395.10 

2752.29 

3466.67 

4181.  05  '   5609.82 

7038.57 

1.474 

2039.91 

2397.47 

2755.02 

3470.13 

4185.24   5615.46 

7045.67 

1.475 

2041.92 

2399.84 

2757.76 

3473.59 

4189.43   5621.10 

7052.77 

1.476 

2043.92 

2402.21 

2760.49 

3477.05 

4193.62   5626.75 

7059.87 

1.477 

2045.92 

2404.58 

2763.22 

3480.51 

4197.81 

5632.41 

7066.97 

1.478 

2047.93 

2406.95 

2765.95 

3483.97 

4201.90 

5638.06 

7074.08 

1.479 

2049.94 

2409.32 

2768.69 

3487.44 

4206.09 

5643.72 

7081.19 

1.480 

2051.95 

2411.69 

2771.43 

3490.91 

4210.39 

5649.36 

7088.30 

1.481 

2053.96 

2414.06 

2774.10 

3494.38 

4214.58 

5655.04 

7095.42 

1.4821   W55.97 

2416.43 

2776.77 

3497.85 

4218.78 

5660.70 

7102.54, 

Depth 
on 

Weir. 

Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.483 

2057.98 

.  2418.80 

2779.44 

3501.32 

4222.98 

5666.36 

7109.66 

1.484 

2059.99 

2421.18 

2782.1 

3504.7S 

4227.lt- 

5672.02 

7116.78 

1.485 

2062.00 

2423.56 

2785.13 

3508.20 

4231.  3* 

5677.64 

7123.90 

1.486 

2064.01 

2425.93 

2787.87 

3511.73 

4235.5* 

5683.30 

7131.62 

1.487 

2066.02 

2428.31 

2790.6 

3515.20 

4239.7S 

5688.96 

7138.15 

1.488 

2068.03 

2430.69 

2793.35 

3518.67 

4243.9S 

5694.63 

7145.28 

1.489 

2070.04!   2433.07 

2796.09 

3512.15 

4248.20 

5700.30 

7152.41 

1.49;) 

2072.061   2435.45 

2798.84 

3525.6; 

4252.41 

5705.97 

7159.54 

1.49L 

2074.07 

2437.83 

2801.58 

3529.10 

4256.62 

5711.64 

7166.68 

1.492 

2076.08 

2440.21 

2804.33 

3532.58 

4260.83 

5717.31 

7173.82 

1.493 

2078.09   2442.59 

2807.08 

3536.06 

4265.04 

5722.99 

7180.96 

1.491 

2080.11 

2444.97 

2809.83 

3539.54 

4269.25 

5728.67 

7188.10 

1.495 

2082.13 

2447.35 

2812.58 

3543.02 

4273.47 

5734.35 

7195.24 

1.496 

2084.14 

2449.73 

2815.33 

3546.50 

4277.68 

5740.03 

7202.39 

1.497 

2086.16 

2452.11 

2818.08 

3549.98 

4281.90 

5745.71 

7209.54 

1.498 

2088.18 

2454.50 

2820.83 

3553.40 

4286.12 

5751.40 

7216.69 

1.499 

2090.20 

2456.89 

2823.58 

3556.95 

4290.34 

5757.09 

7223.84 

1.500 

2092.22 

2459.28 

2826.33 

3560.44 

4294.56 

5762.78 

7231.00 

1.501 

2094.24 

2461.66 

2829.08 

3563.93 

4298.78 

5768.47 

7238.16 

1.502 

2096.26 

2464.04 

2831.83 

3567.42 

4303.00 

5774.16   7245.32 

1.503 

2098.28 

2466.43 

2834.59 

3570.91 

4307.22 

5779.85   7252.48 

1.504 

2100.30 

2468.82 

2837.35 

3574.40 

4311.45 

5785.55   7259.65 

1.505 

2102.32 

2471.21 

2840.11 

3577.89 

4315.G8 

5791.25   7266.82 

1.506 

2104.34 

2473.60 

2842.86 

3581.38 

4319.91 

5796.95   7273.991 

1.507 

2106.36 

2475.99 

2845.62 

3584.87 

4324.14 

5802.65   7281.16 

1.508 

2108.38 

2478.38 

2848.38 

3588.3G 

4328.37 

5808.351   7288.33 

1.509 

2110.41 

2480.77 

2851.14 

3591.86 

4332.60 

5814.05   7295.51 

1.510 

2112.43 

2483.17 

2853.90 

3595.36 

4336.83 

5819.76!   7302.69 

1.511 

2114.45 

2485.56 

2856.66 

3598.86 

4341.06 

5825.47 

7309.87 

1.512 

2116.47 

2487.95 

2859.42 

3602.36 

4345.30 

5831.18 

7317.05 

1.513 

2118.50 

2490.34 

2862.18 

3605.86 

4349.54 

5836.89 

7324.24 

1.514 

2020.53 

2492.74 

2864.94 

3609.36 

4353.78 

5842.60 

7331.43 

1.515 

2122.56 

2495.14 

2867.71 

3612.86 

4358.02 

5848.32 

7338.62 

1.516 

2124.58 

2497.53 

2870.47 

3616.36 

4362.20 

5854.04 

7345.81 

1.517 

2126.61 

2499.93 

2873.24 

3619.8G 

4366.44 

5859.76 

7353.01 

1.518 

2128.64 

2502.33!   2876.01 

3623.37 

4370.68 

5865.48 

7360.21 

1.519 

2130.67   2504.73  !   2878.78 

3626.88 

4374.92 

5871.20 

7367.41 

1.520 

2132.70 

2507.13 

2881.55 

3630.39 

4379.23 

5876.92 

7374.61 

1.521 

2134.73 

2509.53 

2884.32 

3633.90 

4383.48 

5882.641   7381.81 

1.522 

2136.76 

2511.93   2887.09 

3637.41 

4387.73 

5888.37!   7389.02 

1.523 

2138.79 

2514.33)   2889.86 

3640.92 

4391.98 

5894.10   7396.23 

1.524 

2140.83 

2516.73  1   2892.63 

3644.43 

4396.23 

5899.83   7403.44 

1.525 

2142.86 

2519.13'   2895.40 

3647.94 

4400.48 

5905.561   7410.65 

1.526 

2144.89 

2521.53'   2898.17 

3651.45 

4404.73   5911.29!   7417.86 

1.527 

2146.92 

2523.93 

2900.94 

3654.96 

4408.98 

5917.03   7425.08 

1.528 

2149.95 

2526.33 

2903.72 

3658.48 

4413.24 

5922.77 

7432.30 

1.529 

2151.99 

2528.74 

2906.50 

3662.00   4417.50 

5928.51 

7439.52 

1.530 

2153.03 

2531.15 

2909.28 

3665.52 

4421.76 

5934.25   7446.74 

1.531 

2155.06 

2533.55 

2912.05 

3669.04 

4426.02 

,  5939.99   7453.97 

1.532 

2157.10 

2535.96 

2914.83 

3672.56 

4430.28 

5945.74 

7461.20 

1.533 

2159.14 

2538.37 

2917.61 

3676.08 

4434.54 

5951.49 

7468.43 

1.534   2161.28 

2540.78 

2920.39 

3679.601   4438.81 

5957.24 

7475.66 

1.535   2163.21 

2543.19 

2923.17 

3683.12   4443.08 

5962.99   7482.90 

1.536 

2165.25 

2545.60 

2925.95 

3686.64   4447.34 

5968.74   7490.14 

1.537 

2167.29 

2548.01 

2928.73 

3690.16;   4451.61 

5974.49   7497.38 

1.538 

2169.33 

2550.42 

2931.51 

3693.69   4455.88 

•5980.25   7504.62 

1.539   2171.37 

2552.83 

2934.29 

3697.22J   4460.15 

5986.00   7511.86 

1.5  tO 

2173.41 

2555.24 

2937.08 

3700.75 

4464.42 

5991.77   7519.11 

Depth 
on 

Weir. 

Fett. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

]fi  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.541   2175.45 

2557.65 

2939.80 

3704.28 

4468.69 

5997.53 

7526.36 

1.542   2177.49 

2560.06 

2942.64 

3707.81 

4472.96 

6003.29 

7533.61 

1.543   2179.53 

2562.48 

2945.43 

3711.34 

4477.18 

6009.05 

7540.86 

1.544   2181.57 

2564.90 

2948.22 

3714.87 

4481.38 

6014.82 

7548.11 

1.545:   2183.62 

2567.32 

2951.01 

3718.41 

4485.80 

6020.59 

7555.37 

1.546   2185.66 

2569.73 

2953.80 

3721.94 

4490.08 

6026.56 

7562.63 

1.547 

2187.70 

2572.14 

2956.59 

3725.47 

4494.36 

6032.33 

7569.89 

1.548 

2189.75 

2574.56 

2959.38 

3729.01 

4498.64 

6038.10 

7577.15 

1.549   2191.80 

2576.98 

2962.17 

3732.55 

4502.92 

6043.87 

7584.42 

1.550 

2193.85 

2579.40 

2964.96 

3736.09 

4507.21 

6049.45 

7591.69 

1.551 

2195.89 

2581.82 

2967.75 

3739.63 

4511.49 

6055.23 

7598.96 

1.552 

2197.93 

2584.24 

2970.54 

3743.17 

4515.78 

6061.01 

7606.23 

1.553 

2199.98 

2586.66 

2973.33 

3746.71 

4520.07 

6066.79 

7613.51 

1.554 

2202.03 

2589.08 

2976.13 

3750.25    4524.36 

6072.57 

7620.79 

1.555 

2204.08 

2591.51 

2978.93 

3753.79    4528.65 

6078.36 

7628.07 

1.556 

2206.13 

2593.93 

2981.72 

3757.33    4532.94 

6084.15 

7635.35 

1.557 

2208.18 

2596.35 

2984.52 

3760.87    4537.23 

6089.94 

7642.63 

1.558 

2210.23 

2598.77 

2987.32 

3764.41 

4541.52 

6095.73 

7649.92 

1.559 

2212.28 

2601.20 

2990.01 

3767.95 

4545.82 

6101.52 

7657.21 

1.560 

2214.33 

2603.63 

2992.92 

3771.52 

4550.12 

6107.31 

7664.50 

1.561 

2216.38 

2606.05 

2995.72 

3775.57 

4554.42 

6113.10 

7671.79 

1.562 

2218.43 

2668.47 

2998.52 

3778.62 

4558.72 

6118.90 

7679.09 

1.563 

2220.48 

2670.90 

3001.32 

3782.17 

4563.02 

6124.70 

7686.39 

1.564 

2222.54 

2673.33 

3004.12 

3785.72 

4567.02 

6130.50 

7693.69 

1.565 

2224.59 

2615.76 

3006.93 

3789.28 

4571.62 

6136.30 

7700.99 

1.566 

2226.64 

2618.19 

3009.73 

3792.83 

4575.92 

6142.10 

7708.29 

1.567 

2228.69 

2620.62 

3012.53 

3796.38 

4580.22 

6147.91 

7715.30 

1.568 

2230.75 

2623.05 

3015.34 

3799.94 

4584.53 

6153.72 

7722.61 

1.569 

2232.81 

2625.48 

3018.15 

3803.50 

4588.84 

6159.53 

7729.92 

1.570 

2234.87 

2627.92 

3020.96 

3807.06 

4593.15 

6165.34 

7737.53 

1.571 

2236.91 

2630.35 

3023.77 

3810.62 

4597.46 

6171.15 

7744.85 

1.572 

2238.95 

2632.78 

3026.58 

3814.18 

4601.77 

6176.96 

7752.17 

1.573 

2240.99 

2635.21 

3029.39 

3817.74 

4606.08 

6182.78 

7759.49 

1.574 

2243.04 

2637.64 

3032.20 

3821.30 

4610.40   6188.60 

7766.81 

1.575 

2245.16 

2640.08 

3035.01 

3824.86 

4614.72   6194.42 

7774.13 

1.576 

2247.22 

2642.51 

3037.82 

3828.42 

4619.03 

6200.24 

7781.46 

1.577 

2249.28 

2644.95 

3040.63 

3831.98 

4623.35 

6206.06 

7788.79 

1.578 

2251.34 

2647.39   3043.44 

3835.55 

4627.67 

6211.89 

7796.12 

1.579 

2253.40 

2649.83 

3046.26 

3838.12 

4631.99 

6217.72 

7803.45 

1.580 

2255.46 

2652.27 

3049.08 

3842.69 

4636.31 

6223.55 

7810.78 

1.581 

2257.52 

2654.71 

3051.89 

3846.25 

4640.63 

6229.38 

7818.12 

1.582 

2259.58 

2657.15 

3054.70 

3849.81 

4644.95 

6235.21 

7825.46 

1.583 

2261.64 

2659.59 

3057.52 

3853.37 

4649.28 

6241.04 

7832.80 

1.584 

2263.71 

2662.03 

3060.34 

3856.93 

4653.60 

6246.87 

7840.14 

1.585 

2265.78 

2664.47 

3063.16 

3860.55 

4657.94 

6252.71 

7847.49 

1.586 

2267.84 

2666.91 

3065.98 

3864.12 

4662.27 

6258.55 

7854.84 

1.587 

2269.90 

2669.35 

3068.80 

3867.69 

4666.60 

6264.39 

7862.19 

1.588 

2271.97 

2671.79 

3071.62 

3871.27 

4670.93 

6270.23 

7869.54 

1.589 

2274.04 

2674.24 

3074.44 

3874.85 

4675.26 

6276.07 

7876.89 

1.590 

2276.11 

2676.69 

3077.27 

3878.43 

4679.60 

6281.92 

7884.25 

1.591 

2278.17 

2679.13 

3080.09 

3882.01 

4683.93 

6287.77 

7892.61 

1.592 

2280.24 

2681.57 

3082.91 

3885.59 

4688.26 

0293.65 

7899.97 

1.593 

2282.31 

2684.02 

3085.73 

3889.17 

4692.60 

6299.55 

7807.33 

1.594 

2284.38 

2686.47 

3088.56 

3892.75 

4696.94 

6305.40 

7814.70 

1.595 

2286.45 

2688.92 

3091.39 

3896.34 

4701.28 

6311.  181   7921.07 

1.596 

2288.51 

2691.37 

3094.22 

3899.92 

4705.62 

6317.03  !   7928.44 

1.597 

2290.58 

2693.82 

3097.05 

3903.50 

4709.96 

6322.89    7936.81 

1.598 

2292.65 

2696.27 

3099.88 

3907.09 

4714.30 

6328.75!   7944.18 

4ti 


Depth 
on 

Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.599 

2294.72 

2698.72 

3102.71 

3910.68 

4718.65 

6334.61 

7951.56 

1.600 

2296.80 

2701.17 

3105.54 

3914.27 

4723.00 

6340.47 

7957.94 

1.601 

2298.87 

2703.62 

3108.37 

3917.86 

4727.35 

0346.33 

7965.32 

1.602 

2300.94 

2706.07 

3111.20 

3921.45 

4731.70 

6352.20 

7973.70 

1.603 

2303.02 

2708.52 

3114.03 

3925.04 

4736.05 

6358.07 

7981.08 

1.604 

2305.19 

2710.97 

3116.86 

3928.03 

4740.40 

6363.94 

7988.48 

1.605 

2307.17 

2713.43 

3119.70 

3932.23 

4744.75 

6369.81 

7994.86 

1.606 

2309.24 

2715.88 

3122.53 

3935.82 

4749.10 

6375.68 

8002.25 

1.607 

2311.31 

2518.34 

3125.36 

3939.41 

4753.4C 

6381.55 

8009.64 

1.608 

2313.39 

2520.80 

3128.20 

3943.01 

4757.82 

6388.43 

8017.04 

1.609 

2315.47 

2523.26 

3131.04 

3946.61 

4762.18 

6394.31 

8024.44 

1.610 

2317.55 

2725.72 

3133.88 

3950.21 

4766.54 

6399.19 

8031.84 

1.611 

2319.63 

2728.17 

3136.72 

3953.81 

4770.90 

6405.07 

8039.24 

1.612 

2321.71 

2730.63 

3139.56 

3957.41 

4775.26 

6410.95 

8046.65 

1.613 

2323.89 

2733.09 

3142.44 

3961.01 

4779.02 

6416.83 

8054.06 

1.614 

2325.97 

2735.55 

3145.28 

3964.61 

4783.98 

6422.72 

8061.47 

1.615 

2327.95 

2738.01 

3148.08 

3968.21 

4788.34 

6428.61 

8068.88 

1.616 

2330.03 

2740.47 

3150.92 

3971.81 

4792.71 

6434.50 

8076.29 

1.617 

2332.11 

2742.93 

3153.76 

3975.41 

4797.08 

6440.39 

8083.71 

1.618 

2334.19 

2745.40 

3156.60 

3979.02 

4801.45 

6446.28 

8091.13 

1.619 

2336.28 

2747.87 

3159.45 

3982.63 

4806.82 

6452.18 

8098.55 

1.620 

2338.36 

2750.33 

3162.30 

3986.24 

4810.19 

6458.08 

8105.97 

1.621 

2340.44 

2752.79 

3165.14 

3989.85 

4814.5(5 

6463.98 

8113.39 

1.622 

2342.52 

2755.25 

3167.99 

3993.45 

4818.93 

6469.88 

8120.82 

1.623 

2344.60 

2757.72 

3170.84 

3997.06 

4823.30 

6475.78 

8128.25 

1.624 

2346.09 

2760.19 

3173.69 

4000.67 

4827.68 

6481.68 

8135.68 

1.625 

2348.78 

2762.66 

3176.54 

4004.30 

4832.06 

6487.58 

8143.11 

1.626 

2350.86 

2765.12 

3179.39 

4007.91 

4836.44 

6493.49 

8150.55 

1.627 

2352.94 

2767.59 

3182.24 

4011.52 

4840.82 

6499.40 

8157.99 

1.628 

2355.03 

2770.06 

3185.09 

4015.14 

4845.10 

6505.31 

8165.43 

1.629 

2357.12 

2772.53 

3187.94 

4018.76 

4849.48 

6511.22 

8172.87 

1.630 

2359.21 

2775.00 

3190.79 

4022.38 

4853.97 

6517.13 

8180.31 

1.631 

2361.29 

2777.47 

3193.64 

4026.00 

4858.35 

6323.05 

8181.76 

1.632 

2363.38 

2779.94 

3196.49 

4029.62 

4862.73 

6328.07 

8195.21 

1.633 

2365.47 

2782.41 

3199.35 

4033.24 

4867.12 

6234.89 

8202.66 

1.634 

2367.56 

2784.88 

3202.21 

4036.86 

4871.51 

6240.81 

8210.11 

1.635 

2369.65 

2787.36 

3205.07 

4040.48 

4875.90 

6546.73 

8217.56 

1.636 

2371.74 

2789.83 

3207.92 

4044.10 

4880.29 

6552.65   8225.02 

1.637 

2373.83 

2792.30 

3210.78 

4047.72 

4884.68 

6558.57   8232.48 

1.638 

2375.92 

2794.78 

3213.64 

4051.35 

4889.07 

6564.50 

8239.94 

1.639 

2378.01 

2797.26 

3216.50 

4054.98 

4893.46 

6570.33 

8247.40 

1.640 

2380.11 

2799.74 

3219.36 

4058.61 

4897.8G 

6576.36 

8254.86 

1.641 

2382.20 

2802.21 

3222.22 

4062.24 

4902.26 

6582.29 

8262.33 

1.642 

2384.29 

2804.69 

3225.08 

4065.87 

4906.  6G 

6588.22 

8269.80 

1.643 

2386.38 

2807.17 

3227.94 

4069.50 

4911.06 

6594.16 

8277.27 

1.644 

2388.48 

2809.65 

3230.80 

4073.13 

4915.46 

6600.10 

•  8284.74 

1.645 

2390.58 

2812.13 

3233.  67 

4076.76 

4919.86 

6606.04 

8292.22 

1.646   2392.67 

2814.61 

3236.53 

4080.39 

4924.26 

6611.98 

8299.70 

1.647   2394.77 

2817.09 

3239.40 

4084.02 

4928.66 

6617.93 

8307.18 

1.648   2396.87 

2819.57 

3242.27 

4087.60 

4933.06 

6623.87 

8314.66 

1.649   2398.97 

2822.05 

3245.14 

4091.30 

4937.47 

6629.81 

8322.14 

1.650   2401.07 

2824.54 

3248.01 

4094.94 

4941.88 

6635.75 

8329.63 

1.651   2403.16 

2827.02 

3250.87 

4098.58 

4946.29 

6641.70 

8337.12 

1.652   2405.26 

2829.50 

3253.74 

4102.22 

4950.70 

6647.65 

8344.61 

1.653   2407.36 

2831.98 

3256.01 

4105.80 

4955.11 

6653.60 

8352.10 

1.654 

2409.46 

2834.47 

3259.54 

4109.58 

4959.52    6659.55 

8359.60 

1.655   2411.56 

2836.96 

3262.35 

4113.15 

4963.94 

6665.51 

8367.10 

1.656   2413.66 

2839.44 

3265.22 

4116.79 

4968.35 

6671.47 

8374.60 

412 


Depth 
on  1                      LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 
Weir. 

Foet. 

C>  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.657   2413.76 

2841.93 

3268.09 

4120.43 

4972.76 

6677.43 

8382.10 

1.638   2417.86 

2844.42 

3270.96 

4124.07 

4977.18 

6683.39 

8389.60 

1.659!   2419.96 

2846.91 

3273.84 

4127.71 

4981.60 

6689.35 

8397.11 

1.660!   2422.07 

2849.40 

3276.72 

4131.37 

4986.02 

6695.32 

8404.62 

1.601'i   2424.17 

2851.89 

3279.59 

4135.02 

4990.44 

6701.28 

8412.13 

1.662!   2426.27 

2854.34 

3282.47 

4138.67 

4994.86 

6707.25 

8419.64 

1.6G3   2428.37 

2856.79 

3285.35 

4142.32 

4999.28 

6713.22 

8427.15 

1.664 

2430.48 

2859.24 

3288.23 

4145.97 

5004.70 

6719.19 

8434.67 

1.665 

2432.59 

2861.85 

3291.11 

4149.62 

5008.13 

6725.16 

8442.19 

1.666 

2434.69 

2864.34 

3293.99 

4153.07 

5012.56 

6731.03 

8449.71 

1.667 

2436.80 

2866.83 

3296.87 

4156.52 

5016.99 

6736.90 

•  8457.23 

1.668 

2438.91 

2869.32 

3299.75 

4159.98 

5021.42 

6742.78 

8464.75 

1.669 

2440.02 

2871.82 

3302.63 

4163.44 

5025.85 

6748.66 

8472.28 

1.670 

2443.13 

2874.32 

3305.51 

4167.90 

5030.28 

6755.04 

8479.81 

1.671 

2445.24 

2876.81 

3308.39 

4171.56 

5034.71 

6761.02 

8487.34 

1.672 

2447.35 

2879.31 

3311.27 

4175.22 

5039.14 

6767.001   8494.87 

1.673 

2449.46 

2881.81 

3314.16 

4178.88 

5043.57 

6772.991   8502.41 

1.674 

2451.57 

2884.31 

3317.05 

4182.54 

5048.01 

6778.98 

8509.95 

1.675 

2453.68 

2886.81 

3319.94 

4186.20 

5052.45 

6784.97 

8517.49 

1.676 

2455.79 

2889.30 

3322.82 

4189.86 

5056.89 

6790.96 

8525.03 

1.677 

2457.90 

2891.80 

3325.71 

4193.52 

5061.33 

6796.95 

8532.57 

1.678 

2460.01 

2894.30 

3328.60 

4197.18 

5065.77 

6802.94 

8540.12 

1.679 

2462.12 

2896.80 

3331.49 

4200.85 

5070.21 

6808.94 

8547.67 

1.680 

2464.24 

2899.31 

3334.38 

4204.52 

5074.66 

6814.94 

8555.22 

1.681 

2466.35 

2901.81 

3337.27 

4208.19 

5079.10 

6820.94 

8562.77 

1.682 

2468.46 

2904.31 

3340.16 

4211.86 

5083.34 

6826.94 

8570.33 

1.683 

2470.58 

2906.81 

3343.05 

4215.53 

5087.99 

6832.94 

8577.89 

1.684 

2472.70 

2909.31 

3345.94 

4219.20 

5092.44 

6838.94 

8585.45 

1.685 

2474.81 

2911.82 

3348.84 

4222.87 

5096.89 

6844.95 

8593.01 

1.686 

2476.92 

2914.32 

3351.73 

4226.54 

5101.34 

6850.96 

8600.57 

1.687 

2479.03 

2916.83 

3354.62 

4230.21 

5105.79 

6856.97 

8608.13 

1.688 

2481.15 

2919.34 

3357.52 

4233.88 

5110.24 

6862.98 

8615.70 

1.689 

2483.27 

2921.85 

3360.42 

4237.55 

5114.70 

6868.99 

8623.27 

1.690 

2485.39 

2924.36 

3363.32 

4241.24 

5119.16 

6875.00 

8630.84 

1.691 

2487.51 

2926.86 

3366.21 

4244.91 

5123.61 

6881.01 

8638.41 

1.692 

2489.63 

2929.37 

3369.11 

4248.59 

5128.07 

6887.03 

8645.99 

1.693 

2491.75 

2931.88 

3372.01 

4252.27 

5132.53 

6893.05 

8653.57 

1.694 

2493.87 

2934.39 

3374.91 

4255.95 

5136.99 

6899.07 

8661.15 

1.695 

2495.99 

2936.90 

3377.81 

4259.63 

5141.45 

6905.09 

8668.73 

1.696 

2498.11 

2939.41 

3380.71 

4263.31 

5145.91 

6911.11 

8676.31 

1.697 

2500.23 

2941.92 

3383.61 

4266.99 

5150.37 

6917.13 

8683.90 

1.698 

2502.35 

2944.43 

3386.51 

4270.67   5154.88 

6923.16 

8691.49 

1.699 

2504.47 

2946.94 

3389.42 

4274.36   5159.31 

6929.18 

8699.08 

1.700 

2506.60 

2949.46 

3392.33 

4278.05 

5163.78 

6935.22 

8706.67 

1.701 

2508.72 

2951.97 

3395.23 

4281.74 

5168.25 

6941.25 

8714.27 

1.702 

2510.84 

2954.48 

3398.13 

4285.43 

5172.72 

6947.28 

8721.87 

1.703 

2512.97 

2957.00 

3401.04 

4289.12 

5177.19 

6953.32 

8729.47 

1.704 

2515.10 

2959.52 

3403.95 

4292.81 

5181.66 

6959.36 

8737.07 

1.705 

2517.22 

2962.04 

3406.86 

4296.50 

5186.13 

6965.40 

8744.67 

1.706 

2519.34 

2964.55 

3409.77 

4201.19 

5190.60 

6971.44 

8752.28 

1.707 

2521.47 

2967.07 

3412.68 

4204.88 

5195.07 

6977.48 

8759.89 

1.708 

2523.60 

2969.59 

3415.59 

4208.57 

5199.55 

6983.52 

8767.50 

1.709 

2525.73 

2972.11 

3418.50 

4212.26 

5204.03 

6989.57 

8775.11 

1.710 

2527.86 

29T4.63 

3421.41 

4314.96 

5208.51 

6995.61 

8782.72 

1.711 

2529.98 

2977.15 

3424.32 

4318.65 

5212.99 

7001.66 

8790.33 

1.712 

2532.10 

2979.67 

3427.23 

4322.35 

5217.47 

7007.71 

8797.94 

1.713 

2534.23 

2982.1S 

3430.14 

4326.05 

5221.96 

7013.76 

8805.56 

1.714 

2536.36 

2984.71 

3433.06 

4329.75  1   5226.45 

7019.81 

8813.18 

Depth 

on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WKIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet.    7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.715 

2538.50   2987.24 

3435.98 

4333.45 

5230.94 

7025.8 

8820.82 

1.716 

2540.63   2989.70 

3438.89 

4337.15 

5235.42 

7031.9 

8828.45 

1.717 

2542.76   2992.28 

3441.80 

4340.85 

5239.90 

7037.9 

8836.08 

1.718 

2544.89   2994.80 

3444.72 

4344.55 

5243.38 

7044.0 

8843.71 

1.719 

2547.03;   2997.33 

3447.64 

4348.25 

5247.87 

7050.1 

8851.34 

1.720 

2549.16   2999.86 

3450.56 

4351.96 

5253.36 

7056.1 

8858.97 

1.721 

2651  .29   3002.38 

3453.48 

4355.66 

5257.85 

7062.2 

8866.61 

1.722 

2553.42   l!004.91 

3456.40 

4359.37 

5262.34 

7066.3 

8874.25 

1.723 

2555.55!   3007.44 

3459.32 

4363.08 

5266.84 

7073.3 

8881.89 

1.724 

2557.69   .3009.97 

3462.24 

4366.79 

5271.34 

7079.4 

8889.53 

1.725 

2559.83   3012.50 

3465.17 

4370.50 

5275.84 

7086.5 

8897.17 

1.726 

2561.96   3015.03 

3468.09 

4374.21 

5280.34 

7092.58 

8904.82 

1.727 

2563.10   3017.56 

3471.01 

4377.92 

5284.84 

7098.6 

8912.47 

1.728 

2565.24   3020.09 

3473.93 

4381.63 

5289.34 

7104.7 

8920.12 

1.729 

2567.38 

3022.62 

3476.86 

4385.34 

5293.84 

7101.8 

8927.77 

1.730 

2570.52 

3025.15 

3479.79 

4389.06 

5298.34 

7116.8 

8935.43 

1.731 

2572.65 

3027.68 

3482.71 

4392.77 

5302.84 

7122.9 

8943.09 

1.732 

2574.79 

3030.21 

3485.64 

4396.49 

5307.34 

7129.0 

8950.75 

1.733 

2576.93 

3032.74 

3488.57 

4400.21 

5311.85 

7135.12 

8958.41 

1.734 

2579.07 

3035.28 

3491.50 

4403.93 

5316.36 

7141.2 

8966.07 

1.735 

2581.21 

3037.82 

3494.43 

4407.65 

5320.87 

7147.30 

8973.74 

1.736 

2583.35 

3040.35 

3497.36 

4411.36 

5325.31 

7153.3 

8981.41 

1.737 

2585.49 

3042.88 

3500.29 

4415.07 

5329.84 

7159.4 

8989.08 

1.738 

2587.63 

3045.42 

3503.22 

4418.78 

5334.37 

7165.5 

8996.75 

1.739 

2589.78 

3047.96 

3506.15 

4422.49 

5338.90 

7171.66 

9004.42 

1.740 

2591.92 

3050.50 

3509.09 

4426.20 

5343.43 

7177.76 

9012.10! 

1.741 

2594.06 

3053.04 

3512.02 

4429.93 

5347.94 

7183.86 

9019.78 

1.742 

2596.20 

3055.58 

3514.95 

4433.67 

5352.45 

7189.96 

9027.46 

1.743 

2598.34 

3058.12 

3517.88 

4437.41 

5356.97 

7196.06 

9035.14 

1.744 

2600.49 

3060.66 

3520.82 

4441.15 

5361.49 

7202.16 

9042.82 

1.745   2602.64 

3063.20 

3523.76 

4444.89  1   5366.01 

7208.26 

9050.51 

1.746   2604.78 

3065.74 

3526.70 

4448.62 

5370.53 

7214.36 

9058.20 

1.747   2606.92 

3068.28 

3529.64 

4452.35 

5375.05 

7220.47 

9065.89 

1  .748   2609.07 

3070.82 

3532.98 

4456.08 

5379.57 

7226.58 

9073.68 

1.749   2611.22 

3073.36 

3535.52 

4459.81 

5384.10 

7232.69 

9081.28 

1  .750   2613.37 

3075.91 

3538.46 

4463.55 

5388.63 

7238.80 

9088.98 

1.751  1   2615.51 

3078.45 

3541.40 

4467.28 

5393.76 

7244.91 

9096.68 

1.752   2617.66 

3080.99 

3544.34 

4471.01 

5397.69 

7251.02 

9104.38 

1.753   2619.81 

3083.54 

3547.28 

4474.74 

5402.22 

7257.14 

9112.08 

1.7541   2621.99 

3086.09 

3550.22 

4478.47 

5406.75 

7263.26 

9119.79 

1.755   2624.11 

3088.64 

3553.17 

4482.22 

5411.28 

7269.38 

9127.50 

1.756   2626.26 

3091.18 

3556.11 

4485.96 

5415.81 

7275.51 

9135.21 

1.757   2628.41 

3093.73 

3559.05   4489.70 

5420.34 

7281.64 

9142.92 

1.758   2630.56 

3096.28 

3562.00   4493.44 

5424.87 

7287.77 

9150.63 

1.759   2632.71 

3098.83 

3564.95 

4497.18 

5429.41 

7293.90 

9158.38 

1.760   2634.87 

3101.38   3567.90 

4500.92   5433.95 

7300.01 

9166.06 

1.761   2637.01 

3103.93   3570.84 

4504.66!   5438.39 

7306.14 

9173.78 

1.762   2639.16 

3106.48   3573.79 

4508.40   5442.93 

7312.27 

9181.50 

1.763   2641.31 

3109.03 

3576.74 

4512.15 

5447.47 

7318.40 

9189.22 

1.764   2643.47 

3111.58 

3579.69 

4515.90 

5452.01 

7324.53 

9196.55 

1.765   2645.64 

3114.14   3582.64 

4519.65 

5456.66 

7330.67 

9204.68 

1.766   2647.79 

3116.69 

3585.59 

4523.40 

5461.20 

7386.81 

9212.41 

1  .767   2649.94 

3119.24 

3588.54 

4527.16 

5465.76 

7342.95 

9220.14 

1.768!   2652.10 

3121.79 

3591.49 

4530.90 

5470.31 

7349.05 

9227.87 

1.769!   2654.26 

3124.35 

3594.44 

4534.65 

5474.86 

7355.19 

9235.61 

1.770 

2656.42 

3126.91 

3597.41 

4538.40 

5479.39 

7361.37 

9243.35 

1.771 

2658.57 

3129.46 

3600.36 

4542.15   5484.94 

7367.51 

9251.09 

1.772   2660.73 

3132.02 

3603.31 

4545.90|   5489.49 

7373.66 

9258.83 

Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  "WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.773 

2662.89 

3134.58 

3606.27 

4549.65 

5494.04 

7379.81 

9266.5T 

1.774 

2665.05 

3137.14 

3609.23 

4553.41 

5498.59 

7385.96 

9274.32 

1.775 

2667.21 

3139.70 

3612.19 

4557.17 

5502.15 

7392.11 

9282.07 

1.776 

2669.37 

3142.26 

3615.15 

4560.93 

5506.70 

7398.26 

9289.82 

1.777 

2671.43 

3144.82 

3618.11 

4564.69 

5511.26 

7404.42 

9297.57 

1.778 

2673.59 

3147.38 

3621.07 

4568.45 

5515.82 

7410.58 

9305.33 

1.779 

2675.75 

3149.94 

3624.03 

4572.21 

5520.38 

7416.74 

9313.09 

1.780 

2678.01 

3152.50 

3626.99 

4575.97 

5524.94 

7422.90 

9320.85 

1.781 

2680.17 

3155.06 

3629.95 

4579.73 

5529.50 

7429.06 

9328.61 

1.782 

2682.33 

3157.62 

3632.91 

4583.49 

5534.06 

7435.22 

9336.37 

1.783 

2684.49 

3160.18 

3635.87 

4587.25 

5538.62 

7441.38 

9344.13 

1.784 

2686.66 

3162.75 

3638.83 

4591.01 

5543.19 

7447.54 

9351.90 

1.785 

2688.83 

3165.32 

3641.80 

4594.78 

5547.76 

7453.71 

9359.67 

1.786 

2690.99 

3167.88 

3644.76 

4598.54 

5552.33 

7459.88 

9367.44 

1.787 

2693.15 

3170.44 

3647.73 

4602.31 

5556.90 

7466.05 

9375.21 

1.788 

2695.31 

3173.01 

3650.70 

4606.08 

5561.47 

7472.22 

9382.99 

1.789 

2697.47 

3175.58 

3653.67 

4609.85 

5566.04 

7478.40 

9390.77 

1.790 

2699.64 

3178.15 

3656.64 

4613.62 

5570.61 

7484.58 

9398.55 

1.791 

2701.81 

3180.71 

3659.61 

4617.39 

5575.18 

7490.76 

9406.33 

1.792 

2703.98 

3183.28 

3662.58 

4621.16 

5579.75 

7496.94 

9414.11 

1.793 

2706.15 

3185.85 

3665.55 

4624.93 

5584.32 

7403.12 

9421.89 

1.794 

2708.32 

3188.42 

3668.52 

4628.71 

5588.90 

7409.30 

9429.68 

1.795 

2710.49 

3190.99 

3671.49 

4632.49 

5593.48 

7515.48 

9437.47 

1.796 

2712.66 

3193.56 

3674.46 

4636.26 

5598.06 

7521.66 

9445.26 

1.797 

2714.83 

3196.13 

3677.43 

4640.03 

5602.64 

7527.85 

9453.05 

1.798 

2717.00 

3198.70 

3680.40 

4643.81 

5607.22 

7534.04 

9460.85 

1.799 

2719.17 

3201.27 

3683.38 

4647.59 

5611.80 

7540.23 

9468.05 

1.800 

2721.34 

3203.85 

3686.36 

4651.37 

5616.39 

7546.42 

9476.45 

1.801 

2723.51 

3206.42 

3689.33 

4655.15 

5620.97 

7552.61 

9484.26 

1.802 

2725.68 

3208.99 

3692.30 

4658.93 

5625.55 

7558.80 

9492.07 

1.803 

2727.85 

3211.57 

3695.28 

4662.61 

5630.14 

7565.00 

9499.89 

1.804 

2730.02 

3214.15 

3698.26 

4666.79 

5634.73 

7571.20 

9507.71 

1.805 

2732.20 

3216.73 

3701.24 

4670.28 

5639.32 

7577.40 

9515.48 

1.806 

2734.37 

3219.30 

3704.22 

4674.06 

5643.91 

7583.60 

9523.29 

1.807 

2736.54 

3221.87 

3707.20 

4677.85 

5648.50 

7589.86 

9531.10 

1.808 

2738.72 

3224.45 

3710.18 

4681.64 

5653.09 

7596.00 

9538.92 

1.809 

2740.90 

3228.03 

3713.16 

4685.43 

5657.69 

7602.21 

9546.74 

1.810 

2743.08 

3229.61 

3716.15 

4689.22 

5662.29 

7608.42 

9554.56 

1.811 

2745.25 

3232.19 

3718.13 

4693.01 

5666.88 

7614.63 

9562.38 

1.812 

27^7.43 

3234.77 

3721.11 

4696.80 

5671.47 

7620.87 

9570.20 

1.813 

2749.61 

3237.35 

3724.09 

4700.59 

5676.07 

7627.07 

9578.03 

1.814 

2751.79 

3239.93 

3727.08 

4704.38 

5680.67 

7633.27 

9585.86 

1.815 

2753.97 

3242.52 

3731.07 

4708.17 

5685.27 

7639.48 

9593.69 

1.816 

2756.15 

3245.10 

3734.05 

4711.96 

5689.87 

7645.70 

9601.52 

1.817 

2758.33 

3247.68 

3737.04 

4715.75 

5694.47 

7651.92 

9609.45 

1.818 

2760.51!   3250.26 

3740.03 

4719.55 

5699.07 

7658.14 

9617.39 

1.819 

2762.69 

3253.84 

3743.02 

4723.35 

5703.68 

7664.36 

9625.23 

1.820 

2764.87 

3255.43 

3746.01 

.  4727.15 

5708.29 

7670.58 

9632.87 

1.821 

2767.05 

3258.01 

3749.00 

4730.95 

5712.90 

7676.81 

9640.71 

1.822  i   2769.23 

3260.60 

3751.99 

4734.75 

5717.51 

7683.05 

-   9648.55 

1.823 

2771.41 

3263.19 

3754.98 

4738.55 

5722.12 

7689.29 

9656.40 

1.824 

2773.59 

3265.78 

3757.97 

4742.35 

5726.73 

7695.53 

9664.25 

1.825 

2775.78 

3268.37 

3760.96 

4746.15 

5731.34 

7701.72 

9672.10 

1.826 

2777.96 

3270.95 

3763.95 

4749.85 

5735.95 

7707.95 

9679.95 

1.827 

2779.14 

3273.54 

3766.94 

4753.65 

5740.56 

7704.18 

9687.80 

1.828 

2781.32 

3276.13 

3769.93 

4757.45 

5745.18 

7720.42 

9695.66 

1.829 

2788.50 

3278.72 

3773.93 

4761.26 

5749.80 

7726.66 

9703.52 

1.830 

2786.69 

3281.31 

3775.93 

4765.17 

5754.42 

7732.90 

9711.38 

Depth 
on 

Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.831 

2788.87 

3283.80 

3778.92 

4768.98 

5759.04 

7739.14 

9719.24 

1.832 

2791.05 

3286.39 

3781.92 

4772.80 

5763.66 

7745.38 

9727.10 

1.833 

2793.24 

3288.98 

3784.92 

4776.62 

5768.28 

7751.62 

9734.97 

1.834 

2795.43 

3291.57 

3787.92 

4780.44 

5772.90 

7757.86 

9742.84 

1.835 

2797.62 

3294.27 

3790.92 

4784.22 

5777.52 

7764.11 

9750.71 

1.836 

2799.81 

3296.86 

3793.92 

4788.03 

5782.14 

7770.36 

9758.58 

1.837 

2802.00 

3299.46 

3796.92 

4791.84 

5786.76 

7776.61 

9766.45 

1.838 

2804.19 

3302.06 

3799.92 

4795.65 

5791.39 

7782.86 

9774.33 

1.839 

2806.38 

3304.66 

3702.92 

4799.47 

5796.02 

7789.11 

9782.21 

1.840 

2808.57 

3307.25 

3805.93 

4803.29 

5800.65 

7795.37 

9790.09 

1.841 

2810.76 

3310.84 

3808.93 

4807.10 

5805.28 

7801.63 

9797.97 

1.842 

2812.95 

3313.44 

3811.93 

4810.92 

5809.91 

7807.89 

9805.86 

1.843 

2815.04 

3316.04 

3814.93 

4814.74 

5814.54 

7814.15 

9813.75 

1.844 

2817.23 

3318.64 

3817.94 

4818.56 

5819.17 

7820.41 

9821.64 

1.845 

2819.52 

3320.24 

3820.95 

4822.38 

5823.81 

7826.67 

9829.53 

1.846 

2821.71 

3322.84 

3823.95 

4826.20 

5828.44 

7832.93 

9837.41 

1.847 

2823.90 

3325.44 

3826.96 

4830.02 

5833.07 

7839.19 

9845.30 

1.848 

2825.09 

3328.04 

3829.97 

4833.84 

5837.71 

7845.46 

9853.19 

1.849 

2827.29 

3330.64 

3832.98 

4837.66 

5842.35 

7851.73 

9861.09 

.850 

2830.49 

3333.24 

3835.99 

4841.49 

5846.99 

7868.00 

9869.00 

1.851 

2832.68 

3335.84 

3838.00 

4845.31 

5851.63 

7864.27 

9876.90 

1.852 

2834.87 

3338.44 

3841.01 

4849.14 

5856.27 

7870.54 

9884.81 

.853 

2837.09 

3341.04 

3844.02 

4852.97 

5860.91 

7876.81 

9892.72 

.854 

2839.29 

3343.65 

3847.03 

4856.80 

5865.56 

7883.09 

9900.63 

.855 

2841.47 

3346.26 

3851.05 

4860.63 

5870.21 

7889.37 

9908.54 

.856 

2843.66 

3348.86 

3854.06 

4864.46 

5874.85 

7895.65 

9916.45 

.857 

2845.85 

3351.46 

3857.07 

4868.29 

5879.50 

7901.93 

9924.36 

.858 

2848.05 

3354.01 

3860.08 

4872.12 

£884.15 

7908.21 

9932.28 

1.859 

2850.25 

3356.68 

3863.10 

4875.95 

E888.80 

7914.49 

9940.20 

.860 

2852.45 

3359.29 

3866.12 

4879.79 

5893.45 

7920.78 

9948.12 

.861 

2854.65 

3361.90 

3869.13 

4883.62 

5897.10 

7927.07 

9956.04 

1.862 

2856.85 

3364.51 

3872.15 

4887.46 

5901.75 

7933.36 

9963.97 

.863 

2859.05 

3367.12 

3875.17 

4891.30 

5906.41 

7939.65 

9971.90 

.864 

2861.25 

3369.73 

3878.19 

4895.14 

5911.07 

7945.94 

9979.83 

1.865 

2863.46 

•  3372.34 

3881  .21 

4898.97 

5916.73 

7952.24 

9987.75 

1.866 

2865.66 

3374.95 

3884.23 

4902.81 

5921.38 

7958.53 

9995.68 

1.867 

2867.86 

3377.56 

3887.25 

4906.65 

5926.04 

7964.83 

10003.61 

1.868 

2870.06 

3380.17 

3890.27 

4910.49 

5930.70 

7971.13 

10011.54 

1.869 

2872.26 

3382.78 

3893.30 

4914.33 

5935.36 

7977.43 

10019.47 

1.870 

2874.47 

3385.39 

3896.32 

4918.17 

5940.02 

7983.73 

10027.43 

1.871 

2876.67 

3388.00 

3899.34 

4922.01 

5944.68 

7990.03 

10035.37 

1.872 

2878.87 

3390.61 

3902.36 

4925.85 

5949.34 

7996.33 

10043:31 

1.873 

2881.08 

3393.23 

3905.38 

4929.70 

5954.01 

8002.64 

10051.26 

.874 

2883.28 

3395.86 

3908.41 

4933.55 

5958.68 

8008.95 

10059.21 

.875 

2885.49 

3398.47 

3911.44 

4937.40 

5963.35 

8015.26 

10067.16 

,876 

2887.69 

3301.08 

3914.47 

4941.24 

5968.02 

8021.57 

10075.11 

1.877 

2889.89 

3303.69|   3917.50 

4945.09 

5972.69 

8027.88 

10082.06 

.878 

2892.10 

3306.31 

3920.53 

4948.94 

5977.36 

8034.19 

10090.02 

1.879 

2894.31 

3308.93 

3923.56 

4952.79 

5982.03 

8040.50 

10097.98 

1.880 

2896.52 

3411.55 

3926.59 

4956.64 

5986.70 

8046.82 

10106.94 

1.881 

2898.73 

3414.17 

3929.62 

4960.49 

5991.37 

8053.14 

10114.90 

1.882 

2900.94 

3416.79 

3932.65 

4964.34 

5996.05 

8059.46 

10122.86 

1.883 

2903.15 

3419.41 

3935.68 

4968.19 

6000.73 

8065.78 

10130.83 

1.884 

2905.36 

3422.03 

3938.72 

4972.05 

6005.41 

8072.00 

10138.80 

1.885 

2907.57 

3424.66 

3941.75 

4975.91 

6010.09 

8078.43 

10146.77 

1.886 

2909.78 

3427.68 

3944.78 

4979.77 

6014.77 

8084.75 

10154.74 

1.887 

2911.99 

3430.30 

3947.81 

4983.63 

6018.45 

8091.08 

10162.71 

1.888 

2914.20 

3432.92 

3950.84 

4987.49 

6023.13 

8097.41 

10170.69 

416 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet 

*1.889 

2916.41 

3435.54 

3953.88 

4991.35 

6028.81 

8103.74 

10178.67 

1.890 

2918.63 

3437.77 

3956.92 

4995.21 

6033.50 

8110.07 

10186.65 

1.891 

2920.84 

3440.39 

3959.95 

4999.07 

6038.18 

8117.10 

10194.63 

1,892 

2923.05 

3443.01 

3962.99 

5002.93 

6042.86 

8123.44 

10202.61 

1.803 

2925.27 

3445.64 

3966.03 

5006.79 

6047.55 

8129.78 

10210.60 

1.894 

2927.49 

3448.27 

3969.07 

5010.65 

6052.24 

8136.12 

10218.59 

1.895 

2929.70 

3450.90 

3972.11 

5014.52 

6056.93 

8141.76 

10226.58 

1.896 

2931.91 

3453.53 

3975.15 

5018.38 

6061.62 

8148.10 

10234.57 

1,897 

2934.12 

3456.16 

3978.19 

5022.25 

6066.31 

8154.44 

10242.56 

I*>d8 

2936.34 

3458.79 

3981.23 

5026.12 

6071.00 

8160.78 

10250.56 

1.899 

2938.56 

3461.42 

3984.27 

5029.99 

6075.70 

8167.13 

10258.56 

1.900 

2940.78 

3464.05 

3987.32 

5033.86 

6080.40 

8173.48 

10266.56 

1.901 

2912.99 

3466.68 

3990.36 

5037.73 

6085.09 

8180.83 

10274.56 

1.902 

2915.21 

3469.31 

3993.40 

5041.60 

6089.79 

8187.18 

10282.56 

1.903 

2947.43 

3471.94 

3996.44 

5045.47 

6094.49 

8193.53 

10290.57 

1.904 

2949.65 

3474.57 

3999.49 

5049.34 

6099.91 

8199.88 

10298.58 

1.905 

2951.87 

3477.21 

4002.54 

5053.22 

6103.89 

8205.24 

10306.59 

1.906 

2954.09 

3479.84 

4005.58 

5057.09 

6108.59 

8211.60 

10314.60 

1.907 

2956.31 

3482.47 

4008.63 

5060.96 

6113.29 

8217.96 

10322.61 

1.908 

2958.53 

3485.10 

4011.68 

5064.84 

6118.06 

8224.32 

10330.62 

1.909 

2960.75 

3487.74 

4014.73 

5068.72 

6122.77 

8230.68 

10338.64 

1.910 

2962.97 

3490.38 

4017.78 

5072.60 

6127.41 

8237.04 

10346.66  i 

1.911 

2965.19 

3493.01 

4020.83 

5076.48 

6132.12 

8243.40 

10354.68! 

1.912 

2967.41 

3495.64 

4023.88 

5080.36 

6136.83 

8249.76 

10362.70 

1.913 

2969.63 

3498.28 

4026.93 

5084.26 

6141.54 

8256.13 

10370.73 

1.914 

2971.89 

3500.92 

4029.98 

5088.14 

6146.25 

8262.50 

10378.76 

1.915 

2974.08 

3503.56 

4033.04 

5092.00 

6150.96 

8268.87 

10386.79 

1.916 

2976.30 

3506.20 

4036.09 

5095.88 

6155.67 

8275.24 

10394.82 

1.917 

2978.52 

3508.84 

4039.14 

5099.76 

6160.38 

8281.61 

10402.85 

1.918 

2980.74 

3511.48 

4042.19 

5103.64 

6165.09 

8287.99 

10410.88 

1.919 

2982.97 

3514.12 

4045.25 

5107.53 

6169.81 

8294.37 

10418.92 

1.920 

2985.20 

3516.76 

4048.31 

5111.42 

6174.53 

8300.75 

10426.96 

1.921 

2987.42 

3518.80 

4051.36 

5115.31 

6179.25 

8307.13 

10435.00 

1.922 

2989.65;   3521.44 

4054.42  i   5119.20 

6183.97 

8313.511  10443.04 

1.923 

2991.88   3524.08 

4057.48   5123.09 

6188.69 

8319.89 

10451.08 

1924 

2994.11 

3526.72 

4060.54  1   5126.98 

6193.41 

8326.27 

10459.13 

1.925 

2996.34 

3529.97 

4063.60;   5130.87 

6198.13 

8332.66 

10467.18 

1.926 

2998.57 

3532.61 

4066.661   5134.76 

6202.85 

8339.05 

10475.23 

1.927 

3000.80 

3535.25 

4069.72 

5138.65 

6207.57 

8345.44 

10483.28 

1.928 

3003.03 

3537.90 

4072.78 

5142.54 

6212.30)   8351.83 

10491.34 

1.929   3005.26 

3540.55 

4075.84   5146.44 

6217.03   8358.22 

10499.40 

1.930 

3007.49 

3543.20 

4078.91   5150.34 

6221.76   8364.61 

10507.461 

1.931 

3009.72 

3545.84 

4081.97   5154.23 

6226.49   8371.00 

10515.52 

1.932   3011.95 

3548.49 

4085.03S   5158.13J   6231.22   8377.40 

10523.58 

1.933J   3014.18 

3551.14 

4088.09i   5162.03   6235.95|   8383.80 

10531.64 

1.934 

3016.41 

3553.79 

4091.16   5165.93 

6240.68  :   8390.20 

10539.71 

1.935 

3018.64 

3556.44 

4094.23  i   5169.83 

6245.42   8396.60 

10547.78 

1.936 

3020.87 

3559.09 

4097.29   5173.73 

6250.15   8403.00 

10555.851 

1.937 

3023.10 

3561.74 

4100.36   5177.63 

6254.88 

8409  40 

10563.92 

1.938 

3025.33 

3564.39 

4103.43   5181.53 

6259.62 

8415.^0 

10571.99 

1.939 

3027.57 

3567.04 

4036.50   5185.43 

6264.36 

8422.21 

10580.07 

1.940 

3029.81 

3569.69 

4109.57   5189.34 

6269.10 

8428.62 

10588.15 

1.941 

3032.04 

3572.34   4112.64 

5193.24 

6273.84   8435.03 

10596.23 

1.942 

3034.27 

3574.99 

4115.71 

5197.14 

6278.58!   8441.44 

10604.31 

1.943 

3036.51 

3577.64 

4118.78J   5101.05 

6283.32   8447.85 

10612.39 

1.944 

3038.75 

3580.30 

4121.85   5104.96 

6288.06   8454.27 

10620.47 

1.945 

3040.99 

3582.96 

4124.93   5208.87 

6292.81 

8460.69 

10628.56 

1.946 

3043.22 

3585.61 

4128.00   5212.78 

6297.55 

8467.11 

10636.65 

1 

1 

417 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet.   6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.947 

3045.46 

3588.26 

4131.07 

5216.69 

6302.29 

8473.53 

10644.74 

1.948   3047.70 

3590.92 

4134.14 

5220.60 

6307.04 

8479.95 

10652.83 

1.949   3049.94 

3593.58 

4137.22 

5224.51 

6311.79 

8486.37 

10660.93 

1.950 

3052.18 

3596.24 

4140.30 

5228.42 

6316.54 

8492.79 

10669.03 

1.951   3054.42 

3598.90 

4143.37 

5232.33 

6321.29 

8499.21 

10677.13 

1.952   3056.66 

3601.56 

4146.45 

5236.24 

6326.04 

8505.64 

10685.23 

1.953!   3058.90 

3604.22 

4149.53 

5240.16 

6330.79 

8512.07 

10693.33 

1.954!   3061.14 

3606.88 

4152.61 

5244.08 

6335.55 

8518.50 

10701.44 

1.955J   3063.38 

3609.54 

4155.69 

5248.00 

6340.31 

8524.93 

10709.55 

1.956   3065.62 

3612.20 

4158.77 

5251.92 

6345.06 

8531.36 

10717.66 

1.957   3067.86 

3614.86 

4161.85 

5255.84 

6349.82 

8537.79 

'10725.77 

1.958!   3070.10 

3617.52 

4164.93 

5259.76 

6354.58 

8544.23 

10733.88 

1.959,   3072.34 

3620.18 

4168.01 

5263.68 

6359.34 

8550.67 

10741.99 

1.960!   3074.59 

3622.84 

4171.09 

5267.60 

6364.10 

8557.11 

10750.11 

1.961 

3076.83 

3625.50 

4174.17 

5271.52 

6368.86 

8563.65 

10758.23 

1.962 

3079.07 

3628.16 

4177.25 

5275.44 

6373.52 

8569.99 

10766.36 

1.963!   3081.32 

3630.83 

4180.34 

5279.36 

6378.28 

8576.43 

10774.47 

1.964 

3083.57 

3633.50 

4183.43 

5283.29 

6383.05 

8582.87 

10782.59 

1.965 

3085.82 

3636.17 

4186.52 

5287.22 

6387.92 

8589.32 

10790.72 

1.9661   3088.06 

3638.83 

4189.60 

5291.14 

6392.68 

8595.75 

10798.86 

1.967   3090.30 

3641.49 

4192.68 

5295.07 

6397.45 

8602.20 

10706.98 

1.968!   3092.55 

3644.16 

4195.77 

5299.00 

6402.22 

8608.65 

10715.11 

1.969 

3094.80 

3646.83 

4198.86 

5302.93 

6406.99 

8615.10 

10723.24 

1.970 

3097.05 

3649.50 

4201.95 

5306.86 

6411.76 

8621.57 

10831.38 

1.971 

3099.29 

3652.17 

4205.04 

5310.79 

6416.53 

8629.02 

10839.52 

1.972 

3100.54 

3654.84 

4208.13 

5314.72 

6421.30 

8635.48 

10847.66 

1.973 

3103.79 

3657.51 

4211.22 

5318.65 

6426.07 

8641.94 

10855.80 

1.974 

3106.04 

3660.18 

4214.31 

5322.58 

6430.85 

8648.40 

10863.96 

1.975 

3108.29 

3662.85 

4217.40 

5326.52 

6435.63 

8653.86 

10872.10 

1.976 

3110.54 

3665.52 

4020.49 

5330.45 

6440.41 

8660.32 

10880.25 

1.977 

3112.79 

3668.19* 

4023.58 

5334.38 

6445.19 

8666.78 

10888.75 

1.978 

3115.04 

3670.86 

4026.68   5338.32 

6449.97 

8673.25 

10896.90 

1.979 

3117.29 

3673.53 

4029.78   6342.26 

6454.75 

8679.72 

10905.06 

1.980 

3119.54 

3676.21 

4232.88   5346.20 

6459.53 

8686.19 

10912.85 

1.981 

3121.79   3678.88 

4235.97   5350.14 

6464.31 

8692.66 

10921.01 

1.982 

3124.04   3681.55 

4239.06   5354.08 

6469.09   8699.13 

10929.17 

1.983 

3126.29   3684.22 

4242.16 

5358.02 

6473.87   8705.60 

10937.33 

1.984   3128.55!   3686.90 

4245.26 

5361.96 

6478.66 

8712.07 

10945.49 

1.985   3130.81   3689.58i   4248.36   5365.91 

6483.45 

8718.55 

10953.65 

1.986   3133.06   3692.25!   4251.461   5369.85 

6488.24 

8725.03 

10961.82 

1.987   3135.36 

3694.9S   4254.56!   5373.79 

6493.03 

8731.51 

10969.99 

1.9881   3137.57 

3697.611   4257.66   5377.73 

6497.82 

8737.99 

10978.16 

1.989   3139.83   3700.29 

4260.76   5381.68 

6402.61 

8744.47 

10986.33 

1.990   3142.09   3702.97 

4263.86i   5385.63 

6507.41 

8750.95 

10994.50 

1.991   3144.34   3705.59 

4266.96   5389.58 

6512.20 

8757.43 

10102.68 

1.992 

3146.59 

3708.21 

4270.06   5393.53 

6516.99 

8763.92 

10112.68 

1.993   3148.85 

3710.83 

4273.17   5397.48 

6521.78 

8770.41 

10120.86 

1.994   3151.11 

3713.45   4276.28 

5401.43 

6526.57 

8776.90 

10129.04 

1.995   3153.37 

3716.37   4279.38 

5405.38 

6531.38 

8783.39 

11035.40 

1.996'   3155.63 

3719.05 

4282.48 

5409.33 

6536.18 

8789.88 

11043.59 

1.997 

3157.89 

3721.73 

4285.58 

5413.28 

6540.98 

8796.37 

11051.78 

1.998 

3160.15 

3724.41 

4288.69 

5417.23 

6545.78 

8802.87 

11059.97 

1.999 

3162.41 

3727.10 

4291.80 

5421.19 

6550.58 

8808.37 

11068.16 

2.000 

3164.67 

3729.79 

4294.91 

5425.15 

6555.39 

8815.87 

11076.35 

4i8 
TABLES 

FOR  FACILITATING  THE  COMPUTATION  OF  THE  QUANTITY  OF 

WATER  FLOWING  OVER  WEIRS. 

TABLE  I. 

To  attain  the  greatest  exactness,  it  is  necessary  to  take  account  of  the  veloc- 
ity of  the  water  approaching  the  weir.  The  method  adopted  at  Lowell  for 
this  purpose  is  to  make  a  correction  for  it  in  the  observed  depth  on  the  weir, 
by  the  formula 

H'= 


in  which 

H  =  the  observed  depth  on  the  weir. 
h  =  the  head  due  the  mean  velocity  approaching  the  weir. 
H'=  the  corrected  depth  on  the  weir. 
By  developing  into  scries  and  omitting  the  terms  containing  powers  of  ^ 

above  the  first,  h  being  always  very  small,  relatively  to  H,  this  formula  may, 
without  sensible  error,  be  put  under  the  simpler  form, 


The  mean  velocity  of  the  water  approaching  the  weir  is  usually  found,  with 
sufficient  exactness,  by  computing  the  discharge,  approximately,  from  the  ob- 
served depth  on  the  weir,  and  dividing  it  by  the  section  of  the  channel  ap- 
proaching the  weir,  the  quotient  being  the  velocity;  the  head  due  this  velocity, 
or  h,  is  found  by  Table  I.,  which  is  computed  by  the  formula, 

w 

A—, 
2«7 

in  which 

V  =  the  mean  velocity. 

g  =  the  velocity  acquired  by  a  body  at  the  end  of  the  first  sec- 
ond of  its  fall,  in  a  vacuum;  its  value,  for  Lowell,  being 
32.1618. 

TABLE  II. 
This  is  computed  by  the  formula 

0  =  3.33  (L-O.ln  H) 

in  which 

Q  =  the  quantity  of  water  discharged,  in  cubic  feet  per  second. 

L  =  the  length  of  the  weir  in  feet. 

H=  the  depth  on  the  weir  in  feet,  being  the  height  of  the  surface 
of  the  water  above  the  top  of  the  weir,  taken  far  enough 
from  the  weir  to  be  unaffected  by  the  curvature  caused  by 
the  discharge,  and  corrected,  if  necessary,  for  the  velocity  of 
the  water  approaching  the  weir. 

n  =  the  number  of  end  contractions. 

In  computing  the  table,  L  is  taken  equal  to  1,  and  n  equal  to  0. 

The  actual  length  of  the  weir  being  known,  it  is  to  be  corrected  for  the  end 
contractions,  if  any,  by  deducting  from  it  one-tenth  of  the  depth  on  the  weir 
for  each  end  contraction.  If  the  length  of  the  weir  is  the  same  as  the  width 
of  the  canal  approaching  it,  there  is  no  end  contraction,  and  of  course  nothing 
to  be  deducted  from  the  length  of  the  weir.  The  discharge,  as  given  by  the 
table,  multiplied  by  the  length  of  the  weir,  corrected,  if  necessary,  as  above, 
gives  the  quantity  of  water  discharged  by  the  weir. 


419 


HEADS,  IN  FEET,  DUE  TO  VELOCITIES  FROM  0  TO -4.99  FEET  PER 
SECOND. 


Veloc'y 

0 

1 

% 

» 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

0.0000 

0.0000 

0.0000 

0.0000 

0.0000 

0.0000 

0.0001 

0.0001 

0.0001 

0.0001 

.1 

0.0002 

0.0002 

0.0002 

0.0003 

00003    0.0003 

0.0004 

0.0004 

0.0005 

0.0006 

.2 

0.0006 

0.0007 

0.0008 

0.0008 

0.00091  0.0010 

0.0011 

0.0011 

0.0012 

0.0013 

.3 

0.0014 

0.0015    00016 

0.0017 

0.0018!  0.0019 

0.0020 

0.0021 

0.0022 

0.0024 

.4 

0.0025 

0.00  -'6    0.0027 

0.0029 

0.00301  0.0031 

0.0033 

0.0034 

0.0036 

0.0037 

.5 

0.0039 

0.0040  '  0.0042 

0.0044 

0.0045 

O.OJ47 

0.0049 

0.0051 

00052 

0.0054 

.6 

0.0056 

0.0058    0.0000 

0.0062 

0.0064 

0.0066 

0.0068 

0.0070 

0.0072 

0.0074 

.7 

0.0076 

0.<x>7«    0.0081 

0.0083 

0.0085 

0.0087 

0.0090 

0.0092 

0.00.95 

0.0097 

.8 

0.0099 

0.0102    0.0105 

0.0107 

O.OUO 

0.0112 

0.0115 

0.0118 

0.0120 

0.0123 

.9 

00126 

0.0129    0.0132 

0.0134 

0.0137 

0.0140 

0.0143 

0.0146 

0.0149 

0.0152 

1.0 

0.0155 

0.0159    00162 

0.0165 

0.0168 

0.0171 

0.0175 

0.0178 

0.0181 

0.0185 

.1 

0.0188 

0.0192    0.0195    0.0199 

0.0202 

0.0206 

0.0209 

0.0413 

0.0216 

0.0220 

.2 

0.0224 

0.0228    0.0231 

0.0235 

0.0239 

0.0243 

0.0247 

0.0251 

0.0255 

0.0259 

.3 

0.0263 

0.0267    0.0271 

0.0275 

0.0279 

0.0283 

0.0288 

00292 

0.0296 

0.0300 

A 

00305 

0.0309    0.0313 

0.0318 

0.0322 

0.0327 

0.0331 

0.0336 

0.0341 

0.0345 

.5 

0.0350 

0.0354;  0.0359    0.0364 

00369 

0.0374 

0.0378 

0.0383 

0.0388 

0.0393 

.6 

0.0398 

0.0403  !  0.0408    0.0413 

0.0418 

0.0423 

0.0428 

0.0434 

0.0439 

0.0444 

.7 

0.0449 

0.0455    0.0460 

0.0465 

0.0471 

0.0476 

0.0482 

0.0487 

0.0493 

0.0498 

.8 

0.0504 

0.0509,  0.0515    0.0521 

0.0526 

0.0532 

0.0533 

0.0544 

0.0549 

0.0555 

.9 

0.0561 

0.0567 

0.0573    0.0579 

0.0585 

0.0591 

0.0597 

0.0603 

0.0609 

0.0616 

2.0 

0.0622 

0.0628 

0.0634 

0.0641 

0.0647 

0.0653 

0.0660 

0.0666 

0.0673 

0.0679 

.1 

0.0d86 

0.0692    0.0399!  0.0705 

0.0712 

0.0719 

0.0725 

0.0732 

0.0739 

0.0746 

.2 

0.0752 

0.0759    0.0766    0.0773 

0.0780 

0.0787 

0.0794 

0.0801 

0.0808 

0.0815 

.3 

O.OS22 

0.0830 

0.0837 

0.0844 

00851 

0.0859 

0.<866 

0.0873 

0.0881 

0.0888 

4 

0.0895 

0.0903 

0.0910 

0.0918 

0.0926 

0.0933 

0.0941 

0.0948 

0.0956 

0.0964 

.5 

0.0972 

0.0.)79    0.0987 

00995 

0.1003 

0.1011 

0.1019 

0.1027 

0.1035 

0.1043 

.6 

0.1051 

0.1059    0.1067 

0.1075 

0.1084 

0.1092 

0.1100 

0.1108 

0.1117 

0.1125 

7 

0.1133 

0.1142 

0.1150 

0.1159 

0.1167 

0.1176 

0.1184 

0.1193 

0.1201 

0.1210 

.8 

0.1219 

0.1228    0.1236 

0.  1245 

0.1254 

0.1263 

0.1272 

0.1281 

0.1289 

0.1298 

.9 

0.13  J7 

0.1316    0.1326 

0  1335 

0.1344 

0.1353 

0.1362 

0.1371 

0.1381 

0.1390 

3.0 

0.1399 

0.1409 

0.1418 

0.1427 

0.1437 

0.1446 

0.1456 

0.1465 

0.1475 

0.1484 

.1 

0.1494 

0.1504 

0.1513 

0.1523 

0.1533 

0.1543 

0.1552 

0.1562 

0.1572 

0.1582 

.2 

0.1592 

0.1602'  0.1612 

0.1622 

0  1632 

0.1642 

0.1652 

0.1662 

0.1673 

0.1683 

.3 

0.1693 

0.1703    0.1714 

0.1724 

0.1734 

0.1745 

0.1755 

0.1766 

0.1776 

0.1787 

.4 

0.1797 

0.1808    0.1818 

0.1829 

0.1840 

0.1850 

0.1861 

0.1872 

0.1883 

0.1894 

.5 

0.1904 

0.1915    0.1926    0.1937 

0.1948 

0.1959 

0.1970 

0.1981 

0.1992 

0.2004 

.6 

0.2015 

0.2026,  0.2037    0.2049 

0.2060 

0.2071 

0.208:5 

0.2094 

0.2105 

0.2117 

.7 

0.2128 

0.2140    0.2151    0.2163 

02175 

0.2186 

02198 

0.2210 

0.2221 

0.2233 

.8 

0.2245 

0.2257    0.2269    0.2280 

02.92 

0.2304 

0.2316 

0.2328 

0.2340 

0.2352 

.9 

0.2365 

02377|  0.2389 

0.2401 

0.4113 

0.2426 

0.2438 

0.2450 

0.2463 

0.2475 

4.0 

0.2487 

0.2500^  0.2512 

0.2525 

0.2537 

0.2550 

02563 

0.2575 

02588 

0.2601 

.1 

0.2613 

0.2626    0.263) 

0.2652 

0.2665 

0.2677 

0.2690 

0.2703 

0.2716 

0.2729 

.2 

0.2742 

0.2755    0.2769 

0.2782 

0.2795 

0.2808 

0.2821 

0.2835 

0.2848 

0.2861 

.3 

0.2875 

02888    0.2901 

0.2915 

0.2928 

0.2942 

0.2955 

0*2969 

0.2982 

0.2996 

.4 

0.3010 

0.3023    0.3037 

0.3051 

0.3065 

0.3079 

03  92 

0.3106 

0.3120 

0.3134 

.5 

0.3148 

03162;   0.3176 

0.3190 

03204 

0.3218 

0  3233 

0.3247 

0.^261 

0.3275 

.6 

03290 

0.3304J  0.3318 

03333 

0  3347 

0.3362 

0.3376 

0.3390 

0.3405 

03420 

.7 

0.3434 

0.3449    0.3463 

03478 

0.3493 

0.35-08 

0.3522 

0.3537 

0.3552 

0.3567 

.8 

0.3582 

0.3597 

0.3612 

0.3627 

0.3642 

0.3657 

0.3672 

0.3687 

0.3702 

03717 

.9 

0.3733 

0.3748    0.3763 

0.3779 

0.3794 

0.3809 

0.3825 

0.3840 

0.3856 

0.3871 

420 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS  ;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  0  TO  0.499  FEET. 


Depth. 

O 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.00 

0.0000  ;  0.0001 

0.0003 

0.0005 

0.0008 

0.0012 

0.0015 

0.0020 

0.0024 

0.0028 

.01 

0.0033    0.0038 

0.0044 

0.0049 

0.0055 

0.0061 

0.0067 

0.0074 

0.0080 

0.0087 

.02 

0.0094    0.0101 

O.H109 

0.0116 

0.0124 

'0.0132 

0.0140 

0.0148 

0.0156 

0.0164 

.03 

0.0173    0.0182 

0.0191 

0.0200 

0.0209 

0.0^18 

0.0227 

0.0237 

0.0247 

0.0256 

.04 

0.0266    0.0276 

0.0287 

0.0297 

0.0307 

o.toi8 

0.0329 

0.0339 

0.0350 

0.0361 

.05 

0.0372 

0.0384 

0.1-395 

0.0406 

0.0418 

0.04SU 

0.0441 

0.0453 

0.0465 

0.0477 

.06 

0.0489 

0.05(2 

0.0514 

0.0&27 

0.0539 

0.0552 

0.0565 

0.0578 

0.0590 

0.0604 

.07 

0.0617 

0.0630 

00643 

0.0657 

0.0670 

0.0684 

0.0698 

0.0712 

0.0725 

0.0739 

.08 

0.0753 

0.0768 

0  l>7^ 

0.0796 

0.0811 

0.0825 

0.0840 

0.0855 

0.0869 

0.0884 

.09 

0.0899 

0.0914 

0.0919 

0.0944 

0.0960 

0.0975 

0.0990 

0.1006 

0.1022 

0.1037 

0.10 

0.1053 

0.1069 

0.1085 

0.1101 

0.1117 

0.1133 

0.1149 

0.1166 

0.1182 

0.1198 

.11 

0.1215 

0.1231 

0.1248 

0.1265 

0.1282 

0.1299 

0.1316 

0.1333 

0.1350 

0.1367 

.12 

0.1384 

0.1402 

0.1419 

0.1436 

0.1454 

0.1472 

0.1489'  0.1507 

0.1525 

0.1543 

.13 

0.1561 

0.1579 

0.1597 

0.1615 

0.1633 

0.1652 

0.1670;  0.1689 

o.r.o? 

0.1726 

.14 

0.1744 

0.1763 

0.1782 

0.1801 

0.1820 

0.1839 

0.1858,  0.1877 

0.1896 

0.1915 

.15 

0.1935 

0.1954 

0.1^73 

0.1993 

0.2012 

0.2032 

O.L'<;52    0.2072 

0.2091 

0.2111 

.16 

0.2131 

0.2151 

0.2171 

0.2191 

0.2212 

0.2232 

0.2252    0.2273 

0.2293 

0.2314 

.17 

0.2334 

0.2355 

0.2375 

0.2396 

0.2417 

0.2438 

0.1459 

0.2480 

0.2501 

0.2522 

.18 

0.2543 

0.2564 

(  .2586 

0.2607 

0.2628 

0.2650 

0.2671 

0.2693 

0.2714 

0.2736 

.19 

0.2758 

0.2780 

0.2802 

0.2823    0.2845 

0.2867 

0.2890 

0.2912 

0.2934 

0.2956 

0.20 

0.2978 

0.3001 

0.3023 

0.3046    0.3068 

0.3091 

0.3113 

0.8136 

0.3159 

0.3182 

.21 

0.3205 

0.3228 

03250 

0.3274 

0.3297 

0.3320 

0.3343 

0.3366 

0.3389 

03413 

.22 

0.8436 

0.3460 

0.3483 

0.3507 

0.3530 

0.3554 

03578 

0.3601 

0.3625 

03649 

.23 

0.3673 

0.3697 

0.3721 

0.3745 

0.3769 

0.3794 

0.3818 

0.3842 

0.3866 

0.3891 

.24 

0.3915 

0.3940 

0.3964 

0.3989    0.4014 

0.4038 

0.4C63 

0.4088 

0.4113 

0.4138 

.25 

0.4162 

0.4187 

0.4213 

0.4238    0.4263 

0.4288 

('.4313 

0.4339 

0.4364 

0.4389 

.26 

0.4415 

0.4440 

<  .4466 

0.4491 

0.4517 

0.4543 

0.4568 

0.4594 

0.4620 

0.4646 

.27 

0.4672 

0.4698 

0.4724 

0.4750    0.4776 

0.4802 

0.4828 

0.4855 

0.4881 

0.4907 

.28 

0.4934 

0.4S60 

0498T 

0.5013    05040 

0.5067 

0.6093 

0.5120 

05147 

0.5174 

.29 

0.5200 

0.5i27 

0.5254 

0.5281 

0.5308 

0.5336 

0.6363 

0.5390 

0.5417 

0.5444 

0.30 

0.5472 

0.5499 

0.5527 

0.5554 

05582 

0.5609 

0.5637 

0.5664 

0.5692 

05720 

.31 

0.5748 

0.5775 

0.5803 

0  fi831 

0.5859 

0.5887 

0.£9I6 

0.5943:  0.5972 

0  6000 

.3* 

0.6028 

0.6056 

0.6085 

0.6113 

0.6141 

0.6170 

0.6198 

O.t.227j  0.6255 

0.6284 

.33 

0.6313 

O.<?41 

0.6370 

0.6399    0.6428 

0.6457 

0.64^6 

0.6515!  0.6544 

0.6578 

.34 

0.6602 

0.6631 

0.6660 

0.6689    0.6719 

0.6748 

0.6777 

0.6807    O.t>836 

0.6866 

.35 

0.6895 

06925 

0.6954 

06984 

0.7014 

0.7C43 

0.7073 

0.7103    0.7133 

0.7163 

.36 

07193 

0.7223 

0.7253 

0.7^83    0.7313 

0.734:: 

0.7373 

0.7404    0.7434 

d.7464 

.37 

0.7495 

0.7525 

0.7555 

0.758fc 

0.7616 

07647 

0.7678 

0.7708    0.7739 

0.7770 

.38 

0.7800 

0.7831 

0.7862 

0.7893 

0.79:4 

O.i  955 

0.7986 

0.8017 

0.8048 

0.8079 

.39 

0.8110 

0.8142 

0.8173 

0.8204 

0.8235 

08267 

0.8298 

0.8230 

0.8361 

0.8393 

0,40      0.8424 

0.8456 

0.84*8 

0.8519 

0.8551 

0.8583 

0.8615 

0.8646    0.>678 

0.8710 

.41      0.8742 

08774 

0.88(6 

08838 

0.8870 

0.8903 

0.8936 

0.8967    0.8999 

09032 

.42 

0.9064 

0.9r96 

09129 

0.9161 

0.9194 

0.9526!  09259 

09292    0.9324 

0.9357 

.43 

9.9390 

0.9422 

0.9455 

('.9488 

0  9521 

O.P554I  0.9587 

0.9*20i  0.9653 

0.9686 

.44 

0.9719 

0.9752 

0.9785 

0.9819 

0.9852 

0.9885 

0.9919 

0.9952;  09985 

1.0019 

.45 

1.0052 

1.0086 

1.0119 

1.0153 

1.0187 

1.0220 

1.0254 

1  .0288 

1.0321 

1.0365 

.46 

1.0389 

1.0423 

1.C457 

1.0491 

1.0525 

1.0559 

1.0593 

1  .0627 

1.0661 

1.0696 

.47 

1.0730 

1.0764 

1.07fl8 

1.0833 

1.0867 

1.09  1 

1.0936 

1.0970 

1.1005 

1.10:9 

.48 

1.1074 

1.1109 

1.1143 

1.1178 

1.1213 

1.1248 

1.1282 

1.1317 

1.1352 

1.1387 

.49 

1.1422 

1.1457 

1.1492 

1.1527 

1.1562 

1.1597 

1.1632 

1.1668 

1.1703 

1.1738 

421 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  0.500  TO  0.999  FEET. 


Depth. 

0 

1 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.50 

1.1773 

1.1809 

1.1844 

1.1879 

1.1915 

1.1950 

1.1986 

1.2021 

1.2057 

1.2093 

.51 

1.2128    1.2164 

1.2200 

1.2235 

1.2271 

1.2307 

1.2343 

1.2379 

1.2415 

1.2451 

.52 

1.2487    1.2523 

1.2559 

1.2595 

1.2631 

1.2667 

1.2703 

1.2740 

1.2776 

1.2812 

.53 

1.2849    1.2885 

1.2921 

1.2958 

1.2994 

1.3031 

1.3067 

1.3104 

1.3141 

1.3177 

.54 

1.3214    1.3251 

1.3287 

1.3324 

1.3361 

1.3398 

1.3435 

1.3472 

1.3509 

1.3546 

.55 

1.3583 

1.3620 

1.3657 

1.3694 

1.3731 

1.3768 

1.3806 

1.3843 

1.3880 

1.3918 

.66 

1.3955 

1.3992 

1.4030 

1.4067 

1.4105 

1.4142 

1.4180 

1.4217 

1.4255 

1.4293 

.57 

1.4330 

1.4368 

1.4406 

1.4444 

1.4481 

1.4519 

1.4557 

1.4595 

1.4633 

1.4671 

.98 

1.4709 

1.4747 

1.4785 

1.4823 

1.4862 

1.4900 

1.4938 

1.4976 

1.5014 

1.5053 

.59 

1.5091 

1.5130 

1.5168 

1.5206 

1.5245 

1.5283 

1.5322 

1.5361 

1.5399 

1.5438 

0.60 

1.5476 

1.5515 

15554 

1.5593 

1.5631 

1.5670 

1.5709 

1.5748 

1.5787 

1.5826 

.61 

1.5865 

1.5904 

1.5943 

1.5982 

1.6021 

1.6060 

1.6100 

1.6139 

1.6178 

1.6217 

.62 

1.6257 

1.6296 

1.6335 

1.6375 

16414 

1.6454 

1.6493 

1.6533 

1.6572 

1.6612 

.63 

1.6652 

1.6691 

1.6731 

1.6771 

1.6810 

1.6850 

1.6890 

1.6930 

1.6970 

1.7010 

.61 

1.7050 

1.7090 

1.7130 

1.7170 

1.7210 

1.7250 

1.7290 

1.7330 

1.7370 

1.7410 

.65 

4.7451 

1.7491 

1.7531 

1.7572 

1.7612 

1.7652 

1.7693 

1.7733 

1.7774 

1.7814 

.66 

1.7855 

1.7896 

1.7936 

1.7977 

1.8018 

1.8058 

1.8099 

1.8140 

1.8181 

1.8221 

.67 

1.8262 

1.8303 

1.8344 

1.8385 

1.8426 

1.8467 

1.8508 

1.8549 

1.8590 

1.8632 

.68 

1.8673 

1.8714 

1.8755 

1.8796 

1.8838 

1.8879 

1.8920 

1.8962 

1.9003 

1.9045 

.69 

1.9086 

1.9128 

1.9169 

1.9211 

1.9252 

1.9294 

19336 

1.9377 

1.9419 

1.9461 

0.70 

1.9503 

1.9544 

1.9586 

1.9628 

1.9670 

1.9712 

1.9754 

1.9796 

1.9838 

1.9880 

.71 

1.9922 

1.9964 

2.0006 

2.0048 

2.0091 

2.0133 

2.0175 

2.0217 

2.0260 

2.0302 

.72 

2.0344 

2.0387 

2.0429 

2.0472 

2.0514 

2.0557 

2.0599 

2.0642 

2.0684 

2.0727 

.73 

2.0770 

2.0812 

2.0855 

2.0898 

2.0941 

2.0983 

2.1026 

2.1069 

2.1112 

2.1155 

74 

2.1198 

2.1241 

2.1284 

2.1327 

2.1370 

2.1413 

2.1456 

2.1499 

2.1543 

2.1586 

.75 

2.1629 

2.1672 

2.1716 

2.1759 

2.1802 

2.1846 

2.1889 

2.1932 

2.1976 

2.2019 

.76 

2.2063 

2.2107 

2.2150 

2.2194 

2.2237 

2.2281 

2.2325 

2.2369 

2.2412 

2.2456 

.77 

2.2500 

2.2544 

2.2588 

2.2632 

2.2675 

2.2719 

22763 

2.2807 

2.2851 

2.2896 

.78 

2.2940 

2.2984 

5.3028 

2.3072 

2.3116 

2.3161 

2.3205 

2.3249 

2.3293 

2.3338 

.79 

2.3382 

2.3427 

2.3471 

2.3515 

2.3560 

2.3604 

2.3649 

2.3694 

2.3738 

2.3788 

0.80 

2.3828 

2.3872 

2.3917 

2.3962 

2.4006 

2.4051 

2.4096 

2.4141 

2.4186 

2.4231 

.81 

2.4276 

2.4321 

2.4366 

2.44U 

2.4456 

2.4501 

2.4546 

2.4591 

2.4636 

2.4681 

.82 

2.4727 

2.4772 

2.4817 

2.4862 

2.4908 

2.4953 

2.4999 

2.5044 

2.5089 

2.5135 

.83 

2.5180 

2.5226 

2.5271 

2.5317 

2.5363 

2.5408 

2.5454 

2.5500 

2.5545 

2.5591 

.84 

2.5637 

2.5683 

2.5728 

2.5774 

2.5820 

2.5866 

2.5912 

2.5958 

2.6004 

2.6050 

.85 

2.6096 

2.6142 

3.6188 

2.6234 

2.6280 

2.6327 

2.6373 

2.6419 

2.6465 

2.6511 

.86 

2.6558 

2.660i 

2.6650 

2.6697 

2.6743 

26790 

2.6836 

2.6883 

2.6929 

2.6976 

.87 

2.7022 

2.7069 

2.7116 

2.7162 

2.7209 

2.7256 

2.7303 

2.7349 

2.7396 

2.7443 

.88 

2.7490 

2.7536 

2.7583 

2.7630 

2.7677 

2.7724 

2.7771 

2.7818 

2.7865 

2.7912 

.89 

2.7959 

2.8007 

2.8054 

2.8101 

28148 

2.8195 

2.8243 

2.8290 

2.8337 

2.8385 

e.93 

2.8432 

2.8479 

2.8527 

2.8574 

2.8622 

2.8669 

2.8717 

2.8764 

2.8812 

2.8860 

.91 

2.8907 

2.8955 

2.9003 

2.9050 

2.9098 

2.9146 

2.9194 

2.9241 

2.9289 

2.9337 

.92 

29385 

2.9433 

2.9481 

2.9529 

2.9577 

29625 

2.9673 

'2.9721 

2.9769 

2.9817 

.93 

2.9865 

2.9914 

2.9962 

3.0010 

3.0058 

3.0107 

3.0155 

3.0203 

3.0252 

3.0300 

.94 

3.0348 

3.0397 

3.0445 

3.0494 

3  0542 

3,0591 

3.0639 

3.0688 

3.0737 

3.0785 

.95 

3.0834 

3.0883 

3.0931 

3.0980 

3.1029 

3.1078 

3.1127 

3.1175 

3.1224 

3.1273 

.96 

3.1322 

3.1371 

3.1420 

3.1469 

3.1518 

3.1567 

3.1616 

3.1665 

3.1714 

3.1764 

.97 

3.1813 

3.1862 

3.1911 

3.1960 

3.2010 

3.2059 

3.2108 

3.2158 

3.2207 

3.2257 

.98 

3.2306 

3.2355 

3.2405 

3.24,54 

3.2504 

3.2554 

3.2603 

3.2653 

3.2702 

3.2752 

.99 

3.2802 

3.2851 

3.2901 

3.2951 

3.3001 

3.3051 

3.3100 

3.3150 

3.3200 

3.3250 

422 


pISCH  ARGE.  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OP  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH. 
OUT  CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS  ;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  1.000  TO  1.499  FEET. 


Depth. 

0 

1 

» 

3 

4 

5 

• 

7 

8 

9 

1.00 

3.3300 

3.3350 

3.3400 

3.3450 

3.3500 

3.3550 

3.3600 

3.3650    3.3700 

3.3751 

.01 

3.3801 

3.3851 

3.3901 

3.3951 

3.4002 

3.4052 

3.4102 

34153   3.4203 

3.4254 

.02 

3.4304 

3.4354 

34405 

3.4455 

3.4506 

3.4557 

3.4607 

3.4658    3.4708 

3.4759 

.03 

3.4810 

3.4860    3.4911 

3.4962 

3.5013 

3.5063 

3  5114 

3.5165    3.5216 

3.5267 

.04 

3.5318 

3.5369    3.5420 

3.5471 

3.5522 

3.5573 

3.5624 

3.5675    3.5726 

3.5777 

.05 

3.5828 

3.5880    3.5931 

3.5982 

3.6033 

3.6085 

3.6136 

3.6187 

3.6239 

3.6290 

.06 

3.6342 

3.63931  36444 

3.6496 

3.6547 

3.6599 

3.6651 

3.6702 

3.6754 

3.6805 

.07 

3.6857 

3.6909 

3.6960 

3.7012 

3.7064 

3.7116 

3.7167 

3.7219 

3.7271 

3.7323 

.08 

3.7375 

3.7427 

37479 

3.7531 

3.7583 

3.7635 

3.7687 

3.7739 

3.7791 

3.7843 

.09 

3.7895 

3.7947 

3.8000 

3.8052 

3.8104 

3.8156 

3.8209 

3.8261 

3.8313 

3.8365 

1.10 

3.8418 

3.8470 

3.8523 

3.8575 

3.8628 

3.8680 

3.8733 

3.8785 

38838 

3.8890 

.11 
.12 

3.8943 
3.9470 

3.8996 
39523 

3.9048 
3.9576 

39101 
3.9629 

3.9154 
3.9682 

3.9206 
3.9735 

3.9259 
39788 

3.9312 
3.9841 

3.9365  3.9418 
3  9894  !  3.9947 

13 

4  0000 

4.0053 

4.0106 

4.0160 

4.0213 

4.0266 

4.0319 

40372   4.0426  !  4.0479 

.14 

4.0532 

4.0586 

4.06391  4.0692 

40746 

4.0799 

4.0853 

4.0906 

4.0960  4.1013 

.15 

4.1067 

4.1120 

4.1174    4.1228 

4.1281 

4.1335 

4.1389 

4.1442 

4.1496  4.1550 

.16 

4.1604 

4.1657 

4.1711 

4.1765 

4.1819 

4.1873 

41927 

41981 

4  2035  4.2089 

.17 

4.2143 

4.21971  4.2251 

4.2305 

4.2359 

42413 

42467 

4.2522 

4.2576  4.2630 

.18 

4.2684 

4.2738    4.2793 

4.2847 

4.2901 

4.2956 

4.3010 

4.3065 

4.3119  4.3173 

.19 

4.3228 

4.3282 

4.3337 

43392 

4.3446 

4.3501 

4.3555 

43610 

4.3665 

4.3719 

1.20 

4.3774 

4.3829 

4.3883 

4.3938 

4.3993 

4.4048 

4.4103 

4.4158 

4.4212 

4.4267 

.21 

4.4322 

4.4377 

4.4432  1  4.4487 

4.4542 

4.4597 

4  4652 

4.4707 

4.4763 

4.4818 

.22 

4.4873 

4.4928 

4.4983    4.5038 

4.5094 

4.5149 

4.5204 

4.5260 

4.5315 

4.5370 

.23 

4.5426 

4.5481 

45537    45592 

4.5647 

4.5703 

4.5759 

45814 

4.5870 

4.5925 

.24 

4.5981 

4.6036 

4.6092 

4.6148 

4.6203 

4.6259 

4.6315 

4.6371 

4.6427 

4.6482 

.25 

4.6538 

4.6594 

4.6650 

4.6706 

4.6762 

4.6818 

4.6874 

4.6930 

4.6986 

4.7042 

.26 

4.7098 

4.7154 

4.72IO;  47266 

4.7322 

4.7378 

4.7435 

4.7491 

4.7547 

4.7603 

.27 

4.7660 

4.7716 

4.77721  47829 

4.7885  1  4.7941 

4.7998 

4.8054 

4.8111 

48167 

.28 

4.8224 

4.8280 

4.8337 

4.8393 

48450 

4.8506 

4.8563 

4.8620 

48676 

4.8733 

.29 

4.8790 

4.8847 

4.8903 

4.8960 

4.9017 

4.9074 

4.9131 

4.9187 

4.9244 

4.9301 

1.30 

4.9358 

4.9415 

4.9472 

4.9529 

4.9586 

4.9643 

4.9700 

4.9757 

4.9814 

4.9872 

.31 

4.9929 

4.9986  j  5.0043 

5.0100 

5.0158 

5.0215 

5.0272 

5.0330 

5.0387 

5.0444 

.32 

5.0502 

5.0559    5.0616 

5.0674 

5.0731 

5.0789 

5.0846 

5.0904 

5.0961 

5.1019 

.33 

5.1077 

5.1134i  5.1192 

5.1249 

5.1307 

5.1365 

5.1423 

5.1480 

5.1538  5.1596 

.34 

5.1654 

5.1712!  5.1769 

5.1827 

5.1885 

5.1943 

52001 

5.2059 

5.2117  5.2175 

.35 

5.2233 

5.2291 

5.2349 

5.2407 

5.2465 

5.2523 

5.2582 

5.2640 

5.2698 

5.2756 

.36 

5.2814 

5.2873 

5.2931 

5.2989 

5.3048 

5.3106 

53164 

5.3223 

53281 

5.5340 

.37 

5.3398 

5.3456    5.3515 

5.3573 

5.3632 

5.3691 

5.3749 

5.3808 

5.3866  5.3925 

.38 

5.3984 

5.4042    5.4101 

5.4160 

5.4219    5.4277 

5.4386 

5.4395 

5.4454  5.4513 

.39 

5.4572 

5.4630 

5.4689 

5.4748 

5.4807 

5.4866 

5.4925 

5.4984 

5.5043 

5.5102 

1.40 

5.5162 

5.5221 

5.5280 

5.5339 

5.5398 

5.5457 

5.5516 

5.5576 

5.5635 

5.5694 

.41 

5.5754 

5.5813    5,5872 

5.5932 

5.5991 

5.6050 

5.6110 

5.6169 

5.6229 

5.6288 

.42 

5.6348 

5.6407 

5.6467 

5.6526 

5.6586 

5.6646 

5.6705 

5.6765 

5.6825  5.6884 

.43 

5.6944 

5.7004 

5.7064 

5.7123 

5.7183 

5.7243 

5.7303 

5.7363 

5.7423  5.7482 

.44 

5.7542 

5.7602 

5.7662 

5.7722 

5.7782 

5.7842 

5.7902 

5.7962 

5.8023  5.8083 

.45 

5.8143 

5.8203!  5.8263 

5.8323 

5.8384 

5.8444 

5.8504 

5.8564 

5.8625  5.8685 

.46 

5.8745 

5.8806 

5.8866 

5.8926 

5.8987 

5.9047 

5.9108 

5.9168 

5.9229 

5.9289 

.47 

5.9350 

5.9410 

5.9471 

5.9532 

5.9592 

5.9653 

5.9714 

5.9774 

5.9835 

5.9896 

.48 

5.99S7 

6.0017 

6.0078 

6.0139 

6.0200 

6.0261 

6.0322 

6.0382 

6.0443 

6.0504 

.49 

6.0565 

6.0626 

6.0687 

6.0748 

6.0809 

6.0870 

6.0931 

6.0993 

6.1054  6.1115 

423 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OP  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS  ;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  1.500  TO  1.999  FEET. 


Depth. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1.50 

6.1176 

6.1237 

6.1298 

6.1360 

6.1421 

6.1482 

6.1543 

6.1605 

6.1666 

6.1727 

.51 

6.1789 

6.1850 

6.1912 

6.1973    6.2034 

6.2096 

6.2157 

6.2219 

6.2280 

6.2342 

.52 

6.2404 

6.2465 

6.2527 

6.2588    6.2650 

6.2712 

6.2773 

6.2835 

6.2897 

6.2959 

.53 

6.3020 

6.3082 

6.3144 

6.3206    6.3268 

6.3330 

6.3391 

6.3453 

6.3515 

6.3677 

.54 

6.3639 

6.3701 

6.3763 

6.3825    6.3887 

6.3949 

6.4012 

6.4074 

6.4136 

6.4198 

.55 

6.4260 

6.4322 

6.4385 

6.4447    6.4509 

6.4571 

6.4634 

6.4696 

6.4758 

6.4821 

.56 

6.4883 

6.4945 

6.5008 

6.5070    6.5133 

6.5195 

6.5258 

6.5320 

65383 

6.5445 

.57 

6.5508 

6.5570 

6.5633 

6.5696!  6.5758 

6.5821 

6.5884 

t>.5946 

6.6009 

6.6072 

.58 

6.6135 

6.6198 

6.6260 

6.6323    6.6386 

6.6449 

6.6512 

6.6575 

6.6638 

6.6701 

.59 

6.6764 

6.6827 

6.6890 

6.6953 

6.7016 

6.7079 

6.7142 

6.7205 

6.7268 

6.7331 

1.60 

6.7394 

6.7458 

6.7521 

6.7584 

6.7647 

6.7711 

6.7774 

6.7837 

6.7901 

6.7964 

.61 

6.8027 

6.8091 

6.8154 

6.8217;  6.8281 

6.8344 

6.8408 

6.8471 

6.8635 

6.8598 

.62 

6.8662 

6.8726 

6.8789 

6.8853;  6.*916 

6.8980 

6.9044 

6.9108 

6.9171 

6.9235 

.63 

6.9299 

6.9363 

6.9426 

6.9490!  6.9554 

6.9618 

6.9682 

6.9746 

69810 

6.9874 

.64 

6.9937 

7.0001 

7.0065 

7.0129    7.0193 

7.0258 

7.0322 

7.0386 

7.0450 

7.0514 

.65 

7.0578 

7.0642 

7.0706 

7.0771    7.0835 

7.0899 

7.0963 

7.1028 

7.1092 

7.1156 

.66 

7.1221 

7.1285 

7.1349 

7.1414    7.1478 

7.1543 

7.1607 

7.1672 

7.1736 

7.1801 

.67 

7.1865 

7.1930 

7.1994 

7.2059!  7.2124 

7.2188 

7.2253 

7.2318 

7.2382 

7.2447 

•68 

7.2512 

7.2576 

7.2641 

7.2706!  7.2771 

7.2836 

7.2901 

7.2965 

7.3030 

7.3095 

.69 

7.3160 

7.3225 

7.3290 

7.3355 

7.3420 

7.3485 

7.3550 

7.3315 

7.3680 

7.3745 

1.70 

7.3810 

7.3876 

7.3941 

7.4006 

7.4071 

7.4136 

7.4201 

74267 

74332 

7.4397 

.71 

7.4463 

7.4528 

7.4593 

7.4659!  7.4724 

7.4789 

7.4855 

7.4920 

7.4986 

7.5051 

.72 

7.5117 

7.5182 

7.5248 

7.5313    7.5379 

7.5445 

7.6510 

7.5576 

7.5641 

7.5707 

.73 

7.5773 

7.5839 

7.5904 

7.5970 

7.6036 

7.6102 

7.6167 

7.6233 

7.6299 

7.6365 

.74 

7.6431 

7.6497 

7.6563 

7.6628 

7.6694 

7.6760 

7.6826 

7.6892 

7.6958 

7.7024 

.76 

7.7091 

7.7157 

7.7-223 

7.7289 

7.7355 

7.7421 

7.7487 

7.7554 

7.7620 

7.7686 

.76 

7.7752 

7.7819 

7.7885 

7.7951 

7.8018 

7.8084 

7.8150 

7.8217 

7.8283 

7.8349 

.77 

7.8416 

7.8482 

7.8549 

7.8615 

7.8682 

7.8748 

7.8815 

7.8882 

7.8948 

7.9015 

.78 

7.9081 

7.9148 

7.9215 

7.9281 

7.9348 

7.9415 

79482 

7.9548 

7.9615 

7.9682 

.79 

7.9749 

79816 

7.9882 

7.9949 

8.0016 

8.0083 

8.0150 

8.0217 

8.0284 

8.0351 

1.80 

8.0418 

8.0485 

8.0552 

8.0619 

8.0686 

8.0753 

8.0820 

8.0888 

8.0955 

8.1022 

.81 

8.1089 

8.1156 

8.1223 

8.1291 

8.1358 

8.1425 

8.1493 

8.1560 

8.1627 

8.1695 

.82 

8.1762 

8.1829 

8.1897 

8.1964 

8.2032 

8.2099 

8.2167 

8.2234 

8.2302 

8.2369 

.83 

8.2437 

8-2504 

8.2572 

8.2640 

8.2707 

8.2775 

8.2842 

8.2910 

8.2978 

8.3046 

.84 

8.3113 

8.3181 

8.3249 

8.3317 

8.3385 

8.3452 

8.3520 

8.3588 

8x656 

8.3724 

.85 

8.3792 

8.3860 

8.3928 

8.3996 

8.4<>64 

8.4132 

8.4200 

84268 

8.4336 

8.4404 

.86 

8.4472 

8.4540 

8.4608 

8.4677 

8.4745 

8.4813 

8.4881 

8.4949 

8.5018 

8.5086 

.87 

8.5154 

8.5223 

8.5291 

8.5359 

8.5428 

8.5496 

8.5564 

8.6633 

8.5701 

8.5770 

.88 

8.5838 

8.5907 

8.5975 

8.6044 

8.6112 

8.6181 

8.6250 

8.6318 

8.6387 

8.6455 

.89 

8.6524 

8.6593 

8.6661 

8.6730 

8.6799 

8.6868 

8.6936 

8.7005 

8.7074 

8.7143 

1.90 

8.7212 

8.7281 

8.7349 

8.7418 

8.7487 

8.7556 

8.7625 

8.7694 

8.7763 

8.7832 

.91 

8.7901 

8.7970 

8.8039 

8.8108 

8.8177 

8.8246 

8.8316 

8.8385 

8.8454 

8.8523 

.92 

8.8592 

8.8662 

8.8731 

8.8800 

8.8869 

8.8939 

8.9008 

,  8.9077 

8.9147 

8.9216 

.93 

8.9285 

8.9355 

8-9424 

8.9494 

8.9563 

8.9633 

8.9702 

8.9772 

8.9841 

8.9911 

.94 

8.9980 

9.0050 

9.0119 

9.0189 

9.0259 

9.0328 

9.0398 

9.0468 

9.0537 

9.0607 

.95 

9.0677 

9.0747 

9.0816 

9.0886 

9.0956 

9.1026 

9.1096 

9.1165 

9.1235 

9.1305 

.96 

9.1375 

9.1445 

9.1515 

9.1585 

9.1655 

9.1725 

9.1795   9.1865 

9.1935 

9.2005 

.97 

9.2075 

9.2145 

9.2216 

9.2286 

9.2356 

9.2426 

9.2496  !  9.2667 

9.2637 

9.2707 

.98 

9.2777 

9.2848 

92918 

9.2988 

9.3059 

9.3129 

9.3199    9.3270 

9.3340 

9.3411 

.99 

9.3481 

9.3552 

9.3622 

9.3693 

9.3763 

9.3834 

9.3904   9.3975 

9.4045 

9.4116 

424 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH 
OUT  CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  2.000  TO  2.499  FEET. 


Depth 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2.00 

9.4187 

9.4257 

9.4328 

9.4399 

9.4469 

9.4540 

9.4611 

9.4682  9.4752 

9.4823 

.01 

9.4894 

9.4965 

9.5036 

9.5106 

9.5177 

9.5248 

9.5319 

9.5390  9.5461 

9.5532 

.02 

9.5603 

9.5674 

9.5745 

9.5816 

9.5887 

9.5958 

9.6029 

9.6100  9.6171 

9.6243 

.03 

9.6314 

9.6385 

9.6456  9.6527 

96599 

9.6670 

9.6741 

9.6812  9.6884 

96955 

.04 

9.7026 

9.7098 

9.  7169  i  9.7240 

9.7312 

9.7383 

9.7455 

9.7526  9.7598 

9.7669 

.05 

9.7741 

9.7812 

9.7884  9.7955 

9.8027 

9.8098 

9.8170 

9.8242  9.8313 

9.8385 

.06 

9.8457 

9.8528 

9.8600  9.8672 

9.8744 

9.8815 

98887 

9.8959  9.9031 

9.9103 

.07 

9.9174 

99246 

9.9318  9.9390 

9.9462 

9.9534 

9.9606 

9.9678  9.9750 

9.9822 

.08 

9.9894 

9.9966 

10.004 

10.011 

10.018 

10.025 

10.033 

10.040  10.047 

10.054 

.09 

10.062 

10.069 

10.076 

10.083 

10.090 

10.098 

10.105 

10.112 

10.119 

10.127 

2.10 

10.134 

10.141 

10.148 

10.156 

10.163 

10.170 

10.177 

10.185 

10.192 

10.199 

.11 

10.206 

10.214 

10.221  110.228 

10.235 

10.243 

10.250 

10.257  10.264 

10.272 

.12 

10.279 

10.286 

10293  1  10.  301 

10.308 

10.315 

10.323 

10.330  10.337 

10.344 

.13 

10.352 

10359 

10.366  10.374 

10.381 

10.388 

10.396 

10.403  10.410 

10.417 

.14 

10.426 

10.432 

10.439  S  10.447 

10.454 

10.461 

10.469 

10.476  10.483 

10.491 

.15 

10.498 

10.505 

10.513  i  10.520 

10.527 

10.535 

10542 

10.549  ,10.557 

10.564 

.16 

10.571 

10.579 

10.586  10.593 

10.601 

10.608 

10.615 

10.623  10.630 

10.637 

.17 

10.645 

10.652 

10.659  10.667 

10.674 

10.682 

10.689 

10.696  10.704 

10.711 

.18 

10.718 

10.726 

10.733 

10.741 

10.748 

10.755 

10.763 

10.770  10.777 

10.785 

.19 

10.792 

10.800 

10.807 

10.814 

10.822 

10.829 

10.837 

10.844 

10.851 

10.859 

2.20 

10.866 

10.874 

10.881 

10.888 

10.896 

10.903 

10911 

10.918 

10.926 

10.933 

.21 

10.940 

10.948 

10955 

10.963 

10.970 

10.978 

10.985 

10.992 

11000 

11.007 

.22 

11.015 

11.022 

11.030 

11.037 

11.045 

11.062 

11.059 

11.067 

11.074 

11.082 

.23 

11.089 

11.097 

11.104 

11.112 

11.119 

11.127 

11.134 

11.141 

11.149 

11.156 

.24 

11.164 

11.171 

11.179 

11.186 

11.194 

11.201 

11.209 

11.216 

11  224 

11.231 

.25 

11.239 

11246 

11.254 

11.261 

11.269 

11.276 

11.284 

11.291 

11.299 

11.306 

.26 

11.314 

11.321 

11.329 

11.336 

11.344 

11.351 

11.359 

11.366 

11.374 

11.381 

.27 

11.389 

11.396 

11.404 

11.412 

11.419 

11.427 

11.434 

11.442 

11.449 

11.457 

.28 

11.464 

11.472 

11.479 

11.487 

11.494 

11.502 

11.510 

11.517 

11.525 

11.532 

.29 

11.540 

11.547 

11.555 

11.562 

11.570 

11.578 

11.585 

11.593 

11.600 

11.608 

2.30 

11.615 

11.623 

11.631 

11.638 

11.646 

11.653 

11.661 

11.669 

11.676 

11.684 

.31 

11.691 

11.699 

11.706 

11.714 

11.722 

11.729 

11.737 

11.744 

11.752 

11.760 

.32 

11.767 

11.775 

11.783  111.  790 

11.798 

11.805 

11.813 

11.821 

11.828 

11.836 

.33 

11.843 

11.851 

11.859  11.866 

11.874 

11.882 

11.889 

11.897 

11.904 

11.912 

.34 

11.920 

11.927 

11.935  111.943 

11.950 

11.958 

11.966 

11.973 

11.981 

11.989 

.35 

11.996 

12.004 

12.012  |12.019 

12.027 

12.035 

12.042 

12.050 

12.058 

12.065 

.36 

12.073 

12.081 

12.088  12.096 

12.104 

12.111 

12119 

12.127 

12.134 

12.142 

.37 

12.150 

12.157 

12.165  12.173 

12.181 

12.188 

12.196 

12.204 

12.211 

12.219 

.38 

12.227 

12.234 

12.242  112.250 

12.258 

12.265 

12.273 

12.281 

12.288 

12.296 

.39 

12.304 

12.312 

12.319 

12.327 

12.335 

12.342 

12.350 

12.358 

12.366 

12.373 

2.40 

12.381 

12.389 

12.397 

12.404 

12.412 

12.420 

12.428 

12.435 

12.443 

12.451 

.41 

12.459 

12.466 

12.474  ;  12.482 

12.490 

12.497 

12.505 

12.513 

12.521 

12.528 

.42 

12.536 

12.544 

12.552 

12.560 

12.567 

12.575 

12.583 

12.591 

12.598 

12.606 

.43 

12.614 

12.622 

12.630 

12.637 

12.645 

12.653 

12.661 

12.669 

12.676 

12.684 

.44 

12.692 

12.700 

12.708  12.715 

12.723 

12.731 

12.739 

12.747 

12.754 

12.762 

.45 

12.770 

12.778 

12.786  12.794  !  12.801 

12.809 

12.817 

12.825 

12.833 

12.840 

.46 

12.848 

12.856 

12.864  12.872  i  12.880 

12.888 

12.895 

12.903 

12.911 

12.919 

.47 

12.927 

12.935 

12.942  12.950  12.958 

12.966 

12.974 

12.982 

12.990 

12.997 

.48 

13.005 

13.013 

13.021  13.029  13.037 

13.045 

13.053 

13.060 

13.068 

13.076 

.49 

13.084 

13.092 

13.100 

13.108  J13.116 

13.124 

13.131 

13.139 

13.147 

13.155 

4^5 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  WElR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  2.500  TO  2.999  FEET. 


Depth. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8           9 

2.50 

13.163 

13.171 

13.179 

13.187 

13.195 

13.202 

13.210 

13.218 

13.226  13.234 

.51 

13.242 

13.250 

13.258 

13.266 

13.274 

13.282 

13.290 

13.297 

13.305,13.313 

.52 

13.321 

13.329 

13.337 

13.345 

13.353 

13.361 

13.369 

13.377 

13.385!  13.393 

.53 

13.401 

13.409 

13.417 

13.424    13.432 

13.440 

13.448 

13.456 

13.46413.472 

.54 

13.480 

13.488 

13.496 

13.504    13.512 

13.520 

13.528 

13.536 

13.544  13.552 

.55 

13.560 

13.568 

13.576 

13.584 

13.592 

13.600 

13.608 

13.616 

13.624  13.632 

.56 

13.640 

13.648 

13.656 

13.664 

13.672 

13.680 

13.688 

13.696 

13.70413.712 

.57 

13.720 

13.728 

13.736 

13.744 

13.752 

13.760 

13.768 

13.776 

13.78413.792 

.58 

13.800 

13.808 

13.816 

13.824 

13.832 

13.840 

13.848 

13.856 

13.864  13.872 

.59 

13.880 

13.888 

13.896 

13.904 

13.912 

13.920 

13.928 

13.936 

13.94413.953 

2.60 

13.961 

13.969 

13.977 

13.985 

13.993 

14.001 

14.009 

14.017 

14.025114.033 

.61 

14.041 

14.049 

14.057 

14.065 

14.074 

14.082 

14.090 

14.098 

14.106  14.114 

.62 

14.122 

14.130 

14.138 

14.146 

14.154 

14.162 

14.171 

14.179 

14.187  14.195 

.63 

14.203 

14.211 

14.219 

14.227 

14.235 

14.243 

14.252 

14.260 

14.268  14.276 

.64 

14.284 

14.292 

14.300 

14.308 

14.316 

14.325 

14.333 

14.341 

14.349  14.357 

.65 

14.365 

14.373 

14.382 

14.390 

14.398 

14.406 

14.414 

14.422 

14.430  14.438 

.66 

14.447 

14.455 

14.463 

14.471 

14.479 

14.487 

14.496 

14.504 

14  512  14.520 

.67 

14.528 

14.536 

14.645 

14.553 

14.561 

14.569 

14.577 

14.585 

14.594  14.602 

.68 

14.610 

14.618 

14.626 

14.634 

14.643 

14.651 

14.659 

14.667 

14.67514.684 

.69 

14.692 

14.700 

14.708 

14.716 

14.725 

14.733 

14.741 

14.749 

14.76714.766 

2.70 

14.774 

14.782 

14.790 

14.798 

14.807 

14.815 

14.823 

14.831 

14.839  14.848 

.71 

14.856 

14.864 

14.872 

14.881 

14.889 

14.897 

14.905 

14.913 

14.922 

14.930 

.72 

14.938 

14.946 

14.955 

14.963 

14.971 

14.979 

14.988 

14.996 

15.004 

15.012 

.73 

15.021 

15.029 

15.037 

15.045 

15.0ft4 

15.062 

15.070 

15.078 

15.087 

15.095 

.74 

15.103 

15.112 

15.120 

15.128 

15.136 

15.145 

15.153 

15.161 

15.169 

15.178 

.75 

15.186 

15.194 

15.203 

15.211 

15.219 

15.227 

15.236 

15.244 

15.252 

15.261 

.76 

15.269 

15:277 

15.285 

15.294 

15.302 

15.310 

15.319 

15.327|  15.335 

15.344 

.77 

15.352 

15.360 

15.369 

15.377 

15.385 

15.394 

15.402 

15.410    35.419 

15.427 

.78 

15.4a5 

15.443 

15.452 

15.460 

15.468 

15.477 

15.485 

15.494    15.502 

15.510 

.79 

15.519 

15.527 

15.535 

15.544 

15.552 

15.560 

15.569 

15.677 

15.585 

15.594 

2.80 

15.602 

15.610 

15.619 

15.627 

15.635 

15.644 

15.652 

15.661 

15.669 

15.677 

.81 

16.686 

15.694 

15.702 

15.711 

15.719 

15.728 

15.736 

15.744    15.753 

15.761 

.82 

15.769 

15.778 

15.786 

15.795 

15.803 

15.811 

15.820 

15.828    15.837 

15.845 

.83 

15.853 

15.862 

15.870 

15.879 

15.887 

15.895 

15.904 

15.912    15.921 

15.929 

.84 

15.938 

15.946 

15.954 

15.963 

15.971 

15.980 

15.988 

15.997    16.005 

16.013 

.85 

16.022 

16.030 

16.039 

16.047 

16.056 

16.064 

16.07V 

16.081    16.089 

16.098 

.86 

16.106 

16.115 

16.123 

16.132 

16.140 

16.148 

16.157 

16.165    16.174 

16.182 

.87 

16.191 

16.199 

16.208 

16.216 

16.225 

16.2&S 

16.242 

16.250    16.258 

16.267 

.88 

16.275 

16.284 

16.292 

16.301 

16.309 

16.318 

16.326 

16.335    16.343 

16.352 

.89 

16.360 

16.369 

16.377 

16.386 

16.394 

16.403 

16.411 

16.420    16.428 

16.437 

2.90 

16.445 

16.454 

16.462 

16.471 

16.479 

16.488 

16.496 

16.505    16.513 

16.522 

.91 

16.530 

16.539 

16.547 

16.556 

16.565 

16.573 

16.582 

16.590    16.599 

16.607 

.92 

16.616 

16.624 

16.633 

16.641 

16.650 

16.658 

16.667 

,  16.675    16.6S4 

16.693 

.93 

16.701 

16.710 

16.718 

16.727 

16.735 

16.744 

16.752 

16.761    16.770 

16.778 

.94 

16.787 

16.795 

16.804 

16.812 

16.821 

16.830 

16.838 

16.847    16.855 

16.864 

.95 

16.872 

16.881 

16.890 

16.898 

16.907 

16.915 

16.924 

16.932    16.941 

16.950 

.96 

16.958 

16.967 

16.975 

16.984 

16.993 

17.001 

17.010 

17.018    17.027 

17.036 

.97 

17.044 

17.053 

17.062 

17.070 

17.079 

17.087 

17.096 

17.105    17.113 

17.122 

.98 

17.130 

17.139 

17.148 

17.156 

17.165 

17.174 

17.182 

17.191    17.199 

17.208 

.99 

17.217 

17.225 

17.234 

17.243 

17.251 

17.260 

17.269 

17.277    17.286 

17.296 

426 
J.  B.  Francis  Tables. 

VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO   HEADS  FROM  0  TO 

4.99  FEET. 


Head. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

0.000 

0.802 

1.134 

1.389 

1.604 

1.793 

1.965 

2.122 

2.268 

2.406 

.1 

2.536 

2.660 

2.778 

2.892 

3.001 

3.106 

3.208 

3.307 

3.403 

3.496 

.2 

3.587 

3.675 

3.762 

3.846 

3.929 

4.010 

4.090 

4.167 

4.244 

4.319 

.3 

4.393 

4.465 

4.537 

4.607 

4.677      4.745 

4.812 

4.878 

4.944 

5.009 

.4 

5.072 

5.135 

5.198 

5.259 

5.34)     5.380|     5.440 

5.498 

5.557 

5.614 

.5 

5.671 

5.728 

5.783 

5.893 

5.894]     5.948 

6.002 

6.055 

6.108 

6.160 

.6 

6.212 

6.264 

6.315 

6.366 

6.4  16  1     6.466 

6.516 

6.565 

6.614 

6.662 

.7 

6.710 

6.758 

6.805 

6.852 

6.8991     6.946 

6.992 

7.038 

7.083 

7.129 

.8 

7.173 

7.218 

7.263 

7.307 

7.351 

7.394 

7.438 

7.481 

7.524 

7.566 

.9 

7.609 

7.651 

7.693 

7.734 

7.776 

7.817 

7.858 

7.899 

7.940 

7,980 

1.0 

8.020 

8.060 

8.100 

8.140 

8.179 

8.218 

8.257 

8.296 

8.335 

8.373 

.1 

8.412 

8.450 

8.488 

8.526 

8.563 

8.601 

8.638 

8.675 

8.712 

8749 

.2 

8.786 

8.822 

8859 

8.895 

8.931 

8.967 

9.003 

9.038 

9.074 

9.109 

.3 

9.144 

9  180 

9214 

9.249 

9.284 

9.319 

9»53 

9.387 

9.422 

945tf 

.4 

9:490 

9.523 

9.557 

9.591 

9.624 

9.658 

9.691 

9.724 

9.757 

9.790 

.5 

9.823 

9.855 

9.888 

9.920 

9.953 

9.985 

10.017 

10.049 

10.081 

10113 

.6 

10145 

10.176 

10.208 

10.240 

10.271    10.302 

10.333 

10.364 

10.395 

10.426 

.7 

10.457 

10.488 

10.518 

10.549 

10.579 

10.610 

10.640 

10.670 

10.700 

10.730 

.8 

10.760 

10790 

10.82') 

10.850 

10.879 

10.909 

10.938 

10.967 

10.997 

11.026 

.9 

11.055 

11084 

11.113 

11.142 

11.171 

U.200 

11.228 

11.257 

11.285 

11.314 

2.0 

11.342 

11.371 

11.399 

11.427 

11.455 

11.483 

11.511 

11.539 

11.567 

11.595 

.1 

11.622 

11650 

11678 

11.705 

11.733 

11.760 

11.787 

11.814 

11.842 

11.869 

.2 

11.896 

11.923 

11.950 

11977 

12.004 

12.030 

12.057 

12.084 

12.110 

12.137 

.3 

12.163 

12.190 

12216 

12.242 

12.269 

12.295 

12.321 

12.347    12.373 

12.399 

.4 

12425 

12.451 

12.447 

12.502 

12.528 

12.564 

12.579 

12.605    12.630 

12.656 

.5 

12.681    12.706 

12.732 

12.757 

12.782 

12.807 

12.832' 

12.857    12.882 

12.907 

.6 

12932    12.957 

12.982 

13.007 

13.031 

13.056 

13.081 

13.105    13.130 

13.154 

.7 

13.179    13.203 

13.227 

13252 

13.276 

13.300 

13.324 

13.348    13.372 

13.396 

.8 

13.420 

13.444 

13.468 

13.492 

13.516 

13.540 

13.563 

13.587    13.611 

13.634 

.9 

13.658 

13681 

13.705 

13728 

13.752 

13.775 

13.798 

13.822    13.845 

13.868 

3.0 

13.891 

13.915 

13.938 

13.961 

13.984 

14.007 

14.030 

14.053    14.075 

14.098 

.1 

14.121 

14.144 

14.166 

14.189 

14212 

14.234 

14.257 

14.280    14302 

14.325 

.2 

14347 

14.369 

14.392 

14.414 

14.436 

14.459 

14.481 

14.503    14.525 

14.547 

.3 

14.569 

14.591 

14.613 

14.635 

14657 

14.679 

14,701 

14.723  1  14.745 

14.767 

.4 

14.789 

14.810 

14.832 

14.854 

14.875 

14897 

14.918 

14.940    14.961 

14.983 

.5 

15.004 

15.026 

15.047 

15.069 

15.090 

15.111 

15.132 

15.154!  15.175 

16.196 

.6 

15.217 

15.238 

15.259 

15.281 

15.302 

15.322 

15.344 

15.364  i  15.385 

15.406 

.7 

15.427 

15.44S 

15469 

15.490 

15510 

15.5  il 

15552 

15.572'  15.593 

15614 

.8 

15.634 

15.655 

15.675 

15.696 

15.716 

15.737 

15.757 

15.778!  15.798 

15.818 

.9 

15.839 

15.859 

15.876 

15.899 

15.920 

15.940 

15.960 

15.980|  16.000 

16.020 

4.0 

16.040 

16.060 

16.080 

16.100 

16.12) 

16140 

16.160 

16.180    16.200 

16.220 

.1 

16240 

16.259 

16.279 

16299 

16.319 

16.338 

16.358 

16.378!  16397 

16.417 

.2 

16.437 

16.456 

16.476 

16.495 

16.515 

16.534 

16.554 

16573    16.592 

16.612 

.3 

16.631 

16.650 

16.670 

16.689 

16.708 

16.727 

16.747 

16.766    16.785 

16.804 

.4 

16.823 

16.842 

16.862 

16.881 

16.900 

16.919 

16.938 

16.967    16.976 

16.994 

.5 

17.013 

17032 

17.051 

17.070 

17.089 

17108 

17.126 

17.145    17.164 

17.183 

.6 

17.201 

17.220 

17.239 

17.257 

17.276 

17.295 

17.313 

17.332    17.350 

17.369 

.7 

17.387 

17.406 

17.424 

17.443 

17.461 

17.480 

17.498 

17.516    17.535 

17.553 

.8 

17.571 

17.590 

17.608 

17.626 

17.644 

17.663 

17.681 

17.699    17.717 

17.735 

.9 

17.753 

17.772 

17.790 

17.808 

17.826 

17.844 

17.862 

17.880    17.898 

17.916 

4^7 


VELOCITIES,   IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  5  TO 
9.99  FEET. 


Head. 

0 

1 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

5.0 

17.934    17.952 

17.970 

17.987 

18.005 

18.023 

18.041 

18.059 

18.077 

18.094 

.1 

18.112    18.130 

18.148 

18.165    18.183 

18.201 

18.218    18.236'  18.254 

18.271 

.2 

18.289    18.306 

18.324 

18.342    18.359 

18.377 

18.394!  18.412;  18.429 

18.446 

.3 

18.464!   18.481 

18.49y 

18.516    18.533 

18.551 

18.568    18.5851  18.603 

18620 

.4 

18.637    18.655 

18.672 

18.6891  18.706 

18.723    18.741!  18758    18  775 

18.792 

.5 

18.809    18.826 

18.843 

18.860    18.877 

18S94    18.911    18.928    18.945 

18.962 

.6 

18.979!  18.996 

19.013 

19.030    19.047 

19.064    19.081    19.098    19.114 

19.131 

.7 

19.148!  19.165 

19.182 

19.198    19.215 

19.232!  19.248;  19.265    19282 

19.299 

.8 

19.315 

19.332 

19.348 

19.365    19.382 

19.398:  19.415    19.431:  19.448 

19.464 

.9 

19.481 

19.497 

19.514 

19.530    19.547 

19.563|  19.580 

19.596  1  19.613 

19.629 

6.0 

19.645 

19.662 

19.678 

19.694 

19.7111   19.727 

19.743 

19.760    19.776 

19.792 

.1 

19.808 

19.825 

19.841 

19.857    19.873 

19.889    19906    19922    19938 

19.954 

.2 

19.970 

19.986 

20.002 

20.018 

20.034 

20.050    20.067    20.083    20.099 

20.115 

.3 

20.131 

20.147 

20.162 

20.178 

20.194 

20.210    20226    20.242    20.258 

20.274 

.4 

20.290 

20.306 

20.321 

20.337 

20.353 

20.369    20.385    20.400    20.416 

20.432 

.5 

20.448 

20.463 

20.479 

20.495 

20.510 

20.526    20.542    20.557    20.573 

20.589 

.6 

20.604 

20.620 

20.635 

20.651 

20.667 

20.682    20.698    20.713    20.729 

20.744 

.7 

20.760 

20.775 

20.791 

20.806 

20.822 

20.837 

20.853 

20.868    20.883 

20.899 

.8 

20.914 

20.929 

20.945 

20.960 

20.976 

20.991 

21.006 

21.021    21.037 

21052 

.9 

21.067 

21.083 

21.098 

21.113 

21.128 

21.144 

21.159 

21.174    21.189 

21.204 

7.0 

21.219 

21.235 

21.250 

21.265 

21.280 

21.295 

21.310 

21.325 

21.340 

21.355 

.1 

21.370 

21.386 

21.401 

21.416 

21.431 

21.446 

21.461 

21.476 

21.491 

21.506 

.2 

21.520 

21.535 

21.550 

21.565 

21.580 

21.595 

21.610 

21.6251  21.640 

21.655 

.3 

21.669 

21.684 

21.699 

21.714 

21.729 

irl.743'  21.758    21.773   21.78- 

21.803 

.4 

21.817 

21.832 

21.847 

21.861 

21.876 

'  21891    21.906 

21.920    21.935 

21950 

.5 

21.964 

21.979 

21.993 

22.008 

22.023 

22.037    22.052 

22.066    22.081 

22.096 

.6 

22.110 

22.125 

22.139 

22154 

22.168 

22.183    22.197 

22.212 

22.226 

22241 

.7 

22.255 

22.270 

22284 

22.298 

22.313 

22.327    22.342 

22.350 

22.370 

22.385 

.8 

22.399 

22.414 

22.428 

22442 

22.457 

22.471 

22.485 

22.499 

*2.514 

22.528 

.9 

22542 

22.557 

22.571 

22.585 

22.599 

22.614 

22.628 

22.642 

22.656 

22.670 

8.0 

22.685 

22.699 

22.713 

22.727 

22.741 

22.755 

22.769 

22.784 

22.798 

22.812 

.1 

22.826 

22.840 

22.854 

22.868 

22.882 

22.896 

22.910 

22.924 

22.938 

22952 

.2 

22.966 

22.980 

22.994 

23.008 

23.022 

•/  3  036 

23.050 

23.064 

2:u>78 

23092 

.3 

23106 

23.120 

23.134 

23.148 

23.162 

23.175 

23189 

23.203   23.217 

23231 

.4 

23.245 

23.259 

23.272 

23.28H 

23.300 

23.314 

23328 

23.341|  i!3355 

23.369 

.5 

23.383 

23.396 

23.410 

23.424 

23.438 

23.451 

23.465 

23.479    23.492 

23.506 

.6 

23.520 

23.534 

23.547 

23.561 

23.574 

23.588 

23.602 

23.615    23.629 

23643 

.7 

23.656 

23.670 

23.683 

23.697 

43.7111  23.724 

23.738 

23.751 

23.765 

23.778 

.8 

23.792 

23.805 

23.819 

23.832 

23.846 

23.859 

23.873 

23.886 

*3.900 

23913 

.9 

23.927 

23.940 

23.953 

23.967 

23.980 

23.994 

24.007 

24020    24.034 

24.047 

4.0 

24.061 

24.074 

24.087 

24.101 

24.114 

24.127 

24.141 

24.154 

24.167 

•J4.181 

.1 

24.194 

24.207 

24.220 

24.234 

24.247 

24.260    24.274 

24.287)  24.300 

24313 

.2 

24326 

24.340 

24.353 

24.366 

24.379 

24.392  '  24.406 

,24.419    24.432 

24445 

.3 

24458 

24.471 

24485 

24.498 

24.511 

24.524    24.537 

24.550    24.563 

24.576 

.4 

24.589 

24.603 

24.616 

24.629 

24.642 

24.655    24.668 

24.681    24694 

24.707 

.5 

24.720 

24.733 

24.746 

24.759 

24.772 

24.785    24.798 

24.811    24  824 

24.837 

.6 

24.850 

24.863 

24.876 

24.888 

24.901 

24.914 

24927 

24.940    24.935 

24.966 

.7 

24.979 

24.992 

25.005 

25.017 

25.030 

25.043    25.056 

25.069 

25.082 

25.094 

.8 

25.107 

25.120 

25.133 

25.146 

25.158 

25.171    25.184 

25.197 

25.209 

25.222 

.9 

25.235 

25.248 

25.260 

25.273 

25.286 

25.299 

25.311 

25.324 

25.337 

25.349 

428 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  10  TO 
14.99    FEET. 


Heftd. 

O 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10.0 

25.362 

25.375 

25.387 

25.400 

25.413 

25.425 

25.438 

25.451 

25.463 

25.476 

,1 

26.489 

25501 

25.514 

25.526 

25.539 

25.552 

25.564 

25.577 

25.589 

25.602 

.2 

26.614 

25.627 

25.640 

25.652 

25.665    25.677 

25.690 

25.702 

25.715 

25.728 

.3 

25.740 

25.752 

25.765 

25.777    25.790 

25.802    25815'  25.827 

25.839 

25.862 

.4 

25.864 

25.877 

25.889    25902    25.914 

2f>.926    25.939;  25.951 

25.964 

25.976 

.5 

25.988 

26.001 

26.013    26.026    26.038 

26.050   26.063   26.075 

26.087 

26.099 

.6 

26.112 

26.124 

26.136    26.149!  26.161 

26.173    26.186   26.198 

26210 

26.222 

.7 

26.235 

26.247 

26.259    26.272    26.284 

26.296!  26.308    26.320 

26.333 

26.345 

.8 

26.357 

26.369 

26.381 

26.o94 

26.406 

26418 

26.430    26.442 

26.454 

26.467 

.9 

26.479 

26.491 

26.503 

26.515 

26.527 

26.540 

26.552 

26.564 

26.576 

26.588 

11.0 

26.600 

26.612 

26.624 

26.636 

26.648 

26.660 

26.672 

26.684 

26.697 

26.709 

.1 

26.721 

26.733 

26.745 

26.757 

26.769 

26.781 

26  793'  26.805 

26.817 

26.829 

.2 

26.841 

26.853 

26.865 

26.877 

26.V89 

26.901 

26.913   26.924 

26.936 

26.948 

.3 

26.960 

26.972 

26.984 

26.996 

27.008 

27.020 

27.032 

27.044 

27.056 

27.067 

.4 

27.079 

27.091 

27.103 

27.115 

28.127 

27.139 

27.150 

27.162 

27.174 

27.186 

.5 

27.198 

27.210 

27.221 

27.233 

27.245 

27.257 

27.269 

27.280 

27.292 

27.304 

.6 

27.316 

27.328 

27.339 

27.351 

27.363 

27.375 

27.386 

27.398 

27.410 

27.422 

.7 

27.433 

27.445 

27.457 

27.468 

27.480 

27.492 

27.504 

27.515 

27.527 

27.539 

.8 

27.550 

27.562 

27.574 

27.585 

27.597 

27.609 

27.620 

27.632 

27.644 

27.655 

.9 

27.667 

27.678 

27.690 

27.702 

27.713 

27.726 

27.736 

27.748 

27.760 

27.771 

12.0 

27.783 

27.794 

27.806 

27.817 

27.829 

27.841 

27.852 

27.864 

27.875 

27.887 

.1 

27.898 

27.910 

27.921 

27.933 

27.944 

27.956 

27.967 

27.979 

27.990 

28.002 

.2 

28.013 

28.025 

28.036 

28.048 

28059 

28.071 

28.082 

28.094 

28.105 

28.117 

.3 

28.128 

28.139 

28.151 

28.162 

28.174 

28.185 

28.196 

28.208 

28.219 

28.231 

.4 

28.242 

28.253 

28265 

28.276 

28.288 

28.299 

28.310 

28.322 

28.333 

28.344 

.5 

28.356 

28.367 

28378 

28.390 

28.401 

28.412 

28.424 

28.435 

28.446 

28.458 

.6 

28.469 

28.480 

28.491 

28.503 

28.514 

28.S25 

28.537 

28.548 

28.559 

28.570 

.7 

28.582 

28.593 

28.604 

28.615 

28627 

28.638 

28.649 

28.660 

28.672 

28.683 

.8 

28.694 

28.705 

28.716 

28.727 

28.739 

28.7EO 

28.761 

28.772 

28.783 

28.795 

.9 

28.806 

28.817 

28.828 

28.839 

28.850 

28.862 

28.873 

28.884 

28.895 

28.906 

13.0 

28.917 

28.928 

28.939 

28.951 

28.962 

28.973 

28.984 

28.995 

29006 

29.017 

.1 

29.028 

29.039 

29.050 

29.061 

29.073 

29.084 

29.095 

29.106 

29.117 

29.128 

.2 

29.139 

29.150 

29.161 

29.172 

29.183 

29.194 

29.205 

29.216 

29.227 

29.238 

.3 

29.249 

29.260 

29.271 

29.282 

29.293 

29.304 

29.315 

29326 

29.837 

29.348 

.4 

29.359 

29.370 

29.381 

29.392 

29.403 

29.413 

29.424 

29.435 

39.446 

29.457 

.5 

29.468 

29.479 

29.490 

29.501 

29.512 

29.523 

29.533 

29.544 

29.555 

29.566 

.6 

29.577 

29.588 

29599 

29.610 

29.620 

29.631 

29.642 

29.653 

29.664 

29.675 

.7 

29.686 

29.696 

29.707 

29.718 

29.729 

29.740 

29.751 

29.761 

29.772 

29.783 

.8 

29.794 

29805 

29.815 

29.826 

29.837 

29.848 

29.858 

29.869 

29.880 

29.891 

.9 

29.901 

29.912 

29.923 

29.934 

29.944 

29.955 

29.966 

29.977 

29.987 

29.998 

14.0 

30.009 

30.020 

30.030 

30.041 

30.052 

30.062 

30.073 

30.084 

30.094 

30.105 

.1 

30.116 

30.126 

30.137 

30.148 

30.159 

30.169 

30.180 

30.190 

30.201 

30.212 

.2 

30.222 

30.233 

30.244 

30.254 

30.265 

30.276 

30.286 

30.297 

30.307 

30.318 

.3 

30.329 

30.339 

30.350 

30.360 

30.:-  71 

30.382 

30.392    30.403 

30.413 

30.424 

.4 

30.435 

30.445 

30.456 

30.466 

30.477 

30.487 

30.498    30.508 

30.519 

30.529 

.5 

30.540 

30.551 

30.561 

30.572 

30.582 

30.593 

30.6031  30.614 

30.624 

30.635 

.6 

30.645 

30.656 

30.666 

30.677 

30.687 

30.698 

30.708    30.719 

30.729 

30.739 

.7 

30.750 

30.670 

30.771 

30.781 

30.79  1 

30.802 

30.813   30.823 

30.838 

30.844 

.8 

30.854 

30.865 

30.875 

30.886 

30>96 

30.906 

30.917 

30.927 

30.938 

30948 

.9 

30.958 

30.969 

30.979 

30.990 

31.000 

31.010 

31.021 

31.031 

31.041 

31.052 

429 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  16  TO 
19.99  FEET. 


Head. 

0 

1 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

15.0 

31.062 

31.072 

31.083 

31.093 

31.103 

31.114 

31.124 

31.134 

31.145 

31.156 

.1 

31.165 

31.176 

31.186 

31.196 

31.207 

31.217 

31.227 

31.238 

31.248 

31.258 

.2 

31.268 

31.279 

31.289 

31.299 

31.310 

31.320 

31.330 

31.340 

31.351 

31.361 

.3 

31.371 

31.381 

31392 

31.402 

31.412 

31.422 

31.433 

31.443 

31.453 

31463 

.4 

31.474 

31.484 

31.494 

31.504 

31.514 

31.525 

31.535 

31.545 

31.555 

31.565 

.5 

31.576 

31.586 

31.596 

31.606 

31.616 

31.626 

31.637 

31.647 

31.657 

31.667 

.6 

31.677 

31.687 

31.698 

31.708 

31.718 

31.728 

31.738 

31.748 

31.758 

31.768 

.7 

31.779 

31.789 

31.799 

31.809 

31.819 

31.829 

31.839 

31.849 

31.859 

31.870 

.8 

31.880 

31.890 

31.900 

31.910 

31.920 

31.930 

31.940 

31.950 

31.960 

31.970 

.9 

31.980 

31.990 

32.000 

32.011 

32.021 

32.031 

32.041 

32.051 

32.061 

32.071 

16.0 

32.081 

32.091 

32.101 

32.111 

32.121 

32.131 

32.141 

32.151 

32.161 

32.171 

.1 

32.181 

32.191 

32.201 

32.211 

32.221 

32.231 

32.241 

22.251 

32.261 

32.271 

.2 

32.281 

32.291 

32.301 

32.311 

32.321 

32.330 

32.340 

32.350 

32.360 

32.370 

.3 

32.380 

32.390 

32.400 

32.410 

32.420 

32.4:0 

32.440 

32.460 

32.460 

32.470 

A 

32.480 

32.489 

32.499 

32.509 

32.519 

32.529 

32.539 

32.549 

32.559 

32.569 

.5 

32.579 

32.588 

32.598 

32.608 

32.618 

32.628 

32637 

32.C47 

32.657 

32.667 

.6 

32.677 

32.687 

32.696 

32.706 

32.716 

32.726 

32.736 

32.746 

32.755 

32.765 

.7 

32.775 

32.785 

32.795 

32.804 

32.814 

32.824 

32.834 

32.844 

32.854 

32.863 

.8 

32.873 

32.883 

32.893 

32.903 

32.912 

32.922 

32.932 

32.941 

32.951 

32.961 

.9 

32.971 

32.980 

32.990 

33.000 

33.010 

33.019 

33.029 

33.039 

33.049 

33.058 

17.0 

33.068 

33.078 

33.088 

33.097 

33.107 

33.117 

33.126 

33.136 

33.146 

33156 

33.165 

33.175 

33.185 

33.194 

33.204 

33.214 

33.223 

33.233 

33.243 

33.252 

'.2 

33.262 

33.272 

33.281 

33.291 

33.301 

33.310 

33.320 

33.330 

33.339 

33.349 

.3 

33.359 

33.368 

33.378 

33.388 

33.397 

33.407 

33.416 

33.426 

33.436 

33.445 

.4 

33.455 

33.465 

33.474 

33.484 

33.493 

33.503 

33.513 

33.522 

33.532 

33.541 

.5 

33.551 

33.560 

33.570 

33.580 

33.589 

33.599 

33.608 

33.618 

33.628 

33.637 

.6 

33.647 

33.656 

33.666 

33.675 

33.685 

33.694 

33.704 

33.713 

33.723 

33.733 

.7 

33.742 

33.752 

33.761 

33.771 

33.780 

33.790 

33.799 

33.809 

33.818 

33.828 

.8 

33.837 

33.847 

33.856 

33.866 

33.875 

33.885 

33.894 

33.904 

33.913 

33.923 

.* 

33.932 

33.942 

33.951 

33.961 

33.970 

33980 

33.989 

33.998 

34.008 

34.017 

18.0 

34.027 

34.036 

34.046 

34.055 

34.065 

34.074 

34.083 

34.093 

34.102 

34.112 

.1 

34.121 

34.131 

34.140 

34.149 

34.159 

34.168 

34.178 

34.187 

34.197 

34.206 

.2 

34.215 

34.225 

34.234 

34.244 

34.253 

34.262 

34.272 

34281 

34.290 

34300 

.3 

34.309 

34.319 

34.328 

34.337 

34.347 

34.356 

34.365 

34.375 

34.384 

34.393 

.4 

34.403 

34.412 

34.422 

34.431 

34.440 

34.450 

34.459 

34.468 

34.478 

34.487 

.5 

34.496 

34.505 

34.515 

34.524 

34.533 

34.543 

34.552 

34.561 

34.571 

34.580 

.6 

34.589 

34.599 

34.608 

34.617 

34.626 

34.636 

34.645 

34654 

34.664 

34.673 

.7 

34.682 

34.691 

34.701 

34.710 

34.719 

3«.728 

34.738 

34.747 

34.756 

34.766 

.8 

34.775 

34.784 

34.793 

34.802 

34.812 

34.821 

34.830 

34839 

34.849 

34.858 

.» 

34.867 

34.876 

34.886 

34.895 

34.904 

34.913 

34.922 

34.932 

34.941 

34.950 

19.0 

34.959 

34.968 

34.978 

34987 

34.996 

35.005 

35.014 

35.024 

35.033 

35.042 

.1 

35.051 

35.060 

35.069 

35.079 

35.088 

35.097 

35.106 

35.115 

35.124  35.134 

.2 

35.143 

35.152 

35.161 

35.170 

35.179 

35.188 

35.198 

35.207 

35.216;  35.225 

.3 

35.234 

35.243 

35.252 

35.262 

35.271 

35.280 

35.289 

35.298 

35.307  J35.316 

.4 

35.325 

35.334 

35.344 

35.353 

35.362 

35.371 

35.380 

35.389 

35.398  35.407 

.5 

35.416 

35.425 

35.434 

35.443 

35.453 

35.462 

35.471 

35.480 

35.  -89  35.498 

.6 

35.507 

35.516 

35.525 

35.534 

35.543 

35.552 

35.561 

35.570 

35.579  35.588 

.7 

35.597 

35.606 

35.615 

35.624 

35.634 

35.643 

35.652 

35.661 

35.670  35.679 

.8 

35.688 

35.697 

35.706 

35.715 

35.724 

35.733 

35.742 

35.751 

35.760 

35.769 

.9 

35.778 

35.787 

35.796 

35.805 

&5.814 

35.823 

35.832 

35.841 

35.849 

35.858 

43° 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  20  TO 
24.99  FEET. 


Head. 

0 

1 

» 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

20.0 

35.867 

35.876 

35.885 

35.894 

35.903 

35.912 

35.921 

35.930 

35.939 

a5.948 

.1 

35.957 

35.966 

35.975 

35.984 

35.993 

36.002 

36.011 

36.020 

36.028 

36.037 

.2 

36.046 

36.055 

36.064 

36.073 

36.082 

36.091 

36.100 

36.109 

36.118 

36.127 

.3 

36.135 

36.144 

36.153 

36.162 

36.171 

36.180 

36.189 

36.198 

36.207 

36.215 

.4 

36.2  .4 

96.233 

36.242 

36.251 

36.260 

36.269 

36.278 

36.286 

36.295 

36.304 

.5 

36.313 

36.322 

36.331 

36.340 

36.348 

36.357 

36.366 

36.375 

36.384 

36.393 

.6 

35.401 

36.410 

36419 

36.428 

36.437 

36.446 

36.454 

36.463 

36.472 

36.481 

.7 

36.490 

36.499 

36.507 

36.516 

36.525 

36.534 

36.543 

36.551 

36.560 

36.569 

.8 

36.578 

36.587 

36.595 

36.604 

36.613 

36.622 

36.630 

36.639 

36.648 

36.657 

.9 

36.666 

36.674 

36.683 

36.692 

36.701 

36.709 

36.718 

36.727 

36.736 

36.744 

21.0 

36.753 

36.762 

36.771 

36.779 

36.788 

36.797 

36.806 

36.814 

36.823 

36.832 

.1 

3^841 

36.849 

36.858 

36.867 

36.875 

36.884 

36.893 

36.902 

36.910 

36.919 

.2 

36.928 

36.936 

36.945 

36.954 

36.963 

36.971 

36.980 

36.989 

36.997 

37.006 

.3 

37015 

37.023 

37.032 

37.041 

37.049 

36.058 

37.067 

37.076 

37.084 

37.093 

.4 

37.102 

37.110 

37.119 

37.128 

37.136 

37.145 

37.154 

37.162 

37.171 

37.179 

.5 

37.188 

37.197 

37.205 

37.214 

37.223 

37.231 

37.240 

37.249 

37.257 

37.266 

.6 

37.275 

37.283 

37.292 

37.300 

37.309 

37.318 

37.326 

37.335 

37.343 

37.352 

.7 

37.361 

37.369 

37.378 

37.387 

37.395 

37.404 

37412 

37.421 

37.430 

37.438 

.8 

37.447 

37.455 

37.464 

37.472 

37.481 

37.490 

37.498 

37.506 

37.515 

37.524 

.9 

37.532 

37.541 

37.550 

37.558 

37.567 

37.575 

37.584 

37.592 

37.601 

37.610 

220 

37.618 

37.627 

37.635 

37.644 

37.652 

37.661 

37.669 

37.678 

37,686 

37.695 

.1 

37.703 

37.712 

37.721 

37.729 

37.738 

37.746 

37.755 

37.763 

37.772 

37.780 

.2 

37.789 

37  797 

37.806 

37.814 

37.823 

37.832 

37.840 

37.848 

37.857 

37.865 

.3 

37874 

37.882 

37.891 

37.899 

37.908 

37.916 

37.925 

37.933 

37.942 

37.950 

.4 

37959 

37.967 

37.975 

37.984 

37.992 

38.001 

38.009 

38.018 

38.026 

38.035 

.5 

38.043 

38.052 

38.060 

38.068 

38.077 

38.085 

38.094 

38.102 

38.111 

38.119 

.6 

38.128 

38.136 

38.144 

38.153 

38.161 

38.170 

38178 

38.187 

38.195 

38.203 

7 

38.212 

38.220 

38.229 

38.237 

38.246 

38.254 

38.262 

38.271 

38.279 

38.288 

.8 

38.296 

38.304 

38.313 

38.321 

38.330 

38.338 

38.346 

38.355 

38.363 

38.371 

.9 

38.380 

38.388 

38397 

38.405 

38.413 

38.422 

38.430 

38.438 

38.447 

33.455 

230 

38.464 

38.472 

38.480 

38.489 

38.497 

38.505 

38.514 

38.522 

38.530 

38539 

.1 

38.547 

38.555 

38.564 

38.572 

38.580 

38.589 

38.597 

38.605 

38.614 

38.622 

.2 

38.630 

38.638 

38.647 

38.655 

38.664 

38.672 

38.680 

38.689 

38697 

38.705 

.3 

38.714 

38.722 

38.730 

38.738 

38.747 

38.755 

38.763 

38.772 

38.780 

38.788 

.4 

38.797^ 

38.805 

38.813 

38.821 

38.830 

38.838 

38.846 

38.855 

38.863 

38.871 

.5 

38.879 

38.838 

38.896 

38.904 

38912 

38.921 

38,929 

38.937 

38.945 

38.954 

.6 

38.962 

38.970 

38.978 

38.987 

38.995 

39.003 

39  Oil 

39.020 

39.028 

39.036 

.7 

39.044 

39.053 

39.061 

39.069 

39.077 

39.086 

39.094 

39.102 

39.110 

39.119 

.8 

39.127 

39.135 

39.143 

39.151 

39.160 

39.168 

39.176 

39.184 

39.192 

39.201 

.9 

39.209 

39.217 

39.225 

39.233 

39.242 

39.250 

39.258 

39.266 

39.274 

39.283 

24.0 

39.291 

39299 

39.307 

39315 

39.324 

39.332 

39.340 

39.348 

39.356 

39364 

.1 

39  373 

39.381 

39.389 

39.397 

39.405 

39.413 

39.422 

39.430 

39.438 

39.446 

.2 

39454 

39.462 

39470 

39.479 

39.487 

39495 

39.503 

39.511 

39.519 

39.527 

.3 

39.536 

39.544 

39.552 

39.560 

39.568 

39.576 

39.584 

39.592 

39.601 

39609 

.4 

39.617 

39.625 

39633 

39.641 

39.649 

39.657 

39.666 

39.674 

39.682 

39.690 

.5 

39.698 

39.706 

39.714 

39.722 

39.730 

39.738 

39.747 

39.755 

39.763 

39.771 

.6 

39.779 

39.787 

39795 

39.803 

39.811 

39.819 

39827 

39.835 

39.844 

39.852 

.7 

39.860 

39.868 

39.876 

39884 

39.892 

39.900 

39.908 

39.916 

39.924 

39.932 

.8 

39.940 

39.948 

39.956 

39.964 

39.972 

39.981 

39.989 

39.997 

40.005 

40.013 

.9 

40.021 

40.029 

40.037 

40045 

40.053 

40.061 

40.069 

40.077 

40085 

40.093 

43' 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET   PER  SECOND,  DUE   TO   HEADS  FROM  25  TO 
29.99  FEET. 


Head. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

25  0 

40.101 

40.109 

40.117 

40.125 

40.133 

40.141 

40.149 

40.157 

40.165 

40.173 

.1 

40.181 

40.J89 

40.197 

40.205 

40.213 

40.221 

40.229 

40.237 

40.245 

40.253 

2 

40.-261 

40.269 

40.277 

40.285 

40.293 

40.301 

40309 

40.317 

40.325 

40.333 

.3 

40.341 

40.349 

40.357 

40.365 

40.373 

40.381 

40.^89 

40.397 

40.405 

40.413 

.4 

40.421 

40.428 

40.436 

40.444 

40.452 

40.460 

4  K468 

40.476    40.484 

40.492 

.5 

40.500 

40.508 

40.516 

40524 

40.532 

40.540 

40548 

40.556    40.563 

40.571 

.6 

40.579 

40.587 

40.595 

40.603 

40.611 

40.619 

40.627 

40.635    40.643  40.651 

.7 

40.659 

40.666 

40.674 

40.682 

40.690 

40.698" 

40.706 

40.714 

40.722 

40.730 

.8 

40.738 

40.745 

40.753 

40.761 

40.769 

40.-J77 

40.785 

40.793    40801 

40809 

.9 

40.816 

40.824 

40.832 

40.840 

40.848 

40.856 

40.864 

40872 

40.879 

40.887 

26.0 

40.895 

40.903 

409L1 

40.919 

40.927 

40.934 

40.942 

40.950   40.958 

40966 

.1 

40.974 

40.982 

40.989 

40.997 

41.005 

41.013 

41.021 

41  .(29    41.036 

41.044 

.2 

41.052 

41.060 

41.068 

41.076 

41.083 

41.091 

41.099 

41.107    41115 

41.123 

.3 

41.130 

41.138 

41.146 

41.154 

41.162 

41.169 

41.177 

41.185    41.193 

41.201 

.4 

41.209 

41.216 

41.224 

41.232 

41.240 

41.248 

41.255 

41.263    41.271 

41.279 

.5 

41.287 

41.294 

41.302 

41.310 

41.318 

41.325 

41.333 

41.341    41.349 

41.357 

.6 

41.364 

41.372 

41.380 

41.388 

41.395 

41.403    41.411 

41.419   41.426 

41.434 

.7 

41.442 

41.450 

41.458 

41.465 

41.473 

41.4811  41.489 

41496    41504 

41.512 

.8 

41.520 

41.527 

41.535 

41.543 

41.551 

41.558 

41.566 

41.574    41.581 

41.589 

.9 

41.597 

41.605 

41.612 

41.620 

41.628 

41.636 

41.643 

41.651 

41.659 

41.666 

270 

41.674 

41.6S2 

41.690 

41.697 

41.705 

41.713 

41.720 

41.728 

41.736 

41.744 

.1 

41.751 

41.759 

41.767 

41.774 

41.782 

41.790 

41.797 

41.805    41.813 

41.821 

.2 

41.828 

41.836 

41.844 

41.851 

41.859 

41.867 

41.874 

41.882   41.890 

41.897 

.3 

41.905 

41.913 

41.920 

41.928 

41.936 

41.943 

41.951 

41.959    41.967 

41.974 

.4 

41.982 

41.989 

41.997 

42.005 

42.012 

42020 

42.028 

42.0351  42.043 

42.051 

.5 

42.058 

42.066 

42074 

42.081 

42.089 

42.096 

42.104 

42.112    42.119 

42.127 

.6 

42135 

42.142 

42.150 

42.158 

42.165 

42.173 

42.180 

42.188    42196 

42.203 

.7 

42.211 

42.219 

42.22R 

42.234 

42.241 

42.249 

42257 

42.264    42.272 

42.279 

.8 

42.287 

42.295 

42.302 

42.310 

42.317 

42.325 

42.333 

42.340    42.348 

42.365 

.9 

42.363 

42.371 

42.378 

42.386 

42.393 

42.401 

42.409    42.416 

42.424 

42.431 

28.0 

42.439 

42.446 

42.454 

42.462 

42.469 

42477 

42.484 

!  42.492 

42.499 

42.507 

.1 

42.515 

42.522 

42.530 

42537 

42.545 

42.552 

42.560 

;  42.668 

42.575 

42.583 

,2 

42.590 

42.598 

42.605 

42.613 

42.620 

42.628 

42.635    42.643 

42.651 

42.658 

.3 

42.666 

42.673 

42.681 

42.688 

42.696 

42.703 

42.711 

42.718 

42.726 

42.733 

A 
.5 

42.741 
42.816 

42.748 
42.824 

42.756    42.764 
42.831    42.839 

42.771 
42.846 

42.779    42.786;  42.794    42.801  j  42.809 
42.854    42.86l|  42.869!  42.876  42  884 

.6 

42891 

42.899 

42.906    42.914 

42.921 

42929    42.936;  42.944    42.951 

42.959 

.7 

42.966 

42.974 

42.981    42989 

42.996 

43.004'  43.011 

!  43.018;  43.026 

43033 

.8 

43.041 

43.048 

43.056   43.063 

43.071 

43.078    43086 

43.093    43101 

43.108 

.9 

43.116 

43.123 

43.130    43.138 

43.145 

43.153    43.160;  43.168|  43.175 

43.183 

29.0 

43.190 

43.198 

43.205    43.212 

43.220 

43.227    43.235^  43.243    43.250 

43.257 

.1 

43.264 

43.272 

43279    43.287 

43.294 

43.302    43.309 

43316    43.324 

43331 

.2 

43.339 

43346 

43.354    43.361 

43.368 

43.3,76    43383 

43391    43398 

;  43  405 

.3 

43  413 

43.420 

43428    43.435 

43.443 

43450    43.457 

43:465    43.472 

|  43.480 

.4 

43.487 

43.494 

43502    43.509 

43.517 

43.524    43.531 

43539    43546 

43.553 

.5 

43  561 

43.568 

43576    43.583 

43.590 

43.598    43.605 

43.612    43.620 

43627 

.6 

43635 

43.642 

43.649    43.657 

43.664 

43671    43.679 

43.P86    43.694 

43.701 

.7 

43.708 

43.716 

43723    43.730 

43.738 

43.745    43.752 

i  43.760 

43.767 

43.774 

.8 

43.782 

43.789 

43.796    43.804 

43.811 

43.818    43.826 

1  43.833 

43.840 

43.848 

.9 

43.855 

43.862 

43.870 

43.877 

43.884 

43.892    43899 

j  43.906 

43.914 

43.921 

VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,   DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  30  TO 
34.99    FEET. 


Head. 

O 

1 

* 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

30.0 

43.928 

43.936 

43.943 

43.950 

43.958 

43.965 

43.972 

43.980 

43.987 

43.994 

.1 

44.002    44.1  >09    44.016 

44.024 

44.031    44.038 

44.045 

44.053 

44.060 

44.067 

.2 

44.075:  44.082    44.089 

44.097 

44.104    44.111 

44.118 

44.126 

44.133 

44.140 

.3 

44.148    44.155!  44.162 

44.169 

44.177    44.184 

44.191 

44.198 

44.206 

44.213 

A 

44.220    44.228    44.235 

44.242    44.249!  44.257 

44.264 

44.271    44.278 

44.286 

.5 

44.293    44.30J    44.308 

44.315    44.322!  44.329 

44.337 

44.344    44.351 

44.358 

.6 

44.366   44.37-!    44.380   44.387    44.395    44.402 

44.409 

44.416    44.423 

44.431 

.7 

44.438   44.445 

44.452    44.460    44.467;  44.474 

44.481 

44.489 

44496 

44503 

.8 

44.510   44.5  '8    44.525 

44.532 

44.539 

44.546 

44.554 

44.561 

44.568 

44.575 

.9 

44.582    44.590 

44.597 

44.604 

44.611    44.619 

44.626   44.633 

44.640 

44.647 

31.0 

44.655   44.662 

44.669 

44.676    44.C83    44.691 

44.698 

44.705 

44.712 

44.719 

.1 

44.727 

44.731 

44.741 

44748   44.755 

44.762 

44.770 

44.777 

44.784 

44.791 

.2 

44.798 

44.806 

44.813 

44.820 

44.827 

44.834 

44.841 

44.849 

44.856 

44.863 

.3 

44.870    44.877 

44.884 

44.892 

44.899 

44.906 

44.913 

44.94) 

44.927 

44.935 

.4 

44.942    44.919 

44.956 

44.963 

44.970 

44.978 

44.985 

44.992 

44.999 

45.006 

.5 

45.013    4  -.020 

45.028 

45.035 

45.042 

45.049 

45.056 

46.063 

4>.070 

45.078 

.6 

45.085    45.092 

45.099 

45.106 

45.113 

45.120 

45.127 

45.135 

45.142 

46.149 

.7 

45.156   45.163 

45.170 

45.177 

45.184 

45.192 

45.199 

45.206 

45.213 

45.220 

.8 

45.227 

45.234 

45.241 

45.248 

45.256 

45.263 

45.270 

45.277 

45.284 

45.291 

.9 

45.298 

45.305 

45.312 

45.319 

45.327 

45.334 

45.341 

45.348 

43.355 

45.362 

32.0 

45.369 

4o.376 

45.383 

45.390 

45.397 

45.405 

45.412 

45.419 

45.426 

45433 

.1 

45.440 

45  447 

45.454 

45.461 

45.4G8 

45.475 

45.4821  45.4J-9 

45.4^7 

45504 

.2 

45.511 

45.518 

45525 

45.532 

45.539 

45.546 

45.553 

45.560 

45.567 

45.574 

.3 

45.581 

45.588 

45.595 

45.602 

45.609    45.617 

45.624 

45.631 

45.638 

45645 

.4 

45.652 

45659 

45.666 

4>.673 

45.680    45.687 

45.694 

45.701 

45.708 

4-..715 

.5 

45.722 

45.729 

45736 

45.743 

45.7501  45.757 

45.764 

45.771 

45.778 

45.785 

.6 

45.792 

45.799 

45.807 

45.814 

45.821 

45.828 

45.835  i  45.842 

45.849 

45  856 

.7 

45.863 

45.870 

43.877 

45.884 

45.891 

45.898 

45.905 

45.912 

45.919 

4x926 

.8 

45.933 

45.940 

45.947 

45.954 

45.961 

45.968 

45.975 

4  '..982 

45.989 

45.996 

.9 

46.003 

46.010 

46.017 

46.024 

46.031 

46.038 

46.045 

46.052 

46.059 

46.066 

33.0 

46.073 

46.080 

46.086 

46.093 

46.100 

46.107 

46.114 

46121 

46.128 

46135 

.1 

46.142 

46.149 

46.156 

46.163 

46.170 

46.177 

46.184 

46.191 

46.198 

46.205 

.2 

46.212 

46.219 

46.226 

46.233 

46.240 

46.247 

46.254 

46.261 

46268 

46.275 

.3 

46.281 

46.288 

46.295 

46.302 

46.309 

46.316 

46.323 

46.330 

46.337 

46  344 

.4 

46.351 

46.358 

46.365 

46.372 

46.379 

46.386    46.393 

46.399 

4t>.406 

46413 

.5 

46.420 

46.427 

46.434 

46.441 

46.44v  46.4551  46.462 

46.469 

46.476 

46.483 

.6 

46.489,  46.496    46.503 

46.510 

46.517    46.524    46.531 

46.538 

46.545 

46  552 

.7 

46.559   46.566 

46.572 

46.579 

46.586    46.593    46.600 

46.607 

46.614 

46.6^:1 

.8 

46.628 

46.635 

46.642 

46.648 

46.655    46.662    46.669 

46.676 

46.683 

46.690 

.9 

46.697 

46.703 

46.710 

46.717 

46.724    46.731 

46.739 

46.745 

46.752 

46759 

34.0 

46.765 

46772 

46.779    46.786 

46.793    46.800i  46.807 

46.814 

46.820 

46.827 

.1 

46.834    4^.841 

46.848    46.855|  46.862    46868;  46875 

46.882    46.889 

46.896 

.2 

46.903    46910 

46.916    46.923    46.930    46.9*7!  46.944 

46.9511  46.958 

46.964 

3 

46.971 

46.978 

46.985    46.992 

46.999    47.005    47012 

47.019    47.026 

47.033 

A 

47.040 

47.047 

47.063 

47.060 

47.067 

47.074!  47081 

47.0^8    47.094 

47.101 

.5 

47.108 

47115 

47.122 

47128 

47.135    47.1421  47.149 

47.156    47.163 

47.169 

.6 

47.176 

47.183)  47.190 

47.197 

47.2«'3    47.210    47.217 

47224 

47.231 

47.238 

.7 

47.244 

47.251    47.258 

47  26^ 

47.272 

47.278    47285 

47.292 

47.299 

47.306 

.8 

47.312 

47.319 

47.326 

47.333 

47.340 

47.346 

47.353 

47.360 

47.367 

47.374 

.9 

47.380 

47.387 

47.394 

47.401 

47.407 

47.414 

47.421 

47.428 

47.435 

47.441 

433 


VELOCJTXRS,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FKOM  35  TO 
39.99  FEET. 


Head. 

O 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

I 
678 

9 

35.0 

47.448 

47.455 

47.462 

47.469 

47.475 

47.482 

47.489 

47.496 

47.502 

47.509 

.1 

47.516 

47.523 

47.529 

47.536 

47.543 

47.550 

47.056 

47.563 

47.570 

47.577 

.2 

47.584 

47.590 

47.597 

47.604 

47.611 

47.617 

47.624 

47.631 

47.638 

47.644 

.3 

47.651 

47.658 

47.665 

47.671 

47.678 

47.685 

47.692 

47.698 

47.705 

47.712 

A 

44.719 

47.725 

47.732 

47.739 

47.745 

47.752 

47.759 

47.766 

47.772 

47.779 

.5 

47.786 

47.793 

47.799 

47.806    47.813 

47.8191  47.826 

47.833 

47.840 

47.846 

.0    ;  47.853 

47.860 

47.867 

47.873    47.880 

47.887!  47.893 

47.900 

47.907 

47.914 

.7       47.920 

47.927 

47.934 

47.940    47.947 

47.954!  '47.901 

47.967 

47.974 

47.981 

.8 

47.987 

47.994 

48.001 

48.007    48.014 

48.021 

48.028 

48.034 

48.041 

48.048 

.9 

48.054 

48.061 

48.068 

48.074 

48.081 

48.088 

48.094 

48.101 

48.108 

48.115 

3G.O 

48.121 

48.128 

48.134 

48.141 

48.148 

48.155 

48.161 

48.168 

48.175 

48.181 

.1 

48.188 

48.195 

48.201 

48.208 

48.215 

48.221 

48.228 

48.235 

48.241 

48.248 

.2    1  48.255 

48.261 

48.268 

48.275 

48.281 

48.288 

48.295 

48.302 

48.308 

48.315 

.3 

48.321 

48.328 

48.335 

48.341 

48.348 

48.355 

48.361 

48.368 

48.375 

48.381 

.4 

48.388 

48.394 

48.401 

48.408 

48.414 

48.421 

48.428 

48  434 

48.441 

48.448 

.5 

48.454 

48.461 

48.467 

48.474 

48.481 

48.487 

48.494 

48.501 

48.507 

48.514 

.6 

48.521 

48.527 

48.534 

48.540 

48.547 

48.554 

48.560 

48.567 

48.574 

48.580 

.7 

48.587 

48.593 

48.600 

48.607 

48.613 

48.620 

48.626 

48.633 

48.640 

48.646 

.8 

48.653 

48.660 

48*.666 

48.673 

48.679 

48.686 

48.693 

48.699 

48.706 

48.712 

.9 

48.719 

48.726 

48.732 

48.739 

48.745 

48.752 

48.759 

48.765 

48.771  48.778 

37.0 

48.785 

48.792 

48.798 

48.805 

48.811 

48.818 

48.824 

48.831 

48.838 

48.844 

.1 

48.851 

48.857 

48.864 

48.871    48.877 

48.884 

48.890 

48.897 

48.903 

48.910 

2 

48.917 

48.923 

48.93J 

48.936    48943 

48.950 

48.956 

48.963 

48.969 

48.976 

.3 

48.982 

48.989 

48.995 

490021  49.009 

49.015 

49.022 

49.028 

49.035 

49.041 

A 

49.048 

49.055 

49.061 

49.068 

49.074 

49.081 

49.087 

49.094 

49.100 

49.107 

.5 

49.113 

49.120 

49.127 

49.133 

49.140 

49.146 

49.153 

49.159 

49.166 

49.172 

.6 

49.179 

49.185 

49.192 

49.199 

49.205 

49.212 

49.218 

49.225 

49.231 

!  49.238 

.7 

49.244 

49.251 

49.257 

49.264 

49.270 

49.277 

49.283 

49.290 

49.297 

49  303 

.8 

49.310 

49.316 

49.323 

49.329 

49.336 

49.342 

49.349 

49.355 

49362 

49.368 

.9 

49.375 

49.381 

49.388 

49.394 

49.401 

49.407 

49414 

49.420 

49.427 

49.433 

38.0 

49.440 

49.446 

49.453 

49.459 

49.466 

49.472 

49479 

49.485 

49.492 

49.498 

.1 

49.505 

49.511 

49518 

49.524 

49.531 

49.537 

49.M4 

49.550 

49.557 

49.563 

.2 

49.570 

49.576 

49583 

49.589 

49.596 

49.602 

49.609 

49.615 

49.622 

49.628 

.3 

49.635 

49.641 

49.648 

49.654 

49.661 

49.667 

49.673 

49.680 

49.686 

49.693 

.4 

49.699 

49.706 

49712 

49.719 

49.725 

49.732 

49.738 

49.745 

49751 

1  49.758 

.5 

49.764 

49.770 

49.777 

49.783 

49.790 

49.796)  49.803 

49.809 

49.816 

49.822 

.6 

49829 

49.835 

49.842 

49.848 

49.854 

49861 

49.867 

49.874 

49.880 

49.887 

jl 

49.893 

49.900 

49.906 

49.912 

49.919 

49.925 

49.932 

49.938 

49.945 

49.951 

.8 

49.958 

49.964 

49.970 

49.977 

49.983 

49.990 

49.996 

50.003 

50.009 

50.015 

.9 

50.022 

50.028 

50.035 

50.041 

£0.048 

50054 

50.060 

50.067 

50.073 

50.080 

39.0 

50.086 

50.093 

50.099 

50.105 

50.112 

50.118 

50.125 

50.131 

50.137 

50.144 

.1 

50.150 

50.157 

50.163 

50.170 

50.176 

50.182 

50.189 

50.195 

50.202 

50.208 

.2 

50.214 

50.221 

50.227 

50.234 

50.240 

50.246 

£0.253 

50.259 

50266 

50.272 

.3 

50.278 

50.285 

50.291 

50.298 

50.304 

50.310 

50.317 

50.323 

50.330 

50.336 

.4 

50.342 

50.349 

50.&35 

50.362 

50368 

50.374 

50.381 

50.387 

50.393 

50.400 

.5 

50.406 

50.413 

50.419 

50.425 

50.432 

50438 

50444 

50.451 

50.457 

50.464 

.6 

50.470 

50.476 

50.483 

50.489 

50.495 

50.502 

50.508    50.515 

50.521 

50.527 

.7 

50534 

50.540 

50.546 

50.553 

50.559 

50.565 

50.572 

50.578 

50.585 

50.591 

.8 

50.597 

50.604 

50.61U 

50  f;it) 

50.623 

S0.629 

50.635 

50.642 

50.648 

*0.654 

.9 

50.661 

50.667 

00.673    50.680 

50^0    ~Q.M2 

C0.699    .:-;.7rf.    £0.722 

£0.718 

434 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  40  TO 
44.99  FEET( 


Head. 

O            1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

40.0 

50.724    50.731 

50.737 

50.743 

50.750 

50.756 

50.762 

50.769 

50.775 

50.781 

.1 

50.788    50.794 

50.800 

50.807 

50.813    50.819 

50.826 

50.832 

50.838 

50.845 

.2 

50.851    50.857 

50.863 

50.870 

50.876    50.882 

50.889 

50.895 

50.901 

50908 

.3 

50.914    50.920 

50.927 

50.933 

50.939    50.946 

50.952 

50.958 

50.965 

50.971 

.4 

50.977    50.983 

50.990 

50.996 

51.002    51.009 

51.015 

51.021 

51.028 

51.034 

.5 

51.040    51.047 

51.053 

51.059 

51.065    51.072 

51.078 

51.084 

51.091 

51.097 

.6 

51.103    51.110 

51.116 

51.122 

51.128    51.135 

51.141 

51.147 

51.154 

51.160 

.7 

51.166;  51.172 

51.179 

51.185 

51.  191  i  51.198 

51.204 

51.210 

51.216 

51.223 

.8 

51.229'  51.235 

51.241 

51.248 

51.254    51.260 

51.267 

51.273 

51.279 

51.285 

.9 

51.2921  51.298 

51.304 

51.310 

51.3171  51.323 

51.329 

51.336 

51.342 

51.348 

41.0 

51.&54    51.361 

51.367 

51.373 

51.379    51.386 

51.392 

51.398 

51.404 

51.411 

.1 

51.417    51.423 

51.429 

51.436 

51.442 

51.448 

51.454 

51.461 

51.467 

51.473 

.2 

51.479    51.486 

51.492 

51.498 

51.504 

51.511 

51.517 

51.523 

51.529 

51.536 

.3 

51.542    51.548 

51.554 

51.561 

51.567    51.573 

51.579 

51.586 

51.592 

51.598 

.4 

51.604    51  610 

51.617 

51.623 

51.629    51.635 

51.642 

51.648 

51.654 

51.660 

.5 

51.667    51  673 

51.679 

51.685 

51.691  i  51.698 

51.704 

51.710 

51.716 

51.723 

.6 

51.729    51.735 

51.741 

51.747 

51.754    51.760 

51.766 

51.772 

51.778 

51.785 

.7 

51.791 

51.797 

51.803 

51.809 

51.816    51.822 

51.82.8 

51.834 

51.841 

51.847 

.8 

51.853 

51.859 

51.865 

51.872 

51.878    51.884 

51.890 

51.896 

51.903 

51.909 

.9 

51.9151  51.921 

51.927 

51.934 

51.940 

51.946 

51.952 

51.958 

51.964 

51.971 

420 

51.977 

51.983 

51.989 

51.995 

52.002 

52.008 

52.014 

52.020 

52.026 

52.032 

.1 

52.039    52.045 

52.051 

52.057 

52.063 

52.070 

52.076 

52.082 

52.088 

52.'  94 

.2 

52.100    52.107 

52.113 

52.119 

52.125 

52.131 

52.137 

52.144 

52.150 

52.156 

.3 

52.162    52.168 

52.174 

52.181 

52.187 

52.193 

52.199 

52205 

52.211 

52.218 

.4 

52.224 

52.230 

52.236 

52.242 

52.248 

52.255 

52.261 

52.267 

52.273 

52.279 

.5 

52.285 

52291 

52.298 

52.304 

52.310 

52.316 

52.322 

52328 

52.334 

52.341 

.6 

52.347 

52.353 

52.359 

52.365 

52.371 

52.377 

52384 

52.390 

52.396 

52402 

.7 

52.408 

52.414 

52.420 

52.427 

52.433 

52.439 

52.445 

52.451 

52.457 

52.463 

.8 

52.470 

52.476 

52.482 

52.488 

52.494 

52.500 

52.506 

52.512 

52519 

52.525 

.9 

52.531 

52.537 

52.543 

52.549 

52.555 

52.561 

52.567 

52.574 

52.580 

52.586 

43.0 

52.592 

52.598 

52.604 

52.610 

52.616 

52.623 

52.629 

52.635 

52.641 

52.647 

.1 

52.653 

52.659 

52.665 

52.671 

52.678 

52.684 

52.690 

52.696 

52.702 

52.708 

.2 

52.714 

52.720 

52.726 

52.732 

52.738 

52.745 

52.751 

52.757 

52.763 

52769 

.3 

52.775;  52.781 

52.787 

52.793 

52.799 

52.806 

52>12 

52.818 

52.824 

52.830 

.4 

52836;  52.842 

52.848 

52.854 

82.860 

52.866 

52.873 

52.879 

52.885 

52.891 

.5 

52.897    52.903 

52.9  i9 

52.915 

52.921 

52.927 

52.933 

5-4.939 

52.945 

52.952 

.6 

52.958    52.964 

5  -'.970 

52.976 

52.982 

52.988 

52.994 

53.000 

53.00* 

53012 

.7 

53.0181  53.024 

53.030 

53.037 

53.043 

53,049 

53055 

53.061 

53.067 

53.073 

.8 

53.079 

53.085 

53.091 

53.097 

53.103 

53.109 

53.115 

53.121 

53.127 

53.133 

.9 

53.139 

53.146 

53.152 

53.158 

53.164 

53170 

53.176 

53.182 

53.188 

53.194 

44.0 

53.200 

53.205 

53.212 

53.218 

53.224 

53.230 

53.236 

53.242 

53.248 

53.254 

.1 

53.260 

53266 

53.272 

53.279 

53.285 

53.291 

53.297 

53.303 

53.309 

53.315 

.2 

53.321 

53.327 

53  333 

53.339 

53.34.^ 

53.351 

53.357 

53.363 

53.369 

53.375 

.3 

53.381 

53.337 

53.393 

53.399 

53.405 

53.411 

53.417 

53.423 

53.429 

53.435 

.4 

53.441 

53.447 

53.453 

53.459 

53.465 

53.471 

53.477 

53.483 

53.489 

53.495 

.5 

53.501 

53.507 

53.513 

53.519 

53.525 

53531 

53.537 

53.543 

53.549 

53.555 

.6 

53.561 

53.567 

53.573 

53.579 

53.5K6 

53.592 

53.598 

53.604 

53.«10 

53.616 

.7 

53.621 

53.627 

53.633 

53.639 

53.645 

53.651 

53.657 

53.663 

53.669 

53.675 

.8 

53.681 

53.687 

53.693 

53699 

53705 

53.711 

53.717 

53.723 

53.729 

53.735 

.9 

53.741 

53.747 

53.753 

53.769 

53.765 

53.771 

53.777 

53.783 

53.789 

53.795 

435 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER   SECOND,  DUE   TO   HEADS  FROM  45  TO 
49.99   FEET. 


Fiead. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

? 

9 

<5.0 

53.801 

53.807 

53.813 

53.819 

53.825 

53.831 

53.837 

53.843 

53.849 

53.855 

.1 

53.801 

5:5.867 

53.873 

53.879 

53.885 

5<.891 

53.897 

53.903 

53.909 

53.915 

.2 

53921 

53.927 

53.932 

53.938 

53.944 

53.950    53.956 

53.962 

53.9t=8 

53.974 

.3 

53.980 

53.986 

53.992 

53.998 

54.004 

54.010 

54.016 

54.022 

54.028 

54.034 

A 

54040 

54.046 

54.0f2 

54.058 

54.064 

54.069 

54.075 

54.081 

54.087 

54.093 

.5 

54.099 

54.105 

54.111 

54.117 

54.123 

54.129 

54.135 

54.141 

54.147 

54.153 

.6 

54.159 

54.165 

54.170 

54.176 

54.182 

54.188 

54.194 

54.200 

51.206 

54.212 

.7 

54.218 

54.224 

54.230 

54.236 

54.242 

54.248 

54.254 

54.259 

54.265 

54.271 

.8 

54.277 

54.283 

54.289 

54.195 

54.301 

54.307 

54.313 

54.319 

54.325 

54.331 

.9 

54.336 

54.342 

54.348 

54.354 

54.360 

54366 

54.372 

54.378 

54.384 

54.390 

46.0 

54.396 

54.402 

54.407 

54.413 

64.419 

54.425 

54.431 

54.437 

54.443 

54.449 

.1 

54.455 

54.461 

54.467 

54.472 

54.478 

54.484 

54.490 

54496 

54.502 

54.508 

.2 

54.514 

54.520 

54.526 

54.531 

54.537 

54.543 

54.549 

54.555 

54.561 

54.567 

.3 

54.573 

54.579 

54.585 

54.690 

54.f96 

54.602 

54.608 

54.614 

54.620 

54.626 

.4 

54.632 

54.638 

54  643 

54.649 

54.655 

54.661 

54.667 

54.673 

54.679 

54.685 

.5 

54.690 

54.696 

54.702 

54.708 

54.714 

54.720 

54.726 

54.732 

54.737 

54.743 

.6 

'  54.749 

54.755 

54.761 

54.767 

54.773 

54.779 

54.784 

54.790 

54.796 

54.802 

.7 

54.808 

54.814 

54.8JO 

54.826 

54.831 

54.837 

54.843 

54.849 

54.855 

54.861 

.8 

54.867 

54.872 

54878 

54.884 

54.890 

54.896 

54.902 

54.908 

54.913 

54.919 

.9 

54.925 

54.931 

54.937 

54.943 

54.949 

54.954 

54.960 

54.966 

54.972 

54.978 

47.0 

54.984 

54.990 

54.995 

55.001 

55.007 

55.013 

55.019 

55.025 

55.030 

55.036 

.1 

55.042 

55.048 

55.054 

55.060 

55.066 

55.071 

55.077 

55.083 

55.089 

55.095 

.2 

55.101 

55.106 

55.112 

55.118 

55.124 

55.130 

55.136 

55.141 

55.147 

55.153 

.3 

55.159 

55.165 

55.171 

55.176 

55.182 

55.188 

55.194 

55.200 

55.206 

55211 

.4 

55.217 

55.223 

55.229 

55.235 

55.240 

55.246 

55.252 

55.258 

55.264 

55.270 

.5 

55.275 

55.281 

55.287 

55.293 

55.299 

55.304 

55.310 

55.316 

55.322 

55.328 

.6 

55.331 

55.339 

55.345 

55.351 

55.357 

55.363 

55.368 

55.374 

55.380 

55.386 

.7  . 

55.392 

55397 

55.403 

55.409 

55.415 

55.421 

55.426J  55.432 

55.438 

55.444 

.8 

55.450 

55.455 

55.4'1 

55.467 

55.473 

55.479 

55.484    55.490 

55.496 

55.502 

.9 

55.508 

55.513 

55.51S 

55.525 

55.531 

55.537 

55.542 

55.548 

55.554 

55.560 

48.0 

55.566 

55.571 

55.577 

55.583 

55.589 

55.595 

55.600 

55.606 

55.612 

55.618 

.1 

55.623 

55.629 

55.635 

55.641 

55.647 

55.652 

55.658 

55.664 

55.670 

55.675 

,2 

55.681 

55.687 

55.693 

55.699 

55.704 

55.710 

55.716 

55.722 

55.727 

55.733 

.3 

55.739 

55.745 

55.7;"0 

55.756 

55.762 

55.768 

55.774 

55.779 

55.785 

55.791 

.4 

55.797 

55802 

55.808 

55.814 

55.820 

55.825 

55.831 

55837 

55.843 

55.848 

.5 

5n.854 

55.860 

55.866 

55.872 

55.877 

55.883 

55.889    55.895 

55.900 

55.906 

.6 

55.91V 

55918 

55.923 

55.929 

55.935 

55.941 

55.946|  55.952 

55.958 

55.964 

.7 

5n.9o9 

55.975 

55.981 

55.987 

55  D92 

15.998 

56.004 

56.009 

56.015 

56.021 

.8 

56.027 

56032 

56.038 

56.044 

56.050 

56.055 

56.061 

56.067 

56.073 

56.078 

.9 

56.084 

56090 

56.096 

56.101 

56.107 

56.113 

56.118 

56.124 

56.130 

56.136 

49.0 

56.141 

56.147 

56.153 

56.159 

56.164 

56.170 

56.176 

56.181 

56.187 

56.193 

1 

56.199 

56.204 

56.210 

56.216 

56.222 

56.227 

56.233 

56.239 

56.244 

56.250 

.2 

56.256 

56.262 

56267 

56.273 

56.279 

56.284 

56.290 

56.296 

56.302 

56307 

.3 

56.313 

.'6.319 

56.324 

56.330 

56.336 

56.342 

56.347 

56.353 

56.359 

56.364 

.4 

56.370 

56.376 

56.381 

56387 

56.393 

56.399 

56.404 

56410 

56.416 

56.421 

.5 

56.427 

56.433 

56.439 

5.5.444 

56.450 

56.456 

56.461 

56.467 

56473 

56.478 

.6 

56.484 

56.490 

56.405 

56.501 

56.507 

56.513 

56.518 

56.524 

56.530 

56.535 

.7 

56541 

56.547 

56.552 

56.558 

56.564 

56.569 

56.575 

56.581 

56.586 

56.592 

.8 

56598 

56604 

56.6d9 

56615 

56.621 

56.626 

56.632 

56.638 

56.643 

56.649 

.9 

56.655 

56.660 

56.666 

56.672 

56.677 

56.683 

56.689 

56.694 

56.700 

56.706 

436 
Swain  Turbine  Co.  Tables. 


04 

fe 

pi 

• 

1 

ty 

£  o 

.sw 
fin 

1 

•c 
d 

|w 

So 

'5^ 

k 

« 

H 

Iw 

o  $ 

CO  $ 

o 

w 

<o 

|w 

?| 

2* 

<D 

o  & 

o 

•£§ 

'o'S 

*  d 

O  <jj 

$  o 

d 

£» 

-°  o 

Si 

OM 

c 

>> 

gj  w 

No 

?s 

OM 

'O 

'o 

»3 

OJ  £ 
CO  CT1 

'•§  g 

T! 

'o 

O 

o>  d 
co  a1 

'•§  g 

03 

la 

CO 

oi 

CO 

B 

o> 

5 

.3 

^  S1 

GO 

w 

0> 

6 

.2 

*l 

1 

8.02 

8.8186 

1.0995 

158.3280 

51 

57.27 

.1729 

.003019 

.4347 

2 

11.34 

4.4093 

.3888 

55.9872 

52 

57.84 

.1695 

.002930 

.4219 

3 

13.89 

2.9395 

.2116 

30.4704 

53 

58.39 

.1663 

.002848 

.4101 

4 

16.04 

2.2046 

.1374 

19.7856 

54 

58.93 

.1633 

.002771 

.3990 

5 

17.92 

1.7637 

.0984 

14.1696 

55 

59.48 

.1603 

.002695 

.3880 

6 

19.65 

1.4697 

.0747 

10.7568 

56 

60.01 

.1574 

.002622 

.3775 

7 

21.22 

1.2598 

.0593 

8.5392 

57 

60.56 

.1547 

.002554 

.3677 

8 

22.68 

1.1023 

.0486 

6.9884 

58 

61.08 

.1520 

.002488 

.3582 

9 

24.06 

.9798 

.0407 

5.8608 

59 

61.61 

.1494 

.002424 

.3490 

10 

25.36 

.8818 

.0347 

4.9968 

60 

62.12 

.1469 

.002364 

..3404 

11 

26.60 

.8016 

.0301 

4.3344 

61 

62.71 

.1445 

.002304 

.3317 

12 

27.78 

.7348 

.0264 

3.8016 

62 

63.15 

.1422 

.002251 

.3241 

13 

28.92 

.6783 

.0234 

3.3696 

63 

63.66 

.1399 

.002197 

.3163 

14 

30.01 

.6299 

.0209 

3.0096 

64 

64.16 

.1377 

.002146 

.3090 

15 

-31.06 

.5879 

.0189 

2.7216 

65 

64.66 

.1356 

.002097 

.3019 

16 

32.08 

.5511 

.0171 

2.4624 

66 

65.16 

.1336 

.002050 

.2952 

17 

33.07 

.5187 

.0156 

2.2464 

67 

65.65 

.1316 

.002004 

.2885 

18 

34.03 

.4899 

.0143 

2.0592 

68 

66.14 

.1296 

.001959 

.2820 

19 

34.96 

.4641 

.0132 

1.9008 

69 

66.62 

.1278 

.001918 

.2761 

20 

85.87 

.4409 

.0122 

1.7568 

70 

67.11 

.1259 

.001876 

.2701 

21 

36.75 

.4199 

.0114 

1.6416 

71 

67.58 

.1242 

.001837 

.2645 

22 

87.61 

.4008 

.0106 

1.5264 

72 

68.06 

.1224 

.001798 

.2589 

23 

38.46 

.3834 

.0099 

1.4256 

73 

68.53 

.1208 

.001762 

.2537 

24 

39.29 

.3674 

.0093 

1.3392 

74 

69.00 

.1191 

.001726 

.2485 

25 

40.10 

.3527 

.0087 

1.2528 

75 

69.46 

.1175 

.001691 

.2435 

26 

40.89 

.3391 

.0082 

1.1808 

76 

69.92 

.1160 

.001659 

.2388 

27 

41.67 

.3266 

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Diam. 

in 
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Circ'm 
in 
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Area  in 
square 
feet. 

Diam. 

in 
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Area  in 
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6  8 

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85.200 

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445 


CHAELA. 


Miss  CHARLA  A.  ADAMS. 


A  Green  Mountain  girl,  receiving  three  months'  schooling  in  the 
summer  and  occasional  spells  in  the  winter.  At  thirteen  away  to 
the  Lowell  mills,  graduating  from  there  at  nineteen  as  mathema- 
tician of  my  testing  work,  and  as  I  had  never  owned  a  schoolbook 
until  buying  them  for  my  children,  it  will  readily  be  conceived  that 
we  were  not  handicapped  by  the  Massachusetts  school  system. 

Without  exception  Charla  was  the  most  expeditious  mathema- 
tician and  best  adapted  for  the  purpose  of  any  one  I  have  ever  known 
engaged  in  the  work. 


SPIRITUALISM. 

A.  Living  Religion,  of  Demonstration,  Personal  Responsibility, 
and  Consolation. 

This  belief  has  been  latent  in  the  human  heart  since  the  dawn  of  recorded 
intelligence  down  to  the  present  time,  and  is  now  openly  accepted  by  the 
most  intelligent  as  the  truth,  yet  sneered  at  by  the  dollar  stamped  clergy 
from  self  interest. 

The  cause  has  had  a  terrible  load  to  carry  in  carrying  the  vagaries  of  its 
professed  friends,  and  had  it  not  been  based  upon  eternal  truth  it  would  have 
been  annihilated  long  ago. 

Its  mediums,  mere  mortals  of  very  ordinary  clay,  instead  of  being  en- 
couraged and  aided  to  seek  the  truth,  have  too  often  been  surrounded  by 
ruffianly  bands  of  bigoted  ignorance,  and  in  frequent  cases  female  mediums 
have  been  married  by  lazy  loafers  of  the  male  species,  solely  as  a  means  of 
obtaining  a  living  without  labor,  and  the  wife  has  often  been  compelled  to  do 
what,  if  properly  cherished,  she  would  never  have  thought  of  doing. 

Then  again,  as  its  expounders  in  many  cases  have  belonged  to,  to  say  the 
least,  not  the  most  learned,  the  vagaries  published  are  not  always'  well 
established,  to  say  nothing  of  the  long  words  required  to  express  the  pro- 
found depths  of  the  writer's  ideas. 

Then  the  smellers  that  seek  for  fraud,  the  self  appointed  witch  finders  of 
the  G-agool  type  described  by  Rider  Haggard  in  "  King  Solomon's  Mines," 
who  through  monumental  conceit  and  ignorantly  conceived  notions  of  spirit 
etiquette  assume  the  office  of  censor  of  spiritual  management,  may  retard  but 
can  never  stop  the  onward  march  of  its  grand  and  humane  truths. 

From  infancy  I  have  ever  desired  to  know  the  why  of  any  mystery.  My 
first  visit  to  a  haunted  house  was  in  my  eighth  year.  Of  course  the  Rochester 
knockings  interested  me,  but  a  wandering  life  of  ten  years'  previous  experi- 
ence in  strange  lands  had  knocked  many  of  childhood's  conceits  from  my 
mind  and  broadened  the  horizon  of  my  ideas ;  personal  experience  also  had 
caused  consideration.  It  was  not  uncommon  for  me  at  that  time  to  suddenly 
become  unconscious  and  begin  to  repeat  lines  of  poetry  that  would  be 
seemingly  printed  upon  the  wall  of  the  room  in  front  of  me.  As  the  last  word 
was  repeated,  there  would  be  exactly  such  a  change  in  appearance  as  takes 
place  in  a  kaleidoscope  and  more  lines  would  come  in  view.  As  this  was 
about  a  year  before  the  advent  of  the  knockings  my  declamations  were  con- 
sidered uncanny.  A  vivid  impression  of  the  fact  was  always  left  upon  my 
mind  but  the  lines  could  never  be  remembered. 

Then  followed  a  phase  of  gradually  rousing  from  sleep  to  a  consciousness 
of  two  or  three  voices  near  by  arguing  a  case,  so  real  that  it  would  cause 
me  to  turn  and  try  various  methods  to  ascertain  whether  it  was  a  dream  ; 
suddenly  all  would  cease  but  the  impression  would  remain  for  days,  yet  the 
subject  could  never  be  recalled  though  perfectly  understood  the  moment 
before  it  ceased. 

To  this  followed  visions  of  beautiful  landscapes,  rarely  persons  or  animal 
life,  but  the  colors  of  mosses,  leaves,  stones,  and  the  thousand  details  so 
perfect  that  at  times  I  would  get  up  and  walk  across  the  room  to  make  sure 
of  being  awake.  For  years  these  were  believed  to  be  optical  illusions,  but 
I  know  better  now  and  deeply  regret  that  such  gifts  were  not  more  thank- 
fully received.  Another  phase  followed  and  to  some  extent  is  still  with 
me,  namely,  impressions,  often  as  palpable  as  spoken  words.  These  usually 
come  when  receiving  or  reading  a  letter,  message,  or  communication,  in  one 
case  causing  me  to  pitch  a  letter  containing  a  check  for  $150  into  the  waste 
basket,  for  doing  which  the  sender  at  times  attempts  to  be  sarcastic. 

For  years  I  took  but  little  interest  in  Spiritualism,  but  as  its  adherents 
increased  it  became  a  power,  and  1  took  the  Christian's  ideal  of  good,  the 
dollar,  as  a  standard  of  its  popularity. 

At  the  time  I  was  publishing  a  quarterly  paper, 

EMERSON'S  TURBINE  REPORTER,  five  thousand  copies  each  issue  to 
fill  contract  with  advertisers.  It  had  paid  expenses  less  postage  up  to  that 
time.  I  announced  that  after  four  more  issues  the  paper  would  be  discon- 
tinued and  a  book  take  its  place ;  then  commenced  a  series  of  articles  on 
Spiritualism  herewith  republished  in  their  order.  The  first  issue  contain- 
ing the  article  paid  all  expense,  the  next  $25  above,  the  third  over  $100, 
and  the  last  over  $200,  a  supplement  being  required  for  advertising  space, 


447 


SPIRITUALISM. 

The  wonderful  stories  of  spiritual  manifestations  going  the  rounds  of  the 
press  have  caused  a  desire  for  more  light  relative  thereto  ;  such  manifesta- 
tions, under  various  phases,  have  been  common  since  the  dawn  of  history  ;  in 
ancient  times  the  leaders  of  the  people  made  them  useful,  now  those  that 
would  be  leaders  are  careful  to  ignore  interest  in  them.  Editors  that  are 
loudest  in  screeching,  "  See  how  independent  we  are  !  "  dare  not  publish  an 
article  upon  the  subject  without  launching  it  from  the  top  of  the  fence  that 
it  may  be  fitted  for  either  side,  by  the  ever  convenient,  "I  told  you  so  !  " 
Why  this  unmanly  hedging  ?  A  little  inquiry  will  satisfy  any  one  that  the 
world  is  ready  for  the  truth.  It  is  true  that  there  is  a  feeble  "  tweet,  tweet, 
tweet"  going  out  from  the  pulpit,  as  there  doubtless  was  nineteen  centuries 
since,  but  the  time  now,  as  then,  is  unfavorable  to  pulpits ;  intelligence  plays 
the  deuce  with  such  places  ;  there  is  little  consistency  in  talking  about  the 
Bible  being  a  guide,  while  building  structures  in  which  to  worship  the  son  of 
a  carpenter,  so  very  nice  that  one  of  that  class  has  little  chance  of  ever  see- 
ing the  inside  after  taking  his  tools  out ;  five  to  twenty  thousand  dollar  sala- 
ries have  little  in  common  with  the  veritable  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  though  in 
full  accordance  with  the  pulpit  article.  The  time  for  such  is  passing  away, 
the  sneered  at  manifestations  have  had  much  to  do  with  the  change  and 
Church  creeds  are  kept  in  the  background  as  being  too  illiberal  for  the 
times.  Nearly  every  book  of  note  now  issued  is  spiced  with  the  belief  ;  our 
conversation  is  mixed  with  its  phrases  ;  if  one  doubts  the  general  infusion 
let  him  get  into  quiet  conversation  with  the  first  person  met,  and  the  chances 
are  ten  to  one  that  some  \vonderful  experience  having  a  bearing  upon  the 
subject  will  be  related.  Some  of  the  best  known  manufacturers  with  whom 
I  am  acquainted  are  deeply  interested  as  investigators.  Such,  invariably,  are 
thinkers,  and  usually  successful  in  their  business,  some  of  them  very  re- 
markably so.  A  large  portion  of  Turbine  builders  are  open  believers  in 
Spiritualism,  and  it  is  but  fair  to  state  that,  in  not  one  single  instance  has 
one  of  that  belief  misrepresented  results  obtained  from  a  test  of  wheel, 
while  the  contrary  has  often  been  the  case  with  builders  ever  ready  to  sneer 
at  the  Spiritualist.  It  is  true  that  Spiritualism  has  been  "  exposed  "  almost 
daily  for  the  last  twenty-five  years,  yet  it  will  not  down.  Would  it  not  be  wiser 
to  meet  the  case  fairly  and  learn  what  right  it  has  to  consideration  ?  It  does 
not  matter  what  this  or  that  professor  has  to  say  upon  the  subject,  unless 
said  after  fair  examination  ;  the  prefix  adds  nothing  to  the  individual's 
power  of  discernment ;  besides,  such  persons  are  usually  specialists,  and  have 
some  hobby  upon  the  brain.  Professor  Univalve  spends  twenty  years  in  as- 
certaining the  exact  number  of  wrinkles  that  a  mussel  of  respectable  habits 
should  have  in  his  shell  at  maturity.  Prof.  Thimble  does  not  believe  in 
spirits,  and,  like  a  cow,  has  no  interest  in  a  Hereafter.  Our  educational 
professors  are  so  deeply  engaged  in  searching  for  the  roots  of  words,  that 
the  useless  abominations  in  spelling  of  those  words,  against  which  nature 
through  every  child  learning  to  read,  is  constantly  protesting,  are  unnoticed 
by  them,  and  the  stone  at  one  end  of  the  bag  to  balance  the  grist  is  con- 
stantly carried,  and  is  likely  to  be,  unless  the  "  heathen  Japs  "  relieve  us  of 
the  useless  weight.  It  is  useless  to  expect  such  minds  to  investigate  any- 
thing aside  from  their  own  narrow  world,  and  perhaps  it  is  better  that  it  is 
so,  for  the  few  have  done  the  thinking  for  the  many  too  long  already.  What 
a  turning  over  of  things  there  would  be  if  prejudice  could  be  annihilated  and 
questions  be  decided  upon  merit  !  A  sort  of  moral  undertow  compels  general 
progression  now  ;  froth  rises  to  the  top  and  becomes  the  moKt  conspicuous  ; 
shallow  minds,  without  investigation,  pronounce  anything  humbug  that  is 
new  and  beyond  their  comprehension.  Could  such  control  events  La  Place's 
statement  that  "  What  we  know  is  little,  what  we  don't  know,  immense," 
would  ever  remain  true.  The  cui  bono  of  the  truckling  editor,  while  pander- 
ing to  popular  prejudice,  is  simply  a  tribute  paid  to  such  minds,  and  is 
doubly  shallow  when  written  within  sight  of  a  score  of  steeples  all  claiming 
to  point  the  way  to  the  spirit  land,  and  upon  exactly  the  same  evidence  as 
the  sneered  at  manifestations,  the  latter  witnessed  by  ourselves,  friends,  and 
neighbors,  the  former  by well,  whom  ?  It  is  a  matter  of  little  conse- 
quence whether  Prof.  Thimble  is  interested  in  the  matter  or  not,  the  world 
kas  been,  is,  and  ever  will  be,  interested  ;  for  myself,  all  other  gain  would  be 


as  nothing  compared  with  the  knowledge  that  life  here  is  but  the  beginning 
of  eternal  conscious  progress,  that  separation  from  our  loved  ones  is  but 
temporary.  If  the  manifestations  are  of  spiritual  origin  as  claimed  they 
offer  the  only  tangible  evidence  of  a  Hereafter.  If  not  of  spiritual,  but  of 
earthly,  origin,  may  they  not  be  the  harbingers  of  knowledge  of  boundless 
importance  to  humanity?  If  neither  of  spiritual  nor  earthly  origin  in  a 
proper  sense,  but  the  result  of  mere  trickery,  then  they  have  a  fearful  bear- 
ing upon  evidence.  1  have  seen  a  table  rise  upon  two  legs  and  walk  out  of 
the  dining-room  into  the  parlor  and  return,  with  no  visible  person  touching 
it.  I  have  seen  two  heavy  men  try  in  vain  to  hold  a  table  to  the  floor  ;  this 
in  Mechanics  Hall,  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  before  an  audience  of  four  hundred 
persons  ;.  no  one  pretended  to  doubt  the  fact.  I  have  taken  a  common  accor- 
dion in  my  hand,  holding  it  by  the  molding  around  the  valve  ;  the  instru- 
ment extended  at  arm's  length  from  my  side  ;  the  key  end  of  the  instru- 
ment immediately  rose  to  a  level  in  line  with  my  arm,  but  extended  from 
me.  and  then  commenced  to  play  a  very  lively  tune  ;  the  sun  was  shining 
full  upon  the  instrument.  I  have  taken  a  slate  in  my  hand,  or  one  end  of  it, 
the  other  being  held  by  the  medium  ;  a  bit  of  pencil  was  placed  upon  the 
slate,  which  was  then  held  beneath  the  table,  not  up  against  it,  but  at  least 
a  foot  below,  and  in  plain  sight.  The  pencil  commenced  to  write  immedi- 
ately ;  several  messages  were  produced  in  less  time  than  I  could  have  writ- 
ten one  ;  one  of  the  messages  was  as  follows  :  "  There  is  a  large  band  of  us 
around  you  ;  if  you  will  sit  at  home  we  will  show  you  things  that  are  wonder- 
ful." I  have  had  the  Eddys  at  my  house,  also  several  other  well-known  me- 
diums ;  have  had  to  do  with  nearly  all  the  best  known  public  mediums,  and 
many  not  generally  known  to  be  such.  I  have  seen  the  "  exposers  "  such 
as  Carbonell,  have  spent  hours  with  them  at  a  time  in  private,  and  witnessed 
their  modus  operandi,  have  seen  excellent  imitations,  as  I  have  also  of  green- 
backs, but  an  expert  can  readily  see  and  explain  the  difference.  Have  often 
had  such  mediums  as  Foster  and  Read  try  to  play  tricks  upon  me,  at  the 
same  time  have  seen  things  that  trickery  could  not  accomplish.  I  have  wit- 
nessed the  most  of  the  various  kinds  of  manifestations  described  by  It.  1). 
Owen,  and  others  he  has  not  described  ;  mind-reading  will  account  for  Mans 
field's  letter  answering,  and  some  other  mysteries,  but  there  is  something 
deeper  and  beyond.  It  is  singular  that  a  people  so  boastful  of  intelligence 
should  be  so  shy  of  investigations  outside  of  Congress.  The  following  letter 
to  the  N.  Y.  Graphic  displays  more  true  manhood  than  is  generally  to  be 
met  with  in  regard  to  the  subject. 

ELMIKA,  X.  Y.,  November  11, 1874. 

GENTLEMEN  :  Your  circular  indicates  a  most  reasonable  request.  It  is  indeed  a 
burning  shame  that  men  called  scientific  and  investigators  should  be  so  hopelessly  ma- 
terialistic that  they  will  not  look  towards  the  only  windows  through  which  the  twilight 
of  a  great  discovery  is  now  shining. 

Thirty  years  ago  I  would  have  sacrificed  everything  to  undertake,  without  encour- 
agement, the  work  to  which  you  now  invite  me  and  others.  But,  as  matters  now  stand, 
I  have  not  the  time  or  strength  to  do  the  work  ;  and  had  1  both,  my  standing  is  not 
such  among  men  of  science  that  discoveries  made  by  me,  however  important,  could 
even  arrest  attention,  much  less  command  respect. 


the  man,  I  remain  very  truly  yours, 


If  people  in  general  were  candid  thinkers,  like  Mr.  Beecher,  we  might 
hope  for  a  speedy  solution  of  the  matter,  but,  unfortunately,  the  majority 
take  their  opinion  second-handed,  while  the  balance  divide  into  two  parties, 
seemingly  running  in  opposite  directions,  but  in  seeming  only.  The  one  be- 
lieve everything,  the  other  nothing  ;  the  leaders  of  the  first,  with  heads 
shaped  like  a  pineapple  cheese,  or  perhaps  more  on  the  shed  roof  style,  the 
slope  being  such  that  one  is  left  in  doubt  whether  the  forehead  extends  to 
the  crown  of  the  head,  or  the  top  of  the  head  reaches  down  to  the  eyes  ; 
these  swear  by  the  Banner  of  Light  ;  their  followers  are  expected  to  swallow 
mountains  or  mites  ;  mediums  by  such  are  spoken  of  as  "  too  sensitive  for 
ordinary  treatment,"  "heaven  borned,"  "of  the  angels,"  etc.,  etc.  (while 
in  fact,  as  a  general  thing,  public  mediums  are  lazy  sensualists,  generally 
acting  the  part  of  Harold  Skimpole,  and  never  forgetting  to  take  the  "  Fy- 
punnote  ").  and  a  score  of  that  ilk  are  cancerous  excre- 


449 


tions  of  the  cause.  The  other  party  simply  panders  to  popular  prejudice, 
and  naturally  gravitates  toward  the  Scientific  American,  a  fair  offset  to  the 
Banner  of  Light,  the  one  certainly  knowing  as  much  of  spirits  as  the  other 
does  of  science.  The  writers  of  this  party  are  generally  nicely  bespectacled 
young  men  with  weak  eyes,  knees,  and  heads,  and  considerable  alphabet 
tailed  on  to  their  address,  with  a  strong  flavor  of  the  apothecary  appren- 
tice about  them.  The  organ  of  this  party  has  just  been  handed  to  me,  and 
in  it  the  announcement  is  gravely  made  that  the  manifestations  called  ma- 
terializations were  invented  by  one  Gordon,  of  New  York,  about  two  years 
since  (don't  state  whether  he  patented  them  through  that  agency  or  not). 
The  materializations  were  common  ten  years  since,  and  it  was  in  answer  to 
a  request  that  he  would  witness  them,  that  the  following  letter  was  written. 

BOSTON,  November  28,  1865. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  LOWELL,  MASS.  : 

Dear  Sir  :—l  hope  I  shall  find  time  sooner  or  later  to  attend  some  of  the  best  managed 
so-called  "  spiritual "  seances,  but  just  now  I  am  too  much  occupied  to  do  anything 
more  than  listen  to  the  wonderful  stories  you  are  told  about  them. 

Yours,  in  haste,  O.  W.  HOLMES. 

It  is  often  asserted  that  if  one  commences  to  investigate  the  so-called  man- 
ifestations, he  soon  becomes  infatuated,  and  a  believer.  Well,  suppose  the 
discovery  of  a  gold  mine  to  be  announced,  do  experts  ever  delve  in  a  "salted" 
mine  twenty-five  years  ?  If  the  assertion  is  true  it  would  rather  seem  to 
favor  the  idea  that  there  is  something  to  become  infatuated  with,  but  per- 
sons are  often  credited  with  being  what  they  are  not.  as  will  be  seen  by  this 
letter. 

20  MORNINGTON  RD.,   LONDON,  N.  W.,\ 
Aug.  19,  1872.  / 

JAMES  EMERSON  : 

Dear  Sir  .-—Long  traveling  about  on  business  has  prevented  me  from  previously  ac- 
knowledging the  receipt  of  your  most  interesting  letter  giving  an  account  of  some  phe- 
nomena you  have  witnessed  in  the  presence  of  Dr.  Slade.  Alter  the  very  extraordinary 
things  you  have  seen,  I  am  particularly  struck  with  what  you  state  your  opinion  to  be 
—viz.  :  that  the  "  Spirit  World  "  has  nothing  to  do  with  them,  but  that  the  phenomena 
belong  to  our  physical  bodies.  If  you  could  explain  what  you  have  stated  to  me,  and 
could  give  me  the  reasons  which  cause  you  to  think  that  the  exertion  of  force  (not  that 
of  the  medium  physically)  and  the  writing  of  messages  by  a  piece  of  pencil  not  held  in 
a  human  hand,  are  connected  with  our  physical  body  and  not  with  invisible,  independ- 
ent, intelligent  beings,  I  should  be  very  pleased.  The  latter  opinion  is  the  one  most 
generally  held  by  those  who  have  studied  the  phenomena  here.  For  myself,  I  confess  I 
do  not  go  as  far  as  some,  and  until  1  can  get  good  proofs  of  identity  I  prefer  to  keep  to 
the  "  force  "  only,  for  there  I  am  safe.  With  many  thanks  for  your  polite  attention, 
believe  me  very  sincerely  yours,  WILLIAM  CROOKS. 

It  would  be  impossible  for  me  to  explain  fully,  why  I  believe  the  manifes- 
tations to  be  of  physical  origin,  but  such  ever  has  been,  and  continues  to  be, 
my  opinion  ;  there  is  a  lack  of  connection  as  well  as  an  earthiness,  that 
seems  to  locate  them  with  ourselves,  but  for  all  that,  there  is  ground  for  the 
spiritual  claim  ;  the  water  of  a  river  partakes  of  the  soil  through  which  it 
flows,  but  remains  water  for  all  that.  The  manifestations  partake  of  their 
earthly  surroundings.  P.  H.  Vander  Wyede,  through  Scientific  American, 
says  the  manifestations  are  silly  ;  one  has  but  to  read  one  of  his  articles  to 
see  why  he  finds  them  so.  Dr.  Hammond  published  an  article  in  which  he 
pronounced  them  to  be  the  result  of  trickery  ;  his  career  while  Surgeon- 
General  will  perhaps  account  for  his  belief,  but  enough  of  such.  The  weak 
minded  are  credited  with  being  the  most  interested  in  such  matters,  but  in 
all  the  seances  with  which  •  I  have  had  to  do,  either  public  or  private,  there 
has  never  been  any  trouble  in  filling  the  house  with  the  best  mechanics 
known,  mill  agents,  school  superintendents  and  teachers,  doctors,  lawyers, 
ministers,  members  of  Congress,  etc.,  etc.  The  belief  of  the  better  class  of 
spiritualists  is  substantially  that  taught  by  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  and  it  is  sin- 
gular that  a  belief  so  sensible  and  beautiful  has  not  produced  a  literature  to 
correspond.  That  such  is  not  the  case  is  probably  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
best  minds  tinged  with  that  belief  feel  that  more  good  can  be  done  through 
the  liberal  religious  movement,  which  may  be  the  case,  but  it  leaves  the  cause 
of  Spiritualism  in  the  care  of  those  who  have  done  it  little  credit,  and  at  the 
close  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  there  is  not  a  paper  published  in  that  interest 
that  a  gentleman  would  care  to  be  seen  reading  in  car  or  hotel.  Watching 
the  falling  of  an  apple,  the  rattling  tea-kettle  cover,  or  flying  a  kite,  were 
perhaps  not  the  most  dignified  of  employments,  but  the  results  have  revolt 


45° 


tionized  the  world.  The  "  Spiritual  Manifestations  "  may,  or  may  not  he,  of 
equal  importance,  but  believing  them  to  be  of  dod,  or  nature,  as  the  reader 
chooses,  and  that  they  may  be  made  useful,  1  at  least  shall  do  what  is  in  my 
power  to  ascertain  their  cause. 


POPULAR  SCIENCE. 

During  our  war  of  rebellion  the  idea  became  prevalent  that  our  flunkyism 
relative  to  English  opinion  would  be  cured  ;  and  such  might  have  been  the 
case  had  it  not  been  for  a  great  change  in  the  management  of  our  leading  pa- 
pers. Previous  to  the  war,  writers  of  age,  talent,  and  experience  were  em- 
ployed thereon  ;  now,  through  motives  of  economy,  boys  take  the  place  of 
such  The  former  never  quoted  the  Scientific  American  as  authority,  in  fact, 
never  quoted  it  at  all.  The  boy  writers  swallow  its  wonderful  statements 
unquestioned  ;  while  our  local  editor,  with  his  three  hundred  subscribers, 
made  up  of  those  who  advertise  "  pull-backs,"  codfish,  tin-ware  and  skillets, 
pulls  off  his  hat  in  reverence,  as  he  catches  sight  of  a  "  New  Discovery,"  by 
Prof.  Tyndall,  or  "The  Mystery  Solved,"  by  Prof.  Carpenter  ;  though  were 
he  a  reader  and  thinker,  he  would  readily  recognize  the  fact  that  both  dis- 
covery and  solution  were  old  a  hundred  years  ago.  Look  at  the  following 
fresh  from  the  press,  and  which  fairly  represents  Mr.  Tyndall  as  a  scientist. 

Fresh  Discovery  and  Practical  Suggestions. 

PBOF.   TYNDALL  ON  HEAT. 

Having  caused  a  ball  of  lead  to  fall  from  the  roof  of  a  theater  on  to  a  stone,  he  drew 
the  ball  up  again  and  let  it  down  gently  with  a  string  and  pulley.  The  heat  generated 
by  the  collision  in  the  first  instance  was  the  exact  equivalent  or  the  heat  produced  in 
his  finger  and  thumb,  and  in  the  string  in  the  second  instance.  The  outlay  of  muscular 
force  expended  in  drawing  up  the  ball  was  made  obvious  by  causing  the  ball  to  be 
drawn  up  again  by  a  small  engine  worked  by  compressed  air.  The  exact  equivalent  of 
the  heat  evolved  by  a  quantity  of  coal,  completely  consumed  by  consumption  with  oxy- 


easily  calculated,  'and  some  time  ago  he  was  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  stoppage  of 
a  rifle  bullet  would  produce  sufficient  heat  to  fuse  the  metal.  This  conclusion  was 
proved  in  the  Franco-German  war,  when  bullets  which  had  been  stopped  by  contact 
with  a  bone  showed,  on  being  extracted,  undoubted  marks,  in  many  cases,  of  fusion. 
The  same  thing  had  also  been  illustrated  incidentally  in  the  experiments  with  gun-cot- 
ton at  Stowmarket. 

This  "  Fresh  Discovery"  was  a  part  of  the  stock  in  trade  of  a  gassy  lect- 
urer, named  Boynton,  who  traveled  the  country  some  thirty  years  since. 
He  elaborated  it,  however,  by  adding  that  the  "  average  laborer  consumes 
fourteen  ounces  of  carbon  per  day,  and  fourteen  ounces  of  carbon,  consumed 
by  a  man  or  a  steam  engine,  will  lift  the  same  weight  of  brick  to  a  given 
height."  The  statement  was  repeated  by  myself  to  an  old  physician,  then  of 
Worcester,  Mass.  "  Humph  !  "  was  his  rejoinder,  "  heard  that  in  lectures  at 
college  when  I  was  a  boy."  Mr.  Tyndall  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  Rip  Van 
Winkle,  and  to  have  waked  from  a  nap  of  a  few  centuries.  A  few  years  since 
he  announced  that  he  had  discovered  that  heat  moves  in  waves.  That  fact 
was  a  theme  for  angry  discussion  among  stove  builders  a  half  century  since  ; 
a  portion  favoring  the  use  of  sheet  iron  because  its  "  flexibility  caused  it  to 
throw  off  heat  in  more  rapid  waves  than  could  be  possible  with  its  more 
rigid  competitor,  cast  iron."  That  heat  moves  in  waves  is  a  fact  that  has 
been  perceptible  since  hot  surfaces  existed.  This  discovery  by  Mr.  Tyndall 
was  soon  followed  by  the  announcement  that  he  had  also  discovered  that 
motion  moves  in  waves,  which  could  hardly  seem  new  to  any  one  who  ever 
saw  the  ocean,  felt  the  waves  of  an  earthquake,  or  who,  as  a  boy,  ever  gave 
the  end  of  a  long  rope  a  flip,  thus  causing  a  wave  to  run  its  whole  length. 
The  Indian,  however,  who  has  watched  the  flight  of  an  arrow  or  lance,  may 
have  his  doubts  as  to  the  invariable  applicability  of  the  rule.  Not  long 


;  by  ; 
nounced'the  fact  that  it  didn't  hurt,  thus  adding  anottier  to  his  character- 


istic  discoveries.  Mr.  Tyndall  is  probably  more  generally  known  through 
his  "  Prayer  Gauge  "  proposition,  than  in  any  other  way  ;  but  in  this  he  re- 
tained his  consistency.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  boy  of  ten  who  has  not 
heard  very  positive  doubts  expressed  as  to  the  efficacy  of  prayer  ;  and  such 
doubts  have  been  expressed  by  writers  for  more  than  two  thousand  years-. 
"  Can  the  Ethiopian  change  his  skin  or  the  leopard  his  spots,"  is  plain 
enough.  Franklin  was  equally  plain  when  he  suggested  that  it  would  save 
time  and  answer  the  same  purpose  to  ask  a  blessing  over  the  food  in  the  lump, 
when  it  was  housed  in  the  fall,  as  to  do  it  at  each  meal  daily.  Paine  in  his 
"  Age  of  Reason,"  Allen  in  his  "  Oracles  of  Reason,"  and  many  other  writers 
have  done  the  same.  Yet  it  is  hardly  likely  that  any  observant  person  has 
doubted  the  benefit  of  prayer  to  the  petitioner,  but  merely  that  the  Creator 
is  unlikely  to  change  his  laws  at  the  solicitation  of  individuals.  A  wish  is  a 
prayer.  To  "  cry  "  is  to  pray.  The  new  born  child  utters  its  first  prayer 
with  its  first  breath,  and  probably  with  about  the  same  consciousness  of  its 
real  needs  as  have  those  who  make  the  most  show  of  praying.  Plato,  or 
one  of  his  friends,  once  remarked  :  "It  would  be  well  to  hesitate  before 
praying,  as  the  gods  might  answer  the  prayer."  We  may  readily  conceive 
that  things  would  become  somewhat  tangled,  if  the  prayers,  even  of  a  single 
Sunday,  were  all  granted  Prayer,  or  striving  with  a  matter,  brings  recon-1 
ciliation  with  the  existing  conditions.  Moulton  showed  himself  to  be  a  close 
observer,  when  he  concluded  to  let  "Theodore  write  himself  out,"  before 
trying  to  stop  his  proceedings.  Every  woman  feels  better  after  she  has  had 
her  "  good  cry."  We  all  pray  ;  quite  likely  Brother  Seventhly  would  not 
consider  our  prayers  orthodox,  but  that  is  not  important.  What  is  needed  is 
to  be  more  real,  more  self-dependent.  Superficial  characters  like  Tyndall 
are  soon  forgotten.  Look  back  twenty-five  years,  and  learn  how  quickly  noted 
individuals,  who  have  no  real  claim  upon  humanity,  pass  from  memory. 
Twenty-five  years  ago  there  was  a  very  popular  man,  named  Edward  Everett, 
who  went  toodling  round  the  country,  very  much  in  the  style  of  Tyndall  ; 
that  is,  with  many  words  and  but  few  ideas.  Scarce  ten  years  have  passed 
since  his  death,  yet  he  is  nearly  forgotten,  and  is  sure  to  be  entirely  so  when 
the  generation  in  which  he  lived  has  passed  away.  Twenty-five  years  ago 
the  names  of  John  Brown  and  Abraham  Lincoln  were  far  less  familiar  than 
they  are  likely  to  be  centuries  hence.  Twenty-five  years  ago  the  Tribune 
was  edited  by  a  MAN,  and  though  issued  from  an  unnoticeable,  dingy,  old 
building,  every  one  was  asking  :  "  What  does  the  Tribune,  or  what  does 
Greeley  say  ?  "  Now,  edited  by  a  sort  of  Tyndall,  and  advertised  by  its  tower- 
ing steeple,  that  rises  from  a  base  as  narrow  and  as  fiery  as  a  Calvinist's  creed, 
there  are  none  so  weak  as  to  ask  or  care  what  is  said  by  it  or  its  editor.  There 
is  hardly  a  person  in  the  country,  of  ordinary  intelligence,  who  would  be  at 
a  loss  for  a  reply,  if  asked  to  give  a  reason  why  the  memory  of  Franklin  is 
still  fresh  and  respected  ;  yet  not  one  in  ten  thousand  of  the  persons  who 
would  be  influenced  thereby  could  give  any  reason  why  the  opinions  of  Profs. 
Tyndall  or  Carpenter  should  have  any  weight  in  this  country.  It  is  said 
these  two  persons  court  the  society  of  Mrs.  Lewes,  which  is  likely  to  be  the 
case,  for  these  gentlemen  are  very  anxious  to  shine,  even  if  they  have  to  do 
so  by  the  borrowed  light  from  a  woman.  And  it  has  recently  been  in  order 
for  fiunkydorn,  to  glorify  the  authoress  of  "  Daniel  Deronda  "  ;  but  if  any  mor- 
tal can  tell  why,  1,  for  one,  would  be  glad  to  learn.  I  have  wwked  my  way 
through  the  book  twice,  but  the  opinion  still  continues  with  me,  that  it  is  a 
mess  of  garrulous  twaddle,  and  deserves  to  sink  as  it  has  into  oblivion. 
Gwendolen,  like  other  prostitutes,  sells  herself  for  a  consideration  $  then  is  too 
shallow  either  to  accept  the  situation  or  to  fight  it  out.  J)aniel  Derouda, 
though  young,  has  the  wisdom  of  a  Solomon,  arid  is  as  passionless  as  was  old 
David  in  his  dotage.  Faugh  !  What  a  world  this  would  be  if  filled  with 
Daniel  Derondas  !  There  is  one  point,  however,  in  which  the  work  should 
be  useful  to  us,  namely  :  If  the  most  intelligent  classes  of  England  are  so 
far  back  in  barbarism  in  relation  to  the  standing  of  woman,  as  indicated  by 
that  work  and  Reade's  "  Woman  Hater,"  then  this  country  certainly  has  no 
call  to  go  there  for  information  upon  any  subject  whatever,  or  to  be  tickled 
by  the  second  hand  clap-trap  that  is  published  in  the  Science  Monthly  over 
the  signatures  of  such  scientists  as  Tyndall  and  Carpenter, 


452 


Midnight  Musings. 

BY   WASHINGTON  IRVING. 

I  am  now  alone  in  my  chamber.  The  family  have  long  since  retired.  I 
have  heard  their  steps  die  away,  and  the  doors  clap  to  after  them.  The 
murmur  of  voices  and  the  peaf  of  remote  laughter  no  longer  reach  the  ear. 
The  clock  from  the  church,  in  which  so  many  of  the  former  inhabitants  of 
this  house  lie  buried,  has  chimed  the  awful  hour  of  midnight. 

I  have  sat  by  the  window,  and  mused  upon  the  dusky  landscape,  watching 
the  lights  disappearing  one  by  one  from  the  distant  village  ;  and  the  moon, 
rising  in  her  silent  majesty,  and  leading  up  all  the  silver  pomp  of  heaven. 
As  I  have  gazed  upon  these  quiet  groves  and  shadowing  lawns,  silvered  over 
and  imperfectly  lighted  by  streaks  of  dewy  moonshine,  my  mind  has  been 
crowded  by  "  thick  coming  fancies  "  concerning  those  spiritual  beings  which 

"  Walk  the  earth 
Unseen  both  when  we  wake  and  when  we  sleep." 

Are  there,  indeed,  such  beings  ?  Is  this  space  between  us  and  the  Deity 
filled  up  by  innumerable  orders  of  spiritual  beings,  forming  the  same  grada- 
tions between  the  human  soul  and  divine  perfection  that  we  see  prevailing 
from  humanity  down  to  the  meanest  insect  ?  It  is  a  sublime  and  beautiful 
doctrine  inculcated  by  the  early  fathers,  that  there  are  guardian  angels  ap- 
pointed to  watch  over  cities  and  nations,  to  take  care  of  good  men,  and  to 
guard  and  guide  the  steps  of  helpless  infancy.  Even  the  doctrine  of  departed 
spirits  returning  to  visit  the  scenes  and  beings  which  were  dear  to  them  dur- 
ing the  bodies'  existence,  though  it  has  been  debased  by  the  absurd  supersti- 
tions of  the  vulgar,  in  itself  is  awfully  solemn  and  sublime. 

However  lightly  it  may  be  ridiculed,  yet  the  attention  involuntarily  yielded 
to  it  whenever  it  is  made  the  subject  of  serious  discussion,  and  its  prevalence 
in  all  ages  and  countries,  even  among  newly  discovered  nations  that  have  had 
no  previous  interchange  of  thought  with  other  parts  of  the  world,  prove  it  to 
be  one  of  those  mysterious  and  instinctive  beliefs,  to  which,  if  left  to  our- 
selves,  we  should  naturally  incline. 

In  spite  of  all  the  pride  of  reason  and  philosophy,  a  vague  doubt  will  still 
lurk  in  the  mind,  and  perhaps  will  never  be  eradicated,  as  it  is  a  matter  that 
does  not  admit  of  positive  demonstration.  Who  yet  has  been  able  to  compre- 
hend and  describe  the  nature  of  the  soul  ;  its  mysterious  connection  with  the 
body  ;  or  in  what  part  of  the  frame  it  is  situated  ?  We  know  merely  that  it 
does  exist ;  but  whence  it  came,  and  Avhen  it  entered  into  us,  and  how  it  is  re- 
tained, and  where  it  is  seated,  and  how  it  operates,  are  all  matters  of  mere 
speculation,  and  contradictory  theories.  If,  then,  we  are  thus  ignorant  of 
this  spiritual  essence,  even  while  it  forms  a  part  of  ourselves,  and  is  contin- 
ually present  to  our  consciousness,  how  can  we  pretend  to  ascertain  or  deny 
its  powers  and  operations,  when  released  from  its  fleshly  prison-house? 

Everything  connected  with  our  spiritual  nature  is  full  of  doubt  and  diffi- 
culty. "We  are  fearfully  and  wonderfully  made;  "  we  are  surrounded  by 
mysteries,  and  we  are  mysteries  even  to  ourselves.  It  is  more  the  manner  in 
which  this  superstition  has  been  degraded,  than  its  intrinsic  absurdity,  that 
has  brought  it  into  contempt.  Raise  it  above  the  frivolous  purposes  to 
which  it  has  been  applied,  strip  it  of  the  gloom  and  horror  with  which  it  has 
been  enveloped,  and  there  is  none,  in  the  whole  circle  of  visionary  creeds, 
that  could  more  delightfully  elevate  the  imagination,  or  more  tenderly  af- 
fect the  heart.  It  would  become  a  sovereign  comfort  at  the  bed  of  death, 
soothing  the  bitter  tear  Avrung  from  us  by  the  agony  of  mortal  separation. 

What  could  be  more  consoling  than  the  idea  that  the  souls  of  those  we 
once  loved  were  permitted  to  return  and  watch  over  our  welfare  ?— that  af- 
fectionate and  guardian  spirits  sat  by  our  pillows  when  we  slept,  keeping  a 
vigil  over  our  most  helpless  hours  ? — that  beauty  and  innocence,  which  had 
languished  into  the  tomb,  yet  smiled  unseen  around  us,  revealing  themselves 
in  those  blest  dreams  wherein  we  live  over  again  the  hours  of  past  endear- 
ments ?  A  belief  of  this  kind  would,  I  should  think,  be  a  new  incentive  to 
virtue,  rendering  us  circumspect,  even  in  our  most  secret  moments,  from  the 
idea  that  those  we  once  loved  and  honored  were  invisible  witnesses  of  all  our 
actions.  • 


453 


It  would  take  away,  too,  from  that  loneliness  and  destitution  which  we 
are  apt  to  feel  more  and  more  as  we  get  on  in  our  pilgrimage  through  the 
wilderness  of  this  world  and  find  that  those  who  set  forward  with  us  lov- 
ingly and  cheerily  on  the  journey  have  one  by  one  dropped  away  from  our 
side.  Place  the  superstition  in  this  light,  and  1  confess  1  should  like  to  be 
a  believer  in  it.  I  see  nothing  in  it  that  is  incompatible  with  the  tender  and 
merciful  nature  of  our  religion,  or  revolting  to  the  wishes  and  affections  of 
the  heart. 

There  are  departed  beings  that  I  have  loved  as  I  never  again  shall  love  in 
this  world  ;  that  have  loved  me  as  I  never  again  shall  be  loved.  If  such  be- 
ings do  even  retain  in  their  blessed  spheres  the  attachments  which  they  felt 
on  earth  ;  if  they  take  an  interest  in  the  poor  concerns  of  transient  mortal- 
ity, and  are  permitted  to  hold  communion  with  those  whom  they  have  loved 
on  earth,  I  feel  as  if  now,  at  this  deep  hour  of  night,  in  this  silence  and  soli- 
tude, I  could  receive  their  visitation  with  the  most  solemn  but  unalloyed 
delight. 

In  truth,  such  visitations  would  be  too  happy  for  this  world  ;  they  would 
take  away  from  the  bounds  and  barriers  that  hem  us  in  and  keep  us  from 
each  other.  Our  existence  is  doomed  to  be  made  up  of  transient  embraces 
and  long  separations.  The  most  intimate  friendship— for  what  brief  and 
scattered  portions  of  time  does  it  exist  !  We  take  each  other  by  the  hand  ; 
arid  we  exchange  a  few  words  and  looks  of  kindness  ;  and  we  rejoice  together 
for  a  few  short  moments  ;  and  then  days,  months,  years  intervene,  and  we 
have  no  intercourse  with  each  other.  Or,  if  we  dwell  together  for  a  season, 
the  grave  soon  closes  its  gates,  and  cuts  off  all  further  communion  ;  and  our 
spirits  must  remain  in  separation  and  widowhood,  until  they  meet  again  in 
that  more  perfect  state  of  being,  where  soul  shall  dwell  with'soul,  and  there 
shall  be  no  such  thing  as  death,  or  absence,  or  any  other  interruption  of  our 
union. 

The  foregoing  is  taken  from  one  of  our  school  books  that  has  continued  in 
use  for  more  than  fifty  years,  which  would  seem  to  warrant  its  popularity.  It 
expresses  my  own  views  so  perfectly,  that  it  is  republished  as  an  introductory 
to  remarks  upon  the  modern  phase  of  the  same  subject.  It  is  now  generally 
admitted  by  the  intelligent,  that  whether  the  belief  in  spirit  communion  is 
or  is  not  well  founded,  at  least  there  are  strange  phenomena  connected 
therewith  that  demand  investigation.  At  the  same  time  there  is  a  shallow, 
ignorant,  loud-mouthed  class  that  derides  every  attempt  to  solve  the  mystery. 
The  press  pander  to  this  class  in  order  to  become  popular  therewith,  or  through 
natural  stupidity.  The  first  is  well  represented  in  the  Springfield  Republican, 
which  is  racy,  full  of  gossip,  but  every  article  seems  written  in  a  style  to  ren- 
der it  applicable  at  any  time  to  the  side  then  the  most  popular.  The  influence 
gained  by  such  a  course  seems  to  be  made  plain  in  the  fact,  that  at  the  deter- 
mination of  any  public  matter  that  paper,  almost  invariably,  stands  on  the 
losing  side.  Its  neighbor,  the  Union,  seems  to  fill  the  other  position.  Servile 
as  a  partisan,  dumb  with  astonishment  at  the  announcement  of  any  "  wonder- 
ful discovery"  at  a  distance  ;  but  implacably  hostile  to  anything  near  by 
that  is  out  of  the  beaten  track,  though  it  may  be  readily  verified  by  personal 
observation.  Perhaps  a  "little  story"  will  best  illustrate.  In  my  young 
days,  a  neighbor  of  my  father  had  a  ram  of  such  combative  propensities  that 
he  was  kept  in  a  small  enclosure  surrounded  by  a  granite  wall.  It  was  soon 
understood  that,  before  making  a  charge,  he  took  aim,  then  closed  his  eyes  and 
went  it  blind  ;  so  that  it  was  fun  to  drop  inside,  make  a  few  "  Masonic  passes," 
then  look  out  for  the  rush  that  was  sure  to  follow,  when*  prudence  dictated  a 
flank  movement  and  the  ram  would  bring  up  against  the  wall,  the  contact 
having  as  little  tendency  to  demolish  the  granite  as  to  enlighten  the  ram. 
But  the  strong  points  of  the  editors  of  such  papers  are  yearly  described  in  the 
stock  reports  of  our  cattle  shows,  and  it  is  useless  to  waste  space  upon  them 
here.  From  my  earliest  childhood  I  have  had  an  intense  desire  to  learn  the 
why  of  any  seeming  mystery,  and  I  believe  that  it  is  not  only  the  right,  but 
it  is  the  positive  duty  of  every  human  being  to  take  every  possible  opportunity 
to  do  so.  I  have  never  had  any  desire  to  invent  "  perpetual  motion,"  or 
seek  buried  treasures  ;  but  my  wanderings  and  investigating  habits  have 
made  me  slow  to  limit  the  possibilities.  "  Table  tippings  "  seem  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  gravitation,  but  when  certified  to  by  so  many  they  deserve  con- 
sideration, because  they  have  a  bearing  upon  evidence  in  general.  Millions 


454 


of  lives  have  been  sworn  away  upon  the  tithe  of  evidence  that  can  be  pro- 
duced in  proof  of  the  verity  of  spirit  communion.  '•  It  is  electricity  !  "  shouts 
Mr.  Shallow.  Very  likely,  but  what  then?  What  is  electricity?  Suppose 
some  traveler,  out  of  breath,  should  rush  into  the  study  of  Prof.  Snoodinks, 
who  has  calmly  settled  down  upon  this  electricity  hypothesis,  shouting  :  "  Sir, 
sir  !  I  have  been  traveling  in  the  East  for  five  years  to  find  out  about  the 
marks  that  were  placed  upon  the  ancient  structures,  and  have  discovered  all 
about  them."  "Glorious,"  answered  Suoodmks,  "let  us  hear,  quick  !" 
"  Why,  they  are  letters  or  words,"  says  our  discoverer.  Imagine  Snoodinks' 
look  of  disgust,  as  he  exclaims  :  "  Why,  you  infernal  donkey,  have  you  been 
traveling  five  years  to  find  out  what  everybody  else  knew  ?  It  is  not  what 
they  are,  but  what  they  mean,  that  is  wanted."  So  of  the  phenomena  con- 
nected with  spiritualism.  I  have  seen  tables  walk  up  and  down  stairs,  around 
the  house,  give  communications,  etc.,  etc.  "  O,  you  were  mesmerized." 
Possibly,  but  if  mesmerized  in  this,  why  not  in  other  matters  ?  What  value  is 
there  in  evidence  ?  This  matter  has  a  very  important  bearing  in  the  every-day 
affairs  of  this  life,  and  the  judge  or  juror  who  fails  to  improve  every  oppor- 
tunity to  gain  information  upon  the  phase  of  our  system  that  may  have  such 
an  important  influence,  in  my  opinion,  is  criminally  negligent ;  and  a  doctor 
who  neglects  to  inform  himself  upon  the  matter  may  well  turn  back  to 
Hippocrates  for  information,  and  it  will  depend  more  upon  luck  than  his  skill 
if  seventeen  out  of  forty-two  of  his  patients  recover,  as  was  the  case  with 
Hippocrates.  My  study  of  the  subject  has  had  more  to  do  with  its  physical 
than  spiritual  bearing,  still  I  have  studied  the  latter  sufficiently  to  know 
that  it  offers  the  best  evidence  extant,  that  this  life  is  but  a  prelude  to  an- 
other. It  seems  strange  to  me  that  Brother  Nehemiah  cannot  see  that  in 
denouncing  spiritualism  he  is  only  injuring  his  own  cause,  and  is  only  hasten- 
ing the  time  when  his  hearers  will  become  confirmed  materialists.  Only 
his  conceited  blindness  prevents  him  from  seeing  that  the  lady  who  is  so  atten- 
tive, while  he  is  sniveling  and  declaiming  in  his  weak  way,  is  only  looking  at 
some  other  lady's  ''  pull-back,"  with  the  intention  of  copying  or  criticising  it  ; 
she  neither  knows  nor  cares  anything  about  what  he  is  saying.  She  goes  to 
meeting  from  habit,  and  to  show  her  own  or  to  see  how  others  are  dressed. 

Let  her  lose  her  loved  ones,  then  his  twaddle  becomes  husks,  and  she 
seeks  more  tangible  evidence  of  an  hereafter  where  she  shall  meet  them 
again.  Were  he  of  even  average  intellect  he  would  respect  the  sorrows  of 
such  ;  his  devil  theory  denotes  his  caliber,  and  is  just  suitable  for  grannies  in 
breeches.  After  twenty  years  and  more  of  investigation,  I  cannot  accept  the 
spiritual  theory  as  a  solution  of  the  mystery,  though  it  may  prove  much  that 
is  claimed  by  the  spiritualists,  and  I  think  it  does,  but  it  is  a  broader  matter, 
it  covers  our  life  here.  If  it  is  electricity,  it  is  time  to  try  and  find  out  what 
electricity  is.  It  has  happened  that  for  more  than  a  year  past  I  have  had  this 
power  in  my  own  family,  and  have  had  a  chance  to  study  it  at  leisure,  not  in 
the  dark  particularly  but  in  any  of  the  twenty-four  hours  of  the  day.  To  me 
it  seems  to  be  our  life  that  flows  through  our  body  operating  it  as  a  river  oper- 
ates a  mill.  The  mill  or  the  body  may  decay  but  this  power  or  the  river  flow% 
on  forever.  We  have  abundance  of  communications  which  are  quite  as  likely 
to  purport  to  come  from  those  who  prove  to  be  living  as  from  those  who  have 
"gone  before."  We  are  not  mediums,  nor  do  we  exhibit  this  power  for 
money  or  to  the  merely  curious,  but  whenever  at  leisure  we  are  always  happy 
to  have  intelligent  seekers  call  for  the  purpose  of  witnessing  its  effect  and 
operation.  

TABLE  TIPPINGS. 

In  the  last  issue  of  the  Reporter  the  fact  was  mentioned  that  for  months 
past  we  have  had  what  are  termed  Table  Tippings  in  my  family.  The  state- 
ment attracted  more  attention  than  was  expected,  and  many  who  laughed  at 
the  matter  a  few  years  since  have  expressed  a  desire  to  know  more  of  my  ex- 
perience. Great  indignation  is  often  expressed  by  the  believers  in  Spiritual- 
ism, because  scientists  do  not  investigate  the  manifestations,  but  that  is  not 
so  easy  to  do  as  may  at  first  appear  ;  peculiar  conditions  are  required  ;  then 
there  are  few  public  mediums  willing  to  be  thoroughly  investigated :  beyond 
this,  real  scientists,  like  Franklin,  are  scarce.  He,  silly  man,  believed  in- 
vestigation should  precede  decision  ;  but  the  popular  scientists  of  to-day  are 


455 


so  wise  that  anything  new  is  at  once  condemned.  If  facts  prove  them  to  be  in 
error,  they  damn  the  facts ;  apian  that  saves  trouble,  but  one  unlikely  to  lead 
to  discoveries  of  importance.  Much  has  been  said  about  Agassiz's  refusal  to 
investigate  the  subject,  but  Mr.  Agassiz  was  simply  a  specialist,  puffed  up 
with  conceit  through  our  adulation.  That  he  was  a  weak-minded  man  is  evi- 
dent from  the  following  extract  taken  from  his  own  statement : — 

EXPERIENCE  OF  PROF.  AGASSIZ,  GIVEN  BY 
HIMSELF  TO  REV.  C.  H.  TOWNSHEND. 

"  Desirous  of  knowing  what  to  think  of  animal  magnetism,  I  for  a  long  time  sought 
an  opportunity  of  making  some  experiments  in  regard  to  it  upon  myself,  so  as  to  avoid 
the  doubts  which  might  arise  on  the  nature  ot  the  sensations  which  we  have  heard  de- 
scribed by  magnetized  persons.  M.Deaor,  yesterday,  in  a  visit  which  he  made  to 
Berne, invited  Air.  Townshend.who  had  previously  magnetized  him,  to  accompany  him 
to  Seuchatel  and  try  to  magnetize  me.  These  gentlemen  arrived  here  with  the  evening 
courier,  and  informed  me  of  their  arrival.  At  eight  o'clock  1  went  to  them.  We  con- 
tinued at  supper  till  half-past  nine  o'clock,  and  about  ten  Mr.  Townshend  commenced 
operating  on  me.  While  we  sat  opposite  to  one  another,  he  in  the  first  place  only  took 
hold  of  my  hands  and  looked  at  me  fixedly.  1  was  firmly  resolved  to  arrive  at  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  truth.whatever  it  might  be  ;  and  therefore  the  moment  I  saw  him  endeavor- 
ing to  exert  an  action  upon  me  1  silently  addressed  the  Author  of  all  things,  beseeching 
him  to  give  me  the  power  to  resist  the  influence. 

f  "AGASSIZ." 

Think  of  a  grown-up  man  praying  that  he  may  be  able  to  resist  the  proof 
of  a  fact ;  it  puts  one  in  mind  of  the  tramp  seeking  work,  and  praying  to  God 
that  he  may  not  rind  it.  We  hear  too  much  of  men  who  have  gained  popu- 
larity through  the  puffing  of  those  who  wish  to  make  themselves  known 
thereby.  We  know  that  the  scientific  men  of  England  proved  the  impossi- 
bility of  tunnels  like  that  of  the  Thames,  of  railroads,  telegraphs  ;  in  fact 
the  impracticability  of  anything  new.  England  owes  her  greatness  to  her 
mechanics,  and  would  hardly  miss  them  if  her  whole  clique  of  popular  sci- 
entists should  emigrate.  What  do  we  know  of  the  abilities  of  such  men  as 
Huxley,  Tyndall,  and  Carpenter,  or  care  what  they  say  ?  We  see  millions  of 
foreigners,  and  as  a  mass  know  them  to  be  much  lower,  intellectually,  than 
our  own  people  ;  is  it  likely  that  countries  that  produce  so  much  ignorance, 
produce  the  greatest  thinkers  ?  See  what  an  Englishman  says  :  — 

"  Not  only  in  oratory  is  the  American  the  superior  of  the  Englishman.  You  excel  us 
in  oysters,  in  corn  bread,  in  sweet  potatoes,  in  canvas-back  ducks,  and,  I  venture  to 
say,  in  kindliness  and  hospitality.  In  intellect,  I  take  it,  we  are  about  level  ;  but 
doubt  whether  you  give  yours  full  play.  If  you  did,  you  would  depend  upon  your- 
selves."—/?. L.  Farjcon'i  New  York  Speech. 

And  why  do  we  not  depend  upon  ourselves  ?  We  are  taxed  heavily  for 
schools  in  which  to  give  all  an  education.  Are  those  schools  a  failure  ?  If  so. 
is  it  not  time  that  the  howl  of  the  insatiate  teacher  for  more  pay  should 
cease  ?  Many  of  our  papers  assume  the  r61e  of  teacher,  but  their  writers  are 
usually  mere  machines  that  run  in  well  worn  ruts  ;  one  of  these  in  the 
Springfield  Republican  writes  substantially  as  follows  :  "  Herbert  Spencer, 
probably  the  greatest  thinker  of  the  age,  expresses  the  opinion  that  the 
marriage  relation  of  to-day  is  not  likely  to  be  considered  desirable  in  the  not 
distant  future."  This  stale  idea  that  was  common  with  Lycurgus,  still  later 
with  Plato,  and  has  been  entertained  by  hundreds  of  communistic  societies, 
the  theme  of  innumerable  lectures  and  the  practice  of  the  Oneida  commu- 
nity for  forty  years,  is  given  as  proof  of  originality.  The  Republican  gushes 
with  adulation.  The  "  Great  Dr.  Hammond  "is  one  of  its  superior  idols. 
Will  it  inform  its  readers  whether  the  said  Doctor  as  Surgeon  General  was 
ignominiously  expelled  from  the  army  ;  if  so,  is  his  assertion  that  Spiritual- 
ism is  a  humbug,  and  its  so-called  manifestations  the  result  of  trickery,  of 
any  account  when  placed  against  that  of  so  many  quite  as  intelligent  as  him- 
self who  believe  to  the  contrary  ?  It  is  easy  for  a  noisy  person  to  find  follow- 
ers, and  a  single  rowdy  will  make  more  noise  than  is  made  by  a  thousand 
intelligent  persons  ;  consequently,  it  is  no  proof  that  Spiritualism  is  unpopu- 
lar, because  a  few  ignorant  persons  shout  humbug.  The  one  witness  in  court 
that  swears  positively  to  have  seen  a  crime  committed  would  have  more 
weight  than  a  thousand  who  should  swear  that  they  did  not  see  it,  yet  it  is 
the  ignorant  and  prejudiced  who  have  not  seen,  that  are  the  most  strenuous 
in  shouting  humbug  in  relation  to  the  spiritual  manifestations.  Fifteen 
years  ago  the  professional  exposer  drew  full  houses  ;  now  he  soon  has  to 


456 


pawn  his  traps  in  order  to  get  away  from  his  last  place  of  exhibition.  One 
fact  that  is  open  to  all  should  attract  the  attention  of  the  intelligent  ;  we 
know  that  such  men  as  Surnner,  Beecher,  Agassiz  and  others  have  spent 
months  in  preparing  a  lecture  that  is  given  a  hundred  times,  yet  Cora  L.  V. 
Hatch,  that  was,  who  is  certainly  not  remarkably  talented,  will  take  the  same 
subject  given  to  her  as  she  rises  to  speak,  and  give  as  polished  and  profound 
lecture  as  those  who  have  taken  months  to  prepare  it.  It  would  not  be  de- 
sirable to  have  any  one  believe  simply  because  others  do  so,  but  when  men 
like  Abraham  Lincoln,  William  H.  Seward,  and  others  of  the  same  abilities 
accept  Spiritualism  as  a  fact,  it  certainly  cannot  be  derogatory  to  those  who 
think  less  to  consider  the  subject  fairly.  My  attention  was  called  to  what 
were  termed  "  table  tippings  "  soon  after  the  Fox  sisters  made  their  debut, 


, 

but  it  was  not  my  lot  to  meet  with  anything  of  the  kind  for  a  number  of 
years  that  caused  me  to  look  upon  the  subject  with  favor.      "  Table  tipping  " 
violated  the  law  of  gravitation,  and  my  faith  in  that  law  was  positive.     In 
,  Horatio,  William,  and  Mary  Eddy  were  at  my  house  in   Lowell,  Mass., 
days,  each  evening  giving  public  seances  to  large  audiences  in  Mechanics' 
l.    At  those  exhibitions  the  laws  of  gravitation  and  cohesion  seemed  of 


violated  the  law  of  gravitation,  and  my  faith  in  that  law  was  positive. 
1865,  Hor 
five  days, 
Hall.    At 

little  account.  The  mediums  were  ironed  by  the  police,  but  it  made  no  dif- 
ference ;  hundreds  of  feet  of  cordage  were  used  in  tying  each  medium  sepa- 
rately, then  together,  to  staples  in  their  cabinet.  They  were  literally  wound 
over  as  a  woman  winds  a  rag  in  a  ball  of  yarn,but  their  coats  would  be  taken 
off  from  under  all  of  this  cordage,  or  put  on  in  the  same  way  in  fifteen  sec- 
onds after  being  shut  into  their  cabinet.  Sewing  the  knots  made  no  differ- 
ence, for  the  cords  and  knots  were  invariably  the  same  throughout  the 
stance  as  when  first  tied.  I  have  had  much  experience  in  handling  cordage 
at  sea,  and  in  other  business,  and  have  tied  many  mediums,  but  so  far  have 
never  succeeded  in  tying  one  so  but  what  the  cords  would  come  off  at  re- 
quest. I  have  had  to  do  with  nearly  all  of  the  mediums  of  note  known  in 
the  Eastern  States,  and  as  a  general  thing  have  not  had  cause  through  the 
acquaintance  to  respect  them,  and  have  often  wondered  why  such  remarka- 
ble gifts  are  given  to  such  low  characters  ;  but  the  beautiful  pond-lily 
springs  from  the  slimy  depths  of  the  frog-pond.  I  have  spent  hours  in  pri- 
vate with  professional  exposers,  have  seen  excellent  imitations,  but  the  ob- 
server who  has  seen  the  real  and  imitation  and  cannot  see  the  difference 
must  be  dull  indeed.  There  would  be  no  lack  of  exposers  if  the  real  mediums 
could  explain  the  modus  operandi,  for  there  are  few  of  the  noted  ones,  in 
my  opinion,  who  would  not  for  a  consideration  readily  act  as  such.  I  have 
witnessed  nearly  all  of  the  various  manifestations  that  have  been  described, 
and  shall  briefly  mention  a  few.  Sitting  with  Slade  in  New  York,  the  slate 
was  not  held  up  against  the  table  but  a  foot  below.  /  saw  the  writing  as  it 
was  done,  each  letter  and  line,  but  no  hand  or  other  means  of  operating  the 
pencil  could  be  seen,  though  at  request  a  hand  was  twice  shown  above  the 
table,  seemingly  an  Indian  hand  ;  it  was  noon  and  the  sun  shining  on  the 
table  at  the  time.  While  the  writing  was  being  done  there  was  such  a  strain 
downwards  that  it  surprised  me  that  the  frame  was  not  stripped  from  the 
slate.  Watkins,  the  slate  writer,  probably  as  little  of  a  man  and  as  much  of 
a  medium  as  has  yet  been  developed,  was  at  my  home  a  week  ;  he  placed  a 
bit  of  pencil  upon  a  slate  and  then  turned  another  slate  of  the  same  size 
upon  the  first  ;  each  of  us  held  an  end  of  the  slates  together  ;  in  a  moment 
the  pencil  was  heard  to  move  as  though  writing  ;  soon,  three  light  taps  were 
heard,  then  the  slates  were  pushed  toward  me,  Watkins  not  even  looking  at 
them  ;  on  opening  them  the  following  message,  plainly  written,  was  found  : 
"My  dear  friend,  I  come  to  you  to  let  you  know  that  I  live.  Ansel  Cain."  Mr. 
Cain  was  not  an  intimate  friend  of  mine,  though  we  had  conversed  upon  the 
subject  of  Spiritualism,  and  he  had  given  me  the  impression  that  he  doubted 
a  future  existence,  though  he  evidently  desired  such.  The  communication 
was  copied  at  the  time,  as  were  the  following  which  were  given  immediately 
afterwards  :  "  My  dear  brother,  I  am  glad  to  see  you  here  this  morning,  and 
hope  you  will  believe  that  this  is  me.  Moses  W.  E."  "My  dear  papa,  I  will 
come  to  you  again  someday.  lam  happy,  so  is  mother.  God  bless  you  all. 
Tour  loving  daughter,  Hattie."  Of  the  source  of  the  communications  others 
may  judge.  That  they  came  as  stated,  I  know.  Numerous  communications 
of  a  similar  nature  were  received  by  myself  and  others  through  Mr.  Watkins 
while  he  was  at  my  house.  He  got  them  anywhere  that  he  made  the  at- 
tempt, out  on  the  door  steps,  in  the  bushes.  I  saw  him  get  one  in  a  smok- 


457 


ing-car  on  the  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad.  The  communications  were  not 
always  of  a  spiritual  nature,  but  such  as  they  were,  any  one  that  would  pay 
could  have  them,  and  considering  the  way  they  were  given  hardly  any  one 
mentally  higher  than  an  idiot  could  have  been  tricked  thereby.  Mrs.  Hun- 
toon  (Mary  Eddy)  was  invited  to  my  house  for  the  gratification  of  my  own 
family  and  special  friends.  Numerous  hands  and  faces  were  shown,  instru- 
ments were  played  upon,  then  passed  out  to  the  audience.  One  woman,  or 
form  of  a  woman,  came  out  into  the  room,  showed  her  night-cap  and  dress  of 
ancient  days,  then  voices,  shouts,  and  a  pistol  shot.  ".Oh,  so  low  !"  ex- 
claims the  high  toned.  Certainly,  they  have  always  been  so  ;  think  of  the 
frogs,  vermin,  turning  rods  into  snakes,  water  into  wine,  etc.  Yes,  but  why 
not  do  them  in  the  light  ?.  Sure  enough,  why  was  the  earth  created  in  dark- 
ness ;  why  did  God  require  a  bush  as  a  cabinet  when  he  appeared  to  Moses, 
or  a  cloudy  pillar  at  the  door  of  the  Tabernacle  ?  \Vh\  did  the  angels  come 
to  Lot  in  the  evening,  or  release  the  Apostles  in  darkness  ?  The  Christian 
fabric  rests  upon  dreams  and  darkness  ;  the  veil  was  rent  and  saints  rose 
from  their  graves  in  the  dark  ;  the  Ascension  was  in  a  cloud  ;  a  kernel  of 
grain,  or  the  roots  of  a  tree,  require  darkness  from  which  to  produce  mani- 
festations of  growth  and  life  ;  the  body  commences  and  obtains  its  form  in 
darkness,  receives  the  spirit  or  life  in  darkness.  Is  it  strange  then  that  cer- 
tain phases  of  the  manifestations  require  darkness  ?  Only  the  shallow  minded 
will  be  surprised  at  the  fact.  After  our  seance  1  happened  into  the  kitchen 
where  1  found  Mrs.  Huntoon  looking  around  that  part  of  the  room  where 
the  cabinet  had  stood  and  saying  to  herself,  "  1  do  wish  1  could  find  where 
the  bullet  goes  to,"  which  caused  me  to  ask  if  a  ball  cartridge  was  dis- 
charged from  the  pistol  the  previous  evening.  "  Yes,  we  always  use  regular 
cartridges,"  was  her  reply,  which  seemed  decidedly  interesting.  Her  pistol 
was  called  for  and  cleaned.  Then  from  her  supply  of  cartridges  I  loaded  its 
seven  chambers,  placed  it  in  a  small  empty  closet,  put  a  guitar,  bell,  and 
tambourine  with  it,  then  hung  a  curtain  at  the  door,  after  which  Mrs.  Hun- 
toon's  hands  were  tied  behind  her  and  as  secure  as  I  could  tie  them.  My  as- 
sistant "  Charla  "  sewed  the  knots  firmly  with  thread.  Four  chairs  were 
placed  in  front  of  the  curtain  for  the  family,  then  Mrs.  Huntoon  took  a  seat 
.11  the  closet,  and  in  less  than  ten  seconds,  hands  and  a  face  were  shown 
through  the  curtain,  all  of  the  instruments  were  played  upon,  then  bang, 
bang,  went  the  pistol,  and  a  third  time  at  my  request.  Immediately  after 
the  third  discharge  the  medium  stepped  out  to  the  light,  tied  exactly  as 
when  she  entered  ;  not  a  sign  of  a  bullet  mark  could  be  found.  I  took  the 
pistol  and  discharged  another  cartridge  at  the  floor  of  the  closet ;  the  bullet 
from  that  is  plain  enough  to  be  seen.  The  medium  was  then  asked  to  step 
into  the  closet  and  have  the  spirits  untie  her,  which  was  done  while  I  was 
taking  my  watch  from  my  pocket  in  order  to  time  the  untying.  It  certainly 
was  not  one  second  in  being  done.  As  no  mention  is  made  of  the  fact  that 
the  discharged  bullets  cannot  be  found,  it  can  hardly  be  considered  a  trick. 
Never  bother,  however,  to  tie  a  medium  ;  trust  to  the  production  ;  if  the  me- 
dium is  tied,  note  the  time  required  for  any  manifestation,  and  whether 
there  has  been  an  effort  in  the  production  ;  the  real  medium  keeps  cool,  the 
exposer  is  often  covered  with  perspiration  through  his  struggles.  Suppose  a 
letter  is  written  to  a  spirit  friend  to  be  answered  by  Mansfield,  write  as  fol- 
lows :  "  My  dear  friend,  give  me  some  test  by  Avhich  1  may  know  that  I  am 
in  communication  with  you."  Do  this  mechanically,  keeping  your  mind 
upon  other  matters,  and  be  sure  to  have  no  thought  of  what  the  test  is  to 
be  ;  if  this  is  done,  sealing  the  letter  is  of  no  account,  and  the  writer  will  be 
more  fortunate  than  myself  if  anything  satisfactory  is  received.  Jn  a  dark 
circle  where  hands  are  felt,  observe  closely  whether  the  movements  are  like 
those  of  a  person  groping  in  the  dark,  or  every  attempt  is  accomplished 
without  blundering.  1  have  tried  hard  to  study  the  manifestations  carefully 
and  candidly,  but  to  do  it  advantageously  requires  the  regular  attendance 
at  stated  hours  of  several  persons,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  find  such.  It  is  gen- 
erally supposed  that  an  intermingling  of  the  sexes  is  necessary,  but  that  is 
not  certain.  I  have  often  entertained  theories  about  the  matter  that  have 
as  often  been  dispelled;  whatever  the  power,  if  an  appointment  is  made  it  is 
kept  without  fail,  even  if  forgotten  by  the  earthly  party  interested  ;  one  mo- 
ment we  have  what  seems  absolute  proof  of  spirit  communion,  the  next 
something  is  given  that  makes  the  matter  doubtful.  We  have  abundance  of 
communications,  often  two  try  to  communicate  at  the  same  time,  mixing  the 


B 


letters  as  would  be  done  by  two  telegraph  wires  getting  twisted  together.  We 
are  now  using  our  sixth  table,  live  having  been  destroyed.  Table  tipping 
but  poorly  expresses  the  movements  with  us,  and  no  person  with  a  particle 
of  the  true  scientist  about  him  could  fail  to  be  interested  in  the  ever-chang- 
ing movements.  My  wife,  her  sister,  and  myself  constitute  the  sitters  ;  we 
simply  place  our  hands  upon  the  table  without  any  attempt  to  control  its 
movements  It  travels  through  the  house,  up  stairs  or  down,  swings  upon 
my  head  and  shoulders  and  rushes  me  backwards,  and  in  darkness  through 
rooms  and  doors  without  touching  a  casing, -though  the  table  is  nearly  as 
wide  as  the  doors,  or  perhaps  it  will  bear  down  until  it  crushes  me  to  the 
floor.  I  think  it  can  press  down  three  hundred  pounds.  Sometimes  while 
I  am  sitting  in  a  chair  it  will  swing  on  to  my  back,  hook  its  legs  to  my 
chair  and  turn  me  around  or  drag  me  along,  or  perhaps  tip  me  over,  then 
drag  me  on  the  carpet.  A  recent  freak  was  to  tip  itself  over,  then  pick  up 
the  chairs  on  its  legs,  call  for  the  alphabet,  spell  out  "  confusion,"  then  dis- 
engage itself  from  the  chairs,  set  them  upright  in  place.  Any  movement  is 
made  just  as  well  in  the  blackest  darkness  as  in  the  light.  It  will  move 
quickly  to  the  window  and  tap  the  glass  rapidly  without  injury,  though  it  is 
so  dark  that  nothing  can  be  seen.  Its  communications  are  as  varied  as  is 
our  conversation.  My  boy  was  asleep  ;  the  question  was  asked,  "  Do  you 
know  where  Jimmie  is  ?  "  "  Yes,  his  body  is  up  stairs,  his  mind  is  wander- 
ing through  immensity."  To  the  question,  "  Why  do  we  get  so  many  unre- 
liable communications  ?"  was  answered  by  those  purporting  to  be  special 
friends,  "  When  we  withdraw  our  control  it  leaves  you  open  to  the  influence  of 
elements  of  which  you  know  not"  I  spanked  my  boy  one  evening  because  he 

was  raising  the  d 1  generally.     On  returning  to  the  table   where  another 

person  and  myself  had  been  sitting  it  gave  me  a  hearty  thump,  knocking  me 
against  the  wall  and  handled  me  very  roughly,  which  caused  me  to  laugh, 
as  its  force  could  be  calculated.  My  laughter  seemed  objectionable  for 
it  immediately  whirled  itself  into  the  hall  and  dashed  its  corners  into  the 
walls— the  marks  still  remain.  Being  pitched  back  into  the  kitchen  it  tipped 
on  end,  called  for  the  alphabet  and  spelled  out  as  follows  :  "Learn  patience 
and  discretion  with  your  child  or  you  will  be  the  sufferer." 

One  evening  a  gentleman  was  anxious  to  get  the  full  name  of  one  whose 
initials  had  been  given  ;  he  had  urged  for  some  time,  when  the  alphabet 
was  called  for,  and  what  purported  to  be  the  spirit  of  another  person  spelled 
out,  "She  is  gone  away."  "Who  is  she  ?  "  was  our  inquiry.  "  The  one  whose 
name  is  desired,"  was  the  reply.  "  Well,  can't  you  give  it  ?  "  was  then  asked. 
"No."  "  Why,  don't  the  spirits  all  know  each  other  ?  "  we  asked.  The  al- 
phabet was  called  for,  seemingly  impatiently,  and  it  spelled  out,  "Do  you 
know  all  that  come  to  the  telegraph  office  ?  "  The  table  calls  for  the  alphabet 
by  two  peculiar  upward  movements,  but  how  those  and  other  peculiarities 
were  understood  by  us  is  not  positively  known,  but  I  think  through  impres- 
sions. We  have  hundreds  of  communications,  each  characteristic  of  its  pur- 
ported source,  all  of  which  can  be  reconciled  with  the  spiritualistic  claim  ; 
if  the  spirit  life  is  but  a  continuation  of  this,  the  only  change  being  separa- 
tion from  the  body,  which  has  been  used  as  a  cabinet  or  cage  in  this  life, 
and  in  the  same  way,  the  strange  and  unreliable  communications  are  read- 
ily accounted  for.  If  a  business  man  should  put  up  a  speaking  tube  from  his 
place  of  business  to  a  distant  city,  leaving  the  distant  end  open  to  the  public, 
the  gamins  would  be  likely  to  send  him  queer  messages  occasionally.  Much 
has  been  said  in  derision  about  Frank  J.  Baxter  and  the  "Abe  Bunter  "  mat- 
ter, but  that  is  not  an  uncommon  phase  though  it  adds  to  the  mystery.  I 
will  give  a  case  in  my  own  experience  almost  identical,  and  for  which  there 
is  abundance  of  evidence  to  substantiate  the  fact  if  necessary.  I  shall  give 
the  particulars  literally,  that  the  case  may  be  clearly  understood.  I  was 
experimenting,  asking  questions,  which  were  answered  by  a  planchette,  pur- 
porting to  be  controlled  by  my  mother  ;  many  questions  had  been  answered, 
but  in  such  a  set  way  that  they  were  unsatisfactory  ;  finally  I  asked,  "Mother, 
do  you  know  where  Mr.  Buck  is  now?"  "  Yes,  he  is  here."  "  Oh  !  no,  no, 
mother,  that  won't  do,  Mr.  Buck  is  not  dead."  "Yes,  he  is,  he  died  four 
months  ago."  I  did  not  believe  it,  but  wrote  the  next  morning  to  my  daugh- 
ter at  Leuanon,  N.  H.,  requesting  her  to  ascertain  Mr.  Buck's  whereabouts, 
giving  no  intimation  of  my  reason  for  desiring  her  to  do  so.  In  a  day  or  two 
her  reply  came  and  was  as  follows  :  "  Cousin  Isa  was  at  Newport  about  a 
month  ago,  and  while  there  news  came  that  Mr.  Buck  was  dead,  and  had  been 


459 


dead  three  months,"  certainly  seeming  good  proof  of  spirit  communion.  Yet, 
Mr.  Buck  was  living  at  the  time,  and  is  yet,  I  believe.  If  placed  upon  a  jury 
to  decide  the  question  of  spirit  communion  my  verdict  would  be  "Not 
proven".-  still  proof  of  the  fact  that  seems  almost  positive  may  be  obtained 
in  abundance,  but  that  aim-out  invariably  stands  in  the  way.  That  the  sub- 
ject is  of  more  importance  than  that  of  any  discovery  which  has  been  made  for 
thousand  years  is  my  firm  belief  ;  in  my  opinion,  it  is  our  life,  and  offers  the 
key  to  life  and  health  ;  the  force  that  tips  the  table  moves  our  limbs  and 
bodies,  operating  our  movements  as  a  river  operates  a  mill,  continuing  with 
us  from  the  birth  of  the  spirit  through  eternity  ;  our  brains  are  simply  in- 
struments through  which  we  receive  ideas  as  tunes  are  rendered  by  a  piano, 
the  average  mind  receiving  ideas  as  water  flows  into  a  hole  to  the  general 
level,  the  thinker  pumps  his  higher  and  becomes  the  advanced  leader.  The 
infidel  Paine,  of  1776,  was  but  the  Unitarian  of  1876.  The  "  Autocrat  of  the 
Breakfast  Table  "  radical  twenty  years  since  is  accepted  by  the  multitude 
to-day.  The  manifestations,  however,  seem  more  the  reflections  of  the  past, 
than  representations  of  spirit  life  of  the  future.  We  can  readily  decide 
whether  we  see  the  reflection  of  an  object  in  a  perfect  mirror,  or  the  object 
itself  through  plate  glass,  though  exactly  the  same  view  may  be  presented  in 
either  case  ;  yet  it  might  not  be  easy  to  explain  the  difference.  It  is  a  prac- 
tice of  writers  to  lay  out  a  general  plan  of  a  work,  then  to  smooth  up  and 
fill  in  the  details  as  it  is  written  out.  The  completed  "  Edwin  Drood  "  of 
Dickens  by  the  spiritual  medium,  I  believe  to  be  the  rough  sketch  of  Dick- 
ens in  this  life.  That  spirits  of  murdered  persons  do  not  return  and  expose 
their  murderers  is  strong  presumptive  proof  that  such  return  is  impossible  ; 
for,  notwithstanding  all  that  can  be  said  about  the  spirits  not  believing  in 
hanging,  etc.,  it  is  universally  conceded  that  prevention  is  better  than  cure, 
and  if  the  fact  were  once  established  that  exposure  was  probable  through 
the  spirit's  return  it  would  act  as  the  strongest  preventative.  The  following 
extract  from  a  lecture  on  the  "  Law  of  Influence  "  seems  deserving  of  con- 
sideration :  — 

"  May  not  that  energy  known  as  electricity  be  the  universal  medium  for  the  applica- 
tion of  the  creative  and  reproductive  force  or  influence  to  matter  ?  Jt  not  only  conveys 
the  signs  of  thought  through  the  telegraph  and  telephone ;  it  also  transmits  our  thought- 
force  with  our  thought-touch  through  nerve  and  muscle  to  our  hands  and  feet.  On  the 
same  principle  the  thought-force  with  the  touch  of  the  Creator  through  this  electric 
hand  may  extend  constantly  to  each  world  and  to  every  atom  of  material  organism." 

That  there  is  a  force  that  produces  strange  manifestations  is  a  fact  too  well 
established  to  allow  of  its  being  ignored,  and  the  proper  course  would  seem 
to  be  to  grapple  with  it  and  solve  its  nature  :  to  its  spiritual  bearing  J  have 
given  but  little  attention,  though  the  following  lines  express  my  own  feel- 
ings upon  that  point  :  — 

Oh  shades  of  loved  ones  gone  before ! 
Do  you  still  exist  on  some  unknown  shore  ? 
In  a  brighter  land  and  advanced  state, 
Where  souls  from  earth  with  angels  mate, 
Where  free  from  pain  and  earthly  strife, 
The  soul  aspires  for  a  higher  life, 
Where  a  purer  love  to  each  is  given, 
Surrounding  all  with  the  joys  of  heaven  ? 

And  are  the  joys  of  that  unknown  shore 

So  complete  that  earth  attracts  no  more  ? 

Hath  earthly  ties  nor  kindred's  tears 

No  responsive  throb  in  those  brighter  spheres  ?      * 

Or  do  you  in  the  spirit  form 

Remain  with  earthly  friends  to  roam, 

To  fill  our  hearts  with  gentle  love 

And  lead  us  on  to  that  home  above  ? 

We  loved  you  here,  we  love  you  still  ; 

You  have  gone  before,  'twas  our  Father's  will. 

Though  we  still  remain  in  our  earthly  homes, 

Our  hearts  oft  turn  to  our  loved  ones  gone. 

Yes,  gone  before  at  the  Father's  will, 

Hut  in  memory  cherished  at  the  old  homes  still ; 

At  the  table,  the  fireside,  in  each  sunny  spot,  yet 

Your  influence  is  felt,  ah  !  we  shall  never  forget ! 


460 


No,  never  forget  this  side  the  "  dark  river, 


And  through  the  seeming  love  01  those  gone  before 
We'Are  the  most  tangible  proof  of  that  unknown  shore; 
That  we  shall  meet  again  with  our  dearest  friends 
In  an  advanced  life,  when  the  present  ends. 

SCIENCE  AND  RELIGION. 

The  time  seems  approaching  with  giant  strides  when  any  religion  irrecon- 
cilable with  reason  Avill  have  no  place  except  with  the  ignorant  or  venal. 
The  morals  of  to-day,  compared  Avith  those  inculcated  two  thousand  years 


provements  and  inventions  are  the  Avork  of  an  age  of  infidelity,  and,  if  expe- 
rience is  of  any  value,  it  is  evident  that  our  elevation  and  salvation  depend 


upon  our  own  exertions  guided 

benefit  those  who  teach  them.     A  _ 

superstition  until  it  has  seemed  impossible  to  elucidate  the  matter  by 
ural  means  ;  besides,  it  has  been  said  that  the  bigotry  of  science  is  only  sec- 
ond to  that  of  religion  ;  but  science  means  knowledge,  and  knowledge  has 
nothing  to  do  with  bigotry,  either  in  religion  or  science.  We  do  not  dispute 
about  the  sum  of  two  and  two,  or  as  to  whether  the  sunlight  is  greater  than 
that  of  a  tallow  candle  ;  ignorance  causes  the  dissensions,  and  the  greater 
the  ignorance  the  more  tenacious  the  opinion.  Superstition  away,  science 
will  readily  prove  all  seeming  miracles  to  be  either  delusive  or  the  effect  of 
natural  causes.  The  purpose  of  this  article,  however,  is  not  to  meddle  di- 
rectly with  religion,  but  to  cause  a  scientific  consideration  of  the  claim  of 
"  special  inspiration  "  of  the  Bible,  and  the  subject  of  "  election  "  or  "  pre- 
destination." An  opinion  upon  inspiration  to  be  of  any  value  must  be  based 
upon  evidence,  and  such  evidence  can  only  be  obtained  from  observation. 
First,  science  readily  demonstrates  the  fact  that,  physically  considered,  man 
is  but  a  complicated  machine,  each  organ  being  fitted  for  certain  duties,  and 
as  a  whole,  by  the  consumption  of  a  given  quantity  of  carbon,  he  or  a  steam 
engine  will  raise  the  same  weight  to  a  given  height.  Such  being  the  case,  is 
it  unreasonable  to  suppose  the  mental  organs  are  also  mechanical,  and  that 
the  brain  transmits  ideas,  as  the  larynx  does  that  of  tones,  or  a  violin  tunes  ? 
There  is  abundance  of  evidence  to  prove  that  intelligence  conies  from  a 
fountain  outside  of  ourselves,  open  to  all,  but  to  each  individual  in  accord- 
ance with  the  quality  of  that  individual's  brain  or  instrument  of  transmis- 
sion. How  often  we  read  accusations  of  plagiarisms  between  authors  when 
in  fact  neither  had  ever  seen  the  Avritings  of  the  other  ;  how  common  it  is 
for  two  persons  to  commence  at  the  same  time  to  speak  of  the  same  matter. 
Every  inventor  realizes  how  liable,  he  is  to  be  anticipated  if  he  delays  the 
completion  of  a  device.  Persons  of  the  lowest  intelligence,  like  "  Blind 
Tom,"  will  perform  wonders  without  consciousness  of  how  it  is  done.  Igno- 
rant "  mediums  "  Avill  deliver  off  hand  the  most  profound  lectures.  Minis- 
ters and  authors  in  a  state  of  somnambulism  have  written  articles  of  a  supe- 
rior character  to  what  they  could  Avrite  in  their  normal  condition  ;  problems 
have  been  solved  in  the  same  Avay.  Can  AVC  suppose  that  the  ideas  of  a  life- 
time are  stowed  aAvay  in  a  person's  head  ?  We  may  divide  the  head  of  a 
man  or  a  fiddle  into  minute  pieces  without  finding  either  an  idea  or  a  tune  ; 
then  is  it  not  reasonable  to  believe  the  brain,  like  the  fiddle,  to  be  a  mere 
instrument  of  transmission,  and  that  some  new  intelligence  is  operating  it 
when  things  are  done  in  our -sleep  or  unconsciousness  that  are  impossibili- 
ties in  our  Avaking  hours  ?  When  inspiration  is  fully  understood  we  may 
rest  assured  that,  like  other  discoveries,  Ave  shall  find  it  very  simple,  and 
that  we  have  looked  too  far  away  for  the  solution.  Predestination  !  Who 
believes  or  even  thinks  of  an  idea  so  obsolete  ?  asks  the  reader.  More  than 
generally  supposed,  my  friends,  though  under  various  names.  Those  who 
believe  a  large  portion  of  our  race  doomed  to  hell ;  the  Adventist,  who  be- 
lieves in  the  annihilation  of  the  Avicked  ;  last,  but  not  least,  the  Materialist, 
under  which  name  may  be  found  the  shallow-minded  of  every  station  of 


461 


life,  from  the  shoveler  in  the  bog  to  the  pseudo-scientist  who  believes  him- 
self to  have  exhausted  the  source  of  knowledge  ;  the  sleek  priest,  sanctimo- 
nious preacher,  and  pretentious  professor,  all  preach  or  teach  something, 
but  at  heart  believe  in  "nothing";  the  professor  in  science  at  the  expense 
of  consistency,  for  a  fundamental  principle  of  science  is  that  to  exist  at  all 
is  to  exist  forever.  Predestination,  religiously  considered,  is  a  hazy  matter, 
but  treated  rationally  becomes  very  clear,  as  do  election  and  annihilation, 
arid  seems  the  proper  termination  of  a  large  portion  of  the  human  family,  as 
may  readily  be  made  to  appear.  I  have  before  me  a  tool,  called  by  its  in- 
ventor, "  t/ie  imp"";  it  is  but  one  of  many  of  a  similar  character,  that  is,  a 
combination  of  old  devices,  thus  forming  something  new.  "Twelve  useful 
tools  in  one,"  says  the  inventor,  a  screw-driver,  rule,  hammer,  carpet- 
stretcher,  tile,  saw,  etc.,  etc.,  made  in  two  pieces,  which  by  a  peculiar  joint 
are  readily  united,  then  becoming  wrench  and  pincers,  thus  creating  "  the 
Imp";  disunited,  "the  Imp"  is  annihilated,  dissolved  into  the  commonest 
of  tools  ;  so  of  the  average  human  mind.  Pat,  the  shoveler,  dissolved, 
leaves  a  residuum  of  ideas  relative  to  pipes,  tobacco,  dogs,  pigs,  jokes,  ab- 
solution, wakes,  etc.,  etc.;  the  pseudo-scientist,  of  big  words  in  which  old 
ideas  running  in  still  older  ruts  have  been  dressed.  The  effect  of  the  disin- 
tegration of  such  mountebanks  as  Justin  D.  Fulton,  Talrnage,  and  others, 
may  be  witnessed  where  some  one  is  skimming  the  scum  or  froth  from  a 
-cauldron.  Observe  how  an  air  bubble  explodes  here,  another  there;  soon  it 
has  vanished,  there  is  nothing  but  a  little  common  dirt  left.  Take  preach- 
ers like  our  weak  but  amiable  Doctor  Adams,  those  who  will  neither  learn 
themselves,  nor.  so  far  as  they  can  hinder,  let  others  ;  who  search  their 
Bible  through  for  evidence  that  spirit  communion  with  man  was  once  very 
common,  in  order  to  prove  thereby  its  impossibility.  At  the  disintegration 
of  such  reverend  delusions  what  can  there  be  left  but  a  little  sediment  of 
John  the  Baptist,  intolerance  of  John  Calvin,  superstition  of  grandmothers 
and  puling  of  babies  ?  Is  there  one  particle  of  originality  in  such  persons 
that  can  give  hope,  rationally  considered,  from  which  an  individuality  can 
be  constructed  for  a  continued  existence  ?  If  not,  is  not  annihilation  the 
predestined  end  of  all  who  fail  to  work  out  an  individuality  for  themselves; 
while  election  as  naturally  follows  for  those  who  do? 


SPIRITS,  OR  WHAT?; 


Under  the  above  heading,  the  Boston  Herald  of  February  28th  ultimo 
gave  a  very  circumstantial  account  of  what  were  claimed  to  be  materialized 
spirit  forms  witnessed  at  Rochester,  N.  H.;  we  can  hardly  take  up  a  paper 
without  finding  something  of  the  kind  described,  and  unless  desirous  of 
passing  down  to  posterity  as  a  superstitious  set  of  materialistic  idiots  it  is 
time  that  some  attempt  should  be  made  to  elucidate  the  cause  of  such  ap- 
pearances. Is  the  question,  however,  logical  in  connection  with  the  ac- 
count ?  Spirit  is  immaterial  intelligent  being.  The  account  describes  ma- 
terial forms  that  must  have  been  those  of  ordinary  human  beings,  or  rein- 
carnations of  persons  once  known  in  this  life,  neither  offering  any  proof  of 
life  beyond  the  grave  ;  but  such  materializations  are  likely  to  gain  the  at- 
tention of  the  multitude  sooner  than  those  of  a  more  intellectual  character; 
they  are  evidently  of  this  life  and  have  to  do  with  our  well  being  here,  ema- 
nating from  the  same  cause  or  force  as  that  which  causes  ''table  tippings, 
spirit  raps,"  etc.,  and  I  believe  the  same  as  that  which  produces  all  of  our 
physical  movements  ;  and  this  force  seems  traceable  back  for  centuries. 
Recall  the  monks  of  Luther's  time,  mere  animals  with  only  minimal  desires, 
their  religion  a  formula,  denying  the  right  of  thought  ;  forbidden  to  marry, 
but,  unless  sadly  belied,  the  fathers  of  many  children.  Think  of  the  stern 
old  sectarian  with  his  coarse  animal  nature  and  belief  in  woman's  subjec- 
tion, thinking  it  a  sin  to  smile,  but  scriptural  to  gratify  his  passions  ;  it  was 
the  rule  for  such  Christians,  from  John  Rogers  to  Lyman  Beecher,  to  have 
many  children.  Turn  from  those  running  in  ruts  to  those  beginning  to 
think.  The  astounding  "  spiritual  manifestations  "  in  the  family  of  Samuel 
Wesley  prove  the  mediumistic  temperament  of  the  children.  Those  old 
enough  will  readily  recall  the  ecstatic  shouts  and  convulsive  ways  and  wor- 
ship of  the  early  Methodist.  Can  any  one  remember  such  with  large  fami- 
lies of  children  ?  Yet  they  were  not  credited  with  a  disposition  to  mortify 


462 


the  flesh.  Come  now  to  the  spiritual  medium  Jmale) ;  look  the  list  through, 
see  how  few  of  them  are  fathers,  yet  many  o'f  them  have  a  very  corn-fed 
look,  and  they  are  generally  noted  for  liberal  views,  and  it  would  seem  that 
their  life  force  is  expended  in  the  production  of  their  so-called  physical 
manifestations.  Go  hack  centuries  and  it  will  be  found  that  wherever  these 
manifestat  ions  have  appeared  in  families  they  have  almost  invariably  done 
so  through  the  children.  See  the  Kev.  Joseph  Glanvill's  account  of  the 
" disturbances  in  the  Mompesson  family,  1661  .to  1663";  also,  Adam  Clark's 
account  of  those  in  the  Wesley  family  ;  so  of  modern  times.  Half  a  dozen 
children  seated  at  a  table  soon  get  tabit  tppinys  or  raps;  the  same  number 
of  octogenarians  might  rit  until  doomsday  without  doing  so,  which  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  they  are  the  product  of  a  surplus  of  the  life  force. 
Solomon  in  his  prime  could  undoubtedly  have  caused  the  heaviest  exten- 
sion table  to  dance  a  hornpipe,  but  after  getting  to  the  vanity  and  vex- 
ation stage,  would  have  found  a  teapoy  too  heavy.  Ignorance  sneers  at  the 
treatment  of  old  David,  as  described  in  the  1st  Book  and  Chap,  of  Kings  ; 
but  in  my  opinion,  a  profound  depth  of  knowledge  of  the  life  force  is  indi- 
cated therein,  that  is  not  thought  of  by  the  medical  fraternity  of  to-day. 
See  how  readily  women,  babies,  and  dogs  take  to  rosy,  robust  men;  then  see 
the  same  dog  with  hanging  head  and  tail  describe  the  segment  of  a  circle  as 
he  passes  the  lank,  saturnine  specimen  of  humanity.  Kobust  men  usually 
mate  with  fragile  women  ;  animal  propensity  would  seem  to  demand  an 
equally  robust  mate,  but  it  is  evident  that  nature  guides  ;  the  one  has  a 
surplus,  the  other  lacks  the  life  force,  and  each  attracts  the  other.  Married 
couples  are  seldom  effective  as  table  tippers,  though  each  carry  their  pro- 
portion of  force  mixed  with  others.  Why  is  the  invalid  strengthened  by 
taking  iron  into  the  system  unless  because  of  its  being  a  good  conductor  of 
electricity  or  this  life  force?  Singing  or  music  has  the  same  effect  upon 
the  manifestations  in  all  their  phases  as  upon  human  beings.  The  foregoing 
suggestions  are  offered  for  the  consideration  of  observers  ;  they  relate  to 
the  physical  bearings  of  the  phenomena ;  but  there  are  other  phases_that 
offer  strong  proof  that  the  spirit  germ  from  the  great  ocean  of  intelligence 
takes  possession  of  the  body  in  order  to  gain  an  individuality,  the  body  it- 
self like  a  vegetable  starting  from  seed,  drawing  sustenance  from  the  earth 
and  returning  to  the  same  at  maturity  ;  then  how  important  that  life  in  the 
body  should  be  natural.  Suffer  little  childrtn  to  come  unto  me  and  forbid 
them  not,  for  of  such  is  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  In  the  face  of  such  a  com- 
mand, how  dares  a  being  so  ignorant  as  a  Moody,  attempt  to  warp  the  mind 
of  a  child  into  harmony  with  the  superstitions  of  his  own  perverted  nature  ? 
The  question  answers  itself  ;  it  is  only  through  ignorance  that  he  so  dares. 
The  mind  of  a  child  is  a  study  for  the  profound.  How  natural  it  is,  and  how 
its  simple  inquiries  confound  the  ghastly  theories  of  a  Calvin.  Suppose 
a  forest  to  be  cultivated  by  cutting  the  tops  i'rom  a  portion  of  the  trees, 
leaving  unsightly  stubs,  the  branches  from  others,  leaving  bare  poles,  all  the 
branches  from  one  side  of  others,  and  so  on,  would  not  such  work  be  con- 
sidered that  of  barbarians  ?  From  the  depths  of  my  soul  I  believe  it  to  be 
a  greater  sin  to  teach  a  child  any  other  motive  for  doing  right  than  for 
right's  sake,  than  it  was  for  Fagin  to  teach  Oliver  Twist  and  his  compan- 
ions to  steal.  So  long  as  a  mercenary  priesthood  can  live  on  the  credulity 
of  the  ignorant,  so  long  will  such  as  Moody  be  encouraged  to  peddle  out  su- 
perstition, that  the  educated  clergy  would  'be  ashamed  to  mention  ;  but  as  a 
matter  of  policy  it  would  seem  better  to  live  here  by  sawing  wood,  then  re- 
turn to  God  a  full  fledged  individual  soul  ready  to  commence  a  higher  life, 
than  to  live  at  ease  preaching  platitudes,  then  to  "  melt  back  into  the  uni- 
verse "  with  the  spirit  germ  so  shrunken  that  it  will  naturally  gravitate  to 
the  body  of  some  lower  animal  in  which  to  make  a  new  effort  for  a  higher 
life.  With  Moodys,  there  will  be  Ingersolls,*  for  the  two  are  cause  and 
effect,  ignorant  fanaticism  and  cupidity.  No  well-read  thinking  person  can 
Avell  doubt  that  Christianity  has  put  humanity  back  a  thousand  years 

*  Bob  Ingersoll,  as  the  ready  champion  of  star-route  thieves  and  other  praying  rascals, 
wiping  his  modes!  brow  and  posing  before  an  audience  as  a  model  man  and  instructor 
of  the  world,  invariably  recalls  TO  my  mind  Mr.  R.  Kiderhood,  so  well  described  by 
Dickens,  in  "  Our  Mutual  Friend."  The  feature  however  to  me  seemingly  the  most  to 
be  regretted  is  th«  fact  that  superstition  has  caused  such  ignorance  that  an  audience 
can  be  found  willing  to  listen  to  ideas  that  were  musty  with  age  'a  thousand  years 
since,  and  which  have  been  reiterated  a  thousand  times  by  far  abler  and  more  disinter- 
ested men  than  Mr.  Ingersoll  has  ever  shown  himself  to  be. 


463 


(Jesus  of  Nazareth  would  find  little  sympathy  in  a  Christian  church  to-day)  ; 
or  that  the  Bible  has  been  perverted  through  selfishness  ;  but  the  strange 
phenomena,  known  as  spiritual  manifestations,  are  likely  to  furnish  proof 
that  its  leading  ideas  are  correct,  and  that  its  seeming  miracles  were  the 
effect  of  natural  causes.  These  have  interested  me  for  many  years,  but  it  is 
only  since  their  appearance  in  my  own  family  that  I  have  been  able  to  study 
them  with  any  satisfaction  ;  as  we  are  not  mediums  their  appearance  with 
us  is  supposed  to  be  the  result  of  an  earnest  desire  and  cultivation  of  the 
means  to  bring  them.  Either  my  wife,  her  sister,  "  Charla,"  or  myself  can 
get  table  tipping s  or  raps,  sitting  with  almost  any  other  person,  but  such 


communications  as  were  published  in  last  issue  of  Reporter  are  only  ob- 
tained when  "  Charla  "  is  one  of  the  sitters  ;  those  were  obtained  by  callhij 
the  alphabet,  the  table  moving  at  the  proper  letter  ;  they  also  come  throug! 
her  mind  by  seeming  inspiration.     1  mention  her  as  "  Charla,"  because  a 


ling 
ugh 


such  she  is  known  to  engineers,  turbine  builders,  and  manufacturers  in  more 
than  half  of  the  states  of  the  Union,  as  the  young  lady  assistant  in  .my  test- 
ing business;  quiet,  and  of  a  mathematical  turn,  but  certainly  not  a  poetess, 
yet  in  answer  to  wished-for  information,  communications  like  the  following 
come  through  her  mind  like  a  flash  of  light  : 

False,  with  the  true,  you'll  one  day  find, 
Is  but  the  crossing  of  your  mind 
With  our  dispatches  as  they  are  sent 
From  our  Summer  Land  to  your  Continent. 

If  the  truth  you  wish  to  find, 
You  must  study  your  own  mind, 
Learn  its  workings,  its  relation 
With  the  great  unknown  creation: 
A  gem  we  promise  you  shall  find, 
In  a  knowledge  of  the  human  mind. 
Spirit  friends  around  you  gather, 
Wishing  much  to  help  their  brother, 


Seeking  earnestlv  to  find 
This  gem  of  truth  in  the  hu 


uman  mind. 


Spirits  from  the  other  shore 
Oft  come  tapping  at  your  door, 
Wishing  to  inspire  your  mind 
With  happier  thoughts  of  their  design. 


Sleep  is  a  rest  for  the  weary  mind, 

Which,  as  it  wanders  free, 
Oft  catches  inspiration 

And  brings  it  back  to  thee. 

Ofttimes  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 

While  the  body  is  at  rest, 
Strange  elements  of  earth 

This  freed  mind  doth  impress. 

Many  times  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 
Ideas  which  to  earth  are  grand, 

Are  in  his  sleeping  hours 
Stamped  on  the  mind  of  man. 

Then  when  he  doth  awake, 
And  reason  and  thought  control, 

These  ideas  are  developed 
And  given  to  the  world. 


Your  lives  are  tangled  in  with  ours  ; 

We  are  not  far  away, 
We  join  men  and  women  in  their  work, 

And  children  in  their  play. 

• 

Much  has  been  said  about  the  twaddle  that  purports  to  come  from  the 
spirits  of  noted  persons,  but  if  persons  will  pander,  twist  and  be  all  things 
to  all  men  for  the  sake  of  becoming  noted,  there  is  no  good  reason  for  sup- 
posing the  spirit  of  such  will  retain  a  very  positive  individuality  after  separa- 
tion from  the  body.  Separate  the  parts  of  a  twenty-four  bladed  jack  knife, 
and  the  corkscrew  would  have  the  same  right  as  any  other  piece  to  call  it- 


464 


self  the  many  bladed  knife.  We  have  had  many  communications  the  past 
two  years,  but  none  of  a  lower  character  than  such  as  I  have  published  ;  and 
I  do  not  believe  a  low  or  silly  communication  was  ever  given  in  what  is 
called  a  circle,  unless  there  was  a  mind  in  that  circle  to  match.  The  com- 
munications are  often  oracular  and  difficult  of  application,  simply  because 
they  are  answers  to  ideas  conversed  about  hours,  perhaps  days,  before.  The 
following  is  one  of  the  kind  and  was  given  through  the  table  :  "None  realize 
for  how  (jreat  an  object  they  live."  Our  minds  and  conversation  affect  the 
manifestations  but  do  not  control  them.  Our  ideas  are  opposed  quite  as 
freely  by  this  force  or  intelligence  as  by  persons  in  the  flesh.  Communica- 
tions purporting  to  come  from  persons  who  prove  to  be  living  are  very  com- 
mon, but  that  depends  somewhat  upon  who  the  sitters  are.  i  have  sat  with 
persons  and  obtained  communications  as  fast  as  they  could  be  spelled  out, 
and  found  them  to  be  nothing  but  the  passing  thoughts  of  the  sitter's  mind. 
I  find,  also,  that  any  idea  thoroughly  established  in  my  own  mind  is  pretty 
sure  to  crop  out  in  the  communications.  An  earnest  wish  or  desire,  though 
it  may  not  be  gratified,  is  very  likely  to  receive  notice,  so  that  my  faith  is  be- 
coming strong  that  there  is  efficacy  in  prayer  ;  not  through  any  change  of 
God's  laws  but  in  accordance  therewith.  Franklin  drew  lightning  from  the 
clouds,  so  I  believe  that  one  or  many  persons  praying  earnestly  for  a  given 
purpose  might  produce  an  effect  ;  we  little  know  yet  the  power  of  mind 
upon  mind  or  mind  upon  matter.  These  manifestations  have  been  offered 
for  man's  study  since  the  dawn  of  history  ;  I  believe  they  offer  a  key  to  a 
knowledge  of  our  life,  health,  and  surroundings  that  can  be  obtained  in  no 
other  way.  Through  them  I  believe  it  will  be  made  clear  that  crime  is  a 
disease,  and  that  there  is  something  more  than  a  moral  influence  in  the 
contact  of  individuals.  I  find  in  sitting  with  certain  persons  that  my 
strength  or  life  force  is  taken  from  me  to  a  very  disagreeable  extent,  while 
the  contrary  is  the  case  with  others.  There  are  persons  who  seem  to  leave 
a  part  of  themselves  with  us  for  weeks,  so  that  if  we  sit  for  the  manifesta- 
tions by  ourselves,  we  have  what  purport  to  be  their  matters  to  attend  to. 
One  case  has  interested  me  much  ;  it  was  what  purported  to  be  the  spirit 
sister  of  a  person  from  a  distant  state.  She  gave  a  communication  as  a  test 
for  her  brother,  which  was  sent  and  by  him  disowned  ;  when  she  came 
again  she  was  rated  soundly  for  her  deception,  and  requested  to  keep  away 
unless  she  could  be  truthful.  Nothing  more  was  heard  of  her  for  six 
months  when  her  brother  came  to  our  house  for  perhaps  five  minutes  ;  that 
evening  his  sister  put  in  an  appearance.  "  How  happens  it  that  you  have 
not  been  here  for  so  long  a  time,"  was  my  inquiry.  "  You  scolded,"  was  the 
reply.  •'  Ah,  Annie,  you  told  fibs,  you  remember."  "  No,  I  didn't."  "Ah, 
yes, 'that  test  to  your  brother."  "  I  didn't  give  any."  "  Who  did  then  ?" 
was  asked.  "  The  one  that  broke  the  window."  Nothing  bad  been  said  about 
a  broken  window  at  the  time,  but  a  month  previous  our  table  had  been 
pitched  into  the  window.  Singing  the  "  Braes  of  Balquither  "  has  been  as 
effective  in  bringing  Annie  to  us  as  "  rubbing  the  lamp  "  proved  in  bringing 
Aladdin's  genie.  We  have  had  what  purported  to  be  the  spirits  of  many  per- 
sons come  to  us,  some  of  them  very  noted  ones;  the  latter  have  almost  invaria- 
bly been  followed  by  imitators.  Enthusiastic  spiritualists  exult  in  the  thought 
that  these  manifestations  are  breaking  up  the  pulpit  influence,  but  that  is 
solely  because  pulpits  are  occupied  by  materialists  at  heart,  who  preach  for 
those  who  pay  best,  without  faith  in  their  own  teachings;  and  consequently, 
who  are  the  first  to  laugh  at  the  idea  that  any  of  their  dogmas  may  be  sus- 
tained by  tangible  evidence  :  yet  these  so-called  spiritual  manifestations  do 
furnish  a  plausibility  for  many  of  them.  The  materializations,  if  real,  of  which 
1  have  no  doubt,  are  reincarnations,  and  give  ground  for  the  belief  in  the 
resurrection  of  the  body  for  judgment,  and  the  resurrection  of  Jesus  of  Naz- 
areth. A  careful  study  of  the  forces  that  produce  the  materialization  \vill 
at  least  cause  the  observer  to  hesita  e  before  rejecting  *s  impossible  the 
idea  of  such  conception  as  that  claimed  for  him  ;  not  of  course  through  any 
miraculous  process,  but  through  a  concentration  of  sexual  force,  as  a  con- 
centration of  the  elements  under  certain  conditions  produce  earthquakes, 
tornadoes,  whirlwinds,  etc.  We  hive  much  to  learn  yet,  and  until  sure  that 
we  are  quite  as  wise  as  our  Creator  it  is  not  worth  while  to  ascribe  to  mira- 
cles or  the  devil,  what  may  well  take  place  through  natural  causes,  though 
we  may  not  understand  the  why.  The  shallow  may  sneer  at  these  manifes- 
tations, but  the  thinker  who  has  studied  them  carefully  under  favorable 


465 


conditions  will  feel  more  inclined  to  bow  in  humility  and  thankfulness  be- 
fore his  Creator  and  to  earnestly  ask  for  more  light.  In  conclusion,  I  would 
say  that  from  my  own  experience  during  many  years  of  unprejudiced  inves- 
tigation I  believe  the  matter  to  be  susceptible  of  practical  solution. 


t 


SCIENTISTS  AND  PROFESSORS. 

In  earlier  times,  when  learning,  as  it  was  termed,  was  confined  to  a  fa- 
vored few,  the  masses  looked  up  to  those  as  leaders  in  knowledge,  and  the 
most  competent  to  direct ;  habit  continues  the  practice  with  too  little  consid- 
eration of  who  really  are  scientists,  or  what  has  any  professor  ever  done  to 
cause  the  prefix  to  denote  ability  ;  it  is  used  for  the  most  frivolous  callings 
outside,  such  as  horse  tamers,  balloonists,  dancers,  etc.,  etc.;  in  college  it 
denotes  a  sort  of  conduit  for  the  transmission  of  stereotyped  knowledge  from 
books  to  pupils.  Would  a  smart,  practical  person  desire  the  prefix,  or  be 
willing  to  settle  down  in  the  conduit  business  ?  It  is  very  common  in  case  of 
some  terrible  bridge  or  dam  disaster  for  the  papers  to  teem  with  articles  from 
such  professors,  explaining  the  faults  and  how  it  should  have  been  done, 
etc. ,  etc,  A  year  or  two  since  a  Professor  Tansey ,  or  some  such  name,  came  out 
in  a  profound  report  as  to  how  car  heating  by  steam  from  the  locomotive 
should  be  done,  causing  a  road  to  fit  up  a  train  with  his  device.  His  ignorance 
was  only  equaled  by  his  conceit.  His  plan  is  hardly  likely  to  be  adopted  ;  the 
influence  of  the  prefix  is  justly  passing  away.  What  a  field  there  is  open  for 
the  pruning  of  our  language  of  its  useless  synonyms  and  outrageous  spelling, 
7et  if  done  it  is  sure  to  be  done  by  some  one  not  anxious  for  the  prefix  of  pro- 
'essor  to  his  name. 

Of  scientists  who  are  they  ?  Certainly  not  of  the  Huxley  and  Tyiidall  type 
who  are  forgotten  as  soon  as  dead.  While  such  names  as  Franklin,  Morse, 
Fulton,  Watt,  Howe,  and  others,  become  more  familiar  as  time  passes  by. 
We  have  too  much  adulation  for  heroes  before  taking  any  pains  to  ascertain 
whether  such  credit  is  deserved. 

How  often  Herbert  Spencer  is  referred  to  as  a  great  thinker,  etc.  Like 
Athenseus,  Rabelais,  and  others,  he  is  a  great  reader,  compiles,  credits,  and 
publishes  ;  but  if  he  has  suggested  anything  remarkable  for  originality  it  has 
not  met  my  view.  So  of  Edison,  the  most  slopped  over  of  inventors  of  the 
time  ;  can  any  one  name  what  his  inventions  are  except,  perhaps,  his  talking 
doll  ?  He  receives  a  large  income  from  some  invention,  and  undoubtedly  is 
deserving  of  commendation,  but  the  courts  do  not  mention  his  name  in  con- 
nection with  the  telephone  nor  any  other  exclusively  original  invention  ;  such, 
flunkyism  is  not  creditable  to  our  people. 

In  a  lecture  on  scientific  training,  delivered  recently  in  England,  Dr.  Sie- 
mens, who  has  been  one  of  the  most  distinguished  practical  inventors  of  the 
age,  struck  out  on  a  line  of  thought  which  is  not  often  traversed.  He  said 
that,  at  this  period  in  the  development  of  science,  it  was  easily  possible  to 
give  to  a  young  man  a  too  thorough  training  in  science.  This,  he  maintained, 
was  the  defect  in  the  great  technical  schools  in  Germany.  They  turned  out 
men  who  made  admirable  supervisors  of  existing  systems  ;  but  they  were  at 
the  same  time  men  who  understood  existing  systems  with  such  completeness 
that  their  improvement  by  new  contrivances  or  inventions  seemed  to  them 
practically  hopeless.  The  inventor  was  a  man  who  had  fariess  respect,  and 
possibly  much  less  knowledge,  of  the  methods  already  in  use  ;  but,  for  this 
reason,  his  mind  was  free,  and  he  was  not  hampered  by  old  traditions.  In 
corroboration  of  this,  it  might  be  said  that  our  greatest  inventors  have  rarely 
been  men  who  have  received  in  their  youth  a  thorough  scientific  training. 
By  analogy,  it  might  be  said  of  them  that  their  very  ignorance  led  them  to 
rush  in  where  the  wise  did  not  dare  to  tread. 


466 


SPIRITUAL  MANIFESTATIONS. 


It  is  nearly  a  score  of  years  since  the  foregoing  articles  were  com- 
menced and  thirty-five  since  commencing  to  study  the  phenomena. 
This  has  brought  me  in  contact  with  ministers,  congressmen,  doc- 
tors, lawyers, curiosity  seekers,  and  mechanics — the  latter  by  far  the 
most  intelligent  observers  from  the  nature  of  their  make  up,  for 
they  judge  understandingly  of  the  space  and  time  necessary  for 
effect.  Indeed,  I  do  not  believe  any  one  will  ever  arrive  at  the 
highest  standard  in  any  calling  if  destitute  of  the  mechanic's  cre- 
ative and  organizing  faculty.  The  claims  of  the  mesmerist  have 
been  familiar  to  me  for  a  half  century,  and  seem  so  blended  with 
those  of  the  spiritualist  that  I  am  unable  to  separate  them. 

Hypnotism  seems  a  subterfuge  for  retreating  from  a  position  im- 
possible to  maintain,  and  a  claim  to  share  the  honor  after  braver 
hearts  have  won  the  battle. 

Theosophy,  seemingly  the  "old  clo' "  of  Spiritualism,  offers 
little  that  is  new,  if  A.  P.  Sinnett  is  to  be  considered  the  exponent. 
His  "  Karma,"  in  itself  to  me  interesting,  is  made  up  of  old,  old 
ideas  and  stories.  Rabelais  says,  Alexander  the  Great — of  course 
re-incarnated — is  making  a  poor  living  mending  old  stockings. 
Cyrus  is  a  cowherd,  Themistocles  is  a  glass  maker,  Cicero  a  fire 
kindler,  Ulysses  mows  hay,  etc.,  etc.  The  story  of  the  warning 
and  fall  of  ceiling  upon  the  bed  is  better  told  in  "The  Error"  by 
G.  P.  R.  James.  "  Esoteric  Buddhism  "  seems  to  be  made  up 
from  the  maunderings  of  the  Apocalypse  and  maudlin  gush  of 
some  weak  minded  evangelist. 

The  Foreign  Missionary  society,  that  great  maelstrom  of  cupidity, 
gullibility,  and  credulity,  claims  to  seek  for  heathen  where  the 
theosophist  seeks  for  wonders,  but  there  is  a  large  field  for  the  best 
efforts  of  both  at  home. 

The  "  Rochester  Knockings  "  offered  nothing  new,  but  the  time 
was  ripe  for  a  demonstrable  belief.  Those  knockings  presented 
evidence  to  the  masses  that  the  opening  of  the  gate  depended  upon 
the  merit  of  the  applicant  and  not  upon  the  favor  of  the  priest. 
Back  to  the  dark  may  readily  be  traced  the  gushing  forth  of  the 
spiritual  application  for  recognition,  too  often  met  by  the  priestly 
devils  with  fire  and  sword. 

The  Cock  Lane  Ghost  of  1760  answered  questions  by  raps  as  is 
now  done.  Joseph  Glanvil's  Demon  of  Tedworth,  1661,  is  of  the 
same  kind.  Peter  Piquet,  case  Civil  Court  of  Tours  ;  the  Holy 
Maid  of  Kent,  beheaded  by  the  butcher  king,  1534  ;  Joan  of  Arc, 
burned  at  the  stake,  1431 ;  then  the  thousands  upon  thousands 
murdered  as  witches, — but  enough.  As  we  trace  the  gory  trail 
from  the  Egyptian  priest  down  through  Torquemada,  Loyola, 
Luther,  Calvin,  Cotton  Mather,  Jonathan  Edwards,  the  Andover 
school  of  theology,  and  efforts  to  force  the  closing  of  the  Colum- 


467 


bia  i  Exhibition  Sunday,  we  find  fire  and  blood  lavishly  shed  when 
possible,  then  threats  of  hell  fire  in  more  enlightened  times  to 
keep  the  masses  in  subjection  to  this  hierarchic  control  for  selfish 
interest.  The  question,  "  Do  devils  die  ?  "  is  one  of  terrible  inter- 
est to  mankind,  for  it  is  only  a  question  of  power  if  such  continue 
to  exist,  whether  the  Smithfield  fires  and  horrors  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion shall  not  again  be  revived. 

A  half  century  since  belief  in  Spiritualism  was  general  in  an 
undefined  way  ;  all  writers  treated  it  as  such.  G.  P.  R.  James's 
works  abound  in  it,  Scott,  Marryat,  Bulwer,  Ainsworth,  Burney, 
Jane  Porter,  Charlotte  Bronte,  all  in  fact  accepted  the  belief. 
"  Midnight  Musings,"  by  Washington  Irving,  is  taken  from  the 
"  American  First  Class  Reader,1'  published  in  1831,  and  popular  in 
our  schools  for  a  half  century. 

"  Ye  spirits  of  Washington,  Warren,  Montgomery, 

Look  down  from  above  with  bright  aspect  serene  ; 
Come,  soldiers,  a  tear  and  a  toast  to  their  memory, 
Rejoicing  they'll  see  us  as  they  once  have  been." 

If  that  is  not  Spiritualism,  what  is  it  ?  Yet  it  commenced  one 
of  our  most  popular  songs  early  in  the  century.  Have  our  people 
become  better  for  rejecting  such  belief  now  ?  A  belief  in  spirit 
communion  is  the  oldest,most  encouraging, sensible,  and  progressive 
of  any,  but  to  be  properly  appreciated  superstition  and  materialistic 
conventional  ideas  thereof  must  be  abandoned.  How  shall  I  study 
the  matter  intelligently  ?  was  my  inquiry  when  sitting  for  mani- 
festations one  Sunday  morning. 

"  Study  your  own  mind,  you  may  find  a  gem,"  was  the  instant 
reply.  "  Who  are  you  ?  "  was  asked.  "Ballou,"  was  answered. 
The  evening  after  seemingly  from  another  source  came  the  follow- 
ing :— 

If  the  truth  you  wish  to  find,  you  must  study  your  own  mind, 
Learn  its  workings,  its  relation  with  the  great  unknown  creation  ; 
A  gem  we  promise  you  shall  find,  in  a  knowledge  of  the  human  mind. 
Spirit  friends  around  you  gather,  wishing  much  to  help  their  brother, 
Seeking  earnestly  to  find  this  gem  of  truth  in  the  human  mind. 

False  communications  were  constantly  coming  when  outsiders 
sat  with  us,  which  caused  me  to  impatiently  inquire  the  cause. 
This  reply  followed: — 

False,  with  the  true,  you'll  one  day  find, 
Is  but  the  crossing  of  your  mind 
With  our  dispatches  as  they  are  sent 
From  our  Summer  Land  to  your  Continent. 

One  day  while  waiting  for  an  assistant  to  return,  Charla  com- 
menced to  converse  about  unreliable  communications  that  came 
the  night  previous,  then  remarked,  "  There  is  so  much  that  is 
totally  unreliable  that  I  don't  believe  there  is  any  spirit  life  at  all," 
which  caused  me  to  commence  a  remonstrance  which  was  cut 


468 


short  by   "  Hush  !  hush!"   from  her,   "I  hear."     Then  after  a 
short  pause  she  repeated  the  following : — 

Your  lives  are  tangled  in  with  ours ; 

We  are  not  far  away, 
We  join  men  and  women  in  their  work, 

And  children  in  their  play. 

Soon  after,  this  followed : — 

If  you  will  but  be  faithful, 

We  will  sometime  prove  to  you, 
That  spirit  friends  surround  you, 

Who  can  and  will  be  true. 

Harmony  is  heaven's  own  law; 

And  to  get  the  truth  you  ask, 
Conditions  must  be  perfect, 

And  your  sittings  not  a  task. 

We  want  you  all  to  be  of  good  cheer, 
And  help  each  other  while  you  are  here ; 
For  in  the  life  to  come  your  riches  consist 
Of  the  good  you  do  to  others  in  this. 

My  housekeeper,  made  up  after  the  Mrs.  Jelly  by  pattern,  was 
inclined  to  be  away  much  of  the  week,  then  pick  up  Sunday.  I 
had  remonstrated  until  tired,  then  let  the  matter  pass  with  indiffer- 
ence. We  made  a  practice  of  having  a  sitting  Sunday  morning. 
A  racket  in  the  laundry  could  be  heard  in  the  library,  and  one 
Sunday  morning  while  reading  I  noticed  that  washing  was  being 
done.  It  continued  for  a  short  time  then  Charla  and  her  sister 
came  in  to  sit  at  the  table,  which  was  done  for  perhaps  five  min- 
utes, then  the  table  started  for  the  door,  then  through  the  hall  and 
kitchen  to  the  back  door,  out  through  that  down  to  the  basement 
door ;  through  that  to  the  set  tubs,  there  it  immediately  swung 
upon  the  sister's  head  and  pulled  that  down  and  bumped  it  upon 
the  edge  of  the  tub,  started  again  up  the  cellar  stairs,  through  the 
hall  and  into  the  library,  there  floated  up  so  that  the  top  of  the 
table  hung  upon  the  projecting  cornice  of  the  book  shelves,  hung 
there  perhaps  a  minute,  floated  off  and  down  in  between  the  chairs, 
where  we  commenced,  called  for  the  alphabet  and  spelled  out  the 
following : — 

Give  the  seventh  day  to  rest, 

To  thought,  culture,  and  to  us. 

The  following  Sunday  the  table  started  back  over  the  same 
course  previously  named,  but  instead  of  entering  the  basement  it 
continued  on  down  towards  a  small  water  power.  When  partly 
down  the  hill  the  women  looked  up  to  the  windows  of  a  neighbor 
where  several  persons  stood  looking  at  our  table  performance. 
My  assistants  fled  for  the  house,  leaving  me  alone  with  the  table, 
which  closed  the  performance  ;  but  the  next  day's  mail  brought 
me  notice  that  an  Iowa  court  had  appointed  me  chairman  of  a 
commission  to  settle  a  case  reported  in  the  first  part  of  this  book. 


469 


(See  page  95. )    Of  course  it  is  a  matter  of  conjecture  as  to  whether 
there  was  any  connection  between  the    table  journey  and  the 
appointment.     I  think  there  was. 
In  answer  to  a  pertinent  question  the  following  was  the  reply  : — 

Sleep  is  a  rest  for  the  weary  mind, 

Which,  as  it  wanders  free, 
Oft  catches  inspiration, 

And  brings  it  back  to  thee. 

Of  ttimes  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 

While  the  body  is  at  rest, 
Strange  elements  of  earth 

This  freed  mind  doth  impress. 

Many  times  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 

Ideas  which  to  earth  are  grand 
Are,  in  his  sleeping  hours, 

Stamped  on  the  mind  of  man. 

Then,  when  he  doth  awake, 

And  reason  and  thought  control, 
These  ideas  are  developed 

And  given  to  the  world. 

Almost  identically  the  same  ideas  were  published  in  one  of  the 
Boston  papers  the  same  week,  credited  as  coming  from  the  Con- 
cord school  of  philosophy  in  explanation  of  ' '  The  Whichness  of 
Which''1  as  editorially  explained.  It  was  common  to  receive  a 
communication  purporting  to  come  from  Ballou,  then,  as  acci- 
dentally would  happen,  to  take  up  a  Banner  of  Light  and  find  the 
same  subject  treated  in  a  lecture  by  Mrs.  Richmond  in  the  same 
way.  With  Charla  alone,  if  she  felt  interested,  answers  to  ques- 
tions would  be  given  that  to  me  seem  to  the  point ;  but  too  often 
she  was  indifferent  and  the  communications  were  the  same.  There 
was  a  persistent  assertion  that  if  I  would  persevere  there  was  a 
band  of  spirits  around  me  that  in  time  would  find  a  medium 
through  whom  reliable  communications  would  be  sent  me.  A 
niece  came  to  visit  us,  a  believer  in  the  Advent  doctrine,  and 
that  the  spiritual  manifestations  were  from  the  devil.  Out  of 
mere  curiosity  and  bravado,  perhaps,  she  consented  to  try  the  table 
with  me  and  in  five  minutes  was  entranced  and  the  series  of  com- 
munications that  follow  commenced. 

This  niece  was  subject  to  catalepsy  and  rarely  was  with  us  more  than  two 
or  three  days  at  a  time.  A  heavy  table  would  start  from  the  side  of  the  room 
and  go  to  her ;  or  standing  between  her  and  myself  that  table  would  turn 
somersaults  between  us.  In  her  cataleptic  conditions  in  the  light,  her  boots 
would  be  taken  off  and  thrown  across  the  room;  in  that  condition  two 
persons  could  not  raise  her  from  the  lounge.  Sitting  in  darkness,  her  hands 
firmly  clasped  by  others,  her  boots  and  stockings  would  be  taken  off  and 
concealed  in  some  put  of  the  way  place.  Often  she  would  come  screaming 
from  her  room  saying  that  some  form  had  appeared  to  her,  her  description 
of  which  rendered  recognition  easy,  in  short,  she  seemed  capable  of  pro- 
ducing every  phase  of  manifestations  known ;  raps  with  her  meant  such  as 
could  be  heard  all  over  the  house,  she  personated  the  spirits  of  those  who 
had  died  in  asylums,  and  described  their  cruel  treatment,  etc.,  etc. 

/  would  like  to  study  the  materializations  more,  but  want  no  medium  that 
requires  tying  or  test  conditions. 


470 


Oct.  25, 1878. 

First  reliable  telegram :  May  I  come  in  ?  Certainly,  and  welcome. 
My  name  is  Julius  N.  Ives.  I  died  September  15.  I  was  seventy- 
six  years  of  age,  or  should  be  now.  I  lived  in  Cromwell,  Ct.  A 
letter  to  the  postmaster  brought  the  following  reply  : — 

CROMWELL,  Oct.  29, 1878. 

MB.  EMERSON.  Dear  Sir  /—Yours  of  the  25th  of  October  is  before  rue. 
Would  say  that  Julius  N.  Ives  came  from  Middletown,  18th  of  January, 
1878,  and  made  it  his  home  in  Cromwell  with  his  brother,  till  he  died,  Septem- 
ber 12, 1878,  aged  seventy-five. 

A  few  questions :  Was  your  niece  a  medium?  Was  she  ever  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Ives?  Did  she  or  any  one  see  his  death  in  a  paper,  etc.?  I  ask 
these  questions  because  some  have  said  that  it  might  be  the  case. 

Respectfully  yours,  JOHN  STEVENS,  P.M. 

WlLLIMANSETT,    MASS. 

Telegrams  from W-e-1-1  where?  Dec.  9,  1878.  While  sitting 

at  the  table  one  evening,  there  was  a  call  for  the  alphabet,  and  as 
it  was  called,  a  message  as  follows  was  immediately  spelled  out  :— 

There  is  an  old  man  here  trying  to  get  control  of  the  medium. 

All  right,  was  our  reply,  go  on. 

Do  you  allow  strangers  to  come  in  here?  was  asked.  Certainly, 
you  are  very  welcome! 

Well,  I  didn't  know  as  you  would,  but  I  was  looking  round  and 
would  kinder  like  to  look  in.  I  am  from  Saco,  Maine.  I  was  a 
blacksmith  there  many  years.  How  old?  Why,  about  seventy, 
but  cannot  tell  exactly,  for  I  have  hardly  recovered  consciousness. 
There  was  a  blank  for  a  while,  but  I  died  about  four  months  ago  or 
early  in  the  fall.  My  name  was  John  Gains. 

Can  I  give  the  name  of  some  one  there  to  write  to?  well,  I  guess 
I  can,  w-e-1-1,  let  me  see  ;  why,  write  to  S.  S.  Mitchell,  Druggist, 
Main  Street.  He  and  I  were  old  friends.  Tell  him  that  I  would  like 
to  take  one  of  them  sly  drinks  from  the  barrel.  Ah,  it  wasn't  every 
one  that  could  get  a  drink  there,  but  I  could,  notwithstanding  the 
Maine  law. 

Had  you  no  family?  was  asked. 

W-e-1-1  my  family— was  kinder  scattered.  Oh,  yes!  I  had  a  son, 
named  Albert,  he  is  in  Washington,  yes,  and  I  had  a  darter,  her 
name  is— Sarah— Sarah,  oh,  Sarah  Elizabeth,  she  is  married,  no, 
she  is  a  widder,  her  name  is — well  I  can't  think  of  that  chap's 
name.  Oh,  if  you  write,  ask  Mitchell  about  Horace  Watterhouse. 
Poor  fellow  !  he  worked  for  me  thirty  or  forty  years  and  at  times 
would  go  upon  a  spree  and  I  used  to  take  care  of  him,  but  now,  poor 
fellow,  I  don't  know  how  he  gets  along.  I  am  looking  round  and 
will  come  again  soon. 

He  came  the  next  night  and  was  told  that  a  letter  had  been  sent 
to  inquire  about  those  "  sly  drinks." 

There  now,  did  you  write  about  them?  Certainly  I  did!  W-a-1-1 
there  now,  I  hadn't  orter  said  so,  but  I  allers  was  saying  such 
things!  Had  Mr.  Gains  visited  us  in  the  body  he  could  have  appeared 
no  more  real ;  he  remained  with  us  some  time,  gave  many  particu- 
lars that  made  him  very  welcome  as  a  visitor.  The  communication 
was  immediately  sent  to  Mr.  Mitchell,  who  seems  to  have  employed 
a  lawyer  to  look  the  matter  up  as  may  be  seen. 


47i 


SACO,  MB.,  Dec.  12, 1878. 

MB.  POSTMASTER  : — Will  you  please  be  so  kind  as  to  inform  me  if  there 
is  a  man  now  residing  in  Willimansett  by  the  name  of  James  Emerson?  If 
so,  about  how  old  is  he?  What  is  his  occupation?  Is  he  a  man  of  good 
standing  in  the  community?  To  what  religious  denomination  does  he 
belong,  if  any?  How  long  has  he  resided  in  your  place  and  where  did  he 
come  from  when  he  came  to  your  place? 

These  questions  and  information  are  not  asked  for  the  purpose  of  injuring, 
in  any  way,  Mr.  Emerson  or  any  other  person,  but  from  the  best  of  motives, 
and  I  can  satisfy  you  of  my  reliability  if  necessary. 

Please  give  the  information  and  greatly  oblige, 

Very  respectfully,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

F.   W.   GUPTILL, 

Counselor  and  Attorney  at  Law,  99  Main  Street. 
A  reply  by  return  mail  is  desirable. 

Mr.  Guptill  was  furnished  with  the  required  information,  then 
Mr.  Mitchell  made  his  reply,  but  it  will  be  seen  that  he  does  not 
plead  to  the  sly  drinks.  As  I  refused  to  suppress  the  communication 
Mrs.  Emmons  was  called  in  as  shown. 

SACO,  Dec.  16,  1878. 

MB.  JAMES  EMERSON.  Dear  Sir:— In  reply  to  your  letters  of  inquiry 
about  the  late  Mr.  Gains  I  have  to  say  :— 

1.  John  Gains,  a  well  known  citizen  of  this  place,  a  blacksmith,  and  a 
man  of  considerable  property,  died  here  last  September. 

He  left  several  children,  all  of  whom  lived  with  him  except  his  only  son, 
Albert,  who  has  resided  in  Washington  many  years.  Of  his  daughters,  one 
is  a  widow  and  her  name  is  Sarah  Elizabeth. 

2.  A  man  by  the  name  of  Horace  Watterhouse  worked  for  Mr.  Gains 
many  years  and  was  always  carefully  looked  after  by  him  when  the  poor 
fellow  (as  the  communication  calls  him)  had  yielded  too  much  to  his  passion 
for  drink— he  still  continues  the  blacksmith  business  under  the  direction  of 
the  administratrix. 

Mr.  Gains  was  one  of  the  best  friends  I  had  in  Saco  and  I  don't  wish  to 
have  the  communication  published,  neither  do  I  think  his  family  would ; 
still  I  should  like  to  hear  further  from  you  in  regard  to  this  matter,  although 
not  a "  believer."  Yours  truly,  S.  S.  MITCHELL. 

SACO,  Dec.  23,  1878. 

MB.  EMERSON  :— I  have  read  your  letters  to  Mr.  S.  S.  Mitchell  with  a  good 
deal  of  interest. 

I  think  the  communications  that  you  have  received  are  certainly  remark- 
able, although  very  unsatisfactory. 

Among  my  most  valued  friends  are  some  of  your  belief,  so  that  I  have 
seen  something  and  heard  a  great  deal  of  spiritual  manifestations  without, 
however,  having  my  views  at  all  affected  by  it. 

When  our  friends  depart  this  life,  I  hope  and  believe  it  is  for  a  better 
and  happier  existence— hence  their  burden  of  earthly  care  and  trouble  must 
be  left  behind.  And  because  the  infirmity  of  "  poor'Horace  "  was  a  trouble 
to  my  father  during  his  lifetime  seems  to  me  to  be  the  very  reason  why  he 
should  be  relieved  from  it  now.  And  if  he  is  able  to  communicate  with  his 
friends  here,  there  are  matters  (mysterious  to  them,  but  clear  as  the  noon- 
day to  him)  that  would  claim  his  attention.  And  I  do  not  understand  why 
one  member  of  his  family  should  be  remembered  while  another  is  forgotten. 

I  shall  be  interested  in  any  further  developments  that  may  occur,  and 
trust  that  you  will  sacrifice  your  desire  to  publish  this  matter  at  least  for 
the  present,  to  the  wishes  of  the  friends  and  family  of  the  late  John  Gains. 

Most  respectfully  yours,  MBS.  S.  E.  EMMONS, 

Box  117.  Saco,  Me. 

October  15,  1878. 

The  next  was :  My  name  is  Charlotte  Wooster.  I  lived  in  Litch- 
field,  Conn.,  and  died  September  12.  I  was  twenty— no,  I  cannot 
remember  my  age.  Tell  my  friends  not  to  mourn  for  me.  I  am 
happy,  and  do  not  wish  to  come  back. 


Reply  :— 

Nov.  6, 1878. 

JAMES  EMERSON.  Dear  Sir:— Charlotte  Wooster,  a  daughter  of  Joseph 
Wooster  of  this  village,  died  here  on  the  7th  day  of  September  last  past, 
in  her  thirty-third  year. 

Very  truly,  L.  W.  WAPELLS,  P.  M. 

The  next  came  as  follows :  Anna  S.  Cookson,  Coopers  Mills, 
Maine.  I  died— no,  I  cannot  remember  when,  but  recently.  Tell 
my  friends  not  to  grieve  for  me. 

COOPERS  MILLS,  MAINE,  Nov.  1, 1878. 

JAMES  EMERSON,  ESQ.  Dear  Sir :— In  reply  to  your  letter,  would  state 
that  Anna  S.  Cookson  died  the  20th  of  October.  Was  twenty  years  and  six 
months  old.  She  was  sick  but  five  or  six  days.  Cause  of  her  sickness 
and  death,  to  the  public  unknown.  Should  be  happy  to  hear  from  you  again 
on  the  matter,  and  would  like  to  know  if  the  spirit  told  the  cause  of  her 
death.  Yours  truly,  GEORGE  W.  GREENE, 

Assistant  Postmaster,  Coopers  Mills,  Me. 

She  died  Tuesday,  the  communication  came  the  following  Friday 
evening,  or  there  was  an  interval  of  three  days  between  death  and 
communication. 

We  were  again  informed  that  a  stranger  desired  to  get  control  of 
the  medium.  On  doing  so  the  name  of  Hazen  Kimball  of  Hopkin- 
ton,  N.  H.,  was  given,  and  his  age  as  seventy-six. 

Reply  :— 

HOPKINTON,  N.  H.,  Nov.  13,  1878. 

Dear  Sir: — Hazen  Kimball  died  March  28, 1877,  aged  seventy-six  years  and 
seven  months.  Lost  a  relative  in  Chelsea,  Mass.,  myself.  Should  be  pleased 
to  hear  from  the  party. 

With  respect,  DAVID  L.  GAGE,  P.  M. 

The  next  was :    My  name  was  Stephen  Sibley,  of  Chelsea,  Mass. 
I  died  the  9th  of  June.     I  was  sixty-four  years  of  age. 
Reply:— 

No  date. 

JAMES  EMERSON.  Sir  .-—Stephen  Sibley,  a  resident  of  this  city  for  more 
than  forty  years  past,  and  one  of  its  principal  business  men,  died  on  the 
9th  day  of  June  last,  aged  sixty-four  years,  three  months,  and  sixteen  days. 

SAMUEL  BASSETT,  City  Clerk. 

WlLLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  NOV.   18,   1878. 

Dear  Sir  : — It  has  happened  recently  that  I  have  had  seven  com- 
munications from  those  purporting  to  be  in  the  spirit  world.  I 
have  written  to  each  place  where  these  spirits  claim  to  have  lived 
while  in  this  life.  Six  of  the  seven  have  been  answered  and  con- 
firmed in  every  essential  particular,  the  only  difference  being  a  day 
or  two  in  date  of  death.  The  last  communication  was  as  follows  : — 

My  name  is  Cyrus  Alden,  of  Leeds,  Maine,  ninety-three  years  old, 
a  soldier  of  1812. 

Will  you  inform  me  whether  such  a  person  has  resided  there 
within  your  knowledge,  and  oblige, 

Yours  truly,  JAMES  EMERSON. 

Sir : — There  was  such  a  man  as  Cyrus  Alden,  died  March,  1877.  I  think 
some  one  is  fooling  you  by  getting  these  dates,  and  pretending  that  they 
came  from  spirits. 


473 


This  answer  was  from  the  one  to  whom  my  letter  was  addressed, 
the  postmaster  of  the  place  named ;  one  of  the  profound  kind 
that  knows  it  all.  J.  E. 

Nov.  3,  1878. 

Another :  I  wish  to  control  Alice.  I  died  in  Paterson,  N.  J. 
Well,  I  can't  remember  the  date,  but  in  the  early  part  of  the  sum- 
mer. I  was  seventy-five  years  of  age. 

Write  to  the  Grant  Locomotive  Company,  Paterson,  N.  J.,  for 
information.  WILLARD  W.  FAIRBANKS. 

PATERSON,  N.  J  ,  Nov.  5, 1878. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  ESQ.,  Willimansett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir  :— Willard  W.  Fairbanks  was  formerly  superintendent  of  these 
works ;  he  died  last  Mayor  June,  aged  seventy-five  years.  I  have  sent  your 
letter  to  his  family.  Very  respectfully, 

D.  B.  GRANT, 
General  Manager. 

WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  May  22, 1882. 
MR.  POSTMASTER,  Franklin  Falls,  New  Hampshire. 

Dear  Sir : — On  Saturday  evening  last,  while  sitting  in  conversa- 
tion with  a  niece,  she  suddenly  became  seemingly  unconscious ; 
then,  shortly,  in  a  very  feeble  voice,  exclaimed  :  "  My  name  was 
Benson  (Samuel  Benson),  of  Franklin  Falls,  New  Hampshire.  I 
was  eighty  years  of  age.  I  died  four  or  five  months  ago,  or  in  Jan- 
uary last,  of  heart  disease."  Now,  neither  my  niece  or  myself  had 
ever  heard  of  Franklin  Falls,  though  some  thirty-five  years  ago  I 
resided  a  short  time  in  Warner,  also  in  Concord,  and  knew  of 
Franklin  through  what  were  at  that  time  termed  the  Akin  boys,  or 
the  Akins,  who  were  considered  inventors  of  various  devices,  an 
awl  haft  for  one.  I  would  be  obliged  to  you  if  you  will  be  so  kind 
as  to  inform  me  if  there  was  such  a  person  as  Mr.  Benson  who 
died  there  in  accordance  with  what  I  have  written. 

Yours  truly, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

FRANKLIN  FALLS,  May  23, 1882. 

Samuel  Benson  died  about  the  time  mentioned.  Was  about  eighty  years 
old.  Yours  truly, 

P.M., 
Franklin  Falls,  N.  H. 

Another  answer : 

FRANKLIN,  N.  H.,  July  10, 1882. 

JAMES  EMERSON,  ESQ.  Dear  Sir:— I  think  you  left  a  few  words  out  of 
your  first  question.  I  understand  its  import  to  be  this  :*- 

1st.    Was  there  such  a  resident  of  Franklin  Falls  as  Samuel  Benson  ? 

Answer :    There  was. 

2d.    When  did  he  die? 

Answer :    January  21, 1882. 

3d.    What  was  his  age  at  the  date  of  death? 

Answer:  His  physician  gave  me  his  age  as  eighty-two  years,  seven 
months,  and  four  days.  But  the  Merrimack  Journal,  published  here  Janu- 
ary 27, 1882,  third  page,  second  column,  says  he  was  nearly  eighty.  His 
daughter  is  away  on  a  journey.  As  soon  as  I  learn  her  address,  I  will  try  to 
remove  the  doubt. 

4th.    Was  there  any  supposed  cause  of  his  death? 

Answer :  His  physician  says  it  was  a  disease  of  the  heart  called  angina 
pectoris.  Very  respectfully, 

J.  L.  THOMPSON. 


474 


^  or  years  past  my  investigations  have  mostly  been  at  my  home ; 
the  same  care  has  been  observed  as  in  mechanical,  hydraulic,  dy- 
namic, and  caloric  trials.  Witnessing  the  developing  of  cause  and 
effect  lias  amply  repaid  the  time  expended. 

During  the  past  two  years  my  boy,  now  nearly  thirteen  years  of 
age,  and  myself  have  formed  our  circle,  at  times  others  have  joined, 
but  such  usually  come  with  preconceived  ideas,  generally  destitute 
of  desire  or  ability  to  judge  of  force,  time,  or  space  necessary  for 
effect,  consequently  it  is  time  lost. 

One,  a  doctress,  came,  prodded  the  boy  with  a  pin,  then  began  to 
orate  about  "  reflex  action  ";  she  possibly  had  some  idea  of  what 
she  meant,  I  had  not.  The  most  of  my  investigations  with  my  boy 
are  in  the  dark,  not  all.  An  ordinary  dressing  table  is  used. 

Often  while  sitting  with  this  table  between  us  the  boy  is  thrown 
upon  the  bed,  the  round  in  the  feet  of  the  table  placed  across  my 
knees,  the  top  of  the  table  resting  against  my  forehead,  the  boy's 
chair  is  placed  on  top  of  the  table,  where  there  is  barely  room  for 
the  chair  to  stand,  the  boy  is  then  placed  standing  in  the  chair, 
where  he  begins  to  declaim. 

Then  the  voice  of  a  child  takes  the  place  of  his.  This  voice  pro- 
nounces the  longest  words  just  as  well  when  the  boy  is  gagged  as 
when  his  mouth  is  free.  Untying  feats  have  been  performed  by 
the  boy,  but  it  has  seemed  too  brutal  for  me  to  care  to  experiment 
in  that  way. 

He  has  shown  feats  of  strength  of  the  Lulu  Hurst  order  that 
would  be  impossible  in  his  normal  condition. 

The  mesmeric  influence  is  from  the  spirit  side,  at  least  not  from 
me.  A  simple  word,  Minnie,  would  cause  him  to  drop  while  cross- 
ing the  room. 

During  the  French  trial  some  two  years  since,  reported  in  our 
leading  papers,  I  invited  Judge  Bond  to  witness  the  influence  that 
might  be  brought  to  bear  against  another.  He  declined  to  do  so, 
and  often  since  the  query  has  arisen  in  my  mind  as  to  whether  the 
bench  has  a  tendency  to  expand  the  mind.  The  practice  of  the 
law  cannot  be  productive  of  the  best  thoughts.  I  have  at  times 
witnessed  materializations  but  should  prefer  to  study  such  at  my 
home.  I  have  seen  some  I  believed  real,  others  that  I  did  not.  At 
times  the  medium's  person  or  hands  are  used  direct,  but  where  the 
conditions  are  right  the  forms  or  hands  are  drawn  from  the  medium 
or  those  present.  Where  voices  are  heard  the  organs  of  those 
present  are  used  to  produce  them.  The  spirit  of  some  one  may  be 
present  but  the  organs  of  the  physical  being  must  be  used  to  make 
that  spirit's  presence  perceptible. 


MIND  BEADING 

is  now  so  generally  accepted  that  I  do  not  care  to  go  into  particulars 
in  proof,  though  it  would  be  easy  to  furnish  positive  evidence  of 
the  fact,  and  that  it  begins  with  the  very  young  even  before  the 
child  can  talk. 


475 


476 


PROPHESYING  FUTURE  EVENTS. 

Of  the  possibility  of  foreseeing  events  abundance  of  evidence  has 
been  furnished  me,  but  two  cases  will  only  be  given  here. 
Sitting  with  Charla  and  her  sister,  our  attention  was  called,  then: — 

Five  years  from  this  day,  one  of  you  three 
Folded  in  the  bosom  of  mother  earth  will  be. 

April  21, 1878. 

The  communication  caused  us  often  to  think  of  it.  Three  years 
or  so  passed  by,  then  a  communication  from  some  medium  came  to 
us  saying  that  ive  three  were  not  meant,  but  the  three  of  the  family, 
Charla,  her  brother,  and  sister ;  the  remaining  members  of  their 
family.  Some  months  afterwards  news  came  of  the  sudden  death 
of  the  brother  in  the  far  west. 

ANOTHER  CASE  MORE  DECISIVE. 

At  my  home  three  of  us  were  sitting  at  the  table  talking  of  the 
death  of  a  little  child  of  one  of  the  sitters;  the  other  sitter  was 
entranced  and  said,  "  Another  little  child  will  soon  come  over  here." 
I  said,  "  I  hope  not  from  the  one  who  has  just  lost  the  one  spoken 
of."  "  There  is  a  star  over  her  head,  which  signifies  peace.  It  is 
not  hers,"  was  the  reply.  Then  she  exclaimed,  "Within  four 
months  from  this  day  and  within  sixty  rods  from  this  house  an- 
other little  child  will  come  here." 

The  time  passed  on;  about  two  months  after  a  little  child  sick- 
ened and  died,  then  it  was  said  that  the  prophecy  had  been  fulfilled, ' 
but  to  me  it  seemed  not,  for  she  had  no  connection  with  the 
sitters. 

The  fourth  month  had  well  advanced  when  the  youngest  child  of 
the  prophetess  sickened  and  died  but  a  few  days  previous  to  the 
expiration  of  the  time.  These  statements  may  be  depended  upon 
to  the  letter. 

A  COINCIDENCE? 

"Not  a  sparrow  shall  fall  without  the  Father's  notice." 

Every  effect  has  a  cause,  even  a  coincidence. 

During  an  investigation  of  materialization  in  my  library  a  chair 
was  suddenly  jerked  from  me,  at  the  same  instant  a  streak  of 
moonlight  pierced  through  the  blinds  upon  the  medium,  her  arms 
were  folded  and  the  face  of  the  dead  could  not  have  appeared  more 
serene  than  was  hers. 

By  opening  the  doors  of  a  cabinet  quickly  after  arms  have 
appeared  from  the  aperture,  a  sort  of  halo  of  those  arms  may 
be  traced  back  to  the  shoulders  of  the  mediums  though  the  real 
arms  are  firmly  bound  down  behind  their  bodies.  I  have  seen 
arms  that  must  have  been  projected  eight  feet  from  the  bodies  of 
the  mediums. 

It  is  time  the  brutal  tying  and  test  conditions  were  done  away 
with  and  the  investigation  should  be  done  by  kind  but  cautious 
observers.  If  the  ruffianly  can  only  be  convinced  through  brutality 


477 


let  them  go  unconvinced.  A  ruffian  is  none  the  less  a  ruffian 
because  well  dressed. 

To  investigate  intelligently  one  must  expect  to  meet  spirit  friends 
as  they  left  the  body. 

Seeking  spirits  is  done  too  much  upon  the  plan  of  searching  the 
scriptures. 

The  Christian  that  exacts  twelve  per  cent,  interest  does  not  look 
for  the  passage  that  condemns  usury  but  that  which  says,  Render 
unto  Csesar  the  things  that  are  Csesar's,  the  other  fellow  to  render, 
he  to  receive.  One  is  likely  to  find  what  he  seeks. 

A  sponge  surrounded  by  fluid  takes  in  sediment  according  to  the 
fineness  of  its  fiber.  To  make  my  meaning  clear,  take,  say,  the 
authoress  of  the  Little  Pilgrim.  Communications  through  her 
should  be  sweet,  charitable,  but  impracticable  except  in  Bellamy's 
Utopia  a  thousand  years  hence.  The  authoress  of  Beyond  the  Gates 
should  produce  communications  very  proper,  slightly  progressive, 
not  too  much  so,  for  her  patrons  have  weak  digestive  powers,  an 
overdose  would  cause  the  grip,  which  would  have  a  disastrous  effect 
upon  the  dollar  product. 

The  authoress  of  Is  this  Your  Son,  My  Lord?  should  produce 
bright,  brainy,  intelligent,  progressive,  practical,  womanly  ideas, 
clear  in  style  as  the  tone  of  a  silver  bell.  Would  there  were  more 
like  her.  Mentally  I  shake  hands  with  her  and  say,  Go  on. 

Unless  under  favorable  conditions  the  investigator  is  as  likely 
to  obtain  reflections  of  his  own  mind  as  information  from  the  spirit 
world.  The  physical  man  is  but  an  engine  operated  by  spirit 
power  and  becomes  dead  as  that  power  is  withdrawn,  as  does  the 
steam  or  electric  engine,  but,  unlike  those,  once  withdrawn  it  can- 
not again  enter. 

Surrounded  by  intelligence  the  ordinary  brain  receives  and 
guides  it  in  ordinary  channels.  The  seeker  finds  more. 

The  question  is  daily  asked,  Do  you  think  spirits  would  come 
back  and  tip  tables  ?  Certainly,  if  that  is  the  way  they  can  best 
make  their  presence  known.  They  do  worse  things  than  tip  tables 
while  in  the  body,  why  not  after  leaving  that?  The  murderer 
evoluting  at  once  to  a  reserved  seat  along  side  the  Father  is  not 
an  encouraging  idea;  the  real  effect  of  ending  the  career  of  a  mur- 
derer on  the  gallows  is  more  likely  to  be  like  that  of  having  a 
sewer  empty  its  contents  into  a  thickly  settled  neighborhood. 

Spirits  returning  show  all  of  the  passions  common  in  this  life. 
I  have  seen  a  table  dash  at  a  man  with  all  the  fierceness  possible 
in  the  physical  man.  So  much  force  was  used  that  the  two  legs 
caught  by  the  defendant  were  splintered  in  a  moment,  and  the  con- 
test was  continued  until  every  joint  of  the  table  was  separated. 

Where  is  the  heaven  located  that  Christians  talk  so  much  of  and 
seem  so  much  to  dread  starting  for  ? 

More  than  fifty  years  ago  at  a  prayer  meeting,  a  brother  kindly 
informed  me  that  I  was  liable  to  be  sent  to  hell  that  night.  "And 
just  think,"  he  exclaimed,  "if  this  earth  was  made  up  of  fine  sand 
and  a  bird  should  carry  away  a  grain  once  in  a  million  of  years,  in 
time  it  would  all  be  gone,  and  your  punishment  would  be  no  nearer 
ending  than  at  its  commencement ;  while  all  of  that  time  I  hope 


478 


to  be  singing  the  praises  of  the  Creator,  not  through  any  merit  of 
my  own  but  through  the  atoning  blood  of  Christ." 

There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  but  what  the  soul  of  such  a  saint 
would  be  small,  yes,  very  small ;  but  even  the  soul  of  any  one 
willing  to  be  saved  through  the  sufferings  of  another  may  be  as 
large  as  a  fine  grain  of  sand.  As  there  are  thousands  of  such 
souls  freed  from  the  body  daily,  it  can  be  comparatively  but  a 
short  time  before  the  bulk  of  souls  will  exceed  that  of  the  earth, 
and  as  the  other  planets  should  be  in  the  same  condition  what  is  to 
become  of  such  souls  ?  But  first,  where  are  such  souls  to  come 
from  ?  If  you  constantly  check  out  without  depositing,  your 
checks  will  not  be  cashed.  So  of  souls.  The  Spiritualist's  hobby 
is  no  different ;  give  us  sense  instead  of  old  fads.  How  common 
it  is  for  those  who  have  advocated  the  belief  in  Spiritualism  to 
cool  and  say  there  is  no  advance,  often  becoming  as  materialistic 
as  a  Christian. 

It  should  not  be  so.  The  phenomena  are  grand  and  instructive  if 
studied  with  consideration.  Materialized  forms  invariably  repre- 
sent this  life  and  I  have  been  unable  to  obtain  a  shadow  of  evidence 
that  there  is  any  progression  in  the  spirit  life  ;  reason  does  not 
teach  any  such  thing.  Progression  is  in  this  life,  the  spirit  clings 
to  this  life.  The  body  and  everything  we  know  of  physically  dies, 
disintegrates,  and  comes  again  in  the  same  or  some  other  form. 
So  of  the  spirit,  in  time  like  the  body  it  disintegrates  and  comes 
again.  The  bosh  of  the  Spiritualist  crank  talking  about  ancient 
spirits,  is  bosh  indeed.  By  constant  renewal  the  child  or  man  who 
dies  prematurely  again  has  his  chance,  and  in  this  way  man  will 
e volute  to  a  higher  being.  Bulwer  has  tried  to  describe  a  man  six 
thousand  years  of  age  and  a  poor  stick  he  made  of  him.  Rider 
Haggard  in  weak  imitation  tried  to  delineate  a  woman  of  two 
thousand  years  and  had  her  terminate  in  appearance  as  a  monkey. 
There  is  no  data  for  such.  What  would  Archimedes  have  done 
had  he  tried  to  describe  the  locomotive  of  to-day  ?  The  gods  grind 
slowly  but  fine.  "I  know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth  and  that  I 
shall  see  God,"  I  believe  to  be  correct,  the  Godhood  in  man 
being  the  redeemer,  and  in  time  man  will  have  so  improved  as  to 
be  capable  of  seeing  the  Creator.  Man,  being  of  God,  yet  pro- 
gresses by  degrees,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the 
Creator  could  have  made  a  perfect  world  at  the  start. 

The  ideas  of  the  Spiritualist  are  but  the  old  fads  of  Christianity. 

' '  Where  two  or  three  are  gathered  together  in  my  name  there 
will  I  be  in  the  midst  of  them,"  is  quite  as  much  to  the  point  with 
the  Spiritualist  as  it  once  was  with  Christians. 

"Organization"  is  the  constant  whine  of  a  certain  grade  of 
Spiritualists. 

Organization  of  an  army  means  concentration  of  brute  force 
under  one  mind,  individuality  spreads  information. 

Wesley  was  familiar  with  spirit  manifestations,  his  preaching 
gushed  with  spiritual  fervor. 

Universalism  was  aggressive,  argumentative,  and  full   of  push. 

Unitarianism  represented  by  Theodore  Parker  was  a  power  that 
moved  the  world. 


479 


All,  now  organized  and  immensely  respectable  a-n-d  frozen  to 
death. 

Could  their  houses  be  utilized  as  ice  houses  and  summer  hotels, 
there  would  be  no  burning  through  spontaneous  combustion  nor 
from  the  friction  of  high  insurance. 

It  has  happened  several  times  to  my  knowledge  that  noted  inspira- 
tional speakers  of  the  Spiritualists  have  been  taken  up  by  the  Uni- 
tarians to  be  educated.  The  influence  seems  to  be  death  to  inspi- 
ration, for  such  speakers  are  heard  of  no  more. 

Inspiration,  I  believe  to  be  as  much  in  force  to-day  as  at  any 
time  since  man's  existence;  it  may  be  from  good  or  bad  influence/ 

There  is  not  one  article  in  this  book  relative  to  Spiritualism  or 
religion  presented  as  intended  when  commenced. 

Don't  organize,  and  better  still  don't  try. 

Communications  purporting  to  come  from  the  spirit  world  have 
long  been  familiar  to  us,  mostly  of  a  personal  character,  very  inter- 
esting to  us  but  unlikely  to  interest  others.  At  first  such  commu- 
nications were  looked  upon  as  of  too  sacred  a  source  to  be  treated 
as  an  ordinary  matter,  but  experience  soon  taught  us  that  such 
came  from  minds  like  our  every  day  associates  and  are  to  be 
treated  the  same  ;  the  long-faced  saint  is  not  the  prevailing  intelli- 
gence there  any  more  than  here. 

To  the  question,  what  are  dreams,  the  reply  was  : — 

"  Dreams  are  little  devils 

That  play  tunes  upon  your  brain, 
When  you  "awake  they  escape 
And  at  night  return  again." 

The  following  was  given  to  an  unbelieving  sitter  of  the  puritanic 
faith  :— 

"  All  the  time  that  is  not  well  spent  in  this  life  while  you  are  here, 
Is  borrowed  from  the  early  part  of  your  life  in  the  other  sphere. 
Look  up  higher,  look  up  higher, 
Spirit  friends  will  come  the  nigher, 
Whispering  to  you  all  the  time 
Of  a  life  that  is  sublime. 
Sublime  because  it  is  so  broad, 
That  every  soul  knows  there's  a  God ; 
A  God  who  doeth  all  things  well, 
Who  has  never  made  a  fiery  hell." 


INSPIRATION. 

Through  priestly  selfishness  we  have  been  educated  to  think  that 
inspiration  comes  from  an  incomprehensible  source  located  in  an 
impossible  place,  instead  of  being  an  every  day  affair  right  at  home. 

If  nature  abhors  a  vacuum  it  no  less  abhors  the  useless.  A 
heaven  or  hell  of  the  Andover  type  could  benefit  neither  God  nor 
his  children,  while  we  have  ages  of  evidence  to  prove  that  a  belief 
in  such  myths  produces  the  meanest  minds. 


480 


To  think,  opens  the  channels  for  inspiration.  That  there  is  a  spirit- 
ual body,  one  more  substantial  than  generally  supposed,  I  believe 
susceptible  of  tangible  proof.  The  conventional  cold  blast,  attend- 
ant upon  ghostly  visit,  is  not  a  matter  of  imagination,  but  a  reality. 

The  first  symptom  of  approaching  trance  is  cold  extremities,  at 
least  with  the  neophyte.  Excitement  leads  to  ecstasy,  often  to 
inspiration,  which  may  come  to  the  individual  or  through  a  medium 
sitting  with  others,  when  the  character  of  the  communication  may 
be  dominated  by  the  minds  of  those  sitters,  or  the  communication 
may  come  from  the  minds  of  those  or  from  a  disembodied  mind 
near  by,  or,  like  sinking  a  well  for  water,  a  stream  may  be  struck, 
the  source  of  which  is  far  away.  These  communications,  like  the 
ancient  oracles,  may  have  a  very  different  meaning  from  that  seem- 
ing at  the  time.  For  instance,  a  story  is  told  that  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, being  very  popular,  aspired  to  the  throne  of  Henry  the  VIII. 
An  aspirant  for  favor  consulted  a  medium  and  was  told  that  the 
head  of  the  duke  would  soon  be  the  highest  in  the  land,  which  was 
taken  to  mean  that  he  would  soon  be  king,  instead  of  which  he  was 
beheaded  and  his  head  stuck  upon  a  pole  above  the  gates  of  the 
city.  Communications  may  be  answers  to  questions  asked  men- 
tally by  the  sitter  previous  to  sitting  in  a  circle.  Such  a  jumble  is 
made  of  the  matter  that  but  little  dependence  can  be  placed  in  com- 
munications, but  the  fault  is  with  us. 

As  the  news  of  President  Lincoln's  assassination  spread  over  the 
country,  gloom  and  excitement  prevailed,  business  men  sent  to  their 
minister  for  mottoes  to  be  placed  over  their  doors,  ministers 
preached  and  choristers  chanted  of  it.  As  I  was  preparing  to 
attend 'a  meeting  that  would  discuss  the  event,  the  following  lines 
came  to  me  which  are  here  given  as  proof  of  a  fact  for  which  I  can 
vouch: — 

A  world's  true  friend  is  dead, 
Oh  God,  and  is  it  thus 
The  sins  of  ourselves  and  sires 
Should  fall  upon  the  just  ? 
Could  not  the  four  past  years 
With  their  hosts  of  bloody  dead 
Satiate  the  slaver's  cruel  heart, 
That  he  strikes  our  nation's  head? 

Could  not  Fort  Pillow's  blood  scenes 
Fill  e'en  a  fiend's  fiercest  dreams, 
That  they  shoot  and  starve  our  men 
In  their  filthy  prison  dens  ? 
That  slavery  may  be  understood, 
Must  we  give  our  great  and  good  ? 
Must  the  highest  in  the  land 
Fall,  by  the  assassin's  cowardly  hand  ? 

Oh  God,  we  know  thou  art  just, 

Fill  our  mourning  hearts  with  trust, 

Lead  our  newly  appointed  head 

In  the  footsteps  of  the  dead. 

For  ourselves  we  give  our  prayers, 

For  the  slain,  our  heartfelt  tears. 

On  slavery  be  the  stain, 

Let  us  hope  for  freedom's  gain. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 
LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  |?0oks  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


REC'D 


11  1957 


REC'D 


RECD  UD 


LD  21A-50m-8,''57 
(C8481slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


YB  75442 


.  \  - 

v* 


r*v 


